OK.2019.Switchyard LayoutPGDC+Qs 16

By,
Pradeep Yadav,
Retd.Director.
1
Switchyard
2
• GRID (Power system) is an interconnection of Generating
stations, transmission network & distribution centres.
• GRID Voltage: 220KV/400KV. Fequency. 50 Hz.
• Generation is economical at higher voltage (HV) because of
insulation requirement.(15.75KV/21 KV)
• Transmission is economical at EHV level to reduce
transmission losses.220/400/765 KV)
• Distribution has to be done at consumer level.(33/11 KV)
• • .Transformer equation N1 = V1 = I2
• N2 V2 I1 3
• From Generator to GRID ( Busbar).
Generator:
• 247 MVA / 210 MW
• Stator - 15.75 KV. 9050 Amp. 0.85 Lag. P.f .
• 3000 rpm.
• 2 Pole.
• Rotor – 310 V dc. 2600 Amp. dc.
• Y-Y connected.
• Class of insulation – B.
• Stator water – 27 cubic meter / Hr. < 3 micro-mho/cm.
4
• Hydrogen gas – 3.5 Kg/cm2. 99% pure.
• Generator transformer:
• Power transformer
• Step up transformer -
15.75KV/220KV or 400KV
• Connection - Delta /Star
• 250 MVA for 210 MW unit
• Type of cooling – OFWF
• Off Load Tap Changer(OLTC
5
Lightening arrestor:
• Nonlinear resistances
• Metal oxide varistor (MOV
• It contains a material,
typically granular zinc oxid
• Connected in series
• that conducts current (shorts)

when presented with a
voltage above its rated
voltage(surges due to
lightening) to ground
• Has surge counter
6
• Current carrying capacity of a conductor depends upon its
cross section area.
• Voltage withstand capacity of a conductor depends upon its
insulation.
• Switchyard :
• It is usually located near or
close to a power station.
• It is used as a distribution
center or junction where
incoming is the output of
the power plant & outgoing
is to the load centers.
• It consist of large buses /
Circuit breakers / Isolators &
other associated
equipments.
• It forms a part of the GRID
or the power system.
• Simplest in arrangement
• Employed for transformers, generators & feeders.
• Used in small & medium sized panel boards, sub-stations.
ADVANTAGES: DISADVANTAGES:
 Low initial cost  Interruption of supply on
 Simple operation faults
 Easy maintenance  Least flexible in case of
shut-down
8
ADVANTAGES:
• Faulty section can be isolated without affecting supply.
• Separate maintenance of each section is possible.
• Lower ratings of circuit breakers can be used along with
current limiting reactors.
• Additional circuit breaker needed for sectionalizing
9
10
• 3 bus pattern
• 2 main/load buses &1 transfer bus. 6 – 7 meters in length each.
• Used for very important substations like S/S connected to a
large power station.
• Used in Koradi / Khaperkheda TPS switchyard . 11
• Isolators
• Center-Break Isolator • Pantograph
• Off load make / break device.

• Electrical motor operated .
• Has to be closed before the CB & opened after the CB. 12
• Earthing switches
• No load make or break device

• Use to earth an isolated circuit while carrying out
Maintenance/Inspection
• To de- energize the circuit’s residual charge or
• Charge because of capacitive & inductive coupling of
Near-by circuits
13
Circuit Breakers (On load make/break device)
• SF6 gas- SF6 CB
Excellent
Dielectric & Arc
quenching prop-
erties
• Electronegative
• Chemically inert
gas
• Non flammable
Gas pressure-
6–7
• SF6 CB – Long service & less maintenance
Kg/cm2
Electrical motor or pneumatic operated.
Can be Used up to 765 KV circuit 14
15
1.BUSBARS
• Busbars in Electric Power System are one of the
most vital elements.
• It is a JUNCTION POINT that handles power
transactions between Source & Load.
• Comprises of Incoming & Outgoing Sections.
• Are usually of Aluminum.
• ACSR cond. /round/hollow/tubular conductors
• The bus-bars are of 5 or 6 meters in length.
16
From Busbar to transmisionline
1. Busbar- Bus 1 or Bus 2

2. Isolator.
3.Circuit Breaker.
4.Isolator.
5. Earth switch.
6.Wave trap
7.CVT.
8.Reactor.
9. Lightening arrestor
10.Transmission line.
17
2.Current Transformer
• Transformer equation N1 = V1 = I2
• N2 V2 I1
• It is an Instrument transformer to
step down high circuit currents to
low value for metering & protec
tion purpose.
• Connected in series with the circuit
• Primary is the circuit conductor,
Single turn.Secondary has more turns
• Filled with transformer oil
• Standard CT secondary ratings-
1 / 5 Amp 18
Used for ;
1.Metering or measurement,
protection,
19
2.Potential Transformer
• It is also an Instrument transformer
to step down circuits high voltages
to low value for metering & protec -
tion purpose.
• Connected across /in-shunt with
the circuit
• Filled with transformer oil
• Standard secondary ratings-110 V.
20
• Coupling Capacitor Voltage Transformer ( CVT )
• Used for extra high voltage
circuit
• Capacitor voltage divider
• Inductor to tune to the supply
frequency
• Output through - Electromagnetic voltage transformer
• Secondary output is 110 V.
• CVT is less accurate than PT
21
• Reactor
• Shunt reactors are used to
absorb capacitive reactive
power of an EHV line (220
or 400 KV) Of more than
300 km length.
• During charging of such
lines receiving end voltage
increases due to Ferranti
effect.
• Leading to tripping of line,
over-fluxing of
transformer, overstressing
of insulators
• Typical rating - 50 MVAR
22
• Wave trap (Line trap):
• It trap the high frequency
communication signals sent on
the line from the remote
substation and divert it to the
telecom / teleprotection panel in
the substation control room
(through coupling capacitor and
Line Matching Unit (LMU).
• It is connected in series with the
power (transmission)line.
• It is basically an inductor of
rating in mili-henry.
• It blocks the high frequency carrier waves(24 KHz to
500 KHz) and let power waves (50Hz - 60Hz) to pass
through for effective, fast & reliable communication.
• Located in any two identically phases at both the ends

& used for carrier inter tripping between two sub
stations (tele-protection) in 400/220 KV system.
• Functions of TCB:
• 1. As a standby breaker for GCB or Feeder CB.
• 2. To change Generator or Feeder from Bus I to Bus II or Bus II
to Bus I on load.
• “NT” switch in control room to change Breaker protections to
either Normal breaker (GCB or Feeder CB) at “N” or TCB at “T”
position.
THANK YOU
26
• Questions:
• 1 .What is the GRID voltage level in India
2.In 3 bus pattern,what are the 3 buses
• 3. What are busbars. What is busbar usual material. B/B length.
• 4.CT std.sec.rating? PT std. sec. rating? CVT purpose?
5.GTR type of cooling? Its connection?
6. CBs are ____ load make/break device. Isolators are ________
7. LAs are ______ resistance.
Current carrying capacity of a conductor depends upon its___.
Voltage withstand capacity depends upon its ___________
8. Earth switch use?
9. In SF6 CB,SF6 gas is used for____
10.Reactors purpose? Condenser purpose? Wave trap purpose?
11. TCB use?
12. Transmission line material?
13. Generation is economical at _____ because of ________
27
13. Transmission is done at ______ because of________
14. Distribution level is __________
15. CT secondary will have _____ number of turns than primary.
16.PT sec. will have______ number of turns than primary.
28

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• that conducts current (shorts)

• Off load make / break device.

• No load make or break device

1. Busbar- Bus 1 or Bus 2

• Located in any two identically phases at both the ends

16.PT sec. will have______ number of turns than primary.

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