Practical 14 Rdbms

Practical-14
Que. - What is PL/SQL? Explain Limitations of SQL and advantages of PL/SQL. Also explain structure of
PL/SQL block.
PL/SQL Introduction
PL/SQL stands for Procedural Language/Structured Query Language. It is a combination
of SQL with procedural features of programming language. . PL/SQL is a block structured
language that enables developers to combine the power of SQL with procedural statements. All
the statements of a block are passed to oracle engine all at once which increases processing
speed and decreases the traffic. PL/SQL combines the data-manipulating power of SQL with
the processing power of procedural languages. You can control program flow with statements
like IF and LOOP. As with other procedural programming languages, you can declare variables,
define procedures and functions, and trap runtime errors.
Limitations of SQL:
 SQL doesn’t provide the programmers with a technique of condition checking, looping
and branching.
 SQL statements are passed to Oracle engine one at a time which increases traffic
and decreases speed.
 SQL has no facility of error checking during manipulation of data.

Features of PL/SQL:
PL/SQL is basically a procedural language, which provides the functionality of decision making,
iteration and many more features of procedural programming languages.
1. PL/SQL can execute a number of queries in one block using single command.
2. One can create a PL/SQL unit such as procedures, functions, packages, triggers, and
types, which are stored in the database for reuse by applications.
3. PL/SQL provides a feature to handle the exception which occurs in PL/SQL block known
as exception handling block.
4. Applications written in PL/SQL are portable to computer hardware or operating system
where Oracle is operational.
5. PL/SQL Offers extensive error checking.
PL/SQL Execution Environment:
The PL/SQL engine resides in the Oracle engine. The Oracle engine can process not
only single SQL statement but also block of many statements. The call to Oracle engine
needs to be made only once to execute any number of SQL statements if these SQL
statements are bundled inside a PL/SQL block.
Advantages of PL/SQL
PL/SQL is a completely portable, high-performance transaction processing language

that offers the following advantages:
■ Tight Integration with SQL
■ Better Performance
■ Higher Productivity
■ Full Portability
■ Tight Security
Differences between SQL and PL/SQL:
SQL PL/SQL
SQL is a single query that is used to perform PL/SQL is a block of codes that used to write the
DML and DDL operations. entire program blocks/ procedure/ function, etc.
It is declarative, that defines what needs to be PL/SQL is procedural that defines how the things
done, rather than how things need to be done. needs to be done.

Execute as a single statement. Execute as a whole block.
Mainly used to manipulate data. Mainly used to create an application.
Cannot contain PL/SQL code in it. It is an extension of SQL, so it can contain SQL
inside it.
Structure of PL/SQL Block:

PL/SQL extends SQL by adding constructs found in procedural languages, resulting in a
structural language that is more powerful than SQL. The basic unit in PL/SQL is a block.
All PL/SQL programs are made up of blocks, which can be nested within each other.
Typically, each block performs a logical action in the program. A block has the following
structure:
DECLARE
declaration statements;
BEGIN
executable statements
EXCEPTIONS
exception handling statements
END;
 Declare section starts with DECLARE keyword in which variables, constants, records as
cursors can be declared which stores data temporarily. It basically consists definition of
PL/SQL identifiers. This part of the code is optional.
 Execution section starts with BEGIN and ends with END keyword. This is a mandatory
section and here the program logic is written to perform any task like loops and conditional
statements. It supports all DML commands, DDL commands and SQL*PLUS built-in
functions as well.
 Exception section starts with EXCEPTION keyword. This section is optional which
contains statements that are executed when a run-time error occurs. Any exceptions can
be handled in this section.
PL/SQL identifiers
There are several PL/SQL identifiers such as variables, constants, procedures, cursors,
triggers etc.
1. Variables:
Like several other programming languages, variables in PL/SQL must be declared
prior to its use. They should have a valid name and data type as well.
Syntax for declaration of variables:
variable_name datatype [NOT NULL := value ];
Example to show how to declare variables in PL/SQL :
SQL> SET SERVEROUTPUT ON;

SQL> DECLARE
var1 INTEGER;
var2 REAL;
var3 varchar2(20) ;

BEGIN
null;
END;
/
Output:
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
Explanation:
 SET SERVEROUTPUT ON: It is used to display the buffer used by the
dbms_output.
 var1 INTEGER : It is the declaration of variable, named var1 which is of integer
type. There are many other data types that can be used like float, int, real, smallint,
long etc. It also supports variables used in SQL as well like NUMBER(prec, scale),
varchar, varchar2 etc.
 PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.: It is displayed when the code is
compiled and executed successfully.
 Slash (/) after END;: The slash (/) tells the SQL*Plus to execute the block.
1.1) INITIALISING VARIABLES:
The variables can also be initialised just like in other programming

languages. Let us see an example for the same:

SQL> DECLARE
var1 INTEGER := 2 ;
var3 varchar2(20) := 'I Love My Mom' ;

BEGIN
null;

END;
/
Output:
Explanation:
 Assignment operator (:=) : It is used to assign a value to a variable.
2. Displaying Output:
The outputs are displayed by using DBMS_OUTPUT which is a built-in package

that enables the user to display output, debugging information, and send
messages from PL/SQL blocks, subprograms, packages, and triggers.
Let us see an example to see how to display a message using PL/SQL :

SQL> DECLARE
var varchar2(40) := 'I love My Mom' ;

BEGIN
dbms_output.put_line(var);

END;
/
Output:
I love My Mom

Explanation:
 dbms_output.put_line : This command is used to direct the PL/SQL output to a
screen.
3. Using Comments:
Like in many other programming languages, in PL/SQL also, comments can be put
within the code which has no effect in the code. There are two syntaxes to create
comments in PL/SQL :
 Single Line Comment: To create a single line comment , the symbol – – is
used.
 Multi Line Comment: To create comments that span over several lines, the
symbol /* and */ is used.
Example to show how to create comments in PL/SQL :
SQL> DECLARE
-- I am a comment, so i will be ignored.
var varchar2(40) := 'I love My Mom' ;
BEGIN
dbms_output.put_line(var);

END;
/
Output:
I love My Mom
4. Taking input from user:
Just like in other programming languages, in PL/SQL also, we can take input from
the user and store it in a variable. Let us see an example to show how to take input
from users in PL/SQL:

SQL> DECLARE

-- taking input for variable a
a number := &a;

-- taking input for variable b
b varchar2(30) := &b;

BEGIN
null;

END;
/
Output:
Enter value for a: 24
old 2: a number := &a;
new 2: a number := 24;
Enter value for b: 'My Mom'
old 3: b varchar2(30) := &b;
new 3: b varchar2(30) := 'My Mom';
5. (***) Let us see an example on PL/SQL to demonstrate all above concepts in one

single block of code.
--PL/SQL code to print sum of two numbers taken from the user.

SQL> DECLARE

-- taking input for variable a
a integer := &a ;

-- taking input for variable b
b integer := &b ;
c integer ;

BEGIN
c := a + b ;
dbms_output.put_line('Sum of '||a||' and '||b||' is = '||c);

END;
/
Enter value for a: 2
Enter value for b: 3
Sum of 2 and 3 is = 5

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Practical-14

PL/SQL Execution Environment:

PL/SQL is a completely portable, high-performance transaction processing language

Differences between SQL and PL/SQL:

done, rather than how things need to be done. needs to be done.

Structure of PL/SQL Block:

SQL> SET SERVEROUTPUT ON;

1.1) INITIALISING VARIABLES:

The variables can also be initialised just like in other programming

SQL> SET SERVEROUTPUT ON;

The outputs are displayed by using DBMS_OUTPUT which is a built-in package

Let us see an example to see how to display a message using PL/SQL :

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

4. Taking input from user:

SQL> SET SERVEROUTPUT ON;

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

5. (***) Let us see an example on PL/SQL to demonstrate all above concepts in one

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

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