EG Unit 1

COURSE NOTES / GE 8152 / ENGINEERING GRAPHICS July, 2019
V.R.S. College of Engineering & Technology,

Arasur-607107
(Accredited by NAAC and an ISO 9001:2008 Recertified Institution)
Department of Mechanical Engineering
GE 8152 ENGINEERING GRAPHICS

B.E /I SEMESTER (COMMON TO ALL BRANCHES)
(COURSE NOTES & QUESTION BANK)
Unit -I
1
GE8152 ENGINEERING GRAPHICS LTPC2034
OBJECTIVES:
 To develop in students, graphic skills for communication of concepts, ideas and design of
 Engineering products.
 T o expose them to existing national standards related to technical drawings.
CONCEPTS AND CONVENTIONS (Not for Examination) 1

Importance of graphics in engineering applications – Use of drafting instruments – BIS
conventions and specifications – Size, layout and folding of drawing sheets – Lettering and
dimensioning.
UNIT I PLANE CURVES AND FREE HAND SKETCHING 5+9

Basic Geometrical constructions, Curves used in engineering practices: Conics – Construction of
ellipse, parabola and hyperbola by eccentricity method – Construction of cycloid – construction of
involutes of square and circle – Drawing of tangents and normal to the above curves, Visualization
concepts and Free Hand sketching: Visualization principles –Representation of Three Dimensional
objects – Layout of views- Free hand sketching of multiple views from pictorial views of objects
UNIT II PROJECTION OF POINTS, LINES AND PLANE SURFACES 5+9

Orthographic projection- principles-Principal planes-First angle projection-projection of points.
Projection of straight lines (only First angle projections) inclined to both the principal planes -
Determination of true lengths and true inclinations by rotating line method and traces Projection of
planes (polygonal and circular surfaces) inclined to both the principal planes by rotating object
method.
UNIT III PROJECTION OF SOLIDS 5+9

Projection of simple solids like prisms, pyramids, cylinder, cone and truncated solids when the axis
is inclined to one of the principal planes by rotating object method.
UNIT IV PROJECTION OF SECTIONED SOLIDS AND DEVELOPMENT OF

SURFACES 5+9
Sectioning of above solids in simple vertical position when the cutting plane is inclined to the one of
the principal planes and perpendicular to the other – obtaining true shape of section. Development of
lateral surfaces of simple and sectioned solids – Prisms, pyramids cylinders and cones.
UNIT V ISOMETRIC AND PERSPECTIVE PROJECTIONS 6+9

Principles of isometric projection – isometric scale –Isometric projections of simple solids and
truncated solids - Prisms, pyramids, cylinders, cones- combination of two solid objects in simple
vertical positions and miscellaneous problems. Perspective projection of simple solids-Prisms,
pyramids and cylinders by visual ray method .
2
UNIT-I (NOT FOR EXAMINATION)

Importance of Engineering Graphics – use of drawing instruments, BIS Conventions,
specifications, layout of drawings, Lettering and dimensioning
Importance of Engineering Graphics
 Engineers and Craftsmen are able to communicate their ideas and facts with each other
 The verbal communication may be hopelessly inadequate.
 The written communication, on the other hand may be very inefficient, lengthy and boring to
create accurate mental and physical impression of an item in the mind of the reader.
 The Engineering Drawing, which is a Graphical Communication of an accurate and clear-cut
description of an object
 It is a means of organizing and presenting exact technical directions for items to be produced
for the consumers.
 Engineering Drawing can supply all the information needed with the exactness and details
required.
 Principal functions of drawing are to convey ideas from the design engineer to the fabricator.
Hence, the skill to interpret and construct engineering sketches and drawings is of paramount
importance.
Types of drawings
The engineer may convey his ideas by one or more of the three basic types of projections
namely
 Orthographic Projection,
 Oblique Projection or
 Perspective Projection,
Certain professional areas have different nomenclature such as
 Machine Drawing,
 Architectural Drawing, and
 Structural Drawing.
3
Drawing Instruments and Sheet Layout
Drawing Sheet Size Drawing Board Size
Designation Size in mm
B0 1000 x 1500
B1 700 x1000
B2 500x700
B3 350x500
4
Layout of the title box to be adopted in this course
Drawing Pencils
Wooden pencils – are graded and designated by numbers and letters
 7B, 6B, 5B, 4B, 3B, 2B, B - in decreasing order of softness and blackness
 HB to F – Medium grade
 H, 2H, 3H, 4H, 5H, 6H, 7H, 8H, 9H – increasing order of hardness.
In general, Drawings are done using 2H pencils and finished with H and HB pencils
5
Lines, Lettering and Dimensioning

TYPES OF LINES
Lettering
Specification of A- Type Lettering:
6
Specification of B-Type Lettering:
Dimensioning
ALIGNED DIMENSION UNI-DIRECTION DIMENSION
7
Bisect the line, Bisect the Arc, and Draw the perpendicular line
To divide a line into any number of equal part and bisect angle between two lines
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
PLANE CURVES
Conic sections:
 Ellipse
 Parabola
 Hyperbola
8
Construct an ellipse by eccentricity method

1. Construct an ellipse when the distance between the focus and the directrix is e q u a l
t o 30 mm and the eccentricity is 3 / 4 . Draw the tangent and normal at any point P on
the curve using directrix.
4 parts 3 parts
2. A point P moves in such a way that its distance from the fixed straight line is 9 units while its
distance from a fixed point is always 7 units. Draw the curve by choosing atleast 10 points.
Assume that the distance between the fixed straight line is 30 mm from that the fixed
point(April/May 2019)
9units 7 units
9
Construct a parabola by eccentricity Method

1. Construct a parabola when the distance between focus and the directrix is 30 mm. Draw
tangent and normal at any point P on your curve. ( May/June 2013)
Construct a hyperbola by eccentricity Method
1. Construct a hyperbola when the distance between the focus and directrix is 60 mm. The
eccentricity is 5/4. Draw a tangent and normal at any point on the hyperbola.
4 parts 5 parts
Cycloid:
Cycloid curves are formed by a point on the circumstance of a circle, rolling upon a line or
another circle. The rolling circle is called the generating circle. The line on which the generating
circle rolls is called base line. A cycloid is a curve traced by a point on the circumference of a circle
which rolls without slipping along a line.
10
1. A circle of 50 mm diameter rolls on a horizontal line. Draw the curve traced out by a point
R on the circumference for one revolution of the circle.
INVOLUTE:
An involute is the locus of a point on a string, as the string unwound itself from a line or
polygon, or a circle, keeping always the string tight.
Involute of a Circle
1. A coir/ string is unwound from a drum of 50 mm diameter. Draw the locus of the free end of the
coir for unwinding through an angle of 3600. Draw also a normal and tangent at any point on
the curve (January 2012)
11
2. Draw the involute of square of side 25mm.
Epicycloid:
Epicycloid is a curve traced by a point on the circumference of a circle which Rolls
without slipping on the outside of a circle. The circle on which the generating circle rolls is
called directing or base circle
1. Draw epicycloids of rolling circle 40 mm (2r), which rolls outside another circle (base
circle) of 150 mm diameter (2R) for one revolution. Draw a tangent and normal at any point
on the curve
Hypocycloid:
A hypocycloid is a curve traced by a point on the circumference of a circle when it rolls
without slipping inside of another circle.
1. Draw a hypocycloid of a circle of 40 mm diameter which rolls inside another circle o f 160
mm diameter for one revolution. Draw a tangent and normal at any point on it.
12
Questions to be practiced:
ELLIPSE
1. Draw an ellipse when the eccentricity is 2 / 3 a n d the distance between the focus
and the directrix is e q u a l t o 50 mm. A l s o draw the tangent and normal to a
point o n curve which is at a distance 70mm from the directrix.( Nov/ Dec-2011, May/
June 2016)
2. A fixed point F is 75 mm from a fixed straight line. Draw the locus of a point P moving in
such a way that its distance from the fixed straight line is 2/3 times its distance from F.
Name the curve. Draw normal and tangent at a point 60 mm from F.
3. Draw the locus of a point P which moves in a plane in such a way that the ratio of its
distance from fixed point F and fixed straight line AB is always 2/3.The distance between
the fixed point F and fixed straight line is 50mm.Also draw a tangent and normal on appoint
on the locus at a horizontal distance of 55mm from the fixed straight line.
PARABOLA
4. Construct a parabola when the distance between focus and the directrix is 50 mm.
Draw tangent and normal to the curve at a point 40mm from the directrix ( Nov/Dec
2014)
5. A fixed point F is 75mm from a fixed straight line. Draw the locus of a point P moving in
such a way that its distance from the fixed straight line is equal to its distance from F. Name
the curve. Draw normal and tangent at a point 60m from F.
6. The distance between a fixed point and fixed line is 54mm. Trace the path of a point
moving in the same plane such that its distance between the fixed point and the fixed line is
always equal. If the point moves up to 72mm from the fixed point, plot the curve.
7. Construct a parabola with base 60mm and length of the axis 40mm.Draw the tangent to the
curve at a point 20mm from the base. Locate the focus and directrix to the parabola
13
HYPERBOLA
8. Construct a hyperbola when the distance between the focus and directrix is 40 mm. The
eccentricity is 4/3. Draw a tangent and normal at any point on the hyperbola.
9. Draw a hyperbola given the distance of the focus from the direcrix as 55mm and
eccentricity as 1.5. Also draw a tangent and normal at any point p on the hyperbola.
(Nov/Dec 2015)
10. A vertex of the hyperbola is 65mm from its focus. Draw the curve if the eccentricity is
3/2.Draw also a tangent and Normal to the curve.
11. The eccentricity of the curve is 5/3. The distance from the focus to the vertex of a curve is
30mm.draw the curve and also draws tangent and normal for any point on the circumference
of the curve.
12. Draw the path traced by a point S, when the distance between a fixed point from directrix
and focus is (i) unity (ii) 3/2. The distance of focus from directrix is 40 mm. Draw the
tangent and normal for all the conic curves at a point 60 mm from directrix
CYCLOIDS INVOLUTES
1. A coin of 40 mm diameter rolls over a horizontal table without slipping. A point on
the circumference of the coin is in contact with the table surface in the beginning and
after one complete revolution. Draw the path traced by the point. Draw a tangent and
normal at any point on the curve.
2. A circle of 40 mm diameter rolls on a horizontal line. Draw the curve traced out by a
point R on the circumference for one half revolution of the circle. For the remaining half
revolution the circle rolls on the vertical line. The point R is vertically above the center of
the circle in the starting position.
3. A wheel of a bike of diameter 500 mm rolls slipping on a level road through a
distance of 1025 mm. Trace the path of a point P on the wheel which is initially in
contact with the road. Name the curve. Find the angle through which the wheel is
turned.
4. A wheel of diameter 50 mm rolls along a smooth horizontal road without slipping. Assume
a point p on the circumference of the circle. Draw the path traced by the point P, for 3/4 th of
revolution of the wheel.
on the curve.
on the curve.
7. Draw a hypocycloid of a circle of 40 mm diameter which rolls inside another circle o f
200 mm diameter for one revolution. Draw a tangent and normal at any point on it.
8. Draw a hypocycloid when the radius of the directing circle is twice the radius of
generating circle. Radius of the generating circle is 35 mm.
9. A circle of diameter 50 mm rolls along the inside of another circle of diameter 200m
without slipping. Draw the path traced by appoint on the smaller circle, Draw a tangent
and normal at any point on it.(January 2018)
10. A circus man rides a motor-bike inside a globe of 6m diameter. The motor bike has the
wheel of 1m diameter.draw the locus of a point on the circumference of the motor bike
whel for one complete revolution.Adopt suitable scale. (June 2014)
11. A circle of 50 mm diameter rolls clockwise on a horizontal line for' half a
revolution and then on a line inclined at 60° to the horizontal for another half a
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revolution in the same direction. Draw t h e curve traced b y a point P on the

circumference of the circle taking the top most point on the rolling circle as the initial
position of the generating point. (Dec -2018)
INVOLUTES
12. Draw the Involute of a square of side 25 mm. Draw a tangent and normal at any point M.
13. Draw the Involute of a circle of diameter 40mm. Draw a tangent and normal at
any point on the curve (April/May-2015).
14. Draw the involute of circle diameter 40mm (Non/Dec 2015)
15. A Coir is unwound from a drum of 30 mm diameter. Draw the locus of the free end of the
coir for unwinding through an angle of 3600. Draw also a normal and tangent at any
point on the curve.
16. An inelastic string of length of 100 mm is wound round a circle of 26mm diameter.
Draw the path traced by the end of string. ( May/June 2013)
17. An inelastic string of 150mm long has its one end attached to the circumference of a
circular disc of 40mm diameter. Draw the curve traced out by the other end of the
string when it is completely wound around the disc keeping the string always tight.
Name the curve obtained. Draw the tangent and Normal to the curve at a point 100mm
form the centre of the disc.
FREE HAND SKETCHING :

In order to achieve a complete shape description, it is necessary to get more than one
projection, and therefore, additional planes of projection are used to project more views on them, for
the object. As such, the orthographic system of projection is also called multi-view projection
method.
Symbol of projection
In the orthographic projection drawing, for getting the different views of an object, three
main planes are usually used. One of these set up in vertical position is called the vertical plane of
projection (VP) or Frontal Plane (FP). The second, set up in horizontal position, i.e., perpendicular
to the VP, is called Horizontal Plane (HP). The third, plane set up perpendicular to the vertical and
horizontal planes is called Profile Plane (PP).
first angle projection, Third angle projection,

 The profile view is projected on the  The profile view projected on the
opposite side, same side plane
 Left view is projected on the right  i.e., left view is projected on the left
plane and vice versa plane.
15
1. Draw the elevation, plan and left and right side view of the given block
2. Sketch Freehand the top, front and right side views of the object shown in figure
16
3. Sketch Freehand the top, front and right side views of the object shown in figure
4. Sketch Freehand the top, front and right side views of the object shown in figure(May/June
2007)
5. Sketch freehand the top, front and right side views of the object shown in figure
(April/May 2015)
17
6. Make free-Hand sketches of front, top and left side views of the object shown in
figure.(January 2014)
7. Sketch Freehand the top, front and right side views of the object shown in figure.(Nov/Dec 2015)
(May/June 2006)
18
8. Draw the following views of the component shown in figure by free hand sketching.
(i) Front view
(ii) Top view and
(iii) Right side view (May/ June 2016)
9. Draw the front , Top and side view of the component shown in figure by free hand(
Nov/Dec 2014)
10. Draw the following views of the component shown in figure by free hand sketching.
(i) Front view
(ii) Top view and
(iii) Left hand side view (May/ June 2015)
19
11. Make free-Hand sketches of front, top and left side views of the object shown in
figure.(January 2018)
FREE HAND SKETCHING

12 . Draw the elevation, plan and left side view of the given block.
13. Make free hand sketches of the front, top and left side view of the object (Nov/Dec 2011)
20
14. Draw the front and side view of the component shown in figure(May/June2014)
15. Draw the elevation, plan and right end view of the figure shown below
21
16. Make free hand sketches of the front, top and right side view of the following object
shown in fig. (January 2012)
22
shown in fig. (June 2012, 2015)
shown in fig. (June 2012, 2015)
19. Draw the free hand sketches of the front, top and the right side view of the pictorial
view shown in Figure. All dimensions a r e in mm.(Nov/Dec 2018)
23
20. Draw free hand sketchesd of the front, top and left side views of block shown in Fig.1
24
shown in fig.
22. Make free hand sketches of the front, top and left side view of the following object
shown in fig.
25
26
Mind map
27

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COURSE NOTES / GE 8152 / ENGINEERING GRAPHICS July, 2019

V.R.S. College of Engineering & Technology,

Department of Mechanical Engineering

GE 8152 ENGINEERING GRAPHICS

GE8152 ENGINEERING GRAPHICS LTPC2034

CONCEPTS AND CONVENTIONS (Not for Examination) 1

UNIT I PLANE CURVES AND FREE HAND SKETCHING 5+9

UNIT II PROJECTION OF POINTS, LINES AND PLANE SURFACES 5+9

UNIT III PROJECTION OF SOLIDS 5+9

UNIT IV PROJECTION OF SECTIONED SOLIDS AND DEVELOPMENT OF

UNIT V ISOMETRIC AND PERSPECTIVE PROJECTIONS 6+9

UNIT-I (NOT FOR EXAMINATION)

Drawing Instruments and Sheet Layout

Drawing Sheet Size Drawing Board Size

Layout of the title box to be adopted in this course

Lines, Lettering and Dimensioning

Specification of B-Type Lettering:

ALIGNED DIMENSION UNI-DIRECTION DIMENSION

Construct an ellipse by eccentricity method

Construct a parabola by eccentricity Method

Construct a hyperbola by eccentricity Method

2. Draw the involute of square of side 25mm.

revolution in the same direction. Draw t h e curve traced b y a point P on the

FREE HAND SKETCHING :

first angle projection, Third angle projection,

FREE HAND SKETCHING

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