International Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Studies

Volume 6, Issue 11, 2019, PP 20-27

ISSN 2394-6288 (Print) & ISSN 2394-6296 (Online)

Bangladeshi Migration across the Globe: The Recent

Experiences of Development and Challenges
Sheikh Mohammad Maniruzzaman Al Masud1*, Dr Rohana Binti Hamzah2, Dr. Hasan Ahmad3
1
Centre for Modern Language & Human Sciences, Universiti Malaysia PAHANG, Malaysia
2
Senior Lecturer, Centre for Modern Language & Human Sciences, Universiti Malaysia PAHANG,
Malaysia
3
Associate Professor, Centre for Modern Language & Human Sciences, Universiti Malaysia
PAHANG, Malaysia
*Corresponding Author: Sheikh Mohammad Maniruzzaman Al Masud, Centre for Modern Language
& Human Sciences, Universiti Malaysia PAHANG, Malaysia

ABSTRACT
In Bangladesh, international migration has long been crucial to development as it has enormous impacts on
creating employment, reducing poverty and ensuring stability to foreign Exchange reserve. It has a
significant effect on country’s GDP. Migration and remittances not only maximise income but also minimise
risk. International migration outperforms foreign aid and foreign direct investment (FDI) in the development
of Bangladesh. Bangladeshi immigrants and their sending remittances are being considered major
contributors to develop the country’s economy. Nevertheless, expatriate workers are facing new challenges
in KSA, UAE and Malaysia, the traditional job market for Bangladeshi labour migrants. Moreover, there
are some irregular migration, mainly taking place in south-east Asian regions and EU member countries
affecting the country’s image severely. Along with these experiences, the government should be more pro-
active to deal with the issue properly and to develop a national strategy to integrate migration in
development planning.
Keywords: Migration, immigrants, remittance, development, challenges

INTRODUCTION understanding of world leaders, professionals,

academicians and researchers who act for the
Migration is an age-old phenomenon which may
future.
occur in internal or international as a result of
human’s aspiration for better jobs and better According to Global Migration Indicators 2018,
lives. At present, International migration had there are roughly 258 million international
become an extensive global phenomenon when migrants now (IOM, 2018b) - if which were
the United Nations included migration in the considered together, they would account for the
SDGs framework in 2015 to transform the world’s fifth-most populous country. However,
Globe equally (UN, 2015). Therefore, migration considering the number of migration stock
is not only treated in recent years as just like globally, Bangladesh is one of the major
moving from one place to another but also partners of this issue. The table underneath
considered as “agents of change” and “enablers shows the name of the top five countries (UN,
for development in countries of origin, transit 2018):
and destination” (IOM, 2017). It is an important
Table1. International Migration Stock 2017
Name of the Country Number of Migrants Position (2017)
(Million)
India 16.6 Million First
Mexico 13.0 Million Second
Russia 10.6 Million Third
China 10.0 Million Fourth
Bangladesh 07.5 Million Fifth

Bangladesh is an 8th most populous country in rate unemployment, which is around 4.5%
the world (UN, 2019b). She experiences high- (Paul, 2018). Every year 2.5 million work forces
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Bangladeshi Migration across the Globe: The Recent Experiences of Development and Challenges

are added in the labour market of Bangladesh in Gulf Region or South-East Asian countries
(Islam, 2011). But, most of the Bangladeshi such as Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain,
workforces are unskilled or semi-skilled. On the Oman, UAE, Malaysia, South Korea, Singapore
other hand, there is a limited prospect for etc. Educated and skilled migrants easily receive
employment here. She can‟t provide job a higher salary than un-skilled or less-skilled
facilities to a vast number of half-skilled, even immigrants. It finds from many studies that a
skilled workers. In this backdrop, international high number of migrant workers across the
migration was made an integral part of globe were illiterate or read and write only.
employment for many Bangladeshi job seekers. Most of the Bangladeshi immigrants around the
world are temporary less-skilled or semi-skilled
Bureau of Manpower, Employment and
workers. But unskilled workers are engaged in
Training (BMET), Bangladesh record shows, in
risky or temporary lower level jobs where local
1976, total 6087 Bangladeshi migrated abroad
citizens do not involve them. The table below
for employment for the first time after getting
demonstrates the categories of overseas
independence in 1971(BMET, 2019). At
employment from Bangladesh (BMET, 2019):
present, Bangladeshi immigrants are found in
more than 168 countries globally. Bangladeshi
workers, students and professionals work, study
and live even with their family members to
every corner of the world. Therefore,
Bangladeshi immigrants are now well familiar
globally. The following table demonstrates the
country-wise international movements from
Bangladesh (BMET, 2019):
Table2. Country-Wise Migration from Bangladesh
(1976 to 2018)

Country Migrants Percentage

KSA 3,650,588 30.29%
UAE 2,368,227 19.65%
Oman 1,428,216 11.85%
Malaysia 1,056,511 8.77%
Qatar 757,798 6.29% Figure1. Categories of Overseas Employment of
Singapore 732,828 6.08% Bangladeshi immigrants
Kuwait 616,651 5.12% It is unpleasant that nearly 50% Bangladeshi
Bahrain 410,327 3.40%
migrants, who are mainly engaged in so-called
Lebanon 162,223 1.35%
Jordan 160,216 1.33%
3D-jobs (dirty, dangerous and demeaning)
abroad, are less-skilled. Not only their social
On average, half a million people go abroad acceptance in the host country is less, but also
annually for both long-term and short-term their earning is insufficient, whereas some
employment. In 2017, it was more than one skilled and professional Bangladeshi migrants
million, and in 2018, a total of 734,181 workers are well established abroad due to their
have migrated to different countries from knowledge and expertise. Some of them got
Bangladesh (BMET, 2019). A record of 6.5 citizenship in different developed countries like
million immigrants went abroad to take up USA, UK, Canada, Australia etc. Even many of
employment over the last ten years. Generally, them are taking part in local and national
there are two types of international migration politics in various countries across the globe.
happen here, firstly, industrialized western Surprisingly, some of them are being selected as
countries and secondly, middle eastern or south- a member of several local or central government.
east Asian countries. Nevertheless, international migration from
Bangladesh is going on through numerous
Developed western countries like USA, UK, hurdles and obstacles.
Canada, Australia, and New Zealand generally
receive high skilled immigrants for boosting The main purpose of this study is to explore,
their continuous development. There is a great integrate and evaluate the recent development
Bangladeshi immigrants’ community in these and achievements of Bangladesh in the
developed countries. Reversely, numerous un- connection of international migration.
skilled or less-skilled migrant workers are found Bangladeshi immigrants are facing many

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Bangladeshi Migration across the Globe: The Recent Experiences of Development and Challenges

challenges globally, which has underpinned poverty line has continued to make good
here. Although lots of researches have been progress from 33.7% in 2000 to 12.9% in 2016.
done regarding these issues, this study has The last Bangladesh Poverty Assessment
accumulated almost all recent development disclosed that poverty lessening was driven by
features as well as challenges for Bangladeshi growth in labors (both internal and abroad)
immigrants across the globe. income (WorldBank, 2013). International
migration is considered one of the robust
METHODOLOGY determinants of decreasing poverty from
In this study, all data and information are Bangladesh. Moreover, the World Bank has
collected from credible secondary sources. anticipated that extreme poverty would be
These sources include journal/newspaper eliminated by 2030 in Bangladesh (World Bank,
articles and relevant books of migration studies. 2016). Centre for Policy Dialogue, Dhaka
Some Bangladeshi prominent migration depicts clearly in the following table about the
researchers took special coverage. Moreover, data recent poverty reduction data of Bangladesh
are also composed of Bangladesh Government (CPD, 2018):
sources, international organizations, especially the Table3. GDP & Employment Growth and Poverty
International Organization for Migration (IOM) Reduction Trends in Bangladesh
and the United Nations (UN) publications and
reports and internet databases. We have Average annual 2000-05 2005-10 2010-16
employed the content analysis method for GDP growth (%) 5.1 6.1 6.5
getting reliable findings and outcomes. The Employment growth (%) 3.3 2.7 1.9
information related to recent challenges of Poverty reduction 1.8 1.7 1.2
Bangladeshi immigrants has partially gathered (percentage point)
from national and international newspaper’s
reports and editorials. To thoroughly understand Bangladesh, which has been an LDC since
the subject matters, we made a robust discussion 1975, recently fulfilled the UN‟s current criteria
of the relevant literature. No theoretical to graduate from a „least developed country‟ to a
framework has been used to conduct the study. „developing country‟. Bangladesh has also
recently advanced from a low-income country to
RESULT AND DISCUSSION a low-middle income country on the World
Due to the continuous movement of Bangladeshi Bank’s scale. (UN, 2019a). Following to the UN
emigrants around the globe, some influential criteria, a country is eligible to graduate from
achievements are observed in this study. the LDC category if it has a gross national
International migration has not only been income (GNI) per capita of $1,230 or above for
reducing domestic unemployment and poverty three years, a Human Assets Index (HAI) of 66
but also encouraging socio-economic development or above and an Economic Vulnerability Index
possibilities through remittance flows and human (EVI) of 32 or below. Bangladesh has fulfilled
capitals. the three conditions on a very large margin.
Bangladesh's current GNI per capita income is
According to the Bangladesh Development $1,274, The HAI is 73.2, while the EVI is 25.2.
Update, national poverty line plummeted to 24.3% Remittances are contributing hugely to the
in 2016 from 48.9% in 2000 (WorldBank, 2018a). overall country’s macroeconomic stability.
The same report shows that the national extreme
Table4. Bangladesh’s LDC graduation
Criteria Threshold, 2018 (UN) Bangladesh’s Achievement
GNI per capita US$ 1,230 or greater US$1274
Human Asset Index (HAI) 66 or greater 73.2
Economic Vulnerability Index (EVI) 32 or less 25.2

The Centre for Economics and Business Bangladesh’s economy is driven by domestic
Research, a UK based think tank, mentions in consumption expenditure, government spending,
„World Economic League Table 2019‟ report remittances and exports. International migration
that Bangladesh is the 41st largest economy in and remittances are playing essential roles in
the world in 2019 (Cebr, 2018). The report boosting the country’s economy.
forecasts that Bangladesh would emerge as the
The World Bank Group KNOMAD’s
36th largest economy in 2023, 27th in 2028 and
“Migration and Remittances: Recent
24th in 2033.According to the report, growth in

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Bangladeshi Migration across the Globe: The Recent Experiences of Development and Challenges

Developments and Outlook‟ mentioned the

name of the top 10 countries who received the
highest amount of remittances globally.
Bangladesh ranked ninth among them who
received$13 billion in 2017 (World Bank,
2018b). It was US$15.54 billion in 2018
(BMET, 2019). Whereas the net foreign direct
investment (FDI) in 2018 was the only$3.6
billion (Financial Express, 2019), and foreign
aid was in last fiscal year (July 2017 to June
2018) $6.12 billion (Financial Express, 2018a).
Moreover, on average, the remittance of
Bangladesh has been increased by 10.85% from
1995-2016, which is higher than the average
growth of the country’s GDP (Sarkar, Rahman,
Islam, Sikdar, & Khan, 2018).The average GDP
growth of Bangladesh was almost 7% in the last Figure3. Causes for the recent growth of Bangladesh
five year(BBS, 2018).
Recent Challenges for Bangladeshi Immigrants
The World Bank Office, Dhaka has recently Though Bangladeshi migration across the globe
published a report titled „The Bangladesh is an integral part of her development, it was not
Development Update April 2019: Towards free of challenges. Always, there were hurdles to
Regulatory Predictability‟. It expresses
go and to survive abroad from here. At present,
evidently that Bangladesh is among the top five Bangladeshi migrants are facing many obstacles
fastest-growing economies in the world (World within and beyond the country. Some of these
Bank, 2019). Bangladesh ranks fifth after
are mentioned below:
Ethiopia, Rwanda, Bhutan and India
respectively. Djibouti, Ivory Coast and Ghana • Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) and the
have the same position as Bangladesh. The United Arab Emirates (UAE) introduced
following figure shows the top five GDP‟s in Value Added Tax (VAT) on 01 January 2018
the world (DailyStar, 2019): to increase revenue for addressing
governments budget deficits (BBC, 2018).
Both countries imposed a 5% levy to the
majority of goods and services. Previously
Gulf States are known as a land of the tax-
free living for foreign workers. As the
world‟s gas and oil prices decline, taxation of
foreign workers‟ remittances were kicked in
both countries for the first time in their
history (Malit Jr & Naufal, 2016). Almost
50% of Bangladeshi migrant labours live and
work in these two countries. They are
severely affected by this taxation due to their
low-income status in the local market.
Purchasing power ability of the low-skilled
migrant workers decreased significantly
because of the rising cost of living. So, they
spend more and remit less. The situation
Figure2. The top five fastest growing economies in creates formidable challenges for
the world Bangladeshi temporary workers in these
The World Bank has identified several causes regions. Many of them already have come
for the growth, for example, manufacturing, and back home country, being unable to survive
construction, bumper crop harvest, coupled with in a changing environment.
private consumption, remittances and increasing • Besides, the Ministry of Labour and Social
rural income. Migrant’s remittance is being Development, KSA banned outlets of 12
played as one of the major contributors to activities and occupations for foreign labors
boosting the economy. (SaudiGazette, 2018). Only Saudi citizens

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Bangladeshi Migration across the Globe: The Recent Experiences of Development and Challenges

will employ these 12 private sectors; no became unemployed. In the coming years, it
expatriates are allowed further. As a result, would create more challenges for expatriate
many Bangladeshi workers who are already labourers in KSA. These restricted work
engaged in these services lost their jobs and areas are:
Table5. Recent Restricted Work Areas for migrant Labors in KSA
Serial Work area Serial Work area
01 Watch shops 07 Outlets selling all types of carpets
02 Optical stores 08 Automobile and mobile phone shops
03 Medical equipment stores 09 Shops selling home furniture and ready-made office materials
04 Electrical and electronics shops 10 Sales outlets of ready-made garments
05 Outlets selling car spare parts 11 Children clothes and men‟s supplies
06 Building material shops 12 Household utensils shops and pastry shops

• Malaysia is one of the key destinations for attaches abroad, the main contact points of
Bangladeshi migrant workers. It is assumed expats in host countries, have no capability to
that almost one million Bangladeshi migrants provide proper services to the distressed
are working in Malaysia, and according to Bangladeshi emigrants who are in detention
the Home Ministry of Malaysia, only 221,089 centers awaiting trials in prison, or serving
of them are legal (Nasa, 2017). Last year, sentences or facing deportation.
Malaysia’s new government suspended
• A recent study conducted by the International
workforce recruitment from Bangladesh because
Organization for Migration, expresses that
of large-scale irregularities in the migration
among a few countries in the world,
process (Financial Express, 2018b).For example,
Bangladesh has the highest migration cost
organized human trafficking syndicate run by a
(IOM, 2018a). These costs for male migrants
Bangladeshi businessman in connivance with
Malaysian authorities and involvement of only can potentially shoot up to Tk700,000 and for
ten private Bangladeshi manpower recruiters in female migrants to Tk 95,000 each. It
recruiting process etc. The Malaysian highlighted that potential migrants depend more
government had stopped issuing demand letter on go-betweens than directly contacting the
for Bangladeshi workers from September 01, recruiting agencies. The enormous cost of
2018 due to alleged syndication of only ten migration only makes a migrant more
recruiters (Ara, 2018). Meanwhile, the vulnerable. The lack of appropriate knowledge
Malaysian new government is working on and the influence of mediator, coupled with
building a unified labour recruitment policy an inability to pursue skilled jobs in countries
from all labour-sending countries. of destination, are often forcing migrants to
accept low wages and poor working
• Several Bangladeshi migrants are trying to environment.
illegally reach South East Asian countries
and Europe (Siddiqui, 2016). These two • Migration is treated positively for the
irregular migration routes have been development of both host and sender countries,
introduced recently. Generally, boat especially when the United Nations adopted
migration, which is seen to Malaysia and migration in SDGs framework in 2015 for
Thailand, has been termed as „slave trade‟. transforming the globe equally. However, most
Whereas, with the flow of Syrian refugees‟ of the immigrants are workers globally.
migration, some Bangladeshis are trying to Though the migrant labours play a crucial role
enter Europe with the help of human in the development arena, they have minimal
smugglers. These are matters of the major scope for receiving justice in case of deception.
concern of the government of Bangladesh. Every year lots of Bangladeshi migrant
But for this, labour migration to a volatile workers, for example, die in their workplaces or
region like Iraq has been created a huge risk remain unpaid. Sometimes, they are cheated by
for Bangladeshi migrants (Siddiqui, 2016). migration agents, employers or intermediaries.
Moreover, Bangladeshi embassies abroad are International Labour Organization found 13
often unable to provide MRP passports with barriers to accessing justice for the migrant
due time for expatriate workers. So, it workers (ILO, 2017). Many Bangladeshi
prolongs the troubles of migrants‟ work expatriate workers are facing these hurdles,
permits which are dependent on valid visa which are mentioned below:
stamp on a valid passport. Even labour

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Bangladeshi Migration across the Globe: The Recent Experiences of Development and Challenges

Table6. Barriers to accessing justice for the migrant workers

Serial Name of Hurdles Serial Name of Hurdles
01 Lack of written evidence 07 Language barriers
02 High cost of legal assistance 08 Irregular legal status
03 Slow legal process 09 Employer-tied visas and work permits
04 Fear of retaliation 10 Restriction of movements
05 Discriminatory attitudes 11 Lack of coverage by labour law
06 Unclear statutory responsibilities 12 Non-functional complaint mechanisms
13 Lack of information about expatriate workers‟ rights.

• According to European Union, there are Firstly, who are in police custody for a long
nearly 250,000 Bangladeshi immigrants in 28 time; secondly, those who went in Europe
EU member countries, among them about with valid visas but became irregular later;
80,000 are living there for years illegally, and thirdly, those who entered EU region without
more are still arriving with the flow of Syrian a valid visa but they have a passport; and
refugees (Hussain, 2016). EU emphasized a finally, those who have no any types of
stronger framework for legal migration and documents. Still, there is no significant
tougher measures against irregular migration. advancement in these issues.
Countries like Saudi Arabia, United Arab
• The intrusion of Rohingyas from Myanmar
Emirates, Kuwait, Oman, Jordan, Singapore
and their overseas travel on fake Bangladeshi
and Malaysia have long been the preferred
passports are big headaches for the
destination for these migrant labourers.
authorities. Once abroad, they commit
However, for various reasons, most of these
different kinds of crime, thus tarnishing the
countries began cutting down on imported
image of Bangladesh (Daily Star, 2012). The
labour from Bangladesh in recent years. With
problem has been unchallenged for long.
the traditional foreign job markets shrinking,
This trend of Rohingyas going abroad is also
more significant numbers have turned to the
threatening the country's labour market
EU countries with the help of some human
overseas. There are roughly about one
traffickers from Libya. Britain, Germany,
million Rohingyas live at Teknafin Cox's
Italy, France and Greece are the favorite
Bazar and other areas of the Chittagong
destinations of the illegal Bangladeshi
region. The large number of Rohingyas with
migrant workers. Most of those illegal
Bangladeshi passports indicates the weakness
immigrants entered the countries by irregular
of the administration that allowed the
sea and land routes after they had reached
Myanmar nationals to obtain passports of
some African and other countries from
another country illegally. Thousands of
Bangladesh legally.
Rohingyas have used illegally obtained
Bangladesh has been identified along with Bangladeshi passports to travel abroad for
other top 29 as illegal immigrants source work. Although the government holds no
countries in Europe. They are called as data on the exact number of false passports in
“economic migrants”. Many Bangladeshi circulation, it was assumed that about
migrants were imprisoned between 2008 and 250,000 Rohingyas had gone abroad with
2016 because of having no documents. The Bangladeshi passports (Mahmud, 2018). The
discussion on Standard Operation Procedures same report mentions Bangladeshi workers
(SOPs) is going on between the relevant EU are facing an “image crisis” as a result.
authority and the government of Bangladesh Many of Rohingyas are involved in criminal
(Karim, 2017). According to SOPs, the EU activities abroad.
wants to begin the deportation by following a
specific timeframe, while the Bangladesh CONCLUSION
government wants logical time to go through Bangladesh, the next emerging tiger in Asia, are
its nationality verification process. EU frequently discussed in many international
emphasized on confirming the identities forums across the globe due to her recent
within 48 hours of arrested illegal incredible development in almost every sector.
immigrants. Otherwise, they will be forced She is considered one of the fastest growing
back to Bangladesh. But the government of economies in the world. Meanwhile, Bangladesh
Bangladesh divided them into four categories graduated from the LDC category to a „low-
and wanted to verify under this classification. income country‟. Mostly development related

25 International Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Studies V6 ● I11 ● 2019

Bangladeshi Migration across the Globe: The Recent Experiences of Development and Challenges

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Citation: Sheikh Mohammad Maniruzzaman Al Masud, Dr Rohana Binti Hamzah, Dr. Hasan Ahmad.,
“Bangladeshi Migration across the Globe: The Recent Experiences of Development and Challenges”.
(2019). International Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Studies, 6(11), pp.20-27
Copyright: © 2019 Sheikh Mohammad Maniruzzaman Al Masud. This is an open-access article distributed
under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution,
and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

27 International Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Studies V6 ● I11 ● 2019