COLEGIO DE SAN ANTONIO DE PADUA

COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION

Sands Campus, Danao City, Cebu
www.CSAP.edu.ph

Course Code: EEd-TLE 1 No. of Units: 3

EDUKASYONG PANTAHANAN AT PANGKABUHAYAN

Course Description:

This course shall include pedagogical content, knowledge, and skills in technology, and
livelihood education necessary in teaching and learning in the elementary level. Selected topics
in home economics, technology and livelihood education shall form a major part of the course.
Experiential learning approach shall be the major focus of this course.

Name of the Student: ___________________________________

Department/ College: ___________________________________

Course and Year: ______________________________________

Compiled by: Ms. Ma. Rizaly D. Velasco

 Table of Contents
Module Page No. Date
Module 1 – Plants and Tools 1

Lesson 1 - Ornamental plants 1 Aug. 26, 2020

Lesson 2 - Gardening Soil 5 Aug. 28, 2020

Lesson 3 - Planting/ Gardening tools 10 Aug. 31, 2020

Learning Activities________________ 15
Activity 1 __________ 15 Sept. 2, 2020
Activity 2 ____________________ 16 Sept. 4, 2020
Activity 3 __________ 16 Sept. 7, 2020

Self-Assessment _________________ 17 Sept. 9, 2020

Summative Exam ______________ 18 Sept. 9, 2020

Module 2 – Flower Arrangement 19

Lesson 1- Principles of Design 19 Sept. 11, 2020

Lesson 2 - Western Style Arrangement 23 Sept. 11, 2020

Lesson 3 - Eastern Style Arrangement (Ikebana) 25 Sept. 14, 2020

Learning Activities________________ 28
Activity 1 __________ 28 Sept. 14, 2020
Activity 2 __________ 28 Sept. 16, 2020
Activity 3 __________ 28 Sept. 16, 2020

Self-Assessment _________________ 29 Sept. 18, 2020

Summative Exam ______________ 30 Sept. 18, 2020

PRELIM EXAMINATION Sept. 23, 2020

Module 3 – Industrial Arts 31

Lesson 1- Biodegradable Non Biodegradable Materials 31 Sept. 25, 2020

Lesson 2 - Plastics 35 Sept. 28, 2020

Lesson 3 - Recycling of Waste Materials 47 Sept. 30, 2020

Lesson 4 - Enhancing/ Decorating Finished Products 52 Oct. 2, 2020

Learning Activities________________ 57
Activity 1 __________ __________ 57 Oct. 5, 2020
Activity 2 __________ 57 Oct. 7, 2020
Activity 3 __________ 57 Oct. 9, 2020

Self-Assessment _________________ 58 Oct. 12, 2020

Summative Exam ______________ 59 Oct. 14. 2020

MIDTERM EXAMINATION Oct. 23, 2020

Module 4 – Entrepreneurship 60

Lesson 1 – Characteristics of a Good Entrepreneur 60 Oct. 26, 2020

Lesson 2 – Identifying Sellers and Buyers 61 Oct. 28, 2020

Lesson 3 – Producing Simple Products 62 Oct. 30, 2020

Lesson 4 – Buying and Selling Products 63 Nov. 4, 2020

Lesson 5 - Marketing the Product 65 Nov. 6, 2020

Learning Activities____________________________ 67
Activity 1 __________ 67 Nov. 9, 2020
Activity 2 __________ 67 Nov. 11, 2020
Activity 3 ____________________ 67 Nov. 13, 2020

Self-Assessment _________________ 68 Nov. 16, 2020

Summative Exam ______________ 69 Nov. 18, 2020

SEMI FINAL EXAMINATION Nov. 23, 2020

Module 5 – ICT 70

Lesson 1 – Safe and Responsible use of ICT 70 Nov. 25, 2020

Lesson 2 – Creating Knowledge Products 72 Nov. 27, 2020

Learning Activities________________ 79
Activity 1 __________ 79 Dec. 2, 2020
Activity 2 __________ 79 Dec. 4, 2020

Self-Assessment _________________ 80 Dec. 7, 2020

Summative Exam ______________ 81 Dec. 9, 2020

Module 6 – Culinary Arts 82

Lesson 1 – Basic Kitchen Utensils and Equipment 82 Dec. 11, 2020

Lesson 2 – Basic types of Chopping 85 Dec. 14, 2020

Lesson 3 - Types of Meals 88 Dec. 14,2020

Learning Activities________________ 90
Activity 1 __________ 90 Dec. 16, 2020
Activity 2 __________ 90 Dec. 16, 2020
Activity 3 __________ 91 Dec. 18, 2020

Self-Assessment _________________ 92 Dec. 18, 2020

Summative Exam ______________ 93 Dec. 21, 2020

FINAL EXAMINATION Dec. 23, 2020

 COLEGIO DE SAN ANTONIO DE PADUA
COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION
Sands Campus, Danao City, Cebu
www.CSAP.edu.ph
ST
1 Semester- S.Y. 2020-2021
Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan
Module I Background of the Study
Lesson/s:

 Ornamental Plants
 Gardening Soil
 Planting/ Gardening Tools

Learning Objectives
At the end of the module, at least 85% of the college students can:

Knowledge

 Identify the different kinds of planting tools

 Classify the different planting tools
 Describe the differences between annuals, biennials and perennials
 Deduce the difference between each types of soils

Skills

 Plant their own ornamental plant

 Distinguish different types of soil to be used in each plants;

Attitude

 Cares for the environment by planting ornamental plants

Values Integration

 Valuing nature by planting ornamental plants.

CSAP Core Values

 Integration and Dedication

Lesson 1: Ornamental Plants

Definition of Ornamental Plants

Plants grow all over the world in different sizes, shapes and appearance. Some provides us with
food, shelter or building materials, while others provide us with only visual delight. Ornamental
Plants are also referred to as garden plants has beauty as its main trait. They are usually grown in
the flower garden for the display of their flowers.It is a plant primarily grown for its beauty
either for screening,accent, specimen, color or aesthetic reasons. Common ornamental features
include leaves, scent, fruit, stem and bark.

History of Ornamental Plants

The history of ornamental gardening started at least 4,000 years of human civilization.Egyptian
tomb paintings of the 1500 BC are some of the earliest physical evidence of ornamental
horticulture and landscape design.It depicts depict lotus ponds surrounded by symmetrical rows
of acacias and palms.

Classification of Ornamental Plants

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Ornamental plants may also be classified based on stem type, growth cycle, leaf form, use, and
other characteristics.

Herbaceous Ornamental Plants

Herbaceous plants are non-woody. Many horticultural plants, especially those grown indoors, are
non-woody. They have a wide variety of uses in landscapes as well. They may be classified in
various ways.

Growth Cycle

1. Annuals: Annual ornamentals are planted each season. Flowering annuals are prominent
in the landscape in favorable seasons, providing most of the color. Versatile landscape
plants can be used to fill in gaps, provide color in bulb beds after the bulbs have bloomed,
and create colorful flower beds, hanging baskets (flowers grown in containers and hung),
and cut flowers (flowers grown and cut for use). Examples include
petunia (Petunia spp.), zinnia (Zinnia elegans),  and marigold (Tagetes spp.).

2. Biennials: Biennial ornamentals are vegetative in their first year of growth and bloom in
the next season. Examples are foxglove (Digitalis spp.) and hollyhock.

3. Perennials: Since perennials live for a long time in the landscape, locating them requires
a great deal of thought and planning. Perennials may be flowering or non-flowering.

Flowering
Flowering perennials may be planted in flower beds in the fall season to provide early blooms,
after which annuals may be planted. Examples are geranium (Geranium spp.), lily (Lilium spp.),
and tulip (Tulipa spp.).

Foliage
Foliage, or non-flowering, perennials are popular for indoor use in houses and offices as potted
plants. Examples are coleus (Coleus blumei),  sansevieria (Sansevieria spp.), and dumbcane
(Dieffenbachia).

Ornamental Trees

Trees are usually meant for the utilitarian purpose such as to provide fruits, shelter to birds and
passers-by. But roadside plants that you see along a highway or an expressway are mainly
amenity trees or ornamental trees, which do it all. These have a positive impact on biodiversity
as well.

Ornamental Grass

Ornamental grasses are true grasses that are grown for ornamental purposes. These grass-like
plants are usually herbaceous perennials or can be evergreen variety too. They have parallel
veins and narrow leaves. Some of them may have woody tissues. These grasses are very popular
in some countries to layout the front yard. These grasses make for a visual delight with their
strikingly similar texture, colour, and linear form. These have higher hardiness quotient and are
quite resilient to colder temperatures in the winter season. The grasses can grow in a column of
reeds or in towering clusters of up to 6-inch. These are easy to maintain and no-fuss plants.
However, they might need a little pruning to make way for new foliage.

Ornamental Shrubs

These shrubs are usually planted for a decorative border alongside the fence. Such ornamental
shrubs are evergreen and stand tall. These could be flowering or non-flowering types and feature

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beautiful, striking foliage that stands out against the backdrop. Even if the flowers are dead or if
the shrub is non-flowering, the foliage is enough to add an aesthetic delight to your garden.

Ornamental Herbs

These ornamental herbs are cultivated for their healing, therapeutic and aromatic properties.
These are mainly kitchen herbs and have pleasant fragrances. Some of them such as rosemary,
lavender, sage, and mint are very common and in fact, a household name.

Ornamental Annual Flowers

These showy and large flowers have a single blooming season.  These annual flowers are easy to
grow and add a dash of colour and splendid beauty to a garden.

Ornamental Perennial Flowers

The ornamental perennials are the plants that go through a periodical phase of blooming every
year. While the striking foliage remains a constant, the flowering happens yearly for a certain
period of time. The flowers wilt and die, only to come back later next year.

Ornamental Bulbs

The ornamental bulbs add a short-lived yet splendid colour burst to a garden. Apt for summer
and spring climate, these bulbs have gorgeous flowers that are perfect for every landscape.
Tulips, daffodils and onion plants are some of the examples of ornamental varieties of the bulbs.
The plants grow from bulbs, which need to be dug as the winter approaches. You can store these
bulbs and replant them again in the spring season for blooms.

Ornamental Conifers

Conifers are among the most popular evergreen trees or shrubs. They remain green throughout
the year, irrespective of the weather. Some of the very common varieties of cedar are fir, cedar,
and juniper.

Besides these, bonsai, cacti and succulents are also considered to be succulent plants. The term
‘ornamental plants’ is not definitive as well. Sometimes, a plant that is a weed in a part of a
continent can be treated as ornamental in another. A crop with spectacular foliage such as
runner beans, globe artichokes and ruby chard might be nurtured for its beauty in another. For
instance, you may grow lavender as a kitchen herb but on a commercial level, it is grown as a
crop to extract lavender oil.

Cacti and Succulents

The cacti and succulents are hardy breeds in plants

that are short and can be easily cultivated indoors-
both in home and office. The bonsai, bamboos and
ferns have adapted quite brilliantly to modern
habitation and ambient temperatures. These can be
found in potted in soil or in small containers on a
table. On average, there are more than 15,000 species
of cactus in the world and all of them have adapted the wide diversity of habitats they are potted
in.

The succulent plants to are highly specialized to get used to the new habitat. The plants have
thick and fleshy leaves that retain moisture inside- which makes them a non-maintenance indoor
plant. The succulents can preserve moisture in a dry, highly air-conditioned atmosphere. The
waxy coating on leaves also preserves water. Such adaptations to the habitat make these plants a
popular choice for both offices and homes. These succulents also help in removing toxins and
indoor pollutants.

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Cultivation of Ornamental Plants

Many ornamental plants are no-maintenance plants. However, some of them require special care
including special fertilization, watering, mulching and pruning. If you have a bedside of shrubs
and annual perennials, they might need pest control too. If that’s too much, you can consider
low-maintenance ornamental plants to beautify the landscapes that are cost-effective and require
fewer efforts. Similarly, if you have bonsai and topiary, they will need regular pruning to
maintain its structure and if you don’t, they might lose their ornamental value.

Uses of Ornamental Plants

1. Ornamental trees provide shade for pedestrians on hot days, decreasing the use of vehicles. On
colder days, the trees bulk up and can reduce frost by retaining heat in the soil.

2. Without plants we wouldn't have clean air to breathe, because plants create oxygen during
photosynthesis. Plants take in carbon dioxide as food and release clean oxygen, acting as
natural air filters. This proves especially helpful for indoor environments, where air circulation
is limited compared to outdoors. Keeping ornamental houseplants has been shown to improve
indoor air quality, even removing tobacco smoke and such volatile organic compounds as
formaldehyde, trichloroethylene and benzene. Plants that prove especially effective include
spider plant, golden pothos, peace lily, snake plant and several species of philodendron and
dracaena. The healthier a plant is, the more effective it is at removing harmful toxins from the
air. They absorb carbon dioxide from the air and output oxygen; creating cleaner air. This is
especially important in cities that are prone to pollution. When used indoors, they help purify the
air and create a pleasant atmosphere. The peace of lily may be an example

3. Outdoor ornamentals help beautify the landscape and create an appealing environment. Fallen
leaves make good mulch and compost.

4. They are grown for food. Some chilies are grown as ornamental plants. An example is
capsicums or Doret Nag, officially the hottest chili in the world.

5. Ornamental Plants and trees planted at the sides of the roads help drivers reduce stress. It also
protects drivers from severe car accidents by serving as a barrier to prevent cars from
somersulting or other worse cases.

6. If a person knows how to grow ornamental plants, he or she could earn some money by selling
grown ornamentals. Since ornamentals sold at green houses or garden stores can be expensive.

7.Some ornamentals can be used for medicinal purposes. Example of ornamental herbs are
rosemary, mexican marigold and lemon grass.

8. Ornamental plants can brighten a yard, compliment the style of a house or building. Therefore
increasing its worth by a percentage; making more money for the owner or portraying the owner
of a high standards.

9. The foilage of evergreen Ornamental trees brightens winter landscape and affords windbreaks
that save money on fuel bills.

10. Ornamental gardens provide a relaxing, protective environment which offers privacy to its
users.

11. Ornamentals can be used for decorations during occasions such as weddings and
anniversaries. A common example is rose.

12. Ornamental plants are used in landscapes and throughout the home to beautify the
surroundings. A large, tropical plant in a living room provides a pop of color and helps soften
harsh lines from furniture and architectural design. Colorful flowering ornamental plants break
up the browns and greens that naturally occur outside. A large dogwood tree in the center of the
front yard awakens with brilliant pink or white blossoms to flood the yard with color in spring.
Exposed concrete block foundations are commonly concealed with hedges of boxwood, privet

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and other shrubs. Even fruit and vegetable trees and plants are sometimes used ornamentally
when the plants lend themselves in some way to improving the visual appeal of the landscape.

13. Many ornamental plants are chosen because they appeal to the sense of smell, in addition to
their visual appeal. Lavender is widely regarded for its pleasing fragrance; although widely
harvested for lavender oil, it is commonly planted in home landscapes for its scent while in
bloom. Roses are another type of flower well known for their pleasing scent. A walk through a
rose garden is sure to entice visitors to lean in for a whiff of the floral bouquet. Some fragrant
plants prove beneficial at repelling outdoor pests, such as ants, mosquitoes and flies. Perhaps the
most well known is the citronella plant, a type of geranium with a lemon fragrance. The fuzzy
blossoms of ageratum plants are prevalent in flowerbeds, but the flowers also produce coumarin,
a natural mosquito repellent.

Lesson 2: Gardening Soils

Soil Preparation

The soil is a storehouse for all the elements plants need to grow: nutrients, organic matter, air,
and water. Soil also provides support for plant roots. When properly prepared and cared for, soil
can be improved each year and will continue to grow plants forever. Uncared for soil will soon
become suited only for growing weeds.

Soil types

Some are very sandy, some are sticky clay, and others are rocky and shallow.

Sandy soils do not hold enough water; in windy areas, blowing sand can injure vegetables. Clay
soils hold too much water and do not allow enough air to enter the soil.

Vegetables need a deep and well drained soil with adequate organic matter. Good garden soil
with proper moisture will not form a hard ball when squeezed in the hand. It should crumble
easily when forced between the fingers. It should not crack or crust over when dry (Fig. 1).

Figure 1. Good garden soil will crumble easily.

The Six Types of Soil

There are six main soil groups: clay, sandy, silty, peaty, chalky and loamy. They each have
different properties and it is important to know these to make the best choices and get the most
from your garden.

1. Clay Soil
Clay soil feels lumpy and is sticky when wet and rock hard when dry. Clay soil is poor at
draining and has few air spaces. The soil will warm up slowly in spring and it is heavy to
cultivate. If the drainage for the soil is enhanced, then plants will develop and grow well as clay
soil can be rich in nutrients.

Great for: Perennials and shrubs such as Helen’s Flower, Aster, Bergamot, Flowering quince.
Early vegetable crops and soft berry crops can be difficult to grow in clay soil because of its
cool, compact nature. Summer crop vegetables, however, can be high yielding vigorous plants.
Fruit trees, ornamental trees and shrubs thrive on clay soils.

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2. Sandy Soil
Sandy soil feels gritty. It drains easily, dries out fast and is easy to cultivate. Sandy soil warms
up fast in spring and tends to hold fewer nutrients as these are often washed away during wetter
spells. Sandy soil requires organic amendments such as glacial rock dust, greensand, kelp meal,
or other organic fertilizer blends. It also benefits from mulching to help retain moisture.

Great for: Shrubs and bulbs such as Tulips, Tree mallow, Sun roses, Hibiscus. Vegetable root
crops like carrots, parsnips and potatoes favour sandy soils. Lettuce, strawberries, peppers,
corn, squash, zucchini, collard greens and tomatoes are grown commercially in sandy soils.

3. Silty Soil

Silty soil feels soft and soapy, it holds moisture, is usually very rich in nutrients. The soil is
easily cultivated and can be compacted with little effort. This is a great soil for your garden if
drainage is provided and managed. Mixing in composted organic matter is usually needed to
improve drainage and structure while adding nutrients.

Great for: Shrubs, climbers, grasses and perennials such as Mahonia, New Zealand flax.
Moisture-loving trees such as Willow, Birch, Dogwood and Cypress do well in silty soils. Most
vegetable and fruit crops thrive in silty soils which have adequate adequate drainage.

4. Peaty Soil

Peaty soil is a darker soil and feels damp and spongy due to its higher levels of peat. It is an
acidic soil which slows down decomposition and leads to the soil having fewer nutrients. The
soil heats up quickly during spring and can retain a lot of water which usually requires drainage.
Drainage channels may need to be dug for soils with high peat content. Peat soil is great for
growth when blended with rich organic matter, compost and lime to reduce the acidity. You can
also use soil amendments such as glacial rock dust to raise pH in acidic soils.

Great for: Shrubs such as Heather, Lantern Trees, Witch Hazel, Camellia, Rhododendron.
Vegetable crops such as Brassicas, legumes, root crops and salad crops do well in well-drained
peaty soils.

5. Chalky Soil

Chalky soil is larger grained and generally stonier compared to other soils. It is free draining and
usually overlays chalk or limestone bedrock. The soil is alkaline in nature which sometimes
leads to stunted growth and yellowish leaves – this can be resolved by using
appropriate fertilizers and balancing the pH. Adding humus is recommended to improve water
retention and workability.

Great for: Trees, bulbs and shrubs such as Lilac, Weigela, Madonna lilies, Pinks, Mock
Oranges. Vegetables such as spinach, beets, sweet corn, and cabbage do well in chalky soils.

6. Loamy Soil

Loamy soil, a relatively even mix of sand, silt and clay, feels fine-textured and slightly damp. It
has ideal characteristics for gardening, lawns and shrubs. Loamy soil has great structure,
adequate drainage, is moisture retaining, full of nutrients, easily cultivated and it warms up
quickly in spring, but doesn’t dry out quickly in summer. Loamy soils require replenishing
with organic matter regularly, and tend to be acidic.

Great for: Climbers. bamboos, perennials, shrubs and tubers such as Wisteria, Dog’s-tooth
violets, Black Bamboo, Rubus, Delphinium. Most vegetable crops and berry crops will do well
since loamy soil can be the most productive of soil types. However, loamy soil requires careful
management to prevent depletion and drying out. Rotating crops, planting green manure crops,
using mulches and adding compost and organic nutrients is essential to retain soil vitality.

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Simple Tests to Help Determine Your Soil Type
The water test
Pour water onto your soil. If it drains quickly it is likely to be a sandy or gravelly soil, on clay
soils the water will take longer to sink in.

Squeeze test
Grab a handful of soil and softly compress it in your fist.

 If the soil is sticky and slick to the touch and remains intact and in the same shape when
you let go it will be clay soil.
 If the soil feels spongy it’s peaty soil; sandy soil will feel gritty and crumble apart.
 Loamy and silty soils will feel smooth textured and hold their shape for a short period of
time.

Settle test
Add a handful of soil to a transparent container, add water, shake well and then leave to settle for
12 hours.

 Clay & silty soils will leave cloudy water with a layer of particles at the bottom.
 Sandy soils will leave the water mostly clear and most of the particles will fall, forming a
layer on the base of the container.
 Peaty soils will see many particles floating on the surface; the water will be slightly
cloudy with a thin layer at the bottom.
 Soils that are chalky will leave a layer of whitish, grit-like fragments on the bottom of the
container and the water will be a shade of pale grey.
 If the water is quite clear with layered particles on the bottom of the container with the
finest particle at the top – this soil is likely to be a loamy one.

Acid test
The standard pH for soils usually ranges between 4.0 and 8.5. Plants favor soil which has a pH
between 6.5 and 7 because this is the level where nutrients and minerals naturally thrive. You
can buy a pH test kit here, or from a local garden center. As a general rule, in areas with soft
water you will have acid soil and hard water areas will tend to have alkaline soil.

Soil test kit

Use a soil test kit to assess primary nutrients (N-P-K) as well as pH levels. By testing your soil,
you determine its exact condition so you can fertilize more effectively and economically. Soil
should be tested periodically throughout the growing season.

How to make the most of your soil, whatever the type

Plants generally prefer neutral soil but it’s worth bearing in mind that some favor slightly acid or
alkaline soils. Regardless of the pH of your soil it is possible to adjust the level slightly to make
it more hospitable to the type of plants you want to grow. Remember this is only temporary, so
it’s advised to make the most from the soil type you have.

Adding ground lime to your soil will make it more alkaline and aluminium sulfate or sulfur will
help to make your soil more acidic.

If your soil is low in nutrients (like sandy soil), try supply it with organic matter such as compost
and manure to enrich the soil and improve its texture. Use organic mulches such as straw, dried
grass clippings and deciduous leaves. These mulches break down and incorporate into the soil,
building a new supply of organic nutrients while improving the soil structure.

Clay soil is often not aerated enough and is deficient in good structure which makes it more
difficult for successful growing. To get the most out of clay soil it’s best to add large quantities
of well-rotted organic matter in the fall and peat a few weeks before planting. Greensand can
also be used to loosen heavy clay soils or bind sandy soils.

It is often difficult to cultivate in chalky soil due to its alkaline nature. To help rectify this add
bulky organic matter which breaks down over time, adding nutrients and minerals to the soil.

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Make sure your soil is healthy.
It’s a good idea to regard your soil as living as your plants – it too needs food and water. Make
sure it contains the three main nutrients: Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium (NPK) which are
vital to growing plants effectively. Organic matter and fertilizers are rich in these.

After a crop is harvested the soil needs to be renewed before planting a successive crop. Many
gardeners plant ‘green manure’ crops such as legumes, buckwheat, vetch and clover which fix
nitrogen into the soil while building texture, improving aeration and drainage and adding organic
matter. These cover crops are tilled in before they go to seed, and break down quickly so a new
harvestable crop can be planted without much delay.

Crop rotation, green manures and cover crops, the use of mulch and the periodic addition of
organic materials like compost and fertilizer are standard ways of restoring soil health after crop
harvests. Rock phosphate, or rock dust, is also a valued amendment to restore phosphorus levels
needed for vigorous plant growth.

If you can, introduce and encourage living organisms to your soil. The fungus Mycorrhize will
aid your plants in the absorption of water and nutrients and worms will help speed up the
composting process and help spread fertilizer through the soil.

Soil improvement

Almost all garden soils can be improved by adding organic matter to make soil more workable.
Organic matter:

 Loosens tight clay

 Helps sand hold more water

 Makes soil easier to dig

 Adds nutrients

Some common organic matter additives are:

Plant materials: This includes leaves, straw, and grass clippings. Work material into the soil
several months before planting to allow it time to decompose. Most gardeners do this during the
winter.

Manure: Use composted manure and incorporate it into the soil well ahead of planting. Do not
use fresh manure, as it can damage plants and introduce diseases. Apply 30 to 40 pounds of
composted manure for every 100 square feet.

Compost: Compost consists of decayed plant materials. Work it into the soil before planting.

Sawdust: Compost this before adding it to the garden. Do not use uncomposted sawdust because
it will rob the soil of nitrogen and, consequently, starve the plants of this essential nutrient.

Green manure: Plant rye or oats in the fall and plow or spade it under in the spring. These
cannot be used if a fall garden is planted.

Do not add more than a 4-inch layer of organic material.

Most heavy clay soils benefit from the addition of gypsum. It adds some nutrients but, more
importantly, it loosens clay soils and makes it more workable. Spread about 3 to 4 pounds of
gypsum per 100 square feet over garden soil after it has been dug in the winter. Work it into the
soil or allow it to be washed in by rain.

Add sand and organic matter to clay soil to make it more workable. Mix 2 inches of clean sand
and 3 inches of organic matter, such as leaves, with the soil. Do this during the winter.

Tilling the soil

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The soil should be tilled as deeply as possible, at least 8 to 10 inches. Deep tilling loosens soil
and lets vegetable roots go deeper. Turn each shovelful of soil completely over (Fig. 2).

Figure 2. Turn over the soil to a depth of 8 to 12 inches, using a spade or rototiller.

Till soil when it is moist but not wet. Working soil when it is too wet can cause it to become
rough. Spade the soil in the winter to prepare for spring planting. Winter temperatures and
moisture help mellow soil. This is especially important if the soil is being worked for the first
time.

Add organic matter each year during soil preparation to build and maintain the soil. Be sure all
plant material is turned under the soil. If organic material is added before planting a fall garden,
it should be well-rotted, such as compost.

Before planting, rake the soil clean and level it. Remove all sticks, rocks and other material.

Row preparation

In most areas vegetables should be planted on raised beds (Fig. 3) Raised beds:

 Allow water to drain away from plant roots

 Provide furrows for irrigation

 Allow air to enter soil

 Help plants through periods of high rainfall

Figure 3. Plant vegetables on raised beds.

If the garden is large enough, make rows 36 inches apart. Where space is a problem, some
vegetables can be planted in rows closer than this, but they will require more care during the
growing season.

Straight beds are nice but not necessary. In small gardens worked with a hoe, rake or other hand
tools, straight beds are not as important.

If the garden is large and is worked with a rototiller or garden tractor, the rows should be made
as straight as possible.

Use a shovel or rake to pull the soil up into beds 8 to 10 inches high. Pack beds or allow them to
settle before planting. Also level the tops of the beds and widen them to about 6 to 8 inches
before planting. Plant on top of the beds (Fig. 4.)

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 Figure 4. Plant vegetables on top of prepared beds.

Lesson 3: Planting/ Gardening Tools

Common Gardening Tools

Hand Trowel

Whether you’re garding in containers, raised beds, or directly in

your yard, a hand trowel is a must have tool. Use it to dig, turn
up the earth, or pull up stubborn leaves. A hand trowel is actually
the first garden tool I bought when we started container
gardening on the patio of our apartment, so it is a tool I often
recommend for urban gardeners.

Hand trowels are perfect for transferring dirt into pots or planting
seedlings and bulbs. Because they’re easy to set down and lose
track of while you’re working in the garden, look for hand tools
with bright handles that are easy to spot in the dirt or greenery.

Pruning Shears

This is another tool required no matter how you garden.

A lot of cutting and trimming jobs can be handled with a
good pair of pruning shears. I find them essential for
harvesting herbs, fruits, and vegetables.

They’re also great for cutting thick stems and small

branches. They’re particularly helpful later in summer
when vegetable stems and vines are thick. I also use
them at the end of the season when I’m cleaning up and
putting the garden to bed. They’re great for cutting
down plants for the compost pile.

Garden Gloves

You may not think of these as a tool, but I find gloves

to be an indispensable item in my tool shed. Gloves not

10
only protect your hands from getting dirty but also protect you from injury. If you have to deal
with thorny branches or prickly plants, gloves will protect your hands and wrists from scratches,
scrapes, and splinters.

If you have sensitive skin like I do, then gardening gloves aren’t optional. I have to wear gloves
in the garden to avoid rashes and allergic reactions to plants, fertilizers, and other chemicals.
Eczema prone gardeners need a nice set of gloves to protect their hands.

Rake

Rakes are indispensible tools for anyone with a yard. While leaf rakes can
be used for a variety of purposes, a bow rake is great to use in the garden. A
bow rake can also be used to clear leaves or spread mulch. It’s also perfect
for leveling soil or breaking up hard garden dirt in the spring.

When we first transitioned from container gardening on a patio to a raised

bed community garden, we thought we could just get by with the hand tools
we’d used previously. When spring game and it was time to work the dirt
and mix in compost, we realized exactly how difficult that was with just
hand tools. Another gardener lent us their bow rake to help spread our
compost and now we have our own to use in the garden. This is must have
for yards, raised beds, or even community garden plots.

Digging Shovel

If you’re gardening in your yard or a raised bed, you’ll

find that a digging shovel is an extremely useful tool.
Not only can you use it to dig holes, it’s also great for
transporting dirt from a wheelbarrow to your garden
without having to dump the whole load.

Shovels are also great for stirring compost piles or

mixing potting soil before you add it to your containers.
If you need to create a garden or level ground, a sturdy
shovel is perfect for turning dirt or removing it. Look for
pointed shovels, like the one pictured, for digging. If
you find regular shovels are too heavy, some designs are
made of lightweight materials but are still perfect for
digging in gardens.

Garden Spade

While you may have all of your digging needs taken care of
by a hand trowel and a digging shovel, you may find a garden
spade to be extremely helpful in your garden bed.

11
Designed to use in tight spaces, the square-shaped blade is perfect for digging holes for plants
and bushes, especially in established gardens where you don’t want to disturb existing plants. I
also love them for removing weeds that have deep root systems I can’t pull out by hand. If you
have a perennial you need to transplant, a spade is perfect to “cut out” the plant from the dirt and
then dig a new hole for it.

Since it’s essentially like a shovel, you can also use it for transporting dirt and general digging in
your yard or garden bed.

Garden Hoe

We always get a lot of use out of our hoe in the spring

when we’re preparing the garden for planting. The blade
is perfect for weeding, easily chopping through
unwanted growth and and clearing it out of your garden
beds. You can also use it to spread compost in tight
spaces.

The type of hoe and the size and shape of the blade will
be determined by the type of gardening you do. If you’re
dealing with large areas of dirt or vegetable gardens, you
may need a wider hoe. For flower gardens, a delicate
blade may work better. Choose a blade width based on
your needs, you may even want to buy multiple hoes of
different sizes to handle a bigger variety of projects.

Hose + Spray Nozzles

Unless all of your plants are in self-watering containers,

you’re going to need to water your garden. While some
urban gardeners can get away with just a watering can, if
you have a yard then a garden hose will be the best way
to water your plants. While traditional hoses are still
very common, we recommend a light-weight expandable
hose that is easier to maneuver.

In addition to a hose, make sure you get an adjustable

spray nozzle. These not only help you control the water
so you aren’t wasting any water between your garden
beds, but they also help you control the way the water is
delivered. Many spray nozzles have adjustable spray
patterns, allowing you to mist newly planted seeds and seedlings while soaking established
plants like tomatoes or flower bushes that need lots of water in the heat of summer.

Wheelbarrow

If you’re lucky enough to have a nice big yard to garden

in, you’ll find that a wheelbarrow or a garden cart will

12
make a lot of jobs so much easier. Move dirt, compost, even piles of leaves effortlessly across
your property. They’re also great for transporting new seedlings to your garden bed.

A traditional wheelbarrow design will be best if you’re often moving soil or compost as it’s easy
to dump your load once you read your destination. If you mostly need to move tools or plants
then a cart design might work better for you.

Loppers

If you have trees or shrubs that ever need pruning, a

simple pair of pruning shears won’t cut it. Loppers are
perfect for keeping your hedges under control or
removing diseased branches.

A nice pair of loppers (like the one pictured) will allow

you to cut branches up to 1-2″ in diameter. When you’re
shopping, make sure to pay attention to the max
thickness the loppers will cut. Usually, longer loppers
can cut thicker branches. If can afford the extra cost, buy
one that can handle 2″ branches.

Weeder

Weeds are the bane of an gardener’s existence and can be a major pain to remove. Luckily
there are a few handy tools to use to battle weeds in your garden. The first is a hand
weeder (pictured), which some call a dandelion digger. It’s designed to help remove weeds
with a tap root, with the tines penetrating the soil to easily pull the weed out.

Some prefer standup weeders (like this one). You push the spikes into the ground, press
down on the lever with your foot, and it grabs the weed and its roots They’re easier to use
if you have back problems or a ton of dandelions to remove from your yard.

Hori Hori Garden Knife

Sometimes referred to as a garden knife, the hori hori

originated in Japan, but has become popular with
gardeners across the world. It’s a stainless steal blade
that is slightly curved with a sharp edge and a serrated
edge. That makes it perfect for cutting through soil or
roots. Some people even use it as a weeder.

13
Some people use a hori hori instead of a hand trowel, as you can easily use it to transplant
seedlings and dig holes for planting. Many models also have measurements engraved in the
blade, making it easy to measure depth when planting seeds. Campers also find a hori hori useful
for digging into hardpacked dirt or prying up rocks under your tent.

Spading Fork

You may recognize a spading fork as a digging fork, garden fork,

or a graip. Similar in appearance to a pitchfork, a spading fork is
meant for turning dirt and soil. Usually it has four sturdy tines
perfect for loosening hard dirt and lifting soil. It’s also nice to mix
fresh compost into established beds.

It’s called a spading fork because there are some scenarios where
it works better than a traditional spade since it’s perfect for raking
out weeds or breaking up clumps of dirt in tight spaces in already
established gardens.

Available in full size or handheld models, pick one that works best for the size of your garden.
Container gardeners will do just fine with a handheld spading fork, but those with raised beds or
traditional garden beds may find a full-size tool will work best.

Pruning Saw

If you have branches too thick for your lopper to cut, then
a pruning saw is the tool you need. These tools are the
middle ground between a lopper and a handsaw or chain
saw. The one pruning saw pictures can cut through
branches of to 8 inches thick, perfect for pruning trees in
your yard. You can also use it for shrubs and plants.

If you’re trying to minimize the number of garden tools

you own, I’d recommend getting a good pair of pruning
shears and a pruning saw and just skip the loppers. While
you may need to take care of most of your branch cutting
needs with your handsaw, the design of pruning saws is
perfect for slicing off branches in tight spaces, especially
when dealing with small trees and shrubs.

Edger

14
 As you might guess from the name, an edger is meant to create edges
in your garden. An edger is used to cut a clean line in the soil
between grass and a sidewalk, driveway, or a garden bed. They’re
generally designed in a half circle shape with a lip on the top where
you can press the tool down with your foot. To use the tool, you place
the blade where you want to create the edge and then step down to
cut into the soil and rock the edger side to side before moving down
to repeat the steps.

An edger is a specialized tool that doesn’t have a lot of uses, but if

you want to create clearly defined lines in your yard, it’s the perfect
way to separate the grass from your garden. The created lines will
make your yard and pathways look tidy and well planned.

-COLEGIO DE SAN ANTONIO DE PADUA

COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION
Sands Campus, Danao City, Cebu
www.CSAP.edu.ph
1ST Semester- S.Y. 2020-2021
Module I Learning Activities
Name: ____________________Course, Yr. & Sec: ____________ Date: ________ Score: ___
Summary of scores:
Activity I- _____
Activity II- _____
Activity III- _____

Activity 1. Identify different plant growth in your home/ neighborhood. Classify each plant
whether if it is Annual, Biennial, or Perennial. List at least five plants each. (15 pts.)

Annuals Biennials Perennials

15
Activity 2. Sediment Jar (20pts.)

Supplies:

 Clear jar {glass or plastic}

 Soil
 Shovel
 Water
Directions:
1. Find a place to scoop up some soil. Make sure it is okay to take the soil from this spot.
{Don’t dig up your pretty flowers.} Choose a spot that will have various kinds of soil. Your
garden probably isn’t the best location.
2. Fill your jar about half full with soil.
3. Add water to your jar. {Fill almost to the top.}
4. Place a lid on your jar and shake {or stir the water and soil with a stick or spoon}.
5. Watch the sediments fall.
6. Allow the jar to sit undisturbed for at least a day. {Check in every once in a while to see
how the jar has changed.}

Write your observations and identify what kind of soil did you use.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________

Activity 3. Create your own gardening tool. (15 pts.). There are instances that some gardening
tools are unavailable in our home when we needed I the most. As a creative gardener, improvise
a tools that you can make use of. Create an improvised tools and post the pictures here and
explain its purpose and use.

16
 COLEGIO DE SAN ANTONIO DE PADUA
COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION
Sands Campus, Danao City, Cebu
www.CSAP.edu.ph
1ST Semester- S.Y. 2020-2021
Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan
Module I Self- Assessment

Name: ____________________Course, Yr. & Sec: ____________ Date: ________ Score: ____

Reflection Figure
Instructions: Indicate the things you have learned in this lesson (knowledge); the things you have
realized and appreciated (values), and the things you have discovered and wanted to do more
(skills).

Things I have learned (Knowledge)

Things I have discovered and wanted more (Skills)

17
Things I have realized and discovered (Values)

COLEGIO DE SAN ANTONIO DE PADUA

COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION
Sands Campus, Danao City, Cebu
www.CSAP.edu.ph
1ST Semester- S.Y. 2020-2021
Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan
Module I Summative Exam

Name: ____________________Course, Yr. & Sec: ____________ Date: ________ Score: ____

I. Perform any two (2) of the following.

A. Propagating Succulents/ Flowers

B. Plant a seed using a fertilized soil

C. Repotting plants

D. Pruning of plants/ flowering plants

Perform the following and record it through a video and send it via Messenger or email me at:
meowriyax@gmail.com

18
 COLEGIO DE SAN ANTONIO DE PADUA
COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION
Sands Campus, Danao City, Cebu
www.CSAP.edu.ph
ST
1 Semester- S.Y. 2020-2021
Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan
Module II Background of the Study
Lesson/s:

 Principles of Design
 Types of Arrangement
 Western Style Arrangement
 Eastern Style Arrangement (Ikebana)

Learning Objectives
At the end of the module, at least 85% of the college students can:

Knowledge

 determine the meaning, importance and relevance of different kinds of flower

arrangements;
 describe the how ikebana works;
 compare and contrast the different principles of Design;
 deduce the difference between western and eastern style arrangement;

Skills

 Apply patience through flower arrangement;

 differentiate different kinds of flower arrangement;

Attitude

 Appreciative in making art through flower arrangement;

 shows a meticulous selection of appropriate flowers in flower arrangement
 review their prior knowledge about Art through Principles and Elements of Design

Values Integration

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  Appreciates art through flowers.

CSAP Core Values

 Integrity and Dedication

Module II Learning Content

Lesson 1: Principles of Design

Principles of Design

Principle 1: Contrast
Just like in literature, visual contrast happens when different elements of a piece are noticeably
different from one another. When contrasting elements are juxtaposed, or place next to one
another, it draws the viewer’s attention.

One of the common ways artists do this is by using contrasting colors close to one another.
(These are colors that appear on opposite sides of the color wheel from one another.) But this can
also be done through the size or types of objects, too.

Take a look at Leonardo da Vinci’s work, Ginevra de’ Benci, (on the side). Notice the contrast of
the woman’s skin against the dark background of the trees. Da Vinci uses contrast to draw your
eye to what he considers to be the most important part of the piece—the woman’s face.

Principle 2: Emphasis
Emphasis is important for helping viewers see the most important part of a visual
design. Oftentimes, we don’t notice emphasis when it’s done well...but it definitely stands out
when it’s done poorly! For example, think about the billboards you see when you drive down the
highway. The best ones put the most important information in big, bold letters, or use a related
image to capture your attention. But when the type is too small or the images are too cluttered,
the advertisement doesn’t work as well.

The movie poster for  Jurassic Park  is a great example of emphasis. It puts the most important
information front-and-center: from a glance, you know that title and opening date of the
movie. But the prominent outline of a skeleton also gives you a pretty good idea of what the
movie is going to be about. (Spoiler alert: it’s about dinosaurs!)

It’s important to note that emphasis is closely linked to other principles of design. For example,
the Jurassic Park poster uses contrast and space to create emphasis. Other posters, like this one
for  Gravity, use movement, space, and contrast to do the same thing.

Principle 3: Pattern
Pattern happens when an object, image, or symbol is uniformly
repeated throughout a visual composition. Anything can be turned
into a pattern, though some classic examples include intersecting
lines, shapes, and spirals.
Patterns can do many things for a design. It can set the tone for the
piece, like if the background features a 70s mod pattern or a repeating
image, like an animal. A pattern can also set the stage for other design
elements, like contrast or emphasis. In the image above, you can see
how the star pattern combines with contrast to reveal a patriotic star,
which becomes the emphasis of the advertisement.

Principle 4: Repetition

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In design, repetition is used to unify and strengthen a design. Unlike a pattern, where one thing
is repeated consistently throughout a design, repetition is the repeated use of certain
elements, like color, shape, or font.
When repetition is used correctly, it creates consistency in a design. As a brand, Target
Stores are famous for their use of repetition. They use color repetition to help viewers
immediately associate an advertisement with their store. A good example of this is the
advertisement above, which uses the
repetition of colors and shapes (the
concentric circles of the Target logo) to
reiterate their brand.

Principle 5: Movement
It can seem strange to talk about movement
when some visual compositions are still
images. But movement as a principle of
design is about the movement of a
viewer’s eye across a work. Good art leads
the viewer from one important element to the
next. If a viewer’s eye tends to get stuck in
one place, it’s a sign that some of the
principles of design aren’t working quite
right!

Using movement as a part of your design process has an added benefit: it helps viewers feel
connected to what they’re seeing. Starry Night  by Vincent Van Gogh is an excellent example
of movement in action.
In this painting, the swirls of color in the sky carry the viewer’s gaze from left to right, which
makes you feel like you’re experiencing the night breeze. But on a mechanical level, Van Gogh’s
brush strokes create movement, too. The sweeping lines on the mountains, for example,
help[ bring your eye to the village, and following the vertical lines on the plant in the foreground
return your gaze back to the sky.  
 
Principle 6: Space
In design, space refers to the area around
different visual elements. There are two
types of space: positive space and negative
space.

Positive space is the area that the subject of

the composition occupies. If you go back to da
Vinci’s portrait above, you’ll see that the
woman occupies a lot of the portrait’s positive
space. As a designer, you use positive space to
display the most important elements of your
design.

On the other hand, negative space—which is

sometimes called “white space”—is the space
around objects! If you look back at
the Jurassic Park poster, all of the black
surrounding the central image and the other
copy is a textbook example of negative space. Negative space can be tricky for designers since it
seems empty, but it’s actually helping to create emphasis. It helps viewers quickly discern what’s
important while also giving a design “room to breathe.”

Positive and negative space work together to create emphasis and visual appeal. Check out the
piece above by graphic designer Jonathan Mak, which he made as a memorial to Steve Jobs after
his death. He plays with the negative space of the Apple logo, turning the normal bite mark into
the profile of the company’s late founder.

Principle 7: Balance
Now it’s time to talk about the last (but perhaps most important) principle of design: balance.

21
Every element in a visual composition carries weight. The
more an element is emphasized, the heavier it is. A designer’s
goal is to balance the weight of each object on the canvas in
order to create a feeling of balance for the viewer.

There are two ways to do this: through symmetrical balance

and through asymmetrical balance. Symmetrical balance
adds objects to both sides of the center of a work to create
symmetry. You can think of this as balancing a set of old-
timey scales. You have to add the same amount of weight to
each side to keep them level!
Asymmetrical balance happens when objects and elements
aren’t spread evenly across the composition, but how they’re
placed creates a sense of balance anyway. Oftentimes,
asymmetrical balance helps create a sense of movement and
draws your eye from one element to another.

In the photo above, you can see asymmetrical balance at work. The hand and donut are in the
bottom of the image, and there’s no identical image at the top! The balance here comes from the
amount of negative space in the photo. By limiting the emphasized image to a small part of
the picture, the photo maintains its balance.

Design: It decides the structural pattern of the floral arrangement. It is a visualized plan about
the size and shape of the floral arrangement.
 Balance: A balance arrangement has a focal point. Balance may be symmetrical or
asymmetrical.
 Emphasis(Focal point):The central portion of the floral arrangement from where the
flowers and foliage of the arrangement appear to be emerging is known as the focal point
of the arrangement.
 Harmony/ Balance: Blending of all the components is called harmony.
 Proportion: It refers to the size of parts of the design in relation to each other.
 Rhythm : Repetition of same object at equal distance.

Elements in Design

1. Line
These marks span a distance between two points and can be straight or curved. In visual art, lines
don’t only need to be made with marks and outlines. They can also be implied or abstract.
Whether two-dimensional or three-dimensional, there’s no denying that lines have a huge impact
on the rest of the elements of art. They can be used to create shape and form, as well as give a
sense of depth and structure. Lines are the foundation of drawing and are a powerful tool unto
themselves. Using different types of lines—continuous, broken, vertical, jagged, horizontal—
drastically changes the psychology of an artwork, impacting the viewer greatly.

Kinds of Lines
 Jagged - expresses energy, violence, conflict struggle
 Horizontal - are generally restful, like the horizon, where the sky meets land
 Vertical - seem to be reaching, so they may seem inspirational like tall majestic trees or
church steeples
 Diagonal - tend to be disturbing. They suggest decay or chaos like lightening or falling
trees
 Curved - suggests grace, subtleness, direction, instability, movement, flexibility,
joyousness, and grace. Never harsh or stern since they are formed by gradual change in
direction

2. Color
By working with hue, value, and intensity—three building blocks of colors—artists can tap into a
wide range of emotions. There’s nothing that changes an artwork’s emotional impact more than
color. Masters like Van Gogh, Monet, and Toulouse-Lautrec all expertly manipulated color in
their art to provoke different feelings. Color can be used symbolically or to create a pattern. It
can be selected for contrast or to set a specific mood. A deep understanding of color theory helps
any artist make better use of the colors they have at their disposal.

22
Primary Colors:
 Red
 Yellow
 Blue

Secondary Colors: A mixture of two of the primary colors.

 Green
 Violet
 Orange

Tertiary Colors: A mixture of any two of the secondary colors.

 Red-Orange
 Yellow-Green
 Blue-Green
 Red-Violet
 Yellow-Orange
 Blue-Violet

3. Shape
The result of closed lines, shapes are two-dimensional, flat, and only have height and width.
Geometric shapes like circles and squares are mathematical and precise, while organic shapes
take cues from nature and tend to be curved and abstract. Henri Matisse‘s collage art makes great
use of organic shapes, while Piet Mondrian is known for relying on geometric shapes in his
paintings. Shapes can be used to control how we perceive a composition. For instance, triangles
can help draw the eye to a particular point, while circles represent continuity.

4. Form
When a shape acquires depth and becomes three-dimensional, then it takes on form. Cylinders,
pyramids, and spheres are some of the more common forms, though they can also be amorphous.
In sculpture, form is of the utmost importance, though it can easily be introduced into drawing
and painting using 3D art techniques. Baroque sculptor Bernini was a master of form, carving his
sculptures in a way that gave enjoyment from any perspective. Form is also a big consideration
in architecture, with acclaimed architects like Frank Lloyd-Wright, Zaha Hadid, and Tadao
Ando giving careful consideration to this element in their designs.

5. Value
Related to color, value is the lightness and darkness of a color. The lightest value is white and the
darkest value is black, with the difference between them defined as the contrast. Playing with
value can not only change certain forms, but also influence the mood of the artwork. Value is so
important that the Italians created a term—chiaroscuro—that specifically refers to the use of
light and dark in a piece of art. Baroque painter Caravaggio was a master of using chiaroscuro in
his moody oil paintings. Photographer Ansel Adams is another example of an artist who expertly
used value to his advantage by using areas of contrast to create interest in his landscape
photography.

6. Space
This element of art can be manipulated based on how an artist places lines, shapes, forms, and
color. The placement of these other elements creates space. Space can be either positive or
negative. Positive space is an area occupied by an object or form, while negative space is an area
that runs between, through, around, or within objects. Artists often think about the foreground,
middle ground, and background of their artwork, purposefully placing shapes and lines
throughout the space to achieve the perfect composition. A sense of depth in two-dimensional
works is often achieved by perspective, which itself can rely on lines or colors.

7. Texture
Texture is an element of art that also plays to our sense of touch. It’s defined as a description of
the way something feels or looks like it would feel. Sometimes we’re speaking about an actual
texture that can be felt, as in the case of Icelandic artist Hrafnhildur Arnardóttir, who
creates installation art using synthetic hair. Other times, the texture is an implied visual texture
that is two-dimensional. Smooth, rough, hard, soft, furry, fluffy, and bumpy are just some
different textures that evoke different responses.
For instance, an artist look for a hyperrealistic result would want clouds to appear fluffy, while
another artist wishing to subvert conventions might play with texture to create a surreal
experience for the viewer. 19th-century sculptor Antonio Canova was a master of this, as

23
exemplified by his portrait of Napoleon’s sister where she’s resting on a cushion that seems so
soft and touchable, it’s hard to believe that it’s marble.

 LINE: It is the visual path in arrangement. Line may be created by repetition of similar
flower colour , textures or shapes.
 Form: Flower and foliage add a visual quality that is important in developing harmony ,
creating rhythm , and establishing focal point.
 Texture: It refers to the surface qualities of the plant materials. Bold texture creates focal
point.
 Colour : Colour combination should be pleasing.
 Primary colours: Yellow , Red and Blue.
 Secondary colours: Orange , Green and Violet.

Lesson 2: Western Flower Arrangement

Flower Arrangement
• Flower arrangement may be defined as the art of organizing and
grouping together the plant materials to achieve the uniformity of form ,color, and texture.

FLOWER ARRANGEMENT IS AN ORGANISATION OF DESIGN AND COLOR

TOWARDS CREATING AN AMBIENCE USING FLOWER,FOILAGE AND OTHER
FLORAL ACCESSORIES.
FLOWER ARRANGEMENT ARE MADE OUT OF FRESH CUT FLOWERS,DRIED
FLOWERS AND ARTIFICIAL FLOWERS AS WELL.

Uses
• Extensively used in hotels .
• There are different kinds of arrangement of flowers placed on different places
1. Large Spectacular arrangement used in the lobby, restaurant, etc.
2. Small arrangement kept in rooms , suites.
3. It also depends on the type of luxury provided.

I. Types of Flower Arrangement (Western)

A. Circular
 This floral arrangement is in an oval shape and comprises of brightest and
tallest flowers in the centre. Here, the flowers, green stems and leaves are cut
and trimmed in the form of an oval shaped arrangement that is elegantly
placed in a bouquet, flower basket and bunches. The arrangement appears very
dense and bushy from outside and is extremely elegant in nature. It is
effectively utilised in interior decoration for ceremony halls and special
venues.
• In this flowers are arranged in circular fashion and this type adds a
pleasing element .
• Easiest method and loved by nature since majority of flowers lies.
• This type of arrangement is laid on conference tables & on buffet
tables.
• They can be presented to high class officials ,executives or to politicians in different
occasion.

B. Triangular
 It is a triangular flower arrangement where flowers are cut and trimmed in the
form of a triangle. The arrangement makes use of the tallest flower stems in the
centre with smaller flowers arranged on the sides in order to maintain a triangular
shape. This type of floral arrangement is mostly used in wedding ceremonies and
receptions.
• It is most common arrangement of flowers used in personal and
professional functions.
• Firstly height and width is fixed with flowers and then focal point is
established.
• These are placed on buffet table or inside station and in ceremonies we
find this type of arrangement.

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C. Crescent
This type of flower arrangement draws its inspiration from the shape of the moon. Based on
the size of the crescent, curved shaped flower stems are selected for the arrangement. It makes
use of the flexible stems such as gladiola and carnations which are supported by the glossy
flower wraps, green leaves and stem fillers.    
• Crescent is asymmetrical and formal type of flower arrangement it requires allot of
skill and experience.
• This type of arrangement is the eye catching one.
• It is kept in lobby of hotel and used as a focal point to catch the attention of the
guests.

D. Hogarth/ S- Shaped
Here, the flowers are artistically arranged in the form of alphabet ‘S’ which gives shape to
extraordinary flower bouquets and baskets. This superb flower arrangement is usually big in
size and can be wonderfully presented for any special occasion or celebration. Further, the
flowers are here placed in flower stands and appear upright and make use of leaves and
floral fillers for the amazing arrangement. This complex flower arrangement can effortlessly
change the entire look and feel of any special event.
• This is very graceful type of arrangement.
• It is easier to make when curved branches are used.
• Once ‘s’ shape is made , flowers are filled at the center.

E. Fan shape or Radiating :

 It is one of the commonly used classic floral arrangement styles that are used by various florists
around the world. Here, the flowers and leaves are arranged in the shape of a fan. You can easily
use the same or different type of flowers for the arrangement and the empty spaces are filled with
the help of fillers.

In this flower arrangement, the flowers and leaves are arranged in the shape of a fan. The leaves
are like the flower blades. Some differently colored flowers are also used for this flower
arrangement. The same or different types of flower with various colors are used for this type of
flower arrangement. The empty space within the flower arrangements are filled up by using the
fillers. These are gorgeous in looks with wonderful shape and size. Thus, this flower
arrangement is very popular.

Lesson 3: Ikebana

What is Ikebana?
Ikebana is the ancient Japanese art of flower arranging. The name comes from the
Japanese ike, meaning ‘alive’ or ‘arrange’ and bana meaning ‘flower.’ The practice of
using flowers as offerings in temples originated in the seventh century when Buddhism
was first introduced to Japan from China and Korea, but the formalized version of
Ikebana didn’t begin until the Muromachi period around the 15th or 16th century. These
arrangements have since become more secular, displayed as art forms in people’s homes.
However, Ikebana is seen as more than just decorative, it is a spiritual process that helps
one develop a closeness with nature and merge the indoors and outdoors.

Schools of Ikebana
While flower arrangement for many people in the West consists of symmetrically
arranging flowering plants in a vase, Japanese Ikebana (literally 'flowers
kept alive') is a lot more complex. There are many schools, of which the
most popular are Ikenobo, Sogetsu and Ohara. There are also different
styles depending on the school and the plants and vase used.

Ikenobo is the oldest school of ikebana, founded by Buddhist priest Ikenobo

Senkei in the 15th century. He is thought to have created the rikka (standing
flowers) style. This style was developed as a Buddhist expression of the
beauty of nature, with seven branches representing hills, waterfalls, valleys
and so on arranged in a formalised way. The present 45th-generation head
of the school is Ikenobo Sen'ei. The school is based in the Rokkakudo
temple in Kyoto, believed to have been started by Prince Shotoku. Among

25
the priests and aristocrats, this style became more and more formalised until, in the late 17th
century, the growing merchant class developed a simpler style, called seika or shoka. Shoka uses
only three main branches, known as ten (heaven), chi (earth) and jin (man) and is designed to
show the beauty of the plant itself. Another old form of ikebana is nageire, used in the tea
ceremony.

The first of the modern schools was formed when Ohara Unshin broke from the Ikenobo school
in the late 19th century. The Ohara school generally uses moribana (piled-up flowers) in a
shallow, flat container. The school was started at a time when Western culture was heavily
influential in Japan and the moribana style made good use of Western plants. But it was still a
formal style. Influence from the artistic movements of the early 20th century led to the
development of jiyuka (free-style) arrangement. Despite all the changes, ikebana was still only
for the upper class.

In the 1930's and then more so in the postwar period, interest in ikebana became much more
widespread. Ikebana schools opened which attracted people of all social classes. During the
occupation, many wives of US servicemen took up the art and later helped it spread abroad. Led
by Teshigahara Sofu, founder in 1927 of the Sogetsu school, zen-eibana or avant-garde ikebana
introduced all kinds of new
materials, such as plastic,
plaster and steel.
Today, there are about 3,000
ikebana schools in Japan and
thousands more around the
world. The Ikenobo school
alone has some 60,000
teachers worldwide. Ikebana is
practised by about 15 million
people in Japan, mostly young
women.

Ikebana can be roughly

divided into two styles - the
moribana shallow vase style
and the nageire tall vase style.
The Sogetsu school uses a
series of kakei (patterns) for
each style so that even the beginner can quickly create their own arrangements. As an example,
let's look at the moribana Basic Upright style.

 Ikebana means ‘making flowers live’ in Japanese.

 People in japan use flowers to symbolize season.
 They represent ideal harmony between earthy and eternal life
 In each arrangement , there is an imaginary triangle tallest line represent the heaven ,
towards heaven is man and the lowest line looking up to both is earth.
 This is been practiced since 100 years.

Types of Ikebana

• Formal type of flower arrangement is called Seika style.

• Floating type of arrangement is called Ukibana.
• Basket type of arrangement is called Morimano

What You Need to Create a Moribana-Style Arrangement

26
 One of the most
distinctive features of
Moribana is its use of
shallow containers,
or utsuwa. Kenzan,
which are similar to
floral frogs, must be
used in conjunction
with these containers
to allow flowers and
branches to be placed
in upright and angled
positions. There are
three main types of
flowers and branches
used. The longest
branch, called shin,
represents heaven. The medium branch, soe, represents man. And the shortest branch, tai,
represents earth. Additional flowers to accompany these can be used as well.

Flowers to Use
The flowers and branches
used in Moribana
arrangements are chosen not
only for their beauty, but
also for how they interact
with one another and with
the style of Moribana as a
whole. Upright
arrangements often use stiff,
straight branches for shin,
while the slanting style is
softer and projects a sense
of movement by utilizing
grasses and branches that
grow slanting down. When
choosing flowers and
branches for your
arrangement, it is important
to keep in mind that there
are endless possibilities to choose from. The most important thing isn’t a specific flower, it’s
how all the pieces work together to create one expressive, meaningful piece that plays with the
idea of space.

Flower Containers

 Urns
 Baskets
 Glass vases
 Ceramic vases
 Grapevine wreath
 Metal containers
 Trays
 Boxes
 Foams
 Terra cotta pots

Care for flower arrangements

 Spray lukewarm water to keep the flower fresh.

27
  Change the water and vase solution timely.
 Use clean containers.
 Never expose arrangement to direct sunlight.
 Add sugar ,8HQC, biocide ,ethylene inhibiting chemicals etc.to enhance the vase life.
 Trim the dried leaves and flowers

-COLEGIO DE SAN ANTONIO DE PADUA

COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION
Sands Campus, Danao City, Cebu
www.CSAP.edu.ph
ST
1 Semester- S.Y. 2020-2021
Module II Learning Activities
Name: ____________________Course, Yr. & Sec: ____________ Date: ________ Score: ____
Summary of scores:
Activity I- _____
Activity II- _____
Activity III- _____

Activity I – List different kinds of flowers you are going to use (15 pts).

Activity II. Sketch two flower arrangements

A. Western Flower Arrangement (20 pts)
B. Eastern Flower Arrangement (20 pts)

28
Activity III. Explain the meaning of each flower arrangement and incorporate it using the
elements of design (15pts)

COLEGIO DE SAN ANTONIO DE PADUA

COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION
Sands Campus, Danao City, Cebu
www.CSAP.edu.ph
1ST Semester- S.Y. 2020-2021
Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan
Module II Self- Assessment

Name: ____________________Course, Yr. & Sec: ____________ Date: ________ Score: ____

Reflection Figure
Instructions: Indicate the things you have learned in this lesson (knowledge); the things you have
realized and appreciated (values), and the things you have discovered and wanted to do more
(skills).

Things I have learned (Knowledge)

Things I have discovered and wanted more (Skills)

Things I have realized and discovered (Values)

29
 COLEGIO DE SAN ANTONIO DE PADUA
COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION
Sands Campus, Danao City, Cebu
www.CSAP.edu.ph
1ST Semester- S.Y. 2020-2021
Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan
Module II Summative Exam

Name: ____________________Course, Yr. & Sec: ____________ Date: ________ Score: ____

I. Demonstrate the following flower arrangements

A. Wester Flower Arrangement (Choose 3)

1. S-Shaped
2. Crescent Shape
3. Triangular
4. Oval
5. Horizontal
6. Vertical

B. Ikebana

-----------------------------------------------------------------
Send the video via messenger or via email at meowriyax@gmail.com.

For online class, demonstration will be scheduled via Zoom/ Messenger videocall

30
 COLEGIO DE SAN ANTONIO DE PADUA
COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION
Sands Campus, Danao City, Cebu
www.CSAP.edu.ph
1ST Semester- S.Y. 2020-2021
Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan
Module III Background of the Study
Lesson/s:

 Biodegradable and Non Biodegradable Materials

 Plastics
 Recycling of Waste Materials
 Enhancing/ Decorating Finished Products

Learning Objectives
At the end of the module, at least 85% of the college students can:

Knowledge

 Identify Biodegradable and Non- Biodegradable Materials

 Analyze the significance of
 Identify corresponding toxic and non-toxic plastics
 Performs necessary skill in enhancing/ decorating finished products

Skills

 Decorate and enhance recycled materials

 Distinguish different types of plastics to use that is safe for humans and toxic for the
health and environment
 Performs necessary skill in enhancing/ decorating finished products

Attitude

 Reusing old materials to make it another useful material again

Values Integration

 Efficient use of materials through recycling materials

CSAP Core Values

 Compassion and Dedication

Lesson 1: Biodegradable and Non-Biodegradable Materials

31
Biodegradable and Non Biodegradable Waste and Its Difference

We produce a lot of wastes on a daily routine and throw them away or discard them. These
substances include kitchen waste like vegetables and fruit peels, empty cartons, used tea leaves,
and so many expendable items like juices, plastic bags, paper, old clothes, old footwear etc.
Many of these materials like paper, vegetable and fruit peels can be easily broken down by the
action of bacteria or other decomposers. Such substances which can be easily broken down by
the action of bacteria are named as biodegradable substances. Other substances or material like
plastics, metallic cans and pesticides which cannot be broken down easily by biological
processes are named as non-biodegradable substances.

Technology has enhanced the quality of

life and given birth to an innovative form
of life. This has an erratic impact on the
environment and other lives on the earth.
For example, water bottles made of
plastic, which is convenient to use and
carry but its disposal is a test for nature.

There are tons of waste materials which

are degradable and non-degradable.
Therefore, classification and proper
disposal of wastes are necessary. Waste
materials can be categorized as
biodegradable and non-biodegradable.
Risk and threats associated with waste
disposals can be easily evaded by the
knowledge on forms of wastes.

Biodegradable

What is the meaning of Biodegradable?

Definition

A biodegradable material or substance

can be defined as a material which can
be decomposed easily by bacteria or
any other natural organisms and not
being the part of pollution.

Biodegradable wastes are the waste

materials which are and can be easily
degraded by natural factors like microbes (e.g. bacteria, fungi and few other), abiotic
components like temperature, UV, oxygen, etc. few examples of such wastes are kitchen wastes,
food materials, and other natural wastes. Microorganisms and other abiotic elements
worktogether break down complex substances into simple organic matters which finally suspend
and disappear into the soil. The whole process is natural which can be fast or slow. So, the
environmental issues and risks caused by biodegradable wastes are very low.

32
Examples of biodegradable.
But the giant dumping of waste can increase some threats to life sooner or later. To prevent this,
some people practice known as composting. In composting, the biodegradable wastes are
dumped into a big pit and covered for a time period. During this the action of microbes, they will
decompose and will be used as compost for cultivation purpose. This will reduce the quantity of
waste at landfills.

What is Biodegradable Waste?

Biodegradable waste is a form of waste, originating naturally from plant or animal sources,
which may be degraded by other living organisms.

Biodegradable waste can be usually found in municipal solid waste such as green waste, food
waste, paper waste, and biodegradable plastics. Some of the sources contain human waste,
sewage, slaughterhouse waste etc.

Non-Biodegradable

Definition

Waste which cannot be decomposed or degrade by

the biological process is known as “Non-
biodegradable wastes”. Most of them include
inorganic waste is non-biodegradable.

What does Non-biodegradable mean?

A Non-Biodegradable material can be defined as a

type of material which cannot be broken down by
natural organisms and serve as a source of pollution.

Unlike biodegradable wastes, non-biodegradable wastes cannot be easily taken care of. Non-
biodegradable wastes are those which cannot be decomposed or degraded by natural agents.
They remain on earth for thousands of years without any degradation or decomposition.
Therefore, the threat caused by them is also more dangerous. An example is the plastic which is
usually used in almost every area. To give these plastics a long-lasting outcome, better quality
plastics are being used. This made them more temperature resilient and tougher even after the
use. Other cases are cans, metals, and chemicals for agricultural and industrial uses. They are the
chief causes of air, water and soil pollution and diseases like cancer.

Since non-biodegradable wastes are not at all Eco-friendly, they need to be replaced or
substituted. As a part of the growth of alternatives, scientists have brought forward many
innovative ideas like biodegradable plastics, etc. They combined some biodegradable materials
with plastics and made them easily and speedily degradable. But this is quite a costly procedure.
Non-biodegradable wastes which can be recycled and can be used again are known as
“Recyclable waste” and those which cannot be used again are known as “Non-recyclable waste”

Effects of Waste Material on Environment

33
Waste quantities are commonly grown in all countries all around the world. Every year billions
of tons of waste are produced. These wastes are the outcomes of activities in our homes,
businesses and industries and disposal of these wastes in huge amounts is a vast environmental
problem. Agriculture, Municipal & industrial solid waste and biomass deposits are a huge source
of large scale pollution of both land and water. The production of waste causes damage to
materials and energy and rise in environmental costs on society for its collection, treatment, and
disposal. The impressions of landfill and incineration are significant because of their greenhouse
gas emissions like (methane, carbon dioxide) and trans-boundary movement of organic
micropollutants such as (dioxins and furans) and volatile heavy metals. Difficulties with waste
are as old as humans.

Very soon humans realized that waste is a potential source of illness, diseases, and infections, so
they dump their waste, which was totally in a biological manner, away from there. The first
planned municipal dump is in 500 BC outside ancient Greece, where regulations mandatory
waste to be dumped at least a mile from the city boundaries and covered with soil. Until
industrialization of civilization waste was mostly organic, so they can decompose or degrade
naturally. Later, mainly because of industrialization, urbanization, and due to the development of
society, the amount of waste increase very quickly.

Treatments 

Whether it is biodegradable or non-biodegradable, they are harmful to human life and loss other
organisms and their environment. Thus, the correct treatment of wastes must be done. This is not
only the duty of Government, and each can contribute in helping to reduce waste. The three
“Rs”- Recycle, Reuse, and Reduce are simple steps which can take by each person. This can save
a lot of energy and other resources as well. Another step is to separate biodegradable from non-
biodegradable waste at home and dispose them individually.

Difference between Biodegradable and non-biodegradable

S.No
Biodegradable Non-Biodegradable
.

Degradation process in
Degradation process in Non-Biodegradable waste is
1 Biodegradable waste is
slower than biodegradable
fast

Biodegradable waste is
decomposed and degraded Non-Biodegradable waste cannot be decomposed by
2
by microbes or microbes or naturally
microorganism

Biodegradable waste is not

3 collected but are used up Non-Biodegradable waste often collected
in short time

Biodegradable waste has

Most of Non-Biodegradable waste can never enter
become part of
4 biogeochemical cycles, very slow and more harmful for
biogeochemical cycles and
earth
give back quick turnover

5 Biodegradable waste can Non-Biodegradable waste can be separated and recycled

be used to generate energy but the process is very costly

34
 as compost and biogas

Key Differences between Biodegradable and Non-biodegradable Substances

1. Biodegradable is a term referred to all those things that can be decomposed by natural agents.
Natural agents contain water, oxygen, acid rains, ultraviolet rays of the sun, microorganisms, etc.
On the other hand, non-biodegradable substances are never be broken down or decomposed by
environmental aspects.

2. Biodegradable material contains food waste like vegetable and fruit peels, dead plants and
animals, egg shells, chicken, garden waste paper materials, etc. Non-biodegradable things
include of plastics, polystyrene, plastic, metals, and aluminum cans, toxic chemicals, paints,
tyres, etc.

3. Biodegradable materials on decomposing are transformed into simple organic matter and are
thus adapted in the soil and thus become a part of the carbon cycle of the atmosphere. On the
hand, non-biodegradable materials are resilient to the environmental factors and can never
decompose and in its place contribute to most of the solid waste.

Harmful effects of biodegradable wastes:

Biodegradable wastes DAMAGE the environment only when they are in a surplus amount in the
environment. They can disturb the environment in the following ways:

1. They produce a huge amount of microbial flora around the wastes. These microbes can cause
numerous communicable diseases in humans, plants, and animals.
2. These wastes generate foul smell. On burning it release of certain gases which contributes to
greenhouse gas.
3. Tons of such wastes are the breeding grounds for transporters and vectors like mosquitoes and
rats which spread numerous communicable diseases.

Harmful effects of non-biodegradable wastes

1. Extreme use of non-biodegradable wastes, for example, chemical pesticides (D.D.T) and
fertilizers make the soil more acidic or alkaline thus affecting the fertility of the soil.
2. These materials can also be washed away from the fields into the closed water bodies thereby
disturbing aquatic life and endorsing algal blooms. This occurrence is termed as eutrophication.
3. Toxic substances like D.D.T when come into any food chain, being non-biodegradable, they
keep on collecting progressively at each trophic level. Since humans occupy the highest trophic
level in any food chain, the maximum concentration of these chemicals can be found in human
bodies. This occurrence is termed as biological magnification.

Lesson 2: Plastics
What are plastics?

We talk about "plastic" as though it's a single material, but there are in fact many different
plastics. What they have in common is that they're plastic, which means they are soft and easy to
turn into many different forms during manufacture. Plastics are (mostly) synthetic (human-made)

35
materials, made from polymers, which are long molecules built around chains of carbon atoms,
typically with hydrogen, oxygen, sulfur, and nitrogen filling in the spaces. You can think of a
polymer as a big molecule made by repeating a small bit called a monomer over and over again;
"poly" means many, so "polymer" is simply short for "many monomers." If you think of how a
long coal train is made from many trucks coupled together, that's what polymers are like. The
trucks are the monomers and the entire train, made from lots of identical trucks, is the polymer.
Where a coal train might have a couple of dozen trucks, a polymer could be built from hundreds
or even thousands of monomers. In other words, polymers typically have very large and heavy
molecules.

Artwork: Polymers are made from long chains of a basic unit called a monomer. Polyethylene
(polythene) is made by repeating the ethene monomer over and over again.

Types of plastics

Photo: Natural plastic: Sticky tape is made from cellulose, a natural polymer found in plants.
The first plastic sticky tape was developed in 1930.

There are many different plastics, so we need ways of making sense of them all by grouping
similar ones together. Here are a few ways we can do that (and there are others I've not listed):

 We can split them into natural (ones easily obtained from plants and animals) and
synthetic (ones artificially made by complex chemical processes in a factory or lab).
Cellulose is a natural polymer used for making sticky tape (among other things),
whereas nylon is a synthetic polymer made in a factory.
 We can group them according to the structure of the monomers that their polymers are
made from. That's why we talk about polyesters, polyethenes, polyurethanes and so on—
because they're different polymers made by repeating different monomers.
 When it comes to recycling, we need to separate plastics into different kinds that can be
processed together without causing contamination. That depends on their chemical
properties, physical properties, and the polymer types from which they're made, and gives
us seven main kinds. (You've probably noticed seven different recycling symbols
numbered 1-6 and "null" on plastic packaging, if you've looked carefully.)
 We can group by what they're made from (say bioplastics—artificially made from natural
ingredients) or how they behave when they're buried in landfills (biodegradable,
photodegradable, and so on).
 We can split them into two broad kinds according to how they behave when they're
heated: thermoplastics (which soften when they're heated)
and thermosets (thermosetting plastics, which never soften after they're initially
molded).

36
Thermoplastics and thermosets

The last one on my list is such an important way of grouping plastics that we'd better look at it in
a bit more detail. What's the difference between thermoplastics and thermosets—and how can we
explain it?

Thermoplastics

Photo: Thermoplastic: Silky nylon stockings are probably as far away from your idea of plastic
as it's possible to get—yet they're just as much plastic as washing-up bowls and toothbrushes.
The secret science of condensation polymers, which powers these leggy wonders, was figured
out by Wallace Carothers in the 1930s.

You can make something like a plastic bottle by injecting hot, molten plastic into a mold, then
letting it cool down. Your bottle stays solid, but if you heat it up again later, it'll soften and melt.
We say it's made from a thermoplastic: something that becomes plastic (soft and flexible) when
it meets thermal energy (heat). In a thermoplastic, the long polymer molecules are joined to one
another by very weak bonds, which easily break apart when we heat them, and quickly reform
again when we take the heat away. That's why thermoplastics are easy to melt down and recycle.
Some everyday examples you will have come across are polyethylene/polythene (plastic bottles
and sheets), polystyrene (crumbly white packaging material), polypropylene (plastic ropes),
polyvinylchloride/PVC (toys and credit cards), polycarbonate (hard plastic windows and car
headlamps), and polyamide (nylon—used in everything from stockings and swimming shorts
to toothbrushes and umbrellas).

Thermosetting plastics (thermosets)

Photo: Thermosetting plastic: A typical nonstick Teflon (PTFE) cooking pan.

Thermosets are usually made from much much bigger polymer chains than thermoplastics. When
they're initially manufactured, they're heated or compressed to form a dense, hard, structure with
strong cross-links binding each of these long molecular chains to its neighbors. That's very
different from thermoplastics, where the polymer chains are held to one another only by very
weak bonds. And that's why we can't simply heat thermosets to remold or reform them. Once
they're "set" (cured) during manufacture, they stay that way. You'll be less familiar with
thermosets than with thermoplastics; even so, you may have come across examples like
polyurethane (insulating material in buildings), polytetrafluoroethylene/PTFE (nonstick
coatings on cooking pots and pans), melamine (hard plastic crockery), and epoxy resin (a tough
plastic used in strong adhesives and wood fillers).

37
How do we make plastics?

We've already seen that plastics are made from polymers, but how are polymers made? They're
based on hydrocarbons (molecules built from hydrogen and carbon atoms) that we get mostly
from things like petroleum, natural gas, or coal. Crude oil drilled from the land or sea is a thick
gloopy mixture that contains thousands of different hydrocarbons, which have to be separated
out before we can use them. That happens in an oil refinery, through a process called fractional
distillation. It's a more involved version of the distillation you might have used to purify water.
If we heat water, it eventually turns into steam, which we can then collect, cool, and condense
back to water; that's distillation, and it produces highly purified or "distilled" water. We can heat
and distill crude oil the same way, but all those many hydrocarbons it contains have molecules
that are different sizes and weights, so they boil off and condense at different temperatures.
Collecting and distilling the different parts of crude oil at different temperatures gives us a bunch
of simpler mixtures of hydrocarbons, called fractions, which we can then use for making
different types of plastics.

Photo: The plastic keys on this computer keyboard are made by injecting plastic into specially
shaped molds.

Hydrocarbons made in this way are the raw materials for polymerization, the name we give to
the chemical reactions that make polymers. Some polymers are made simply by fastening
hydrocarbon monomers together, like daisy chains, which is a process called addition
polymerization. Others are made by joining together two small hydrocarbon chains and
removing a water molecule (two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen), making a bigger hydrocarbon
chain in a process known as condensation polymerization. The more often you repeat this, the
longer the polymer gets.

Typically, we need to use other chemicals called catalysts to kick-start polymerization. Catalysts

are simply substances we can add that make a chemical reaction more likely to happen and,
though they may change temporarily during the reaction, they re-emerge at the end in their
original form; in other words, they're not permanently changed as the reaction takes place.
Ziegler-Natta catalysts, some of the most important for making polymers, were developed
through the work of German chemist Karl Ziegler and Italian Giulio Natta, which won them a
joint Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1963.

Because we need plastics to do all sorts of things, we often have to add other ingredients to the
basic hydrocarbons to produce a polymer with exactly the right chemical and physical properties.
These extra ingredients include colorants (which, as the name suggests, turn plastics into all
kinds of bright and happy colors), plasticizers (which make plastics more flexible, viscous, and
easier to shape), stabilizers (to stop our plastics breaking apart in sunlight and heat), and fillers
(typically low-cost minerals that mean we need less of the expensive, oil-based hydrocarbons to
make our final plastic product—so we can make and sell it more cheaply).

38
 Photo: Plastic pipes and hoses are often made by extrusion.

The plastic-making process doesn't end there. What we've got at this point is a plastic polymer
known as a resin, which can be used for making all kinds of plastic products. Resins are supplied
as powders or grains that are loaded into a machine, heated, and then shaped by one or more
processes to make our finished plastic product. The shaping processes include injection and blow
molding (where we squirt hot plastic through a nozzle into a mold to make things like plastic
bottles), calendering (squashing between heavy rollers, for example, to make plastic sheets or
films), extruding (squeezing plastic through a nozzle, perhaps to make pipes or straws), and
forcing plastics through a kind of microscopically small sieve, called a spinneret, to make thin
fibers (which is how fibers are made for things like toothbrushes or nylon stockings). There are
many other plastic-making processes as well.

What are plastics like?

The many kinds of plastics all have different properties (if they didn't, we wouldn't need so many
of them in the first place). Having said that, they do have things in common. Generally, plastics
are flexible and easy to shape in a variety of ways (remember, that's why we call them plastics);
easy to make in all different shapes, sizes, and colors; lightweight; electrically insulating;
waterproof; and relatively inexpensive. Some of them are meant to be very strong and durable
(car bits and prosthetic body parts are examples), while others are designed to fall apart in the
environment relatively quickly (biodegradable plastic bags, for example). The properties of a
plastic can also be deliberately engineered. Suppose we want plastics to be resistant to static
electricity so they don't pick up so much dust; then we can use anti-static additives during the
manufacturing process to make them slightly electrically conducting.

What do we use plastics for?

Photo: A small selection of the hundreds of plastic things you can find in your home.

In the early 20th century, plastics were quite a novelty; there were only a handful of plastics and
very few uses. Zoom the clock forward 100 years and it's hard to find things that we don't use
plastics for. Materials science means understanding the properties of different materials so we
can use them to best advantage in the world around us. Given what we've just learned about the
properties of plastics, it comes as no surprise to find them helping us out in building
construction, clothing, packaging, transport, and in many other parts of everyday life.

39
In buildings, you'll find plastics in things like secondary glazing, roofs, heat
insulation and soundproofing, and even in the paints you slap on your walls. There are plastics
insulating your electrical cables and carrying water and waste-water in and out of your home.
Look around you now and you'll see plastics everywhere, from picture frames and lamp shades
to the clothes on your back and the shoes on your feet. How do all these things get into your life?
Up to a third of all the plastic we use finds its way into the packaging we use to protect products
(sometimes even plastic products) on the journey from factory to home.

Photo: Plastics in action: NASA's plastic Pathfinder aircraft in flight. There's no better way to
show that a plastic is strong and lightweight than using it to build a plane! Picture courtesy of
NASA.

Because plastic means flexible, by definition, we tend to think plastics are relatively weak
materials. Yet some are incredibly strong and long-lasting. If you have a rotten wooden door or
window, for example, you might chisel out the rot and replace it with epoxy resin filler, a very
strong thermosetting plastic that will turn rock hard in a matter of minutes and stay that way for
years. Car fenders are now mostly made of plastic—and lightweight car and boat bodies are
often made from composites such as fiberglass (glass-reinforced plastic), which are plastics
mixed with other materials for added strength. Some plastics are soft or hard as the mood suits
them. An amazing plastic called D3O® has an astonishing ability to absorb impacts: normally
it's soft and squishy, but if you hit it very suddenly, it hardens instantly and cushions the blow.
(Find out more about it in our article on energy-absorbing materials.)

Plastics and the environment

Most plastics are synthetic, so they're carefully designed by chemists and laboriously engineered
under very artificial conditions. They'd never spontaneously appear in the natural world and
they're still a relatively new technology, so animals and other organisms haven't really had
chance to evolve so they can feed on them or break them down. Since a lot of the plastic items
we use are meant to be low-cost and disposable, we create an awful lot of plastic trash. Put these
two things together and you get problems like the Great Pacific Garbage Patch, a giant "lake" of
floating plastic in the middle of the North Pacific Ocean made from things like waste plastic
bottles. How can we solve horrible problems like this? One solution is better public education. If
people are aware of the problem, they might think twice about littering the environment or
maybe they'll choose to buy things that use less plastic packaging. Another solution is to recycle
more plastic, but that also involves better public education, and it presents practical problems too
(the need to sort plastics so they can be recycled effectively without contamination). A third
solution is to develop bioplastics and biodegradable plastics that can break down more quickly in
the environment.

It's easy to dismiss plastics as cheap and nasty materials that wreck the planet, but if you look
around you, the reality is different. If you want cars, toys, replacement body parts, medical
adhesives, paints, computers, water pipes, fiber-optic cables, and a million other things, you'll
need plastics as well. Maybe you think we struggle to live with plastics? Try imagining for a
moment how we'd live without them. Plastic is pretty fantastic—we just need to be smarter and
more sensible about how we make it, use it, and recycle it when we're done.

40
A brief history of plastics

Photo: Bakelite, an important early thermosetting plastic, was widely used to make telephones,
lamp fittings, and other electrical equipment during the first half of the 20th century because it's
tough, hard, heatproof, and an excellent insulator. If you see a phone in this characteristic
brownish-black color, with a dull finish, it's probably made of Bakelite (although it's worth
noting that Bakelite also came in other colors). This power adapter from England dates from the
early 1960s.

Ancient people start using plastics (natural materials like rubber, animal horn, and tortoiseshell
are made from polymers).

1838: Injection molding is developed for diecast metal products (a technology that will later
revolutionize plastic-making).

1839: Charles Goodyear develops vulcanized (heat and sulfur treated) rubber—an example of a
tough, durable cross-linked polymer.

1855: Georges Audemars, a Swiss chemist, makes the first synthetic plastic silk fibers using
mulberry bark and rubber gum.

1856: Alexander Parkes develops the first artificial plastic, Parkesine, by making nitrocellulose
from cellulose and nitric acid.

1875: Alfred Nobel invents gelignite, a plastic explosive also based on nitrocellulose.

1885: George Eastman (of Kodak camera fame) revolutionizes photography by making
plastic photographic film from cellulose.

1894: Viscose, the first commercially successful artificial silk (a form of rayon), is produced by
Charles Cross, Edward Bevan, and Clayton Beadle.

1907: Belgian-born chemist Leo Baekeland makes the first fully synthetic thermosetting plastic,
Bakelite, from phenol and formaldehyde. He experiments with injection molding around the
same time.

1920: American John Wesley Hyatt develops the first injection molding machine for plastics.

1930: American chemist Wallace Carothers and his team at DuPont accidentally discover a
weird new material. It soon becomes nylon, a wildly successful plastic that revolutionizes textile
manufacture.

1930: Transparent, "Scotch" sticky tape is invented by Richard G. Drew of 3M.

1930s: German chemist Eduard Simon accidentally makes polystyrene, initially called styrol
oxide and, later, metastyrol.

1938: Roy Plunkett of DuPont accidentally discovers PTFE (Teflon).

1942: Harry Coover of Eastman Kodak invents plastic superglue (methyl cyanoacrylate).

41
1949: Lycra (a type of polyurethane) is invented by DuPont.

1949: American Bill Tritt builds the Glasspar G2, the first production sports car with a body
made entirely from fiberglass (a plastic composite).

1953: Karl Ziegler develops aluminum catalysts for speeding up polymerization.

1954: Giulio Natta develops polypropylene, first made by Italian chemical company,

Montecatini.

1955: Building on earlier work by Karl Ziegler, Natta perfects Ziegler-Natta catalysts.

1954: Dow Corning invents expanded polystyrene.

1958: George de Mestral files a patent for VELCRO®, the reusable plastic hook-and-loop
fastener.

1966: Stephanie Kwolek and Paul Morgan of DuPont are granted a patent for Kevlar®, a super-
tough plastic similar to nylon. It's commercially introduced in 1971. Also in 1966, another
DuPont chemist, Wilfred Sweeny, is granted a patent for a chemically similar nylon-relative
called Nomex®, a revolutionary fireproof material.

1982–1983: Various countries (and regions with their own currencies), including Costa Rica,
Haiti, Ecuador, El Salvador, and Britain's Isle of Man, experiment with banknotes made from a
flexible, paper-like plastic called Tyvek®.

1982: The Jarvik 7, a complete artificial heart, made from plastic polyurethane, is first implanted
in a human.

1988: Australia becomes the first country to issue high-security plastic banknotes properly (not
as part of a temporary trial). It switches all its notes to polymer versions by 1996.

1990s: The first modern 3D-printers are developed. They can make realistic models of objects by
squirting out layers of hot ABS (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene) plastic.

1997: Captain Charles Moore discovers the Great Pacific Garbage Patch.

1998: Smart cars made from composites enter production.

2001: Scott White, Nancy Sottos, and collaborators at the University of Illinois at Urbana-
Champaign develop remarkable self-healing materials from plastics.

2002: British inventor Richard Palmer files a patent for a revolutionary energy-absorbing plastic,
which he calls D3O, that can soak up the force from impacts.

2016: Japanese scientists report the discovery of bacteria that can eat plastic bottles.

2017: China refuses to recycle waste plastic trash from the rest of the world.

2019: Microplastics (tiny fragments), long known to cause water pollution, are found in long-
range air pollution as well.

Kinds of Plastics

Bio-based plastics

Bio-based plastics are made in whole or partially from renewable biological resources. For
example, sugar cane is processed to produce ethylene, which can then be used to manufacture for
example polyethylene. Starch can be processed to produce lactic acid and subsequently
polylactic acid (PLA).

Biodegradable plastics

42
Biodegradable plastics are plastics degraded by microorganisms into water, carbon dioxide (or
methane) and biomass under specified conditions. To guide consumers in their decision-making
and give them confidence in a plastic’s biodegradability, universal standards have been
implemented, new materials have been developed, and a compostable logo has been introduced.

Engineering plastics

Engineering plastics exhibit higher performance than standard materials, making

them ideal for tough engineering applications. They have gradually replaced
traditional engineering materials such as wood or metal in many applications
because, not only do they equal or surpass them in their weight/strength ratio and
other properties, but they are also much easier to manufacture, especially in
complicated shapes.

Epoxy resins

Epoxy resins have been around for more than 50 years, and are one of the
most successful of the plastics families. Their physical state can be changed
from a low viscosity liquid to a high melting point solid, which means that a
wide range of materials with unique properties can be made. In the home,
you’ll find them in soft-drinks cans and special packaging, where they are
used as a lining to protect the contents and to keep the flavour in. They are
also used as a protective coating on everything from beds, garden chairs,
office and hospital furniture, to supermarket trolleys and bicycles. They are
also used in special paints to protect the surfaces of ships, oil rigs and wind
turbines from bad weather.

Expanded polystyrene

Expanded polystyrene, or EPS, is widely used commodity polymer. It has been a

material of choice for more than 50 years because of its versatility, performance
and cost effectiveness. It is widely used in many everyday applications, such as
fish boxes, bicycle helmets and insulation material.

Fluoropolymers

Fluoropolymers are renowned for their superior non-stick properties associated

with its use as a coating on cookware and as a soil and stain repellent for fabrics
and textile products, contributing to significant advancement in areas such as
aerospace, communications, electronics, industrial processes and architecture
and medical applications. The most well-known member of Fluoropolymers is
PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene).

Polyolefins

Polyolefins are a family of polyethylene and polypropylene thermoplastics.

They are produced mainly from oil and natural gas by a process of
polymerisation of ethylene and propylene respectively. Their versatility has
made them one of the most popular plastics in use today.

Polystyrene

Polystyrene is a synthetic polymer made from styrene monomer which is a liquid

petrochemical. It is a thermoplastic polymer which softens when heated and can be
converted via semi-finished products such as films and sheets, into a wide range of
final articles.

43
 Polyurethanes

Polyurethane (PUR) is a resilient, flexible and durable manufactured material.

There are various types of polyurethanes, which look and feel very different from
each other. They are used in a very broad range of products. In fact, we are
surrounded by polyurethane-containing products in every aspect of our everyday
lives. While most people are not overly familiar with polyurethanes because they
are generally 'hidden' behind covers or surfaces made of other materials, it would
be hard to imagine life without them.

Polyvinyl chloride

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) was one of the first plastics discovered, and is
also one of the most extensively used. It is derived from salt (57%) and oil
or gas (43%). It is the world's third-most widely produced synthetic plastic
polymer, after polyethylene and polypropylene. PVC comes in two basic
forms: rigid (sometimes abbreviated as RPVC) and flexible.

Thermoplastics

Thermoplastics are defined as polymers that can be melted and recast almost
indefinitely. They are molten when heated and harden upon cooling. When
frozen, however, a thermoplastic becomes glass-like and subject to fracture.
These characteristics, which lend the material its name, are reversible, so the
material can be reheated, reshaped, and frozen repeatedly. As a result,
thermoplastics are mechanically recyclable. Some of the most common
types of thermoplastic are polypropylene, polyethylene, polyvinylchloride,
polystyrene, polyethylenetheraphthalate and polycarbonate.

Different Types of Plastics

Plastic is an essential component of many items, including water bottles, combs, and beverage
containers. Knowing the difference, as well as the SPI codes, will help you make more informed
decisions about recycling.

The seven types of plastic include:

 Polyethylene Terephthalate (PETE or PET)

 High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE)
 Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)
 Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE)
 Polypropylene (PP)
 Polystyrene or Styrofoam (PS)
 Miscellaneous plastics (includes: polycarbonate, polylactide, acrylic, acrylonitrile
butadiene, styrene, fiberglass, and nylon)

RECYCLIN
G SYMBO REPURPOSED TO
NUMBER L ABBREVIATION POLYMER NAME USES MAKE RECYCLABLE

1 PETE or PET Polyethylene Soda bottles textiles, carpets, Yes

Terephthalate Water bottles pillow stuffing, life
Salad jackets, storage
dressing bottles containers,
Medicine jars clothing, boat
Peanut butter sails, auto parts,

44
 jars
Jelly jars
Combs
Bean bags
Rope
Tote bags
Carpet
Fiberfill sleeping bags,
material in winter shoes, luggage,
clothing winter coats
Milk jugs
Juice
containers
Grocery bags
Trash bags
Motor oil
containers
Shampoo and
conditioner bottles
Soap bottles
Detergent
containers
High-Density Bleach
containers Plastic crates,
2 HDPE Polyethylene Yes
Toys lumber, fencing
Some tote
bags
Plumbing
pipes
Grocery bags
Tile
Cling films
Shoes
Gutters
Window Yes - but call
frames your
Ducts Flooring, mobile
3 PVC Polyvinyl Chloride recycler
Sewage pipes home skirting
Cling wrap
Sandwich
bags
Squeezable
bottles for condiments
such as honey and
mustard
Grocery bags
Frozen food Yes - but call
Low-Density bags your
4 LDPE Polyethylene Flexible Garbage cans, recycler
container lids lumber
Plastic
diapers
Tupperware
Kitchenware
Margarine
tubs
Yogurt
containers
Prescription
bottles
Stadium cups
Bottle caps
Take-out
containers Ice scrapers,
5 PP Polypropylene Disposable rakes, battery No
cups and plates cables

45
 Disposable
coffee cups
Plastic food
boxes
Plastic cutlery
Polystyrene or Packing foam Insulation, license
6 PS Styrofoam Packing plate frames, No
peanuts rulers
Plastic CDs
and DVDs
Baby bottles
Miscellaneous Plastics Large water
(polycarbonate, bottles with multiple-
gallon capacity
polyctide, acrylic, Medical Plastic lumber Not usually
acrylonitrile storage containers (which is often – call your
butadiene, styrene, Eyeglasses used in outdoor recycler to
7 N/A fiberglass, and nylon) Exterior decks, molding, verify
lighting fixtures and park benches)

When it comes to promotional giveaways, and even items we use around the house, there is no
material more important than plastic. The same can be said for the items we use at the office.
Most of our supplies contain at least a little bit of this material. In fact, humans have thus far
produced 9.1 billion tons of plastic!

For the sake of the environment, it's important to know the different plastic types and their uses,
as well as the resin identification codes found on each. This will help you make informed
decisions when it comes to recycling.

Recycling Codes for Plastic

Understanding the plastic types can help consumers like you make more informed decisions
related to your health and the environment. In addition, it's important to become familiar with an
item's SPI (Society of the Plastics Industry) code, which is also known as a resin identification
number and is used to classify the different types of plastic. This information will help you sort
plastic materials more effectively for recycling.

What Are the Different Types of Plastic?

Take a walk through your house or office and you're guaranteed to stumble across a variety of
plastic products. No material is more commonly used in our everyday lives! It's easy to classify
everything as simply "plastic". However, there are seven different types you should know about.

1. Polyethylene Terephthalate (PETE or PET) Introduced by J. Rex Whinfield and James T.

Dickson in 1940, this plastic is one of the most commonly used on the planet. Interestingly
enough, it took another 30 years before it was used for crystal-clear beverage bottles, such as the
ones produced by Coca-Cola and Pepsi.

PETE plastics make up 96% of all plastic bottles and containers in the United States, yet only
25% of these products are recycled. By being mindful and making sure to recycle code 1 plastics,
you're helping to ensure a cleaner environment and less landfill pollution!
2. High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) In 1953, Karl Ziegler and Erhard Holzkamp used
catalysts and low pressure to create high-density polyethylene. It was first used for pipes in storm
sewers, drains, and culverts. Today, this plastic is used for a wide variety of products.

HDPE is the most commonly recycled plastic because it will not break under exposure to

46
extreme heat or cold. According to the EPA, 12% of all HDPE products created are recycled in a
year. This is a very small dent in the planet's carbon footprint.
3. Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) PVC is one of the oldest synthetic materials in industrial
production. It was actually discovered on accident twice; once in 1838 by French physicist Henri
Victor Regnault and again in 1872 by German chemist Eugen Baumann. On both occasions,
these men found it inside vinyl chloride flasks left exposed to sunlight.

PVC is one of the least recycled materials; generally less than 1% of PVC plastic is recycled
each year. It has been called the "poison plastic" because it contains numerous toxins and is
harmful to our health and the environment.
4. Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE) LDPE was the first polyethylene to be produced, making
it the grandfather of the material. It has less mass than HDPE, which is why it's considered a
separate material for recycling.

Packaging and containers made from LDPE make up about 56% of all plastic waste, 75% of
which comes from residential households. Fortunately, many recycling programs are evolving to
handle these products. This means less LDPE will end up in landfills and negatively affect the
environment!
5. Polypropylene (PP) J. Paul Hogan and Robert L. Banks of Phillips Petroleum Company
discovered polypropylene in 1951. At the time, they were simply trying to convert propylene into
gasoline, but instead discovered a new catalytic process for making plastic.

Only about 3% of polypropylene products are recycled in the US, but interestingly enough, 325
million pounds of non-bottle plastics were collected for recycling over a year. In other words, a
lot of this plastic is created, but only a small fraction is actually recycled.
6. Polystyrene or Styrofoam (PS) In 1839, German apothecary Eduard Simon accidentally
came across polystyrene while preparing medication. He isolated a substance from natural resin
and didn't realize what he had discovered. It took German chemist Hermann Staudinger to
research this polymer and expand on its uses.

Since polystyrene is lightweight and easy to form into plastic materials, it also breaks
effortlessly, making it more harmful to the environment. Beaches all over the world are littered
with pieces of polystyrene, endangering the health of marine animals. Polystyrene accounts for
about 35% of US landfill materials.
7. Miscellaneous Plastics The remaining plastics include: polycarbonate, polylactide, acrylic,
acrylonitrile butadiene, styrene, fiberglass, and nylon. Of course, there are many differences in
the plastics classified as miscellaneous by recycling programs.

Many BPA products fall into this category, which means it's best to avoid them, especially for
food products. It is not very easy to break down these plastics once they are created, unless they
are exposed to high temperatures. This means they are nearly impossible to recycle.
To summarize, plastics in categories #2, #4 and #5 are generally considered safe. Be wary of
putting them in the microwave, even if they are labeled “microwave-safe”. Plastics #1, #3,
#6 and #7 should be used with varying to extreme caution, especially around food or drink.
Of these, plastic #1 isn’t too terrible, but needs to be stored in cool environments and
should not be reused. 

Lesson 3: Recycling

47
 Types of Recycling
Waste Paper and Cardboard

Recycling paper is vital to ensure you reduce your environmental impact and reduce general

waste. Industry and commerce dispose of approximately 12.5 million tonnes of paper and

cardboard in the UK each year! Every tonne of recycled paper or cardboard can save up to 17

trees, two cubic yards of landfill capacity and 4100 kW/hours of electricity! Did you know that

70% less energy is used when making new paper from recycled stock than when using virgin

pulp!

Plastic Recycling

There are about 50 different groups of plastics, with hundreds of different varieties. Most types

of plastic are recyclable, and because of this, they need to be recycled to reduce the amount of

waste sent to landfill and help prevent rubbish from ending up in the oceans. Because most

plastics are non-degradable, they take a long time to break down, possibly up to hundreds of

years. Although no-one knows for sure as plastics haven't existed for long enough, it's believed

that plastics can take over 500 years to decompose.

Metal Recycling

All grades of non-ferrous and ferrous metal are recyclable for future use. To get an idea of how

much energy recycling can conserve, recycling one aluminium drinks can alone, can save

enough energy to power a television for around three hours! Before the metals are recycled,

metals get sorted in our materials recycling facility (MRF) where they are separated into ferrous

and non-ferrous types. Ferrous metal includes Iron and Steel; non-ferrous includes aluminium,

copper, stainless steel, brass and lead to name but a few.

WEEE Recycling (Electronic Devices)

WEEE recycling is for the waste of electrical and electronic equipment recycling, which is

nearly everything that is powered by a battery or plug such as computers, mobile phones and

TVs. Recycling of electronic goods is a specialist part of the waste and recycling industry aiming

to prevent electrical items sent to landfill.

48
Wood Recycling

Wood is the ultimate renewable material because of its number of different uses. Wood can be

reused as a building material, recycled into mulch for landscaping and, even low-grade wood is

useful because it can be used for fuel to generate environmentally friendly energy. According to

the Wood Recyclers Association, around 5 million tonnes of waste wood is created in the UK

every year, yet considerably less than half of it is recycled. Wood grades include such items as

timber pallets, timber boxes, floorboards, chipboard, fencing, plywood, furniture etc.

Glass Recycling

Glass can take around one million years to fully decompose, which is a big issue for landfill sites

getting too full. Glass is 100% recyclable and never loses any purity or quality when it's

recycled. It is crucial to ensure we recycle as much glass as possible. Glass can be reused over

and over again, and the quality of the material is as good as if it was made new from the raw

materials. ISM can recycle various types of glass which must be suitable for reprocessing. Glass

should be as clean and contaminant-free as possible for recycling. Grades include such items as

bottles, jars, windows, drinking glasses, computer screens etc. Similar to other recycled

materials, recycling glass also saves significant amounts of energy.

Clothing and Textile

With the rise of fast-fashion in recent years, we are buying more clothes than ever and, therefore

we have more waste textiles than ever. It is estimated that there are more than 1 million tonnes of

textiles are thrown away every year in the UK. At least 50% of the textiles we throw away are

recyclable. It's not just the amount of textiles being sent to landfill that is the issue but increased

use of raw materials used to produce the clothes.

Bricks and Inert Waste Recycling

Hardcore rubble can be recycled into usable materials for many uses in other construction and

building projects. Bricks can also be cleaned and reused in another building or project.

Alternatively, they can be crushed into brick chips for use as a landscape material). These waste

streams come to us on skip wagons from industrial and demolition sites, it is tipped and then

crushed to produce various grades of aggregates to be reused on construction sites.

Benefits of Recycling

49
1. Conserving natural resources

The world's natural resources are finite, and some are in very short supply.

At a fundamental level:

 Recycling paper and wood saves trees and forests. Yes, you can plant new trees, but you

can't replace virgin rainforest or ancient woodlands once they're lost.

 Recycling plastic means creating less new plastic, which is definitely a good thing,

especially as it's usually made from fossil fuel hydrocarbons.

 Recycling metals means there's less need for risky, expensive and damaging mining and

extraction of new metal ores.

 Recycling glass reduces the need to use new raw materials like sand – it sounds hard to

believe, but supplies of some types of sand are starting to get low around the world.

2. Protecting ecosystems and wildlife

Recycling reduces the need to grow, harvest or extract new raw materials from the Earth.

That in turn lessens the harmful disruption and damage being done to the natural world: fewer

forests cut down, rivers diverted, wild animals harmed or displaced, and less pollution of water,

soil and air.

And of course if our plastic waste isn't safely put in the recycling, it can be blown or washed into

rivers and seas and end up hundreds or thousands of miles away, polluting coastlines and

waterways and becoming a problem for everyone.

3. Reduces demand for raw materials

As with point 2 above – the world's increasing demand for new stuff has led to more of the

poorest and most vulnerable people (for example, those living around forests or river systems)

being displaced from their homes, or otherwise exploited. Forest communities can find

themselves evicted as a result of the search for cheap timber and rivers can be damned or

polluted by manufacturing waste.

50
It's far better to recycle existing products than to damage someone else's community or land in

the search for new raw materials.

4. Saves energy

Making products from recycled materials requires less energy than making them from new raw

materials. Sometimes it's a huge difference in energy. For example:

 Producing new aluminium from old products (including recycled cans and foil) uses

95% less energy than making it from scratch. For steel it's about a 70% energy saving.

 Making paper from pulped recycled paper uses 40% less energy than making it from

virgin wood fibres.

 The amount of energy saved from recycling one glass bottle could power an old 100-watt

light bulb for 4 hours and a new low-energy LED equivalent for a lot longer.

5. Cuts climate-changing carbon emissions

Because recycling means you need to use less energy on sourcing and processing new raw

materials, it produces lower carbon emissions. It also keeps potentially methane-releasing waste

out of landfill sites.

Reducing carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases being emitted into the atmosphere is vital

for stopping disastrous climate change.

6. Cheaper than waste collection and disposal

Lambeth council in London pointed out in 2017 that "it is 6 times cheaper to dispose of recycled

waste than general refuse." So, the more you recycle, and the less you put in the bin, the more

money is saved, which should be good for households, businesses and local public services.

Recycling food waste and green waste is a great idea too, often generating lots of valuable

compost that can be used to grow more food and other crops.

51
 A new deposit return scheme being introduced for cans or bottles could offer an added financial

incentive to recycle – because you'll lose your deposit if you don't.

7. Creating jobs

A report we published a few years ago calculated that

at least 50,000 new UK jobs could be created by 2025

if we can reach the target of recycling 70% of our

waste (it's around 45% now). It's ambitious but

achievable.

Roughly 30,000 of the new jobs would be in recycling directly, with roughly 20,000 more in

supply chains and the wider economy.

If in doubt, remember those three Rs: Reduce, Reuse, Recycle

The truth is we all need to get into the habit of using less stuff in the first place. And the things
we do use ought to be reused as much as possible before being recycled, to minimise waste. This
would significantly aid the response to the global waste management challenge, which has seen
many countries in the Global South unfairly shoulder the responsibility of managing the waste of
countries in the Global North. The question of what to do with waste is one that governments
cannot ignore.

It is important that we combine our efforts to manage our waste with increased calls for tougher
government action on reducing plastic waste.

Lesson 4: Enhancing/ Decorating Finished Products

Woodturning  is a process of using a lathe to make various forms and shapes of wood.

52
·        Hand carving is considered a woodcraft in which a sharp object is used to create designs on
the wood. Various textures and surfaces can be created using this technique. Tools such as chip
carving knife, gouges, and chisels are used.

·        Pyrography is considered an art using a fire or heat to decorate wood or leather.

·        Flocking technique lines the interior of drawers and boxers with a soft velvety finish.

53
·        Inlaying combines several techniques that involve inserting decorative pieces in to a base
object to incorporate new designs on the original product.

·        Gilding is considered as a decorative technique in which powder is applied on wood or other

materials to give a thin coating of gold. Methods of this technique include glueing, chemical
gilding, and electroplating.

54
·        Staining is used to color wood to give an illusion of texture. This may come in two varieties.
First, pigment-based stain will color large pores of the wood, while dye-based stain color small
pores of the wood.

·        Painting is considered the simplest way of decorating wood since there is a variety of colors
that you can choose from. One may also add a lacquer finish to make it more shiny and glossy.

What are the steps/ processes in enhancing and decorating finished Products?

A.Enhancing and decorating finished products have six steps to be Followed:

55
1. Preparation of projects to be varnished

2. Choice of varnished to be applied

3. Cleaning of parts to be varnished

4. Staining or coloring before varnishing

5. Applying varnished by using a brush or spray

6. Letting the first coating dry thoroughly before applying the second until you reach the desired
finish

B. Steps in Making a Projects

1. Plan your project, Planning involves thinking what to do and how to go about making the
project. It is also visualizing how the project will look. This mental picture can be best done by
drawing it on paper. A sketch will help you see how the project will look when finished.
Remember that the sketch should contain the needed measurements on every dimension of the
projects.

2. Prepare the materials needed. See to it that all materials needed on hand before starting to
work. This will allow you to work on your project without delay.

3. Follow your plan which consist of the sketch and the step-by step procedure in doing it.
Consult your teacher if you are not sure of what you are doing. 4. Work slowly but surely. This
will allow you to work accurately and efficiently.

56
 -COLEGIO DE SAN ANTONIO DE PADUA
COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION
Sands Campus, Danao City, Cebu
www.CSAP.edu.ph
ST
1 Semester- S.Y. 2020-2021
Module III Learning Activities
Name: ____________________Course, Yr. & Sec: ____________ Date: ________ Score: ____
Summary of scores:
Activity I- _____
Activity II- _____
Activity III- _____
Activity 1. List at least 5 recyclable items that you can find at home and explain why it can be

recyclable

Activity 2. Find 5 kinds of plastic at home and classify these plastics from one into 7 types of

plastics.

Activity 3. Observe enhanced and decorated materials at home and cite methods being used in

the decorating and enhancement process

57
 COLEGIO DE SAN ANTONIO DE PADUA
COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION
Sands Campus, Danao City, Cebu
www.CSAP.edu.ph
1ST Semester- S.Y. 2020-2021
Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan
Module III Self- Assessment

Name: ____________________Course, Yr. & Sec: ____________ Date: ________ Score: ____

Reflection Figure
Instructions: Indicate the things you have learned in this lesson (knowledge); the things you have
realized and appreciated (values), and the things you have discovered and wanted to do more
(skills).

Things I have learned (Knowledge)

Things I have discovered and wanted more (Skills)

Things I have realized and discovered (Values)

58
 COLEGIO DE SAN ANTONIO DE PADUA
COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION
Sands Campus, Danao City, Cebu
www.CSAP.edu.ph
1ST Semester- S.Y. 2020-2021
Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan
Module III Summative Exam

Name: ____________________Course, Yr. & Sec: ____________ Date: ________ Score: ____

I. Create a recycled material that can be useful at home.

Create a on the step by step process and send it to Messenger or send it via email at
meowriyax@gmail.com

COLEGIO DE SAN ANTONIO DE PADUA

59
 COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION
Sands Campus, Danao City, Cebu
www.CSAP.edu.ph
ST
1 Semester- S.Y. 2020-2021
Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan
Module IV Background of the Study
Lesson/s:

 Characteristics of a good and successful Entrepreneur

 The Ideal Entrepreneur

Learning Objectives
At the end of the module, at least 85% of the college students can:

Knowledge

 Discuss the different promotional strategies

 Explain the guides to sound buying
 Know how to make a sound business proposal

Skills

 Calculate selling prince

Attitude

 Responsible entrepreneur

Values Integration

 Know the ethics and characteristics of a good businessman

CSAP Core Values

 Compassion and Dedication

Lesson 1: Characteristics of a good entrepreneur

Vision — The successful entrepreneur has the ability to see the end results of goals while
working to achieve them and is completely dedicated to making this vision a reality.

Determination — The successful entrepreneur must be completely determined to succeed even

when it means taking risks.

Motivation — The successful entrepreneur has the desire to work hard and lets very little get in
the way of making vision into reality.

Focus — The successful entrepreneur is self-disciplined and has the ability to stick to a schedule
and deadlines.

Devotion — The successful entrepreneur has a high degree of commitment to the ideas and
beliefs on which the project is founded.

Skills — The successful entrepreneur must have the skills necessary to develop the product or
service or to take an idea and figure it out.

Perseverance — The successful entrepreneur must have the willingness to keep goals in sight
and to work toward them despite obstacles.

60
Adaptability — The successful entrepreneur must have the ability to cope with new situations
and find creative solutions to problems.

Organization — The successful entrepreneur knows his or her own strengths and weaknesses

and assembles the right team and resources to accomplish goals.

Creative thinking — The successful entrepreneur has to be able to think through the innovative
idea and deal with the many variables facing the business.

Passion — The successful entrepreneur has to really love what he or she is doing.

Flexibility — The successful entrepreneur must be adaptable to changing demands of the

business, employees and customers.

Lesson 2: Identifying Sellers and Buyers

Identify the Sellers and the Buyers

Two persons or parties involved in marketing transaction such as selling and buying, the
seller and the buyer.

1. The Seller

- the owner of the store or business establishment

- offers goods, products, or services to those who need it

- sells products, goods, or services at a specified amount called his selling price.

- as a seller must learn the art of selling

- the art of selling needs persuasion, good relations with people, patience, and courtesy

toward the prospective buyers

2. The Buyer

- The person who buys goods or services from the seller

- The consumer who makes use of the goods to meet his/her needs or wants and

those of his family

- Also called the end user because they use the goods or products or services that meets
the needs and wants and derive satisfaction from its use

The Seller as Buyer

 A seller is also a buyer because he needs to buy goods or products he/she will sell.

 He buys from either manufacturer or the producer of the goods or from wholesale
middlemen

 Manufacturers are those who convert raw materials into finished products such as
canned foods

 Producers are those who plant and harvest products as in the case of fruits and
vegetables

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  The wholesalers are those who buy from manufacturers or producers in big bulk then
sell these in retail to owners or sari-sari stores, groceries, or mobile stores.

 Wholesalers act as middlemen or traders who buy from the primary source
(manufacturers/producers) and sell these to retailers (owners of sari-sari store, groceries
and similar stores)

 The seller must have a good and sound buying program so he can get the most profit and
give the best service to his customers by offering good quality goods or products.

 His buying program should be based on the principle: to buy goods that will meet the
need and satisfaction of his customers.

 He should always keep in mind the question: What does my customer need?

Guide to sound buying for both seller and buyer (consumer)

 Sellers and buyers should have a sound buying guide to get the best buy for their money.

 The guide is: to buy goods from the right source at the right quality and quantity, at the
right price.

 Both sellers and buyers should ask themselves:

-Would this good or product meet my need/demand? -Or those who will use them?

-Am I buying goods at the right quality and quantity, that is, will it be enough to meet my
need/demand?

-Do I need the good at the time that I will use it?

-Am I getting my money’s worth?

-If the answer to all the above questions is yes, then the buyer is making a sound buy.

Lesson 3: Producing Simple Products

Planning Simple Products to Sell

 Use your creativity and resourcefulness as well as skill to create simple products to sell

 To ensure products will be sold, make a simple survey to identify what potential
customers need

 A survey can be an interview in the school or neighborhood.

Producing Simple Products to Sell

After identifying the needs of the people and identified the products you want to produce,
plan your budget, the materials and the tools needed and the schedule of operation.

If you do not have the skill to produce, you can either buy the products from its primary
source where it is cheaper, or to buy the product in bulk or in wholesale, then repack it in smaller
quantities for retailing.

Simple products like roasted peanuts, varieties of cookies, pumpkin seeds, corn chips;
accessories like bracelets, headbands and the like which are popular among students. School
items like writing tools pencils, writing pads and erasers are needed by pupils.

62
 One of the slogan in marketing today is that “if you do not have a market, create one!”
This means create a demand for your product through good salesmanship and good quality
products at a reasonable price

Remember:

1. Potential entrepreneurs are creative, inventive and resourceful

2. To determine needs/demands of potential customers, make a survey in the school or

neighborhood. Interview these potential customers and scan the neighborhood and
school with products already available on sale.

3. Once you have decided what product to produce prepare your budget, tools and materials
and schedule of operation.

Lesson 4: Buying and Selling the Products

Buying the Product

The seller or retailer must develop a sound buying and selling program for his/her retail
store to ensure profit and good service. The buying program of the retailer should be based on
the principle: Buy goods that will meet the needs and satisfaction of the consumers or buyers.
When the seller buys his/her products for his/her store, the first question in his/her mind should
be: What does my customer need?

With this in mind, the seller or retailer can now make a careful study of the product
he/she thinks is in demand. The list can be made from the stock of information he/she has taken
from different sources, such as:

1. Inquiries made by his/her sales clerk to customers

2. Stock record which shows the items that are easily sold out

3. The sales of the different items and the merchandise with the highest sales

Duties of the Salesperson

A salesperson must be well-oriented on his/her duties and should carry them out well.
His/her goal is to make a sale always.

1. To sell goods of the best quality possible.

2. To sell goods at the most reasonable price.

3. To be honest, courteous, and straightforward in his/her dealings.

4. To give the most satisfactory service to the customer.

5. To follow “The customer is always right” and “First come, first serve” policy to
customers as they should be treated fairly.

The dictum “The customers is always right” must always be observed. Every customer, young
or old, rich or poor must be treated fairly with respect and attention until such is voided because
if misbehavior and scandalous words and actions.

63
 As a routine, any customer who comes in the store is greeted by the salesperson with
“Good ________ (morning, afternoon, or evening)! Followed with “What can I do for you,,
Ma’am/Sir?” Then the salesperson presents/takes the items asked for. He/She answers queries
about the item. When the transaction is completed, the salesperson says “Thank you, Ma’am/Sir,
please come again!” and “Have a nice day.”

Computing the Price of the Product

The profitability of the store is greatly affected by the pricing of the product. There are
several components of a price. These are:

1. Cost – this refers to the part of the price that covers the product. It is the amount paid for
the merchandise.

2. Mark-up – this refers to the additional expenses involved in selling the goods and
transportation, taxes, and others.

3. Profit – this refers to the amount added to the item cost.

Below is an illustration of a sample price component.

Selling Price – ₱150.00

Cost = ₱100.00 Mark up – ₱50.00

Selling Expense Profit Tax

₱15.00 ₱30.00 ₱5.00

Computing for the Selling Price

Markup based on Cost

a. Determine the markup percentage, then multiply this with the cost of the product.

Markup percentage = 50%

Cost of Product = 100.00

64
Mark up x Cost = 50% x 100

= 50

b. Add the markup with cost of the product.

₱100 + ₱50 = ₱150

c. Check the percentage

Selling Prince = 150%

Cost of Product = 100%

Markup percentage = 50%

Lesson 5: Marketing the Product

Selling the Product

Success in selling depends largely on the salesperson. If the salesperson is not adept in
selling, the store manager should train him/her to become a good one. His/Her role is important
because he/she carries the goodwill and name of the store.

Forms of Promotion

1. Personal Selling – a face-to-face contact where seller and buyer have to be together

2. Advertising – a paid form of communication in the form of TV and radio commercials,

billboards, magazine ads, newspaper paid ads, etc.

3. Sales Promotion – uses reinforcing techniques in the form of “buy one, take one” offers,
discounts, product demonstration, trade contest, freebies, and the like.

4. Product Display – this makes the people aware of the availability of the product. This
enables the buyers to smell, feel, and see the product’s good quality and features.

5. Publicity – known as “free publicity” in the form of news releases, public appearances of
company officials, and participation in industry-wide publicity efforts.

Promotional Strategies

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 A promotional strategy aims to create awareness towards a particular product with the
end view of making potential buyers become interested in the product and be persuaded to buy it.

1. Giving out free samples of the product. A free sample soap or toothpaste, or food
products to taste are common in supermarkets and shopping malls.

2. Giving discount or price off like a “buy one, take one” offer, or a 50% discount on
selected items. Items like toothpaste, shoes, bags, and food products and even tools and
equipment are some examples of items for discounts.

3. Exchanging an old item with a new one and paying additional cash on top of the new one.
This is common practice in cars and other vehicles, kitchenware, tools and equipment,
and others.

4. Bonus offers like “buy one and get another product free.”

5. Collecting coupons with equivalent points and exchanging them with a product
corresponding to the value of the coupons. This is popular in some gasoline stations
which give away soap, cleaning materials and gas.

6. Participating in fairs and exhibits where a product can be displayed in a booth and the
person-in-charge talks about the product.

66
 -COLEGIO DE SAN ANTONIO DE PADUA
COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION
Sands Campus, Danao City, Cebu
www.CSAP.edu.ph
1ST Semester- S.Y. 2020-2021
Module IV Learning Activities
Name: ____________________Course, Yr. & Sec: ____________ Date: ________ Score: ____
Summary of scores:
Activity I- _____
Activity II- _____
Activity III- _____
Activity 1. Interview an business man/ woman and what characteristics does she/ he has that

made him successful to where he/ she is now?

Activity 2. Cite some characteristics which you think you have that could be useful as an

entrepreneur

Activity 3. Design your own promotional plan and strategy about selling products. (Cite a

specific product that you want to sell.)

COLEGIO DE SAN ANTONIO DE PADUA

COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION

67
 Sands Campus, Danao City, Cebu
www.CSAP.edu.ph
1ST Semester- S.Y. 2020-2021
Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan
Module IV Self- Assessment

Name: ____________________Course, Yr. & Sec: ____________ Date: ________ Score: ____

Reflection Figure
Instructions: Indicate the things you have learned in this lesson (knowledge); the things you have
realized and appreciated (values), and the things you have discovered and wanted to do more
(skills).

Things I have learned (Knowledge)

Things I have discovered and wanted more (Skills)

Things I have realized and discovered (Values)

COLEGIO DE SAN ANTONIO DE PADUA

COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION

68
 Sands Campus, Danao City, Cebu
www.CSAP.edu.ph
1ST Semester- S.Y. 2020-2021
Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan
Module IV Summative Exam

Name: ____________________Course, Yr. & Sec: ____________ Date: ________ Score:

_______

I. Interview a successful entrepreneur and make sure they answer the following questions:
 Is it your first and only business or are you a serial entrepreneur?
 How long have you been an entrepreneur?
 How did your life look like before being an entrepreneur?
 What were your top three motivations for starting your business?
 Describe briefly the three biggest challenges you faced during the life of your business/
company ?
 What were the challenges that you have encountered as you start up your business/
company?
 What are your tips and advices to the people who are just about to start their own
business/ company?

Send the transcript of the interview via email at: meowriyax@gmail.com or via messenger in a
PDF or MS Word Format.

COLEGIO DE SAN ANTONIO DE PADUA

69
 COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION
Sands Campus, Danao City, Cebu
www.CSAP.edu.ph
ST
1 Semester- S.Y. 2020-2021
Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan
Module V Background of the Study
Lesson/s:

 Safe and Responsible Use of ICT

 Creating Knowledge and Advertisement Products

Learning Objectives
At the end of the module, at least 85% of the college students can:

Knowledge

 Discuss the different promotional strategies

 Explain the effects of cyberbullying
 Asses the do’s and don’t of social media and ICT world

Skills

 Create advertisement product

Attitude

 Communicate responsibly through the ICT world

Values Integration

 Being a responsible user in the ICT World

CSAP Core Values

 Compassion and Dedication

ICT stands for Information, Communication

Technologies – This includes the wireless
network, internet, email, computer, laptop,
Lesson 1: Safe and Responsible Use of ICTtablet, or other electronic devices.

The bullet points below have been designed to help you get the most out of the technology that
is available to you. They provide helpful tips and guidance for everyday life as well as setting
out the expectations for using the ICT equipment in school.

1. Be Secure
I will keep passwords to myself and not share them with anyone, even my close
friends. I will always log out and log off my account on any the device that I am
using.
I will always lock my computer when I walk away from the screen (even for a short while).

2. Be Respectful
I will always be polite and use appropriate language.
I will not access, create, store or distribute files that could be thought of as offensive, indecent
or cause hurt or upset to anyone.
I will not look at anyone else’s files without their permission.
I know that bullying by the use of text, multimedia messaging, email or on social
sites is unacceptable and may lead to very serious consequences.

70
 3. Be Safe
I will not share my personal information or other people’s (home address, phone number
etc.) I will be wary of emails that ask me for any personal information.
I will check with an adult about anything I see that concerns me or report it to a teacher.
I will not put any personal details about other people into emails, posts, comments or
updates. I will never meet up with anyone offline that I have only met online without a
parent/carer or trusted adult.

4. Be Responsible
I will think carefully about the places I go online and keep focussed when on learning tasks.
I will take good care of the ICT equipment I use. I understand that if I am irresponsible in my
use of ICT, I may lose my access to it.
I understand that I may be able to use my own device or mobile phone in school only at
agreed times. If I use it in class without permission, my device may be temporarily
confiscated and my parent / carer informed.

5. Be Legal
I will only copy / upload / publish / distribute materials that are appropriate.
I will only take images or video of other pupils, friends or staff with their full knowledge
and permission.
I will not copy / upload / publish / distribute images or videos of others without their
permission. I know that I should not copy materials, music, videos or pictures from the
internet and use them in my own work unless they are copyright free.
I will remember that anything I do can be traced back to me including my browsing history
and content that I may copy / upload / publish or distribute.

Cyberbullying

Bullying is an ongoing and deliberate misuse of power in relationships through repeated verbal,
physical and/or social behaviour that intends to cause physical, social and/or psychological harm.
It can involve an individual or a group misusing their power, or perceived power, over one or
more persons who feel unable to stop it from happening.

Bullying can happen in person or online, via various digital platforms and devices and it can be
obvious (overt) or hidden (covert). Bullying behaviour is repeated, or has the potential to be
repeated, over time (for example, through sharing of digital records).

Bullying of any form or for any reason can have immediate, medium and long-term effects on
those involved, including bystanders. Single incidents and conflict or fights between equals,
whether in person or online, are not defined as bullying.

Online bullying can include:

 sending insulting or threatening messages

 posting unkind messages or inappropriate images on social networking sites

 excluding others from online chats or other communication

 inappropriate image tagging

 sharing someone's personal or embarrassing information online

 creating hate sites or starting social exclusion campaigns on social networking sites

 sharing unflattering or private images, including naked or sexual images

 assuming the identity of the another person online and representing them in a negative
manner or manner that may damage their relationship with others

 repeatedly, and for no strategic reason, attacking players in online gaming.

71
For it to be called bullying, inappropriate actions online must be between people who have
ongoing contact and be part of a pattern of repeated behaviours (online or offline). One action –
such as an insulting comment or an embarrassing photo – which is repeated through sharing and
forwarding to others, can be called bullying if the individuals involved know each other, and
have ongoing contact either on or offline.

Cyberbullying: Tips for Parents and Carers

Some Office of the Children’s eSafety Commissioner tips:

 Talk to your child about cyberbullying before it happens. Work out strategies to address
cyberbullying that you are both comfortable with, so your child knows what to expect if
they do report concerns to you or another trusted adult.

 Help your child to develop the skills they need to interact safely and respectfully online.
Guide their online activities and help them learn to communicate appropriately with
friends and family.

 Encourage children to treat others on the net the same way they would in real life.

 Advise your child not to respond to any negative messages and to report any negative
messages they receive to you or another trusted adult.

 Reassure your child that you won't block their access to the internet if they report
concerns about cyberbullying. Help them to stay connected online and offline to
supportive family and friends.

 Help your child to block anyone who sends offensive content. Most social networking
services allow users to block and report someone who is behaving badly.

Lesson II: Creating Knowledge Products

It is important that business owners understand the basics of writing a good advertisement.

All businesses need promotion. I have seen thousands and millions of dollars wasted on
ineffective, poor or outright bad ads—and I want to save you that pain. But most importantly, I
want you to expand your business and effective advertising in all its forms is essential.

After all, you need new customers because without them your business will fail. The good news
is that the core principles of how to produce a proper advertisement apply to practically anything
you may want to use as a promotional tool.

This includes, but is not limited to:

 Brochures

 Emails

 Fliers and other mailers and handouts

 Magazine and newspaper ads

 Online advertisements (display, etc.)

 Postcards

 Web sites, including those used with online advertising

 And more.

It can take a bit of trial and error (testing) to build an ad or ad campaign that really works, but
following these 11 tried and true tips can help you get the results that you’re hoping for.

72
1. What Makes You Stand Out From Your Competition?

What makes you stand out from the competition?

People come in contact with advertisements from all types of businesses all the time.

So, what will make your potential customers buy your company’s product or service versus
going with one of your competitors? That’s what you have to figure out and focus on with your
advertisement. Show your potential customers why your business is their number one choice and
why they shouldn’t even consider your competitors. Then, there is a good chance that they
won’t.

What I am talking about here is commonly referred to in marketing circles as the “Unique
Selling Proposition.” In his excellent book Reality in Advertising, author Rosser Reeves defines
what a USP is:

1. Each advertisement must make a proposition to the consumer-not just words, product
puffery, or show-window advertising. Each advertisement must say to each reader: “Buy
this product, for this specific benefit.”

2. The proposition must be one the competition cannot or does not offer. It must be unique-
either in the brand or in a claim the rest of that particular advertising area does not
make.

3. The proposition must be strong enough to move the masses, i.e., attract new customers as
well as potential customers.

Here are some good examples of products with a clear USP from Wikipedia:

 Head & Shoulders: “You get rid of dandruff”

 Anacin “Fast, fast, incredibly fast relief”

 Domino’s Pizza: “You get fresh, hot pizza delivered to your door in 30 minutes or less-or
it’s free.”

 FedEx: “When your package absolutely, positively has to get there overnight.”

 M&Ms: “Melts in your mouth, not in your hand.”

 Metropolitan Life: “Get Met. It Pays.”

 Southwest Airlines: “We are the low-fare airline.”

There are many more examples.

The goal here is to help you develop your USP yourself.

What makes you different? Unique? What do you have that no one else does? This is the kind of
thing you’re looking for.

For example, my marketing firm is about to start working with an immigration attorney and I
already see several things that can make her stand out from the competition. For one, she’s an
immigration attorney that is also an immigrant. She also contributes to an online magazine to
assist others who wish to immigrate to the U.S. through education. She is a colorful personality
and instantly likeable. And although she does not deliver different services than her competitors,
she has some unique ways that she conducts business that few others do. We plan on using all
this when developing her USP.

Please keep in mind that any USP is almost better than none, and that this can change and be
refined later.

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One more thing to keep in mind is that you do not have to be the only one doing something or
delivering some product to include it in your USP. It can be something others are doing, but no
one else is really promoting.

Get out a pad of paper and some pens and have fun with this. I am sure you will start coming up
with brilliant ideas right off the bat!

2. Use A Powerful Headline: Grab Their Attention!

Getting attention can be subtle too

People scan things quickly. They come into

contact with so many advertisements each day
that they can’t possibly read each one. This is
why you have to make sure that your
advertisement actually grabs and keeps their
attention.

You do that with an effective headline.

The greatest advertising man in history, David Ogilvy, said “On average, five times as many
people read the headline as read the body copy. When you have written your headline, you have
spent eighty cents out of your dollar.”

The question you need to ask is “Who are your trying to attract? What would get their
attention?”

Yesterday, I received an email newsletter from a recruitment firm with the headline “Would You
Hire Obama?” As a CEO who is interested in recruiting new talent, this caught my attention. It
drove me to their website and I read the entire article, learning about their unique process. As a
result, I requested a sales call for next week.

All that came from an effective headline.

I have written sales letters that have gotten tremendous response mainly due to powerful
headlines.

In one case I helped a company sign more than $1 million in contracts with a single letter.

In another, I obtained one sales appointment for every 200 letters – and this for a service that
started at $10,000!

In still another case, I created a flier that was sent to a very restricted, high-end list of 134 names
which resulted in nine sales appointments with the first mailing!

Great headlines come in many forms.

Ogilvy once remarked that he would write an advertisement in three hours and then take three
weeks to come up with the headline.

Some headlines are newsworthy, such as in the release of a new service or product. Others have
a very strong benefit. Most are specific, as opposed to general, in their facts. Others use a
negative angle (such as “reducing costs” as opposed to “increasing profits”).

Jay Abraham, an online marketer and consultant, compiled a list of the 100 best headlines ever
written.

3. Make Them An Offer They Can’t Refuse!

Consumers love a bargain. So offer them a good one so that they’ll come back to you time and
time again.

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Whether you’re offering an unbeatable price, a free trial, free shipping or a bundled package,
going out of your way to provide your customers with a good deal will help you be successful.

Once you come up with your irresistible offer, make sure that you advertise it proudly. When
people see that you have something great to offer them, they will have a difficult time resisting
it.

In determining how much you can spend for an introductory product or service, think of the
overall Client Lifetime Value (CLV), the amount a client will benefit a company over time, for
your firm.

One client I worked with was initially hesitant to lose $150 in profit for an intro service to
acquire a new client. He was extremely surprised to discover though that those new clients had a
CLV of $5,000 – a number more than 33 times the initial investment in terms of lost profit. So he
had been losing $4,850 every time he didn’t invest the $150 to obtain a new client.

This is a very powerful concept and can make or break your business. To understand more, take
a few minutes and watch this video by Jay Abraham.

4. Talk About The Benefits – What’s In It For Them!

Ah, a desireable benefit

Explaining the features of your products or

services is important, but explaining the benefits
for the customer is really what it’s all about.
After all, people are more interested in what
they get from your services than what you do.
Make sense?

This is not complicated. Here’s what you do to

figure this out:

1. List out all your services (or products).

2. For each one, list out everything that service (feature) does.

3. Then, next list out what the result of each feature is – the benefit for the client.

For example, say you are a tax accountant. One feature of your service is that you have a website
where clients can log in and access their tax documents 24/7. The huge benefit is that it saves
time and inconvenience for the client.

5. Tell Your News: Create an Advertorial!

Webster’s Dictionary says that an “advertorial” is “an advertisement that imitates editorial

format.” In other words, it’s an ad that looks like a news article!

Here is why this is important.

People are seven times more likely to read a news article than an advertisement.

People come in contact with regular ads all day long. There is really no incentive for them to
read your ad if you don’t offer them more than what everyone else is offering.

Creating an effective ad that grabs attention and provides plenty of information isn’t always
easy. But an advertorial can achieve this as it is far more likely to be clicked on and read.

This type of advertisement encourages readers to get interested in your company because it
includes more information. Readers want to read more once they realize the article isn’t just
advertising your business but helping them. For example, the ad can provide them with lots of
advice, tips and information and how your company and products can help them.

75
The best example that comes to mind is an ad that ran in the Wall Street Journal more than 60
years ago. The ad ran with the headline “What Everybody Ought to Know About This Stock and
Bond Business” and contained a mammoth 6,540 words! It was presented in advertorial format
and generated 10,000 inquiries in a single day.

Now that’s results!

6. Take Away Their Fear: Make Your Offer As Risk-Free As Possible!

People are nervous about spending their money. There are too many scammers and low-quality
products out there. People worry that they’ll be wasting their hard-earned cash when it comes to
many products and services.

If people fear that they’re going to lose their money and regret their purchase, they are unlikely
to purchase your product. But, if you remove these doubts, people are given an incentive to give
your product or service a try.

So it’s a great idea to offer a risk-free guarantee. Knowing there is no risk and that they don’t
have anything to lose by purchasing your product or service, is a powerful purchasing
inducement. This “reverses” the risk and places some of it on the seller. This is called “risk
reversal.”

If potential customers know that they can get their money back if they aren’t satisfied, they’ll be
less concerned about wasting cash and will be more likely to give it a try.

Plus, a lot of people instantly feel better about a product if the company is willing to stand
behind it. It shows that your product is worthwhile and that you aren’t afraid to back it up with a
risk-free guarantee.

Almost all major department stores (Sears, Bloomingdale’s, Dillard’s, Macy’s, Walmart, Target,
Hudson’s Bay in Canada, etc.) use risk-reversal and have a money-back guarantee on their
products. Last week, I purchased a high-end television from Best Buy for my father and the first
thing I was told was that I could return it anytime within a specific period. Got to love it.

Other types of companies do the same thing. Two days ago I received an offer for an information
product that sells for $4,500. The seller used a risk reversal strategy to promote the product and
build confidence in it and him. The offer only asked for a $500 deposit which was fully
refundable to test drive the product for a month. I’d get my deposit back if I didn’t think the
product was worth it within that time. An excellent risk reversal approach (just like the money-
back guarantee) and I am going to take him up on it.

7. The “Call To Action” And Asking Them To Buy – Or Not!

Don’t just tell your potential customers about what your company has to offer. Encourage them
to take action. Tell them directly to click on your ad, order your product, pay for your service,
etc.

For example, your “call to action” can encourage people to email you for more information, to
fill out a form to find out more about your services, to join your weekly or monthly email
newsletter or to purchase your product or service. It could even direct users to click on your ad to
take them to your website rather than just looking at the advertisement.

You need to use exciting words and persuasive

language to give that extra push.

Here is an excerpt from one of the most

successful advertisements in history, a magazine
ad that sold the famous book “How to Win
Friends and Influence People” in 1937, showing
both the risk reversal and call to action.

76
8. Make It Seem Urgent, Give Them A Reason To Buy NOW!

You don’t want to just plant the seed with your ads, you want people to move forward and do
something about your offer NOW.

When people see an ad and think about giving a company a try later, they might actually mean to
do so. But, people most often move on with their lives and forget all about the ad and the product
that they might have been interested in. Therefore, you have to encourage people to act now
rather than later.

You can create this urgency in any number of ways.

For example, you can make your irresistible offer time-limited. If people see that they only have
a set amount of time, such as a few hours or days, to snag an unforgettable deal that they’re
already pretty excited about, they will be more likely to make a move now than later. Many
people assume that they’ll be able to get the same deal later on. But if they know that they can’t,
they’ll be more likely to take the deal now.

That isn’t the only way of creating a sense of urgency. You can also bring in an upcoming season
or event when your product will come in handy to make people buy now.

Regardless of how you might choose to do it, it’s important to let your potential clients know that
NOW is the time to make a move.

9. Use Testimonials

Yes, it was a good salmon

One of the most important parts of creating an

effective ad is building up trust and interest in
your company.

Remember that people have a lot of concerns

these days, particularly when they’re online. It is
important to build trust in your business, its
products and services so they know that your
company is the right choice. You can do this by
showing that others in the past have been pleased with their decision to buy from or work with
you.

A great way to do this is by adding a testimonial or two to your ads from those who are satisfied
with your company and its products.

Today, countless people rely on online reviews when shopping for new businesses, products and
services.

People trust other consumers and want to know what they have to say about a company. You
can’t make people look for online reviews about your business, but you can give them the same
peace of mind by adding a testimonial from a current client who is pleased with what you have to
offer. Seeing that other consumers who are just like them, are happy with your product can
encourage potential clients to give you a try.

10. Use Exciting Graphics

People are visual.

Plain text on a plain background can be boring. People don’t always want to read everything that
has been written in an ad or an article.

You can appeal to the visual interest that your clients have by adding exciting graphics to your
advertisements.

77
For example, you can post a picture of what you have to offer, or you can post something that is
going to grab attention. You can take the pictures yourself, or you can look for royalty-free, no-
cost images online. Regardless, adding something visual will help draw more attention and
interest to your company.

11. Complete Contact Information

You would not believe how many times I’ve seen advertisements, often expensive magazine ads,
posters, billboards, etc. without clear-cut company contact information.

Don’t make this mistake.

You’ve told them what you’re selling, now tell them where to buy it. Anything else is a waste of
money.

You should use your ads to link people to your website for more information as part of the
contact information. This is imperative for several reasons.

One, if people check out your site and are impressed with it, you have a better chance of turning
them into real clients.

Secondly, you can track how your ads perform and what leads are generated on the website to
get an idea of how well your campaign is working. So, if you are not achieving the results that
you’re looking for, you will know where you need to make changes.

Always DELIVER

Remember that you should always over-deliver when it comes to your customers.

Creating an effective ad is great, but your advertisements won’t get you far if you aren’t making
your customers happy. Therefore, you should focus on providing all of your customers with the
best experience that you can.

If you always deliver more than they expect, then you never have to worry about anyone being
disappointed. Then, you will see your clients come back time and time again and they’ll be more
likely to tell their friends about your company.

Making Yourself Stand Out

These 11 tips for creating an effective ad can help your promotions stand head and shoulders
over those of your competition. You will be able to make eye-catching ads that will get people
excited about what you have to offer. That will help improve your conversion rate of making
prospects into real customers.

Advertising is important and good advertising is what will help your company succeed.

-COLEGIO DE SAN ANTONIO DE PADUA

COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION

78
 Sands Campus, Danao City, Cebu
www.CSAP.edu.ph
1ST Semester- S.Y. 2020-2021
Module V Learning Activities
Name: ____________________Course, Yr. & Sec: ____________ Date: ________ Score: ____
Summary of scores:
Activity I- _____
Activity II- _____

Activity 1. Find a cyberbullying incident in any social media platform (Twitter, Facebook,

Instagram and etc.). Analyze the issue and what effect can it do the victim.

Activity 2. Make a SWOT Analysis on how to create your advertisement

COLEGIO DE SAN ANTONIO DE PADUA

COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION

79
 Sands Campus, Danao City, Cebu
www.CSAP.edu.ph
1ST Semester- S.Y. 2020-2021
Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan
Module V Self- Assessment

Name: ____________________Course, Yr. & Sec: ____________ Date: ________ Score: ____

Reflection Figure
Instructions: Indicate the things you have learned in this lesson (knowledge); the things you have
realized and appreciated (values), and the things you have discovered and wanted to do more
(skills).

Things I have learned (Knowledge)

Things I have discovered and wanted more (Skills)

Things I have realized and discovered (Values)

References:

https://nairnacademy.files.wordpress.com/2014/02/safe-and-responsible-use-of-ict-for-older-
pupils.pdf

https://www.education.act.gov.au/support-for-our-students/being-safe-online

https://targetpublic.com/11-simple-tips-creating-effective-ad/

COLEGIO DE SAN ANTONIO DE PADUA

COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION

80
 Sands Campus, Danao City, Cebu
www.CSAP.edu.ph
1ST Semester- S.Y. 2020-2021
Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan
Module V Summative Exam

Name: ____________________Course, Yr. & Sec: ____________ Date: ________ Score: ____

I. Create a brochure about cyberbullying and how to stop and prevent Cyberbullying in the
Philippine setting.

Send the softcopy of the Brochure via email at: meowriyax@gmail.com or at google classroom.

COLEGIO DE SAN ANTONIO DE PADUA

81
 COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION
Sands Campus, Danao City, Cebu
www.CSAP.edu.ph
ST
1 Semester- S.Y. 2020-2021
Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan
Module VI Background of the Study
Lesson/s:

 Basic Kitchen Utensils and Equipments

 Basic Types of Vegetable Cutting
 Types of Meals

Learning Objectives
At the end of the module, at least 85% of the college students can:

Knowledge

 Identify the different types of chopping vegetables

 Identify different kinds of kitchen utensils and equipment
 Know the different types of meals

Skills

 Prepare a breakfast, lunch and dinner

 Perform the basic types of chopping vegetables
 Demonstrate in cooking breakfast, lunch and dinner meals

Attitude

 Develops patience through cooking

Values Integration

 Become efficient and a responsible cook.

CSAP Core Values

 Compassion and Dedication

Lesson 1: Kitchen Utensils and Equipments

Blender – If I would have to choose only one electric appliance for my kitchen it would be a
blender. It is essential in making sauces, smoothies, baby food, soup creams and much more.
You can also make salsas in one of these. Blenders are cheap and extremely useful in the
kitchen.

Bottler Opener – If you ever have to open a bottle you will wish you had one of these if you
don’t!

Bowls – You should have a least two bowls in your kitchen. You will need a small to medium
one to mix small amounts of food such as salad dressings. You will need a larger bowl to make
things like meatballs or toss salads.

Can Opener – You really need to have a can opener in your kitchen. Even if you cook most of
your meals with fresh ingredients there are times when you need to open a can of beans or
tomato paste or tuna.

Cutting Boards – I always have 3 cutting boards to work with. I use one for cutting meats, one
for vegetables and one for fruit and bread. The reason I have a specific one for fruit is because I

82
chop onions and garlic on the vegetable one and I do not want to have my fruit acquire those
flavors. I wash all of them thoroughly – especially the meat board. I scrub them with soap and
hot water and then use a diluted bleach solution on them to kill off all the bacteria.

Cutting boards – mainly wooden ones – can be a breeding zoo for bacteria. If your board is full
of carvings and cuts it is time to get rid of it. You need to make sure you always, always put your
board away dry. Moisture will help those nasty little creatures to breed and can make you sick.

The size of cutting board you decide to buy will depend on the size of your kitchen counter. It is
highly recommended that you get a non-porous plastic cutting board as a safety measure.
However, I confess I have both. I think that as long as you are careful and handle your wooden
board safely you should be just fine. Whatever you decide, it is important to have at least one
cutting board in your kitchen. It is more sanitary to use than your kitchen counter and it will help
you preserve your knives in better condition.

Grater – Any grater will work but I think the best is a box one. This kind of grater allows you to
choose the size of grating you want as they have three grating sizes and a slicer. This way you
can zest citrus or shred cheese or thinly slice a peeled potato with just one tool.

Kitchen Fork – These forks have two long tines and are used to test doneness of vegetables and
meats. They are also great for moving meats from the pan to the carving board.

Knives – Owning a couple of good knives is an absolute must. Nothing is more painful than
trying to chop vegetables or cut a piece of meat than a dull knife. OK, maybe it is not the most
painful thing in the world but it certainly is extremely frustrating. When you have a sharp knife
you can do a neater job and you can work faster. Believe me, it is totally worth it.

If you are going to own only two knives, I think the ones you need are a Chef’s or French knife
and a utility knife. The first ones are between 8 to 12 inches long and are great for all kinds of
things like chopping, mincing and slicing. The latter is a little smaller, between 5 and 8 inches
long, and is great for light cutting chores. If these are both kept sharpened you will be perfectly
fine.

Try and purchase a good quality, high-carbon stainless steel knife. I am not suggesting you go
out and spend hundreds of dollars. However, if you buy a super cheap one you will get what you
paid for. Carbon blades tend to get dull faster; stainless steel ones generally do not have a good
edge. So, look for a combination of both for your ideal knife. Try to also purchase a sharpening
stone or steel. Your knife, no matter how perfect, will eventually get dull. By having the proper
tools you can take care of the problem as needed.

Treat your knives with respect. Be safe and handle them with common sense. You can get very
hurt if you do not practice basic safety guidelines such as holding the knife straight down at your
side with the sharp edge facing behind you, when you need to walk around the kitchen with it.

Don’t cut anything directly on marble, metal or glass. This will damage your knives’ blade. Use
the proper cutting surface when you are using it. Even if your knife is top of the line, it can get
damaged if you are not careful. Always wash it by hand and immediately after using it. Wash the
whole thing – blade and handle – to prevent cross-contamination of food. Do not wash them in
the dishwasher as this will make them dull very quickly. Finally, store your knives appropriately
and safely. Don’t place it in a drawer without protection so as to lose a finger when you go and
open it. If you do not have a rack or slot or cover for it, wrap it in a good, thick dish rag before
you store it.

Measuring Cups & Spoons – These are essential when baking. When you are cooking you can
go ahead and eye-ball your ingredients; however, you need to be exact when you are baking.
Without the proper equipment you will not have perfect results. You can find measuring cups in
different shapes and materials. Unless you cook large amounts, a two cup one should be
sufficient.

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Meat Thermometer – These are great to have handy to be able to determine if meats are cooked
through and safe to eat. You do not need to purchase a super expensive thermometer. A simple
instant read thermometer will do.

Metal Skimmer – This is essential for making soups. If you never do, forget about it!
Rubber Spatula – You need at least one good rubber, heat-proof spatula in your kitchen. It is
great for cooking things like eggs, but essential when cleaning out bowls. You will be amazed at
the amounts of food that you can recover from a bowl with a good spatula.

Oven — You will only need an oven if you are interested in baking or roasting foods. It is not an
essential part of the kitchen but it certainly is nice to have around. Most stoves come with a built-
in oven. These days you will find quite a selection in ovens. They can be electric, gas,
conventional, built-in,double, convection, wood fire, brick or stand alone.

Of course you also have the microwave oven which will cook everything for you in no time.
Personally, I do not use one. I do not like how it treats my food. Some people can not live with
out their’s.

Oven Mitts — Oven mitts are a great aid in your kitchen as they will prevent you from getting
burned when grabbing hot pots and pans. My husband likes to make fun of me and says a good
tea towel is enough. It can be but I have burned myself more than once using a kitchen or dish
towel.

Oven Proof Pans — If you are going to be using an oven you need to have oven proof pans or
you will have a disaster on your hands. You don’t need a bunch. A good 9×13 inch Pyrex pan
will be great for all kinds of endeavors.

Of course, if you are baking you need the proper equipment for that as well.

Refrigerator — This is also an absolute must in any kitchen if you are going to be keeping food
safe. Unless you purchase all your perishables on a daily basis you will need a refrigerator.

Most refrigerators have a built-in freezer. Freezers are great for preserving food for a longer
time. Unless you are feeding a small army or like making all your food in advance you will not
need a very large freezer. I find that when you do have the extra space you tend to forget what
you purchased as it gets buried somewhere in the vastness of your appliance.

However, a freezer can be very useful. Especially for time management. Many meals on this
website will freeze beautifully so you can make them in advance and have them ready when you
are. And, of course, there is an advantage to not having to go to the grocery store and purchase
things like meat or fish every time you want to have some.

Sieves & Strainers – You will need at least one of these for sifting dry ingredients when baking,
straining sauces and soups, removing impurities from food and draining pasta. Make sure you
have a sturdy metal one for using with hot liquids.

Stove — Unless you are on a raw food diet, you will need a stove to cook your meals. Or, at the
very least, electric pans and pots. One can’t always pick the type of stove that one has to use but
if I have my rathers I always go for a gas stove.

Stoves come in all sizes.

Spatula – Perhaps the most useful spatula you will find is a chef’s spatula. It is elongated and
has three long air vents. These are also known as fish spatulas. They are great for flipping meats
and pancakes. They are not expensive and are a great tool. However, if you cannot find one, or
do not want to buy one, it is essential that you have a good, large grip spatula in your kitchen to
flip foods without destroying them.

Tongs– Although these are not really essential, a good pair of tongs will not cost much and are
great for everything from cooking meats to tossing salads.

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Vegetable Peeler – These little peelers are used to peel the skin of vegetables and fruits. They
work better than a knife because, if used properly, you will only remove the peel and not a bunch
of the flesh. They are also safer to use.

Whisks – I think every kitchen should have at least one whisk. Whisk are essential to make
sauces, salad dressings, scrambled eggs, pancakes, cakes, muffins, cookies, mashed potatoes and
everything else that needs to be beat, blended and whipped. Whisks are not expensive items and
they will last for a long time.

Lesson 2: Basic Types of Vegetable Chopping

The most basic things matter, and mastery of the types of cuts is one of the most important steps
in becoming a cook.

Knowing how to do basic cuts can enhance your overall performance in the kitchen. It improves
your prepping speed, as you don’t have to do too much thinking and envisioning before pushing
your knife down.

When the materials are cut properly, they’re more likely to be cooked evenly to the desired
degree of doneness. Uniformity in the shape and size of the veggies also makes the dishes much
more aesthetically desirable.

With that in mind, equip yourself with a good chef knife or a santoku (oh yes, the type of the
knives used matters too!), and let’s take a look at the most popular cuts and how to perform
them.

  Basic types of cuts  

Measurements Strip Dice

3/4 in x 3/4 in x 3/4 in Carré

1/2 in x 1/2 in x 1/2 in Parmentier

Bâtonnet Macédoine
1/4 in x 1/4 in x 2-2.5 in

1/8 in × 1/8 in × 2 in Julienne Brunoise

1/16 in × 1/16 in × 2 in Fine Julienne Fine Brunoise

1/2 in x 1/2 in x 1/8 in Paysanne

1/8 in Chiffonade

Basic Types of Strip Cuts

Batonnet

Bâtonnet, pronounced bah-tow-nay, is a French word that

means “little sticks”. And that’s exactly what you’re

85
supposed to produce – the Batonnet refers to cuts of 1/4 inch x 1/4 inch x 2-2.5 inches (6mm x
6mm x 5–6 cm) batons. This is one of the most basic cuts in French cuisine.

Steps to perform the basic Batonnet cut:

1. Get a knife, preferably a sharp chef’s knife.

2. Remove both ends of the object you’re batonneting, be it a carrot, a cucumber, or a beetroot.
(Let’s hope it’s not a ripe tomato you’re practicing the technique on.) Cut it into 2 inches long
portions.
3. Cut the sides of each portion until it becomes a rectangular shape.
4. Cut those pieces into 1/4 inch slabs.
5. Cut the slabs lengthwise into 1/4 inch strips.

Note: Try to not let the guilt of producing so much waste affect your cuts. You can always
collect the unused materials for other dishes, or run them through a juicer if they’re juiceable!

Julienne (or Allumette if it’s a potato)

The measurement for julienne (pronounced joo-lee-en) is 1/8
inch × 1/8 inch × 2 inches (3mm × 3mm × 5 cm). The
Julienne can be achieved by cutting the Batonnet lengthwise
into 4 equal square sticks, and then into 2 crosswise.

Fine Julienne

Measured 1/16 inch × 1/16 inch × 2 inches (1.5mm x 1.5mm x

5cm), the fine julienne can be make by cutting a normal
julienne into 4 equal sticks lengthwise. But of course it’d be
easier to make it from thin slabs rather than sticks.

Cube cuts
Carré (Large dice)
This cut features cubes with 6 even sides
measuring approximately ¾ inch (2 cm).

How to do the Carre cut properly:

1. Perform topping and tailing on the object

(carrot/potato/ect). Cut the sides so it becomes
a rectangular shape.
2. Cut it into slabs measuring  ¾ inch in
thickness.
3. Cut the slabs lengthwise so they become sticks
measuring ¾ inch x ¾ inch in depth and width.
4. Cut the sticks into ¾ inch x ¾ inch¾ inch
cubes.

Parmentier (Medium dice)

These cubes measure approximately ½ inch x ½ inch x ½ inch
(1.25 cm each).

The Parmentier can be made in the same way as the Carré,

except with smaller measurements.

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Macédoine (Small dice)
The measurements for this cut is ¼ inch (6mm) x ¼ inch x
¼ inch. Cut the Batonnet and you’ll get this

Brunoise

Little cubes measuring 1/8 inch (3mm). They can be made from the Julienne.

Fine brunoise
1/16 inch (1.5mm) for width, depth, and length alike. Do the Fine
Julienne, and cut the sticks into these little cubes. You will need a
thin and extremely sharp chef’s knife to do this cut! (Reading
more: How To Sharpen a Knife)

Other cuts
Paysanne
The Paysanne is a more informal French cut. Basically, you
cut the veggies/fruits/roots with a measurement of about 1/2
inch x 1/2 inch x 1/8 inch in mind, but the shape is decided
according to the shape of the object itself.

Chiffonade
This is a technique with which you cut herbs or leaves into
long, thin strips (ribbons).

How to Chiffonade:

1. Gather the leaves or herbs into a stack. Put larger ones at the
bottom and smaller ones on top. According to Wikihow, you
can have about 8 to 10 small leaves (basil, catnip, lemon balm,
ect) or 3 to 4 large leaves (lettuce) at a time.
2. If the leaves are large enough, roll them into a cigar shape.
3. Slice the roll into thin strips of about ⅛ inch (.3 cm) in width.

Lesson 3: Types of Meals

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Types of meals
3 main meals of the day

 Breakfast – eaten within an hour or two after a person wakes in the morning.[5] (Index)
o Full breakfast –
o Midnight breakfast –
 Lunch – eaten around mid-day, usually between 11 am and 3 pm. In some areas, the
name for this meal depends on its content.[6]
o Box lunch – Lunch that is packed in a box
 Dinner – eaten in the evening. In some areas, the name for this meal depends on its
content, but many English-speakers use "supper" for this meal regardless of size.[7]
o Dinner party –
o Full course dinner – in its simplest form, it can consist of three or four courses,
such as soup, salad, meat and dessert. In formal dining, a full course dinner can consist
of many courses, and in some instances the courses are carefully planned to complement
each other gastronomically.
Types of meals, in the order served throughout the day

A Swedish smörgåsbord buffet

A dabbawala in Mumbai with meals packed in tiffin carriers

 Suhur – meal consumed before dawn by Muslims prior to fasting during or outside

the Islamic month of Ramadan.
 Breakfast – meal eaten in the morning, usually before 10:00 AM. Later meals can involve
breakfast food but are usually not considered breakfast.[8]
 Second breakfast – small meal eaten after breakfast, but before lunch. It is traditional in
Bavaria, in Poland, and in Hungary. In Bavaria or Poland, special dishes are made
exclusively to be eaten during second breakfast. In Vienna and most other parts of Austria
the second breakfast is referred to as Jause.[9]
o Tiffin – second breakfast or light lunch,[10] most commonly in India. "Tiffin" can
also refer to boxed or packaged lunches that are delivered by dabbawalas in Mumbai to
workers in the city.[11]
 Brunch – combination of breakfast and lunch eaten usually during the late morning but it
can extend to as late as 3 pm.[12][13] The word is a portmanteau of breakfast and lunch.[14] It is
usually larger than a breakfast and usually replacing both breakfast and lunch; it is most
common on Sundays. Brunch originated in England in the late 1800s, and in the 1930s
became popular in the United States.[15]
 Elevenses (also called "morning tea") – light snack[16] and drink taken in the late morning
after breakfast and before lunch.
 Lunch – midday meal[17] of varying size depending on the culture. The origin of the
words lunch and luncheon relate to a small meal originally eaten at any time of the day or

88
night, but during the 20th century gradually focused toward a small or mid-sized meal eaten
at midday. Lunch is the second meal of the day after breakfast. Luncheon is now considered
a formal lunch.[18]

Typical south Indian Andhra style combo meal, India

Tea – any of several different meals or mealtimes, depending on a country's customs and its
history of drinking tea. However, in those countries where the term's use is common, the
influences are generally those of the former British Empire (now the Commonwealth of
Nations). Tea as a meal can be small or large.

 Afternoon tea – mid-afternoon meal, typically taken at 4 pm, consisting of light fare
such as small sandwiches, individual cakes and scones with tea.[19]

Ceramic meal in a Ming Dynasty burial figurine table

 High tea – British meal usually eaten in the early evening.[19]

 Linner/Lupper - More jargon than historical. Linner is a late lunch or almost dinner
meal. The name comes in reference to brunch, being a combination of the words
"lunch" and "dinner" or "Supper"[20].
 Dinner – most significant and important meal of the day, which can replace either
lunch, high tea, or supper. However, the term "dinner" can have many different
meanings depending on the culture; it may mean a meal of any size eaten at any time
of day.[21] Historically, in British culture, dinner was taken at midday for children and
manual workers; in the early evening for office workers; and in the late evening by
the wealthier elements of society. During the latter half of the 20th century there has
been a cultural shift towards everyone having the main meal in the late evening. The
meaning as the evening meal, now generally the largest of the day, is becoming
standard in most parts of the English-speaking world.
 Supper – light meal eaten in the late evening; as early as 7pm or as late as midnight.
Usually eaten when the main meal of the day is taken at lunchtime or high tea.
 Siu yeh – late-night or overnight meal usually after dinner, may start anywhere from
9 PM onwards to 4 AM. It is popular in Hong Kong, Taiwan, and some parts
of southern mainland China.

-COLEGIO DE SAN ANTONIO DE PADUA

COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION
Sands Campus, Danao City, Cebu
www.CSAP.edu.ph
1ST Semester- S.Y. 2020-2021

89
 Module VI Learning Activities
Name: ____________________Course, Yr. & Sec: ____________ Date: ________ Score: ____
Summary of scores:
Activity I- _____
Activity II- _____
Activity III - _____

Activity 1. List at least five (5) different kinds of kitchen utensils you can find at home and cite

its uses .

Activity 2. Research another two (2) method of cutting vegetables write the information below.

Activity 3.Create your own breakfast recipe and write the ingredients and procedures here.

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 COLEGIO DE SAN ANTONIO DE PADUA
COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION
Sands Campus, Danao City, Cebu
www.CSAP.edu.ph
1ST Semester- S.Y. 2020-2021
Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan
Module VI Self- Assessment

Name: ____________________Course, Yr. & Sec: ____________ Date: ________ Score: ____

Reflection Figure
Instructions: Indicate the things you have learned in this lesson (knowledge); the things you have
realized and appreciated (values), and the things you have discovered and wanted to do more
(skills).

Things I have learned (Knowledge)

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Things I have discovered and wanted more (Skills)

Things I have realized and discovered (Values)

References:

https://thefrugalchef.com/2014/02/kitchen-tools-and-equipment/

https://healthykitchen101.com/types-of-cuts/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_meals

COLEGIO DE SAN ANTONIO DE PADUA

COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION
Sands Campus, Danao City, Cebu
www.CSAP.edu.ph
1ST Semester- S.Y. 2020-2021
Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan
Module VI Summative Exam

Name: ____________________Course, Yr. & Sec: ____________ Date: ________ Score: ____

I. Based on the recipe that you have created in Activity 3. Apply the recipe that you have created
by making a breakfast. Send a video while creating your dish.

Send the video via Messenger, Google Classroom or email at meowriyax@gmail.com

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