CHAPTER -8

MOTION
Introduction
• Motion is defined as the change of position of an object with time,
with respect to its surroundings.
• An object is at Rest when the position of the object does not change
with time, with respect to its surroundings.
Describing Motion
• A moving train is in motion because its position changes with time.
Now, consider a person sitting in the train. For someone standing on the platform,
the person sitting in the train is in motion.
• But for the co- passengers, the person is at rest as the position of the person
does not change with time.
Hence, we need to consider the surroundings or the point of observation while
describing the state of motion of an object. The surroundings is called reference
point or origin.
Types of Motion
It can be broadly classified into three main categories:
1. Translatory motion- It is the motion of a particle in a straight line.
Examples: A bus travelling on a straight road and an apple falling from
a tree are of this kind of motion.
2. Rotational motion- It refers to the motion of a body around a fixed
axis.
Examples: A spinning top, a bead moving on a circular track and Earth’s
rotation are of this kind of motion.
3. Periodic motion – It refers to the motion that is repeated in a regular
interval of time.
Examples: An oscillating spring and the motion of a planet around the
sun illustrate this type of motion.
Uniform and Non uniform Motion
i) Uniform motion :- If a body travels equal distances in equal intervals
of time, it is said to be in uniform motion.
Examples:
• The movement of clock’s hand.
• Movement of pendulum.
• Ball pushed in free space will continue to move uniformly, covering
equal distances in equal intervals of time along a straight path.
ii) Non uniform motion :- If a body travels unequal distances in equal
intervals of time, it is said to be in non uniform motion.
Examples:
• A movement of a asteroid.
• Bouncing of ball
• Ball thrown vertically upward. Its direction of motion changes with
time. Also, it covers unequal distances in regular intervals of time.
Physical Quantities
Physical Quantities can be classified in into two types:-
Scalar Quantities and Vector Quantities
Scalar Quantities - If a physical quantity can be completely described only by its
magnitude, then it is a scalar quantity.

Vector Quantities- There are some physical quantities that cannot be completely
described only by their magnitudes. These physical quantities require direction along
with magnitude.
The two physical quantities which describes the overall motion of the
object are distance and displacement.
• Distance - It is the length of the path or the path length travelled by a body
while moving from an initial position to a final position. It is a scalar quantity.
Its SI unit is meter (m). Therefore, only magnitude is important, not the
direction of movement. (Implies that path length can never be negative)

• Displacement- It is the shortest distance between the initial and final

positions of the body. It is a vector quantity. Its SI unit is also meter (m). In
displacement, the direction of motion is always directed from the initial
position toward the final position.
Speed
Speed is defined as the rate of distance covered by a body.
Mathematically, speed is given as:

• If a body travels a distance d in time t then its speed v is s= d / t

• The SI unit of speed is meter per second m/s or ms^-1 .
• Since speed has only magnitude it is a scalar quantity.
Average speed
A body travelling from one location to another might stop, slow down, speed up or
move at a constant speed Hence there is no continuous motion at regular interval of
time, During these cases average speed over a journey is found.
• It is the ratio of the total distance travelled by the object to the total time taken over a
journey.
Mathematically, average speed is given as:
Velocity
• Velocity is speed with direction.
• Velocity is defined as the rate of change of displacement.
• It is a vector quantity.

Average velocity
• A body moving from one point to another may change its velocity a number of times, but it will
have an average velocity over its journey.
• Average velocity of a body is defined as the net displacement divided by the total time of travel.
• It is a vector quantity. Its SI unit is m/s and it can be positive, negative or zero.
• Average velocity is also the mean of the initial velocity u and final velocity v.
• Average velocity= (initial velocity + finial velocity)/2
or
(u+v)/2
• Speed and velocity have the same units m/s
Let’s try
Acceleration
• Acceleration is defined as the rate of change of velocity.
• It is a vector quantity and its direction is given by the direction of the force causing
the acceleration.
• The SI unit of acceleration is ms ^- 2

Suppose the velocity of a car is u at time t1. Later, at time t2, its velocity becomes v.
Change in velocity = v − u during the time interval = t2 − t1
Mathematically, acceleration is given as:
Uniform and Non Uniform Acceleration:
• If the rate of change of velocity remains constant, then the acceleration is uniform.
Examples:
• Ball under free fall
• A ball rolling on an inclined plane and a
• Car accelerating on a straight, traffic-free road.

• If the rate of change of velocity changes with time, then the acceleration is non-uniform.
Examples: of non-uniform acceleration is a car accelerating on a straight road during traffic.
V-T graph v/s D-T graph
Let’s try
1. The velocity-time graph shows the motion of a
cyclist. Find
(i) its acceleration
(ii) its velocity
(iii) the distance covered by the cyclist in 15 seconds

Answer:
(i)We can see from the graph that velocity is not changing So, acceleration is equal to zero.
(ii) By Reading the graph, velocity = 20 m/s
(iii) Distance covered in 15 seconds,
s=v×t
=20×15=300 m
2. A toy car accelerates from 3 m/s to 5 m/s in 5 s. What is its acceleration?
Answer:
Given: Initial Velocity u = 3 m/s,
Final Velocity v = 5m/s,
Time taken t = 5s.

3. What acceleration is needed to accelerate a car from 36 km/h to 72 km/h in 25 seconds?

Answer:

The initial velocity is 36 km/h and the final velocity is 72 km/h, hence

36 km/h = 36 * 1000 m / 3600 s = 10 m/s

 4. Study the speed-time graph of a body given here and
answer the following questions:

(a) What type of motion is represented by OA?

(b) What type of motion is represented by AB?
(c) What type of motion is represented by BC?
(d) Find out the acceleration of the body.
(e) Calculate the retardation of the body.
(f) Find out the distance travelled by the body from A to B
(a) OA is a straight line graph between speed and time, and it is sloping upward from O to A.
Therefore, the graph line OA represents uniform acceleration.

(b) AB is a straight line graph between speed and time, which is parallel to the time axis (x-axis).
So, AB represents uniform speed. There is no acceleration from A to B.

(c) BC is a straight line graph between speed and time which is sloping downwards from B to C. Therefore,
BC represents uniform retardation or negative acceleration.

(d) Acceleration of the body as we see from graph line OA represents it. So, the slope of velocity-time graph
OA will give the acceleration of the body. Thus,
Acceleration = Slope of line OA = AD/OD
We have, AD = 6 m/s, and OD = 4 s
acceleration = 6m/s/ 4s = 1.5 m/s2
(e) The slope of line graph BC represents the retardation of the body.
So, retardation = Slope of line BC = BE/EC
We have, BE = 6m/s, EC = 16 – 10 = 6s
Retardation = 6m/s/ 4s = -1.5m/s2

(f) Distance travelled from A to B = Area under the line AB and the time axis
= Area of rectangle DABE = DA × DE
Here, DA = 6 m/s and DE = 10 – 4 = 6 s
Distance travelled from A to B = 6 × 6 = 36m

5. The graph given below shows the positions of a body at different

times. Calculate the speed of the body as it moves from

(i) A to B
(ii) B to C and
(iii) C to D.
Answer:
(i) The distance-time graph represents the line AB which shows the speed of the body. So,
Speed = Distance /Time
=3cm/ (5−2)s = 1 cm/s

(ii) The distance-time graph shows that the body is at rest between graph line B to C, it means no
movement. So speed is zero i.e.,
Speed = Distance /Time
=0/ (7−5)s=0/ 2s = 0

(iii) The distance-time graph represents the line CD which shows the speed of the body.
Speed = Distance / Time
=(7−3)cm/(9−7)s
=4cm/2s
= 2 cm/s
 Let’s poLL
1. Which speed is greater: 30 m/s or 30 km/h?
A 30 m/s B 30 km/h

2. Can uniform linear motion be accelerated?

A YES B NO
3. Can the displacement be greater than the distance travelled by an object?
A YES B NO

4. Does the speedometer of a car measure its average speed?

A YES B NO
5. A object moves with uniform positive acceleration. Its velocity-time graph will be
(a) A straight line parallel to the time axis
(b) A straight line inclined at an obtuse angle to the time axis
(c) A straight line inclined at an acute angle to the time axis
(d) None of these.
 Answer
1. 30 m/s
2. No
3. No, it is always either equal to or less than the distance travelled by the object .
4. No. It measures its instantaneous speed.
5. Answer is (c)
 EQUATIONS OF MOTION
➢ Relates the quantities which describe the motion of an object.
Three kinematic equations are- • Displacement - s
1. 𝒗 = 𝒖 + 𝒂𝒕 • Initial velocity - u
𝟏
2. 𝒔= 𝒖𝒕 + 𝒂𝒕𝟐 • Final velocity - v
𝟐
3. 𝒗𝟐 − 𝒖𝟐 = 𝟐𝒂𝒔 • Acceleration - a
RECAPITULATION • Time taken -t
Distance – time graph Velocity – time graph

𝒚𝟐 −𝒚𝟏
Slope = = acceleration
𝒚𝟐 −𝒚𝟏 𝒙𝟐 −𝒙𝟏
Slope = = speed
𝒙𝟐 −𝒙𝟏
Area under the curve = distance travelled
First equation of Motion
Let the initial velocity of the object = u
Let the object is moving with uniform acceleration, a.
Now, from the graph,
BE = AB + AE
OC = CD + OD (Since, BE = OC, AB = CD, AE = OD

⇒ 𝑣 = 𝐶𝐷 + 𝑢 (Since, OD = u)
⇒ CD = 𝑣 − 𝑢 -----(i)
Change in velocity
Now, Acceleration (a) =
Time taken
𝑂𝐶 −𝑂𝐷
⇒ 𝑎=
𝑡
𝐶𝐷
⇒𝑎 =
𝑡
⇒ 𝑎𝑡 = 𝐶𝐷 -----(ii)

By substituting the value of CD from (ii) in (i) we get

𝑣 = 𝑎𝑡 + 𝑢 or Equation for Velocity-Time relation

𝒗 = 𝒖 + 𝒂𝒕
Numerical 1

Ques. A train starting from rest attains a velocity of 72 km h–1 in 5 minutes.

Assuming that the acceleration is uniform, find the acceleration.
Solution

Given u = 0
v = 72 km h–1 = 20 m s-1
t = 5 minutes = 300 s

From first equation of motion *Recall

𝒗 = 𝒖 + 𝒂𝒕
5
1 kmph = m/s
𝑣−𝑢 18
⇒ 𝑎=
𝑡 5
⇒ 72 kmph = 72 X m/s = 20 m/s
18
20−0 1
⇒. 𝑎 = = ms-2
300 15

The acceleration of the train is 1 / 15 m s– 2

Numerical 2
Ques. A bus starting from rest moves with a uniform acceleration of 0.1 m s-2 for 2 minutes. Find
the speed acquired.

Solution

Given. u = 0 m/s
a = 0.1 m/s²
t = 2 minutes = 120 s

From First equation of motion

𝒗 = 𝒖 + 𝒂𝒕
⇒ 𝒗 = 0 + 0.1 (120)
⇒ 𝒗 = 12 m/s

The speed acquired by bus is 12m/s

 Practice questions
1. Derive the equation of motion v = u +at, using graphical method.

2. The brakes are applied to a car to produce an acceleration of 6 m/s2 in the direction
opposite to the motion. If the car takes 2s to stop after the application of brakes,
calculate the initial velocity.

3. A ball hits a wall horizontally at 6m/s. It rebounds horizontally at 4.4m/s. The ball is in
contact with the wall for 0.04s. What is the acceleration of the ball?

4. A body starts to slide over a horizontal surface with an initial velocity of 0.5m/s . Due
to friction, its velocity decreases at the rate 0.05 m/s2. . How much time will it take
for a body to stop?
 Second equation of motion
Let us consider that the object has travelled a distance s in time t under
uniform acceleration a.
Distance covered by the object in the given time ‘t’ is given by the area of
the trapezium ABDOE
Distance (s) = area of trapezium ABDOE
⇒ Distance (s) = (Area rectangle of ADOE) + (Area of △ABD)
1
⇒ 𝑠 = 𝑂𝐷 𝑋 𝑂𝐸 + 𝑋 𝐴𝐵 𝑋 𝐴𝐷
2
1
⇒𝑠 = 𝑢 𝑋 𝑡 + 𝑋 𝐷𝐶 𝑋 𝐴𝐷
2
1
⇒𝑠 = 𝑢 𝑋 𝑡 + 𝑋 𝑎𝑡 𝑋 𝑡
2

𝟏
⇒𝒔= 𝒖𝒕 + 𝒂𝒕𝟐
𝟐

Equation for position-time relation

Numerical 1
*Recall
Ques. A car accelerates uniformly from 18 km h–1 to 36 km h–1 in 5 s.
Calculate 5
1 kmph = m/s
(i) the acceleration and 18
(ii) the distance covered by the car in that time. 5
Solution ⇒18 kmph = 18 X m/s = 5 m/s
18
Given 5
⇒36 kmph = 36 X m/s = 10 m/s
u = 18 km h–1 = 5 m s–1 18

v = 36 km h–1 = 10 m s–1
t = 5s. From second equation of motion
From first equation of motion
𝟏 𝟐
𝒗 = 𝒖 + 𝒂𝒕 𝒔 = 𝒖 𝒕 + 𝒂𝒕
𝑣−𝑢 𝟐
1
⇒ 𝑎= ⇒ 𝑠 = 5𝑋 5 + 1 𝑋 52
𝑡 2
10 − 5 ⇒ 𝑠 = 25 + 12.5
⇒ 𝑎=
5 ⇒ 𝑠 = 37.5 𝑚
⇒ 𝑎 = 1 𝑚/𝑠2

The acceleration of the car is 1 m s–2 and the distance covered is 37.5 m.
Numerical 2
Ques. A train is travelling at a speed of 90 km h–1. Brakes are applied so as to produce a uniform acceleration
of – 0.5 m s-2. Find how far the train will go before it is brought to rest.

Solution Given,
5
u = 90 km/h = 90 × = 25
18
m/s
a = – 0.5 m/s²
v = 0 m/s
From first equation of motion, From second equation of motion,
𝟏
𝒗 = 𝒖 + 𝒂𝒕 ⇒ 𝒔 = 𝒖 𝒕 + 𝒂𝒕𝟐
𝟐
⇒ 0 = 25 − 0.5 𝑡 Where S is distance travelled before stop
⇒ 0 = 25 - 0.5t
⇒ 25 = 0.5t ⇒ 𝑠 = 1250 − 625
⇒. t = 50 s ⇒ 𝒔 = 𝟔𝟐𝟓 𝒎

Hence, distance travelled is 625m and time taken is 50 s

Practice questions

1. An airplane accelerates down a runway at 3.20 m/s2 for 32.8 s until is finally lifts
off the ground. Determine the distance travelled before take off.

2. The brakes are applied to a car to produce an acceleration of 6 m/s 2 in the direction
opposite to the motion. If the car takes 2s to stop after the application of brakes, calculate the
distance it travels during this time.

3. A car starts from rest and moves along the x-axis with constant acceleration of 5 m/s2 for 8
seconds. If it then continues with constant velocity, what distance will the car cover in 12 seconds
since it started from the rest?
Third equation of motion
The distance covered by the object moving with uniform
acceleration is given by the area of trapezium ABDO
Therefore, Distance = Area of trapezium ABDOE
1
⇒ Distance 𝑠 = 𝑂𝐷 + 𝐵𝐸 𝑋 𝑂𝐸
2
1 O D
⇒ Distance 𝑠 = 𝑢+𝑣 𝑋𝑡 -----(i)
2 a= u
From first equation of motion,
𝑣−𝑢
𝑣 = 𝑢 + 𝑎𝑡 ⇒ 𝑡= -----(ii)
𝑎 h=t

By substituting the value of t from (ii) in (i) we get

1 (𝑣 −𝑢) b=v
⇒ Distance 𝑠 = 𝑢+𝑣 𝑋 E B
2 𝑎
1
⇒ Distance 𝑠 = 𝑣 2 − 𝑢2 /𝑎
2
⇒ 2𝑎𝑠 = 𝑣 − 𝑢2 2
OR 𝒗𝟐 − 𝒖𝟐 = 𝟐𝒂𝒔 EQUATION FOR POSITION–VELOCITY RELATION
Numerical 1
Ques. A cyclist is travelling at 15 m s−1. She applies brakes so that she does not collide with a
wall 18 m away. What deceleration must she have?

Solution
Given, Initial velocity, (u) = 15 m/s
Final velocity, (v) = 0 m/s
Distance travelled, (s) = 18 m
Let the acceleration be (a)
From third equation of motion,
𝑣 2 − 𝑢2 = 2𝑎𝑠
⇒ a = 𝑣 2 − 𝑢2 /2𝑠

⇒ a = 02 − 152 /2𝑋18
225
⇒ a=− = −6.25 𝑚/𝑠2
36 Hence cyclist produced a deceleration of 6.25
m/s2
Numerical 2
Ques. A car is travelling along the road at 8 m s−1. It accelerates at 1 m s−2 for a
distance of 18 m. How fast is it then travelling?
Solution Given, Initial velocity, (u) = 8 m/s
Acceleration, (a) = 1 m/s2
Distance, (s) = 18 m
Final velocity (v) =
From third equation of motion,
𝑣 2 − 𝑢2 = 2𝑎𝑠 ⇒ 𝑣 2 = 𝑢2 + 2𝑎𝑠
⇒ 𝑣 = 𝑢2 + 2𝑎𝑠

⇒ 𝑣 = 82 + 2 𝑋 1 𝑋 16
⇒ 𝑣 = 64 + 36
⇒ 𝑣 = 100
⇒ 𝑣 = 10 𝑚/𝑠
 Practice questions

1. A car traveling at 22.4 m/s skids to a stop in 2.55 s. Determine the

skidding distance of the car. (assume uniform acceleration).

2. A bike accelerates uniformly from rest to a speed of 7.10 m/s over a distance of 35.4 m.
Determine the acceleration of the bike.

3. A scooter moving with a speed of 10m/sec is stopped by applying brakes which produce
uniform acceleration of -0.05m/sec. How much distance will it cover before it stops?
 Uniform Circular Motion
• Circular motion A body is said to be in circular motion when it rotates about a fix point.
• In circular motion, the velocity can never be constant, but the speed of the moving body can be
constant.
• A body moving in a circular path at a constant speed is said to be in uniform circular motion.
• The circumference of a circle of radius r is given by 2лr.
• If a body takes time t to go once around the circular path,
then the velocity v is given by v = 2лr/t Example
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 =
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 =
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑
2π 𝑟
v =
➢ Centripetal force 𝑇

• keep an object moving in a circular path

• directed toward the centre.
• Derived from Latin words centrum for "centre"
and petere, meaning "to seek."
Motion of an athlete along closed tracks of different shapes
Qn : What would happen to the shape of the
track as we Go on increasing the number of
sides indefinitely?

ANS: At one point u will notice that the shape

of the track approaches the shape of a circle
and the length of each of the sides will
decrease to a point.

• If the athlete moves with a velocity of

constant magnitude along the circular
path, the only change in his velocity is due
to the change in direction of motion ,
therefore this is an example for
accelerated motion along circular path.
Direction of velocity
✓ constantly changing

✓ Towards the tangent at particular instant

Difference between Uniform Motion and Uniform Circular Motion

Uniform Linear motion: Uniform circular motion:

In uniform linear motion , object travels in In uniform circular motion, body moves in
straight line circular path

SPEED is constant , VELOCITY is constant SPEED is constant but VELOCITY changes

every point.

Acceleration is zero. Motion is said to be accelerated.

Numerical
If the radius of the dial of the clock be 10.5 cm, calculate the speed of the tip of the seconds' hand of the
clock. (Given π=22/7)

Solution: Given, Time period (T) = 60s

Radius (r) = 10.5 cm =
0.105m
speed =
v =
2π 𝑟
𝑇 2 𝑋 22 𝑋 0.105
v = 7 𝑋 60

v =
0.01 𝑚/𝑠
Speed of the tip of seconds’ hand of the clock is 0.01 m/s.
Practice Questions
1. (a) Differentiate between uniform linear and uniform circular motion.
(b) Write any four examples of uniform circular motion.
(c) Is uniform circular motion accelerated motion?

2. An artificial satellite is moving in a circular orbit of radius 42.250 km (approx).

Calculate its linear velocity if takes 24 hour to revolve around earth.?

3. Give an example of an motion where an object does not its speed but its velocity
changes continuously.