2 - Object-Oriented Design
2 - Object-Oriented Design
2 - Object-Oriented Design
2019-2020
Engr. Mariscel Lived De Guzman
• To explain how a software design may be represented as a set
of interacting objects that manage their own state and
operations
• To describe the activities in the object-oriented design process
• To introduce various models that can be used to describe an
object-oriented design
• To show how the UML may be used to represent these models
• Objects and object classes
• An object-oriented design process
• Design evolution
• Object-oriented analysis, design and programming are related
but distinct.
• OOA is concerned with developing an object model of the
application domain.
• OOD is concerned with developing an object-oriented system
model to implement requirements.
• OOP is concerned with realising an OOD using an OO
programming language such as Java or C++.
• Objects are abstractions of real-world or system entities and
manage themselves.
• Objects are independent and encapsulate state and
representation information.
• System functionality is expressed in terms of object services.
• Shared data areas are eliminated. Objects
communicate by message passing.
• Objects may be distributed and may execute
sequentially or in parallel.
• Easier maintenance. Objects may be
understood as stand-alone entities.
• Objects are potentially reusable components.
• For some systems, there may be an obvious
mapping from real world entities to system
objects.
• Objects are entities in a software system which represent
instances of real-world and system entities.
• Object classes are templates for objects. They may be used to
create objects.
• Object classes may inherit attributes and services from other
object classes.
An object is an entity that has a state and a defined set of
operations which operate on that state. The state is represented as a
set of object attributes. The operations associated with the object
provide services to other objects (clients) which request these
services when some computation is required.
name: string
address: string
dateOfBir th: Date
employ eeNo: integer
socialSecurity No: string
depar tment: Dept
manager: Employ ee
salar y : integer
status: {current, left, retired}
taxCode: integer
. ..
join ()
leave ()
retire ()
changeDetails ()
• Conceptually, objects communicate by
message passing.
• Messages
• The name of the service requested by the calling object;
• Copies of the information required to execute the service
and the name of a holder for the result of the service.
• In practice, messages are often implemented
by procedure calls
• Name = procedure name;
• Information = parameter list.
// Call a method associated with a buffer
// object that returns the next value
// in the buffer
v = circularBuffer.Get () ;
budgetsControlled project
progLanguages
dateAppointed
is-managed-by
manages
Manager
• The nature of objects as self-contained entities make them
suitable for concurrent
implementation.
• The message-passing model of object
communication can be implemented directly if objects are
running on separate processors in a distributed system.
• Servers.
• The object is implemented as a parallel process (server)
with entry points corresponding to object operations. If no
calls are made to it, the object suspends itself and waits for further
requests for service.
• Active objects
• Objects are implemented as parallel processes and the
internal object state may be changed by the object itself and not simply
by external calls.
• Active objects may have their attributes modified by operations
but may also update them autonomously using internal
operations.
• A Transponder object broadcasts an aircraft’s position. The
position may be updated using a satellite positioning system.
The object periodically update the position by triangulation
from satellites.
class Transponder extends Thread {
Position currentPosition ;
Coords c1, c2 ;
Satellite sat1, sat2 ;
Navigator theNavigator ;
} //Transponder
• Threads in Java are a simple construct for implementing
concurrent objects.
• Threads must include a method called run() and this is started
up by the Java run-time system.
• Active objects typically include an infinite loop so that they are
always carrying out the computation.
• Structured design processes involve developing a number of
different system models.
• They require a lot of effort for development and maintenance
of these models and, for small systems, this may not be cost-
effective.
• However, for large systems developed by different groups
design models are an essential communication mechanism.
• Highlights key activities without being tied to any proprietary
process such as the RUP.
• Define the context and modes of use of the system;
• Design the system architecture;
• Identify the principal system objects;
• Develop design models;
• Specify object interfaces.
A weather mapping system is required to generate weather maps on a
regular basis using data collected from remote, unattended weather stations
and other data sources such as weather observers, balloons and satellites.
Weather stations transmit their data to the area computer in response to a
request from that machine.
The area computer system validates the collected data and integrates it with
the data from different sources. The integrated data is archived and, using
data from this archive and a digitised map database a set of local weather
maps is created. Maps may be printed for distribution on a special-purpose
map printer or may be displayed in a number of different formats.
• Develop an understanding of the relationships between the
software being designed and its external environment
• System context
• A static model that describes other systems in the environment. Use a
subsystem model to show other systems. Following slide shows the systems
around the weather station system.
• Model of system use
• A dynamic model that describes how the system interacts with its
environment. Use use-cases to show interactions
Data display layer where objectsare
concerned with preparing and
« subsy stem» presenting the data in a human-
Data display readable form
Observer Satellite
User
User Map
inter
interface
face display
Comms
Weather Map
station Balloon Map printer
Data
Data
Data Data storage
storage
checking integ ration
Map store Data store
• Use-case models are used to represent each interaction with the
system.
• A use-case model shows the system features as ellipses and the
interacting entity as a stick figure.
Star tup
Shutdown
Repor t
Calibrate
Test
System Weather station
Use-case Report
Actors Weather data collection system, Weather station
Data The weather station sends a summary of the weather data that has been
collected from the instruments in the collection period to the weather data
collection system. The data sent are the maximum minimum and average
ground and air temperatures, the maximum, minimum and av erage air
pressures, the maximum, minimum and average wind speeds, the total
rainfall and the wind direction as sampled at 5 minute intervals.
Stimulus The weather data collection system establishes a modem link with the
weather station and requests transmission of the data.
Response The summarised data is sent to the weather data collection system
Comments Weather stations are usually asked to report once per hour but this
frequency may differ from one station to the other and may be modified in
future.
• Once interactions between the system and its environment have
been understood, you use this information for designing the
system architecture.
• A layered architecture as discussed in Chapter 11 is
appropriate for the weather station
• Interface layer for handling communications;
• Data collection layer for managing instruments;
• Instruments layer for collecting data.
• There should normally be no more than 7 entities in an
architectural model.
• Identifying objects (or object classes) is the most difficult part of
object oriented design.
• There is no 'magic formula' for object identification. It relies on
the skill, experience
and domain knowledge of system designers.
• Object identification is an iterative process. You are unlikely to
get it right first time.
• Use a grammatical approach based on a natural language
description of the system (used in Hood OOD method).
• Base the identification on tangible things in the application
domain.
• Use a behavioural approach and identify objects based on
what participates in what behaviour.
• Use a scenario-based analysis. The objects, attributes and
methods in each scenario are identified.
A weather station is a package of software controlled instruments
which collects data, performs some data processing and transmits
this data for further processing. The instruments include air and
ground thermometers, an anemometer, a wind vane, a barometer
and a rain gauge. Data is collected periodically.
CommsController WeatherData
Instrument
WeatherStation Status
« subsy stem»
Instruments
Air
thermometer RainGauge Anemometer
Ground
thermometer Barometer WindVane
• Sequence models show the sequence of object interactions that
take place
• Objects are arranged horizontally across the top;
• Time is represented vertically so models are read top to bottom;
• Interactions are represented by labelled arrows, Different styles of arrow
represent different types of interaction;
• A thin rectangle in an object lifeline represents the time when the object is
the controlling object in the system.
• Show how objects respond to different service requests and the
state transitions triggered by these requests
• If object state is Shutdown then it responds to a Startup() message;
• In the waiting state the object is waiting for further messages;
• If reportWeather () then system moves to summarising state;
• If calibrate () the system moves to a calibrating state;
• A collecting state is entered when a clock signal is received.
• Object interfaces have to be specified so that the objects and
other components can be designed in parallel.
• Designers should avoid designing the interface representation
but should hide this in the object itself.
• Objects may have several interfaces which are viewpoints on
the methods provided.
• The UML uses class diagrams for interface specification but
Java may also be used.
interface WeatherStation {
} //WeatherStation
• Hiding information inside objects means that
changes made to an object do not affect other
objects in an unpredictable way.
• Assume pollution monitoring facilities are to be
added to weather stations. These sample the
air and compute the amount of different
pollutants in the atmosphere.
• Pollution readings are transmitted with weather
data.
• Add an object class called Air quality as part of
WeatherStation.
• Add an operation reportAirQuality to WeatherStation. Modify
the control software to collect pollution readings.
• Add objects representing pollution monitoring instruments.
WeatherStation
Air quality
identifier
NOData
repor tWeather () smok eData
repor tAirQuality () benz eneData
calibrate (instruments)
test () collect ()
star tup (instruments) summarise ()
shutdown (instruments)
NOmeter SmokeMeter
BenzeneMeter
• OOD is an approach to design so that design components have
their own private state and operations.
• Objects should have constructor and inspection operations. They
provide services to other objects.
• Objects may be implemented sequentially or concurrently.
• The Unified Modeling Language provides different notations for
defining different object models.
• A range of different models may be produced during an
object-oriented design process. These include static and
dynamic system models.
• Object interfaces should be defined precisely using e.g. a
programming language like Java.
• Object-oriented design potentially simplifies system evolution.