National Service Training Program

Civic Welfare Training Service

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Dolores Non Magbuhos

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 MODULE 1
NSTP AND CITIZENSHIP TRAINING
Lesson 1. The Legal Basis of the National Service Training Program
(R.A. 9163)

The National Service Training Program (NSTP) of the Philippines was promulgated through
the virtue of Republic Act No. 9163 in December 2001 and was enacted in January 2002 to
amend the expanded Reserve Officer’s Training Corps (ROTC) Program. Republic Act No.
9163, otherwise known as “An Act Establishing the National Service Training Program
(NSTP) for Tertiary Level Students, Amending for the Purpose Republic Act No. 7077 and
Presidential Decree No. 1706, and for Other Purposes”, is also referred to as the “National
Service Training Program (NSTP) Act of 2001” (Villasoto, Villasoto, Rodil, and Ahunin, 2013).

The NSTP is a program that aims to inculcate civic consciousness and defense
preparedness in the youth sector by promoting sense of service and nationalism among
students as they undergo training in any of its three (3) program components. These
components are especially developed to enhance the youth’s active participation in nation
building and contribution to the general welfare of Filipinos (Lee, 2013; and National Service
Training Program Act of 2001, 2002).

Lesson 2. Components of NSTP

(As stated in the Republic Act No. 9163)

1. Civic Welfare Training Service (CWTS) refers to the program component that provides
activities contributory to the general welfare and the betterment of life for the members of
the community or the enhancement of its facilities, especially those developed to
improving health, education, environment, entrepreneurship, safety, recreation, and moral
of the citizenry.

2. Literacy Training Service (LTS) refers to the program component designed to train
students to teach literacy and numeracy skills to school children, out-of-school-youths
(OSY), and other segments of society in need of their services.

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3. Reserve Officer’s Training Corps (ROTC) refers to the program component established
under Sections 38 and 39 of R.A. 7077 that provides military education and training to
tertiary level students in order to motivate, train, organize, and mobilize them for national
defense preparedness.

Lesson 3. Coverage (dela Cruz, Lloren, Dela Druz, and Mapue, 2007)

Male and female students enrolled in any baccalaureate degree course or at least two-year
technical vocational courses in public and private educational institutions are covered by the
NSTP Law. They shall complete one NSTP component of their choice as a requirement for
graduation.

The following are exempted from taking the NSTP (National Service Training Program
Diliman, n.d.):

• Students who have already finished NSTP from a prior degree completed;
• Shiftees or transferees who have already taken NSTP prior to shifting or
transferring;
• Foreign students; and
• Students enrolled in the Philippine Military Academy (PMA), Philippine Merchant
Marine Academy (PMMA), Philippine National Police Academy (PNPA), and other
State Universities and Colleges (SUCs) of similar nature.

Lesson 4. Duration

Each of the aforementioned program components shall be taken within two (2) semesters of
an academic period. The allotted time for NSTP classes is 54 to 90 hours each semester.
The whole NSTP program is credited for six (6) units; three units per semester.
NSTP 1 shall be taken prior to NSTP 2 (Gasilla-dela Cruz, 2005).

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Lesson 5. The National Service Reserve Corps (NSRC)

After completing CWTS and LTS, graduates of these NSTP components shall belong to the
National Service Reserve Corps or NSRC. The NSRC is an organization created under
Section 11 of RA 9163 composed of the graduates of the non-ROTC components – the
CWTS and the LTS (Agas, de Leon, and Ricafrente, 2019). The State may tap the members
of this Corps for literacy and civic welfare activities (e.g., in times of calamities) through the
joint efforts of the Department of National Defense (DND), Commission on Higher Education
(CHED), and Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA), in
coordination with the Department of Interior and Local Governance (DILG) and Department
of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD). On the other hand, graduates of the ROTC
program shall belong to the Citizen Armed Force (CAF) (National Service Training Program
Act of 2001, 2002).

Lesson 6. The NSTP-CWTS Components

CWTS Dimensions of Development

The six dimensions of development in NSTP-CWTS, with an acronym SERVICE, are

as follows (Rivera, 2014; National Service Training Program Act of 2001, 2002; and Agas, de
Leon, and Ricafrente, 2018.):

• Safety and Security – involves disaster preparedness during fire, earthquake, and
other calamities that need immediate response from trained individuals in light of
emergencies. Examples of activities under this area are basic lifesaving seminar
and fire drill.

• Education – involves enhancement of institutional support materials and facilities

for the community and school such as providing materials containing basic
literacy skills for preschoolers, alterative learning system for out-of-school youth
and adults, mathematics and science tutorials and extended services of skilled
students.
• Recreation – involves activities that enrich youth’s capacities to relate with one
another in the community, such as sports fest and parlor games.

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 • Values Formation and Moral Recovery – involves the development of youth to be
good leaders, responsible individuals with good moral values, and active agents
of development of the community.

• Industry and Entrepreneurship – involves programs and activities that are vital to
economic growth, such as honing of technical skills in meat processing,
silkscreen making, and establishing small business.

• Care for Health – involves extension of medical-related information and health

services to the community, such as in first-aid operations, vaccination,
health/nutrition technical assistance, and the likes.

• Environment – involves programs on environmental awareness and contribution

to health and related fields that support the community needs.

Before conducting any of these aforementioned activities, NSTP-CWTS students

should perform community needs assessment survey in the chosen community in order to
identify the issues or gaps that should be addressed.

NSTP-CWTS Core Values (Villasoto et al., 2013)

1. Love for God
2. Human dignity
3. Discipline, truth, goodness, and social responsibility
4. Awareness, innovation, and creativity
5. Respect, synergy, and professionalism
6. Excellence and indigenous learning
7. Protection and conservation of the environment
8. Quality service delivery

Lesson 7. The Flag and Heraldic Code of the Philippines

(Adapted from the Implementing Rules and Regulations of Republic Act No. 8491 )

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 Republic Act 8491 or “An Act Prescribing the Code of the National Flag, Anthem,
Motto, Coat-of-Arms, and Other Heraldic Items and Devices of the Philippines” is known as
the “Flag and Heraldic Code of the Philippines”.

Section 2. Declaration of Policy and Objectives states that “It is the policy of the
State to prescribe the Code of the National Flag, Anthem, Motto, Coat-of-Arms and other
Heraldic Items and Devices of the Philippines; [and] ensure the promotion and
implementation of its corresponding rules and regulations”. It also states that “reverence and
respect shall be accorded to the flag, anthem, and other national symbols which embody the
national ideals and traditions and which express the principles of sovereignty and national
solidarity”.

The Design of the National Flag

The National Flag shall be blue, white, and red with an eight-rayed
golden yellow sun and three stars that are five-pointed.

Hoisting and Display of the National Flag

• The National Flag shall be displayed in all public buildings, official residences,
public plazas, and institutions of learning everyday throughout the year.
• In time of peace, the blue field should be on top. In time of war, the red field
should be on top.
• A worn-out National Flag should be replaced immediately when it starts to show
signs of wear and tear. It should be solemnly buried to avoid misuse and
desecration.
• It shall be raised at sunrise and lowered at sunset.
• In times of inclement weather, it shall not be raised. If already raised, it shall not
be lowered for the whole day.
• It shall never touch the base of the flag pole, ground, or any object beneath it.
• After being lowered, it shall be handled and folded solemnly.

Half-Mast

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 The National Flag shall be flown at half-mast as a mark of respect and mourning for the
death of any of the following officials:

• The President or former President (10 days);

• The Vice-President, the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, the President of the
Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives (7 days);
• Cabinet Secretaries, Associate Justices of the Supreme Court, Members of the
Senate and House of Representatives, the Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces of
the Philippines and the Director-General of the Philippine National Police (5
days);
• Heads of National Government Agencies, including Government Owned and
Control Corporations and Government Financial Institutions (3 days);
• The Commanding Generals of the Philippine Air Force and the Philippine Army
and the Flag Officer in Command of the Philippine Navy (3 days);
• Governors, Vice-Governors, city and municipal Mayors, city and municipal Vice
Mayors (3 days);
• Members of the Sangguniang Panlalawigan, Sangguniang Panlungsod,
Sangguniang Bayan, Barangay Chairperson, and Barangay Council members (on
the day of interment);
• Former National or Local Government Officials, appointive or elective;
• Regional Directors, Superintendents, Supervisors, Principals, Teachers and other
school officials, on the day of interment and by order of the proper school
authorities concerned;
• Recipients of national orders and decorations (on the day of interment and by
order of the President or the Congress).

It shall also be raised at half-mast during calamities, disasters, or tragedies of national

and international significance. Throughout the year, it is hoisted in half-mast position in all
memorial cemeteries in the country dedicated to war veterans. When flown at half-mast, the
National Flag shall be first hoisted to the peak for a moment, then lowered to half-mast
position.

Casket

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The National Flag may be used to cover the caskets of the dead honored men (military, war
veterans, National artists, and other civilians) who rendered noble service to the nation. No
object must be put on top of it aside from religious objects. This denotes that God is above
country.

Pledge of Allegiance to the National Flag

As stated in Section 29, the Pledge of Allegiance to the National Flag shall be recited
after singing the national anthem with the right hand open and shoulder raised high.

Panunumpa ng Katapatan sa Watawat ng Pilipinas

Ako ay Pilipino,
buong katapatang nanunumpa sa watawat ng Pilipinas at sa bansang kanyang
sinasagisag na may dangal, katarungan, at kalayaan na pinakikilos ng sambayanang
Maka-Diyos, maka-tao, makakalikasan, at makabansa.

Prohibited Acts

• To mutilate, deface, defile, trample on, cast contempt, or commit any act or
omission casting dishonor or ridicule upon the National Flag or over its surface;

• To dip the National Flag to any person or object by way of compliment or salute; 
To use National Flag
 As drapery, festoon, tablecloth;
 As covering for ceilings, walls, statues or other objects;
 As a pennant in the hood, side, back and top of motor vehicles;
 As a staff or whip;
 For unveiling monuments or statues; and
 As trademarks for industrial, commercial, or agricultural labels or designs.
• To display the National Flag:
 Under any painting or picture;
 Horizontally. It shall always be hoisted aloft and be allowed to fall freely;
 Below any platform; or
 In discotheques, cockpits, night and day clubs, casinos, gambling joints
and places of vice or where frivolity prevails.
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 • To wear the National Flag in whole or in part as a costume or uniform;
• To add any word, figure, mark, picture, design, drawings, advertisement, or
imprint of any nature on the National Flag;
• To print, paint or attach representation of the National Flag on handkerchiefs,
napkins, cushions, and articles of merchandise;
• To display in public any foreign flag, except in embassies and other diplomatic
establishments, and in offices of international organizations;
• To use or display or be part of any advertisement or infomercial; and
• To display the National Flag in front of buildings or offices occupied by aliens.

National Anthem

The National anthem must be sung with fervor in the national language within or outside the
country. Whether played or sung, it shall be in accordance with the musical arrangement and
composition of Julian Felipe, and its original Filipino lyrics and march tempo. It shall not be
played nor sung for mere recreation or entertainment. However, it is played during the
“signing on” and “signing off” of television and radio stations, before the initial and last
screening of films, and before the opening of theater performances.

National Motto

Section 45 states that the Philippine National Motto shall be: “Maka-Diyos, makatao,
makakakalikasan, at makabansa” (For God, people, nature, and country).

National Coat-of-Arms

The Coat of Arms of the Philippines or the Sagisag ng Pilipinas

features the three five-pointed stars representing the three major
island groups (i.e., Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao), and the eight-
rayed sun of the Philippines symbolizing the provinces (i.e.,
Manila, Cavite, Bulacan, Pampanga, Nueva Ecija, Tarlac, Laguna,
and Batangas) that were placed under Martial Law by Spaniards
during the Philippine Revolution. As a symbol of the State, the

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eagle and the lion were included to denote the two historical phases of the country –
American and Spanish occupation.

The Great Seal

The Great Seal shall be in circular form, containing the descriptions of the coat-of-arms,
without the scroll. The inscription “Republika ng Pilipinas” is placed on a double marginal
circle that surrounds the whole seal. Appearing on the lower part of the seal is the national
motto.

Penalties

Failure or refusal to observe, and violation of the abovementioned rules and provisions shall
be penalized as specified in R.A no. 8491. Violators shall be punished by a fine of not less
than P5,000.00 but not more than P20,000.00, and/or by imprisonment for not more than a
year.

Lesson 8. Duties and Obligations of Filipino Citizen (Article V)

(Lifted from the 1973 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines )

1. It shall be the duty of the citizen to be loyal to the Republic and to honor the
Philippine flag, to defend the State and contribute to its development and welfare, to
uphold the Constitution and obey the laws, and to cooperate with the duly constituted
authorities in the attainment and preservation of a just and orderly society.

2. The rights of the individual impose upon him the correlative duty to exercise them
responsibly and with due regard for the rights of others.

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3. It shall be the duty of every citizen to engage in gainful work to assure himself and
his family a life worthy of human dignity.

4. It shall be the obligation of every citizen qualified to vote to register and cast his vote.

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 Answer the following questions. Write your answers on this box.
1) In your own words, what is/are the objective/s of the NSTP implementation?
-The National Service Training Program or (NSTP) wants to implement the constitutional
provision to serve and protect people. I think NSTP implementation aims to encourage the
youth to become civic and military leaders and volunteers that will help our society in cases
of in need. It will also help us in the near future to build a sense of patriotism to other
individuals. We can also learn teamwork and loyalty with the help of this implementation.
One of their objectives would be to protect the physical, mental, spiritual, intellectual, and
social well-being of the youth. And another one is to prepare and implement projects that
will answer specific needs of the society.

2) How does NSTP help in the pursuit of well-being among Filipino youth and the
betterment of the Philippine society? Relate your answers to the duties and
obligations of Filipino citizens.

- Every citizen of a country has the obligation to honor and serve its nation and its
countrymen. That’s why it is the duty of the government to protect the Filipino citizens, the
citizens also have the responsibility to defend the Philippine society, to become productive
and active citizens, and to perform activities that will benefit larger communities. It shall be
the duty of every citizen to engage in gainful work to assure himself and his family a life
worthy of human dignity.

3) What is the Flag and Heraldic Code of the Philippines, and why is it important?
-Republic Act 8491, or the “Flag and Heraldic Code of the Philippines,” mandates that
reverence and respect shall be accorded at all times to the Philippine flag, the national
anthem and other national symbols that embody the country’s ideals and traditions, and
express the principles of sovereignty and national solidarity. It penalizes violators. The
importance of this law is to protect our national flag as a sign of respect to our mother
country and its citizens.

4) As a student of NSTP-CWTS, how can you serve the community as a response to

the call of public service and nation-building?
-As a CWTS student, we just have simple ways to serve the community like initiating
cleanup drives in the community. I can join in any tree planting activities and encourage our
fellow students and friends to help. I can also donate my old books or some of my clothes or
other things I do not use already.

Assessment Task 1
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 MODULE 2 UNDERSTANDING THE SELF AND
OTHERS

Lesson 1. Self-awareness and Other-awareness

Self-awareness means being aware of one’s own behaviors, attitudes, choices,

styles, biases, personalities, characteristics, and so on. It also refers to having a clear
perception of oneself, including strengths, weaknesses, beliefs, thoughts, motivation, and
emotions. It serves as the foundation for emotional intelligence, mature adulthood, and self-
leadership (Jeffrey, n.d.).

By becoming more aware of oneself, we become more aware of others. As we know

more about ourselves, we navigate our relationships and how we connect with others better.
By knowing who we are, we also see our impact on others. Moreover, we understand the
similarities and differences between ourselves and others. Self-awareness results in
empathy, which is technically referred to as “other-awareness”. These two concepts are
considered the two main pillars or key elements of emotional intelligence (Handel, 2017).
Emotional intelligence is the ability of a person to identify and manage emotions of oneself
and others, as one also influences the emotions of others (Psychology Today, n.d.). It is an
important quality of a leader or a person who has a heart for community service.

Thus, this chapter is anchored on the idea that in order for us to be aware of the
same things on others, we need to understand the components of the self and how these
components are developed (Schermerhorn, Osborn, Uhl-Bien, and Hunt, 2012).

Lesson 2. Characteristics of a Person (Babor, 2007; and Villasoto et al., 2013)

1. Rational
This characteristic of humans distinguishes them from other creatures. A rational
being has the ability to think, understand, and reason. S/he can distinguish
between right and wrong because of his/her intellect.
 2. Free
Every person is born free. S/he is free to act based on his/her will. S/he has the
choice to do or not to do a specific action. However, this freedom entails
responsibility for his/her own decision. One has the right to do whatever s/he
wants without causing harm to others.

3. Unique
Each person is different. No two individuals have the same identity. Humans may
have similarities in physical features, but they differ in perception, experiences,
behavior, attitude, values, and priorities in life.

4. Social Being
Humans are naturally social beings. They regularly interact with its kind and its
environment, in order to survive and achieve a goal. Interaction is also crucial to
personal development.

5. Sexual
All living creatures are sexual in nature, but a human’s expression of his/her
sexuality distinguishes it from other living things. The expression of human
emotions, attitudes, actions, thoughts, and sexual activity makes them unique.

Lesson 3. Big Five Personality Traits

Personality traits are enduring characteristics of humans that reflect their thoughts, feelings,
and behavior (Schermerhorn et al., 2012). The Big Five Model of the Five-Factor Model is
considered the most widely accepted personality theory. Listed below are the five core
factors of the “Big Five”, with an acronym of OCEAN:

1. Openness to experience
– routinary and practical vs. imaginative, curious, and spontaneous

2. Conscientiousness
– impulsive and disorganized vs. careful, disciplined, and responsible

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 3. Extraversion
– reserved vs. assertive, fun-loving, outgoing, and sociable

4. Agreeableness
– suspicious and uncooperative vs. helpful, good-natured, and trusting

5. Neuroticism or Emotional stability

– anxious and pessimistic vs. calm, unworried, secure, and relaxed

Lesson 4. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

In order to further understand a person’s perception, behavior, and relationship or treatment

towards other people, we can examine his/her inner feelings, self-image, and motivation.
Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs theory identifies the levels of individual needs that
affect human motivation and personality. This theory also states that people achieve their full
potential by taking steps in achieving the basic needs up to the self-actualization level
(Schermerhorn et al., 2012).

Listed below are the levels of the Hierarchy of Needs Five-Stage Model (McLeod, 2020; and
Villasoto et al., 2013):

1. Physiological
- Refers to the biological and basic necessities for human survival, such as air,
food, water, shelter, clothing, sleep, warmth, and reproduction.

2. Safety
- Refers to the need for security and protection. This also refers to the sense of
order, predictability, and control of a person in his/her life. Safety needs can
be addressed by the other members of the society (e.g., police, schools,
business, and medical care).

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 3. Love and belongingness (or Social needs)
- Refers to the feeling of belongingness of a person. This involves the need of
creating interpersonal relationships and can be fulfilled by being part of a
social group (e.g., family, friends, team, work, etc.).

4. Esteem
- Can be classified into two categories: 1) esteem for oneself, and 2) desire for
reputation or respect from others. Self-esteem can be satisfied through
achievement, mastery, confidence or independence. On the other hand,
esteem that a person gets from other people can be fulfilled through
recognition, attention, and prestige.

5. Self-actualization
- Refers to the highest level of needs, as it includes the desire to reach the
peak of human potential or to be what a person wants to be.

Based on Maslow’s theory, a person should first fulfill the needs on the first level up to the
highest level. This process is continued throughout a person’s lifespan. He also proposed
that fulfillment of each layer of needs is important in personality development (McLeod,

2020).

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 Figure 1. Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs (McLeod, 2020)

Lesson 5. Theory of Four Temperaments

Aelius Galenus’ four personality types are choleric, sanguine, phlegmatic, and melancholic.
This theory of the four temperaments dates back to an Ancient Greek medical theory that is
based on the four bodily humors (i.e., blood, yellow bile, black bile, and phlegm). A person
with choleric personality type is thought to have dominating yellow bile, thus quick tempered.
Sanguine personality type has dominating blood, thus reacting buoyant or cheerful.
Phlegmatic personality type has dominating phlegm, thus behaving sluggishly. Melancholic
personality type has dominating black bile, thus acting despondent (Vorkapic, 2011).

Table 1. Galen’s Four Personality Types (Howart, 1988; Thor, 2018; and Hock, n.d.)

Personality Types Characteristics

Choleric Shows greater anger, strength, aggression, passion and
productivity

Stubborn, opinionated, domineering

Sanguine
Exhibits extroversion, greater optimism, cheerfulness,
positivity, and mindfulness

Vanity, self-complacency, impulsive

Phlegmatic
Displays less state anxiety, depression, carefulness,
methodic and composed personality, slow-moving and
self-bettering attitude

Has inclination to easiness, eating, and drinking

Melancholic
Has a contemplative or reflective personality, often
considered a great benefactor to his fellow men,
prayerful;

Experiences high state of anxiety and sensitivity

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Lesson 6. Eight Stages of Psychosocial Development (McLeod, 2018)

Erik Erikson listed the eight stages of psychosocial development that result in a healthy
personality and acquisition of virtues once each stage is successfully completed. Failure in
completing a stage might lead to a reduced ability to step up to the next stage and
development of unhealthy personality.

Stage 1. Trust versus Mistrust (birth to 18 months)

The infant is uncertain about the world s/he is born to. S/he looks towards their
primary caregiver for care and stability. Consistent care to the infant will result in the
development of sense of trust. Inconsistency, unreliability, and unpredictability will result in
the development of mistrust, suspicion, and anxiety.

Stage 2. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (2 to 3 years)

This stage focuses on developing a greater sense of will or personal control over physical
skills. The child in this stage begins to show their independence and autonomy as they
become more mobile, more physically developed, and assertive of their choices (e.g., what
to wear and eat). If children in this stage are supported in their independence, there is a
tendency that they will grow more confident and secure in their own ability.

Stage 3. Initiative vs. Guilt (3-5 years)

In this stage, the child interacts with other children at school or in his immediate
environment by playing. Thus, s/he is provided with the opportunity to explore their
interpersonal skills. Given this opportunity to interact with others, the child develops a sense
of initiative and security to lead others and make his/her own decisions. However, when a
child is squelched through criticism or control, s/he will develop a sense of guilt and may
slow down the development of his interpersonal skills and creativity.

Stage 4. Industry vs. Inferiority (6-11 years)

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This stage occurs during the early school years, wherein social interactions of the child take
place with his/her classmates and teachers. These peer groups will be considered the
source of the child’s self-esteem as s/he feels the need to win their approval. Success in this
stage results in a sense of competence, confidence, and industriousness when they are
encouraged in their initiatives. Failure in this stage occurs when they are being restricted in
their initiative, thus resulting in a feeling of inferiority and restraint in reaching their potential.

Stage 5. Identity vs. Confusion (12-18 years)

Development of personal identity is vital in this adolescent stage wherein a person

undergoes the transition from childhood to adulthood. Feeling of discomfort about body
changes also occurs in this stage until a person adapts to it. During this period, a person
explores possibilities and begins to establish their own identity. Failure to form his/her
identity might result in role confusion in their place in the society or identity crisis. Success in
this stage will lead to the virtue of fidelity or the ability to commit to others on the basis of
accepting them despite ideological differences.

Stage 6. Intimacy vs. Isolation (19-40 years)

In this stage, people start to create more intimate relationships with others, aside from
family members, towards longer-term commitments. Avoidance of building intimate
relationship and fear of commitment might result in isolation and loneliness. On the other
hand, success in this stage will lead to the virtue of love.

Stage 7. Generativity vs. Stagnation (40-65 years)

Generativity means making your own mark in the society that you belong to. It will be
achieved by creating positive change that benefits other people. Success in this stage leads
to feeling of accomplishment and usefulness. Failure will lead to becoming stagnant and
unproductive.

Stage 8. Integrity vs. Despair (65 years-death)

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 Contemplation on one’s life occurs in this stage. People look back on the events of their
lives and examine their achievements. A person who feels proud of his/her achievements
after reflecting on his/her life will experience satisfaction. On the other hand, a person who
regrets of having wasted opportunities that resulted in not achieving his/her set goals will
experience the feeling of bitterness and despair.

Table 2. Erikson’s Eight Stages of Psychosocial Development (McLeod, 2018)

Stages Age Virtue acquired

in the success of each stage
1. Trust vs. Mistrust Birth-18 months Hope
2. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt 2-3 years Will
3. Initiative and Guilt 3-5 years Purpose
4. Industry vs. Inferiority 6-11 years Competency
5. Identity vs. Confusion 12-18 years Fidelity
6. Intimacy vs. Isolation 19-40 years Love
7. Generativity vs. Stagnation 40-65 years Care
8. Integrity vs. Despair 65-death Wisdom

Lesson 7. Human Dimensions and Core Values (Gonzales, 1997)

There are seven dimensions of a human person. The physical, intellectual, moral, and
spiritual dimensions pertain to the self. On the other hand, the social, economic, and political
dimensions pertain to the community. Each dimension has its corresponding values.

The physical being of humans refers to their physical health in harmony with nature. As
intellectual beings, humans are described of having the ability to think and continuously
search for truth and knowledge. As moral beings, humans are mindful about their choices
and decisions in life that have corresponding good or evil consequences. As spiritual beings,
humans cultivate a sense of faith among them. As social beings, humans develop a sense of
social responsibility and allow themselves to participate in the activities within their
community in pursuit of the well-being of his/her fellowmen. As economic beings, humans
realize their obligations to achieve economic efficiency that will benefit themselves and other

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members of the community. As political beings, humans recognize their responsibility in
loving their country and fellowmen, and maintaining good governance in their state.

Table 3. Summary of Human Dimensions and Corresponding Core Values (Adapted from Agas et al.,
2019)

Dimension Values
As Self
Human Person

Physical Health
(physical fitness, cleanliness, beauty, art)
Intellectual Truth
(knowledge, creativity, critical thinking)
Moral Love
(honesty/integrity, self-worth/self-esteem, personal
discipline)

Spiritual Spirituality
(faith in God)
Social (Family, Social Responsibility
In Community

Society)
(mutual love/respect, fidelity, responsible parenthood,
concern for others/common good, freedom/equality,
social justice/ respect for human rights, peace/active
non-violence, popular participation)

Economic Economic Efficiency

(thrift/conservation of resources, work ethics,
selfreliance, productivity, scientific and technological
knowledge, vocational efficiency, entrepreneurship)

Political Nationalism
(national unity, esteem of national heroes,
commitment, civic consciousness/ pride, spirit of
“Bayanihan”/solidarity, loyalty to country)

Global Solidarity
(International understanding and cooperation)

Lesson 8. Johari Window Model

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The Johari Window was created in 1950 by American psychologists Joseph Luft and Harry
Ingham. It is also called disclosure/feedback model of self-awareness. This psychological
tool helps people improve their self-awareness and understand their relationship with others
(Saxena, 2015).

Johari Window has four regions: Open Self, Blind Self, Hidden Self, and Unknown Self. The
Open Self or Arena is composed of the information about yourself that you and other people
know. The Blind Self or Blind Spot refers to the information about yourself that you are
unaware of, but other people know. The Hidden Self or Façade refers to the information
about yourself known to you but unknown to others, such as your secrets. The Unknown
Self is composed of the information that are unknown to you and to others (Saxena, 2015;
and “The Johari Window Model”, n.d.).

Known to Self Unknown to Self

Known to others

Open Self Blind Self

(known to all) (known to others)
Unknown to others

Hidden Self Unknown Self

(known only to myself) (known to no one)

Figure 2. Johari Window Model

Lesson 9. The Five Levels of Self-Talk for Personality Development

(Helmstetter, 1982)

Knowledge on self-talk helps a person become motivated, productive, and more confident
in life. A person with those qualities can influence the people around him/her in a positive
manner. Self-talk is defined as “a way to override our negative programming by erasing or

23
replacing it with conscious, positive, new directions” (p. 72). Through reprogramming our
thoughts with effective words and statements, we paint a new picture of ourselves based on
what we want ourselves to be. We give ourselves the chance to start to become better and
different from our old self. Our subconscious listens to us, and believe and perform what we
direct it to do. Thus, learning the Self-Talk that will help us to live efficiently is important.
Written below are the five different levels of self-talk:

Level 1. Negative Acceptance

This level is considered the lowest, disadvantageous, and most harmful, yet most frequently
used level of self-talk. It occurs when a person says something bad or negative about
himself/herself and s/he accepts the thought. When expressed, it represents our fears and
doubts in ourselves that result in questioning our own capabilities. This level is mostly
characterized by the phrases “I can’t”, “I wish I could, but I can’t”, “if only I could”, and the
likes.

Level 2. Recognition and need to change

In this level, a person tells to himself/herself and other people of his/her need to change.
The problem is recognized, but no solution is created. Level II Self-Talk statements
unconsciously end with an unspoken and implicit level 1 statement of negative self-talk. It is
characterized by the phrases “I need to…”, “I ought to…”, or “I should…” For example, “I’d
like things to work out better…but they won’t”. This level creates guilt, disappointment, and
acceptance of our self-imagined inadequacies. Just like the first level, it works against the
person. In order to counter this, the moment you begin your statement in Level II Self-Talk,
finish the sentence with positive thoughts and say it out loud to direct it to your subconscious
mind.

Level 3. Decision to change

This level is the first self-talk level that is beneficial to a person. A person recognizes
the need to change and decides to do something about it. When speaking in Level III Self-
Talk, phrases like “I never…” or “I no longer” are used. For example, “I no longer have a
problem dealing with my workmates”. You state the decision in present tense as if the

24
change has already taken place. Your subconscious mind will believe your statement as it
receives the new direction. It will also create a new picture of you in your brain and convince
you to do what you have said.

Level 4. Better you

This level has been used the least, yet considered the most effective kind and most
needed kind of self-talk. It is referred to as the positive Self-Talk, opposite of Level I. In this
level, a person is “painting a completed new picture of [himself/herself], the way [s/he]
wanted to be, handing it to [his/her] subconscious, and saying ‘This is the me that I want you
to create! … This is your new program’” (p. 77). When speaking in Level IV Self-talk, begin
with the phrase “I am”, such as in “I am enthusiastic and very much capable of doing this.
Nothing can stop me now.” A person now deals with struggles and challenges in a new,
productive, and self-activating way.

Level 5. Universal affirmation

Being the highest level, it is the Self-Talk level of “oneness with God” and the language for
seekers of something greater than earth-bound demands. It is characterized by the words “It
is…”, such as in “I am one with the universe and it is one with me”.

25
Write a brief description of yourself in this box. Examine your personality using any two
(2) theories/concepts discussed in this chapter. You may ask other people or conduct
a(n) (online) casual interview with other people to know their impression on you. After
conducting self-reflection, state how knowing yourself better can help you serve the
community.

1. My name is Micaela S. Encinas and I’m 18 years old. I live in Mamatid,

Cabuyao, Laguna with my aunt for the meantime because they have an internet that I
need for online class. I’m a 1st year college student at Laguna University and I’m
taking up a Bachelor of Science in Accountancy program. There is nothing special
about me aside from my dramatic life like other people, I’m just a normal student. I'm
not likable externally, but not that hideous to look at and to be with. My hobbies are
reading wattpad books, surfing the internet, listening to music, sleeping, and watching
movies.
I think I have phlegmatic personality from Aelius Galenus’ Theory of Four
Temperaments because all of the signs are pointing at me. I am quite shy and
unassuming, you can’t see me dancing wholeheartedly anywhere, and I don’t like
challenging authority. I tend to be calm and relaxed most of the time. Sometimes, I
want to be alone not because I’m sad it’s just that I always want some time for myself, I
have friends so you can’t call me a loner just because I’m alone. I have a tendency to
blame myself when things go wrong because I’m emphatic type of person, I feel other
people’s pain acutely. I also have a sense of blame because I could not help ease that
pain. I am also a responsible person with a sense of duty that’s why I blame myself.
According to Galen’s Theory of Four Temperaments, phlegmatic type of person
is also trustworthy and loyal, I can say that’s true because if I make a promise, I will
always keep it. I also see the bigger picture if there’s a problem, I think outside the box
and read between lines to find solutions. I’m not also a rebel like in our youth, where
more teens are having drugs, always drinking, and smoking, because I believe in
authority and what it stands for. I’m also not the type of person who will spend hours
and hours swiping on online dating sites. I did look for that special soulmate that I can
spend the rest of myself with because I’m a hopeless romantic type of person and I
already did find the one.
The other concept that pointing at me is the hidden self or façade of Johari
Window. I really think this is particularly letting me see my characteristic. According to
Window, this refers to the information about yourself that you are unaware of, but other
people know. I am like that, and I’m really a secretive type of person since then. For
me, there are just things and most of my secrets that I can’t and I don’t want to tell to
other people, even with my bestfriend. I just want some privacy in my life. I don’t want
other people to meddle with my secrets, feelings and problems that has nothing to do
with them. I trust myself more than anyone else.

2. It’s so hard knowing yourself if you’re like me. In the past, I’m so lost, broken by
the truth, (it’s about being in family problem and broken family) stuck and I had this
deep longing within my heart that will not going away, no matter what I do. Then, I
decided and committed many years ago, that I will not going to stop until I find what I’m
searching for. Fortunately after a while, I stopped searching, start accepting everything,
and I realized that I need to move forward and know myself because after those
hardships in my life I forgot everything about myself. Knowing myself is really hard, it
takes years and years. Now that I already found myself, I realized the importance of
knowing myself. As I already know myself, I started knowing people in our community
as I start learning what I can do to help the community, it might be not now but in the
near future. I can somehow help the community because I already know my strength
and weaknesses. I can use my strength to help other people even in simple things. In
order to know the community even better, I can start going out meeting people. And26
because I already know myself, I like to go to some local events, local coffee store,
meeting with my neighbours and buy some plants that I want to plant somewhere that
has less nature to spread my love for nature.
Assessment Task 2

27
 MODULE 3 GOOD CITIZENSHIP VALUES OF
FILIPINOS

Introduction

“Good governance is not enough. Let us work on being good citizens. Let us
translate the good citizenship values derived from the Preamble of the Constitution into
concrete action in order to build our nation.”
- Commissioner Teresita D. Baltazar

Good citizenship actions are driven by good citizenship values. Thus, in this chapter,
we will discuss the social values stated in the provisions of the Constitution that every Filipino
should strive to embody. These values will serve as guiding principles in our life in becoming
good citizens who are actively participating for the development of the country.

Learning Outcomes

At the end of this module, students should be able to:

1. Determine the conditions of recognizing a person as a citizen;

2. Discuss the Preamble of the 1987 Philippine Constitution;
3. Explain the good citizenship values of Filipinos; and
4. Enumerate the national symbols of the Philippines.

Lesson 1. Citizens of the Philippines (Gasilla-dela Cruz, 2005)

Article IV Section I of the Philippine Constitution states that the citizens of the Philippines
are:

1. Those who are citizens of the Philippines at the time of the adoption of this
Constitution;

2. Those whose father or mothers are citizens of the Philippines;

3. Those born before January 17, 1973, of Filipino mother, who elect Philippine
citizenship upon reaching the age of majority; and

4. Those who are naturalized in accordance with law.

Lesson 2. Preamble of the 1987 Philippine Constitution

“We, the sovereign Filipino people, imploring the aid of Almighty God, in order to build a just
and humane society and establish a Government that shall embody our ideals and
aspirations, promote the common good, conserve and develop our patrimony, and secure to
ourselves and our posterity, the blessings of independence and democracy under the rule of
law and a regime of truth, justice, freedom, love, equality, and peace, do ordain and
promulgate this Constitution.”

Lesson 3. The Good Citizenship Values Cluster

(Adapted from the Modules on Good Citizenship Values, 2004)

Becoming good citizens can be met by living in accordance with the good citizenship values
of Filipinos presented in the preamble. These Filipino values have been categorized into the
four clusters: pagkamaka-Diyos, pagkamakatao, pagkamakabayan, at pagkamaka-

29
kalikasan.

Table 4. The Good Citizenship Values Cluster (Lee, 2013)

Pagkamaka-Diyos Pagkamakatao Pagkamakabayan Pagkamakaka-kalikasan

• Faith in God • Love • Unity  Concern for the

• Respect for life • Freedom • Equality environment

• Order • Peace • Respect for

• Work • Truth law and
• Concern for the • Justice government
family and • Patriotism
future • Promotion of
generations the common
good

1. Pagkamaka-Diyos

A. Faith in God

A good Filipino who believes in God obeys Him and follows His teachings.
Philippines is known to be the only Christian nation in Asia, wherein the majority
of the Filipino citizens (80.6%) are followers of the Roman Catholic Church
(Bueza, 2015). The Constitution fosters the value of putting God first and making
Him the center of our lives, as He is deemed as the source of our strength and
provider of our needs. Living a life of faith is vital in becoming a good citizen.

B. Respect for life

A good Filipino understands the value of human life and human dignity. As it is
believed that humans and our lives came from God, these gifts are considered
sacred, precious, and valuable; thus, the need for it to be preserved and

30
 safeguarded. People should be responsible in taking care of themselves, and
uphold their human rights and dignity. They should protect one another, and not
inflict harm to themselves and to others in any manner.

C. Order

A good Filipino applies orderliness in his/her thoughts, emotions, and actions.

By being orderly, one will develop other values of order such as prudence,
temperance, discipline, humility, diligence, patience, and resilience. Living by the
virtue of orderliness does not only benefit the person, but also the community, as
there will be peace and unity and peace among them.

D. Work

A good Filipino values diligence and aims to achieve excellence in everything

that s/he does. Every Filipino should put value in honest hard work, as it is
considered a key to national progress. Knowing that our abilities are God-given,
we offer quality work that helps in improving the quality of life of the people we
serve and indirectly affect, more than we benefit ourselves. Through this, we
become productive members of the society.

E. Concern for the Family and Future Generations

Strong families build a strong nation. A good Filipino works on strengthening their
family ties by love, understanding and mutual respect among its members, looks
after the welfare of each member, and helps in preserving and nurturing our
environment for the benefit of the future generations. His/her thoughts and
actions are anchored to his/her desire of giving what is best for his/her family in
the present and future generation.

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2. Pagkamakatao

A. Love

A good Filipino hopes for the well-being of his/her fellowmen. The virtue of love
is associated with positive attributes of patience, kindness, selflessness,
forgiveness, truthfulness, protection, trustworthiness, hope, perseverance,
generosity, and respect among others. If love is given to one another,
harmonious relationship among people will prevail.

B. Freedom

A good Filipino asserts his/her rights, especially if it is for what is right. Freedom
is the power to act or not to act in accordance to the person’s will and decision.
However, it should always be practiced with the virtue of responsibility.

C. Peace

A good Filipino ensures a safe, harmonious, and secure environment for

himself/herself and his/her fellowmen. The value of peace should be promoted
inside our homes, in our workplace, in our community, and in the country as a
whole.

D. Truth

A good Filipino expresses his/her strong moral principles by standing up for the
truth even if s/he is a minority. As a witness, s/he is willing to testify to tell the
truth. S/he also keeps himself/herself well-informed about certain social and
national issues, and demand for transparency from the administration or the
government.

32
 E. Justice

A good Filipino supports giving proper punishment to people who are guilty of
crimes and fair treatment to everyone regardless of social class, age, and gender
in accordance to what is morally and legally right. Through this, s/he helps in
creating a just and humane society. S/he also helps others to get what is
rightfully theirs. (S/he should also defend those who cannot defend themselves.)

3. Pagkamakabayan

A. Unity

A good Filipino cooperates with other people in order to achieve a common goal
for the greater good. Unity is the good citizenship value that states the aspiration
for oneness or being one as people, as co-citizens of the country, as members of
our family, as co-workers in an institution, or as members of an organization.

B. Equality

A good Filipino enables the principles of fairness and equality in the community,
as s/he sees other people as his/her brothers and sisters. S/he also encourages
others to do the same. S/he believes that no one should be treated with
prejudices or biases that hinder the equal opportunity to live a purpose-driven life.

C. Respect for Law and Governance

A good Filipino abides by the law and helps in maintaining order in the country.
S/he also supports government programs that benefit the citizens and help
address social concerns.

33
 D. Patriotism

A good Filipino expresses his/her devotion for the country. S/he is loyal to the
country, and takes pride in its accomplishments.

E. Promotion of the Common Good

A good Filipino takes part in activities or programs that help in improving the
quality of life in the community. S/he also believes that everyone should be given
equal opportunities to meet their needs and fulfill their potential. S/he considers
the welfare of the common good than his/her personal aspirations.

4. Pagkamakakalikasan

A. Concern for the environment

A good Filipino is a steward of the environment. S/he respects, protects, and

conserves our natural resources and other creations. S/he uses the natural
resources wisely and participates in environmental conservation programs. S/he
also stays vigilant of any violations that concern the environment.

Lesson 4. Nationalism and Patriotism

Nationalism

Nationalism is as a patriotic feeling of love for one’s own country, an attitude that values the
interest and welfare of a nation outweighing other individual or group interests. It includes
ideology of national identity, origin, ethnicity, and cultural ties. It also refers to the movement
that seeks to gain and maintain complete authority (self-governance) over domestic and
international affairs (Villasoto et al., 2013).

34
National Symbols (Alba, 2009)

Being a good Filipino citizen entails the responsibility of knowing the symbols that represent
our country. The Republic Act 8491, known as the Flag and Heraldic Code of the
Philippines, state the official national symbols of the Philippines are listed as follows:

1. The Philippine flag

2. Lupang Hinirang (national anthem)
3. Coat-of-arms and other heraldic items/devices of the Philippines

The other four official national symbols, which represent Philippine traditions and
ideals, and convey the principles of Philippine sovereignty and national solidarity, are as
follows:

4. Sampaguita (Jasminium sambac– national flower

5. Narra tree (Pterocarpus indicus) – national tree
6. Philippine eagle (Pithecopaga jefferyi) – national bird
7. Philippine pearl (Pinctada maxima) – national gem

Patriotism

Patriotism, on the other hand, refers to the love of, devotion to, and rigorous support
for one’s country and countrymen even if it means being ready to sacrifice ourselves (Lee,
2013). Former Philippine President Carlos P. Garcia described it as an act of unselfishness,
passion, and attachment to the country, with boundless devotion to the people. It is derived
from the Greek word “patris” which means “fatherland” (Villasoto et al., 2013).

Cultivation of the Good Citizenship Value of Patriotism (Lee, 2013)

The following are the concrete examples of how we may cultivate and express the
love for our country in our lives:

35
1. Love our country by being vigilant and ready to defend the country from internal and
external threats.
2. Patronize the products made in our country by our countrymen, and be proud of it,
despite formidable foreign competition.
3. Uphold and practice good citizenship values to serve as an inspiration to our
countrymen, especially to the youth in becoming good citizens.
4. Be proud of our personal and national identity, and study our history.
5. Be vigilant and proactive citizens by making ourselves informed of issues that affect
our country.
6. Be law-abiding citizens. Respect and uphold the Constitution and other laws of the
country.
7. Do simple acts of service to our fellowmen by reaching out and sharing our time and
talents with them.
8. Be good and honest workers who exemplifies competence and excellence in work.
9. Be kind and considerate to others.
10. Consider the integrity and welfare of our country in every endeavor and action.
11. Recognize ourselves as Filipinos with dignity and pride.
12. Vote responsibly by choosing competent political candidates according to our
conscience.

36
Write your answers on this box.
1. Among the clusters of good citizenship values of Filipinos, which do you think
is the most important? Why do you think so?
Among the four clusters of good citizenship, I think being makadiyos is the
most important. We, Filipinos are very spiritual, believing in God almighty is
normal for us. God becomes our refuge when we experience problems. We draw
our strengths from our faith. We believe in God, obeys him and follows his
teachings. As it is believed that humans and our lives came from God, these gifts
are considered sacred, precious, and valuable. To show our respect for life, we
should be responsible in taking care of ourselves, and uphold our human rights
and dignity. A good Filipino applies orderliness in his/her thoughts, emotions, and
actions. By being orderly, we should develop other values of order such as
prudence, temperance, discipline, humility, diligence, patience, and resilience.
Every Filipino should put value in honest hard work, as it is considered a key to
national progress. Knowing that our abilities are God-given, we offer quality work
that helps in improving the quality of life of the people we serve and indirectly
affect, more than we benefit ourselves.

2. How do you exemplify nationalism and patriotism in these modern times?

Provide concrete examples.

Even in this modern time, we can still show and express our nationalism and
patriotism in simple ways. We can express our nationalism and patriotism in these
modern times by being Filipinos, we should respect our Philippine flag and its
purpose. The history and value of this flag are connected to the freedom we have
today. Encourage our fellowmen to participate and respect our flag and its anthem
and even our different symbols. They provide us our identity as Filipinos or citizens
of the beautiful Republic of the Philippines. We must be aware and updated on the
significant issues happening in the country. Extend help to the needy fellowmen,
especially the victims of disasters like typhoons, flooding, and the like. We should
be proud for every Filipino’s achievement. Filipinos is globally competitive in many
aspects. They are proud to be a Filipino and for the honors they bring to our
country. They unite every Filipino for their achievements. We can be proud of
Filipinos like Manny Pacquiao, the Azkals Football Team, the Gilas Pilipinas
Basketball Team, and many more. We can patronize and support local products.
The Philippines has rich resources to create quality goods and products. The
manpower services we provide are also globally competitive. Our economy will
improve more if we ourselves patronize our own products which characterize our
creativity, resourcefulness, and industry. Philippines is rich in various colorful
cultural elements. They are our identity. We should be proud and preserve the
culture we have for they are our treasure. We have to keep them for the future
generation. We, Filipinos are very courteous and respectful. Even in modern times, 37
many Filipinos show and value their noble norms and traditions. So, we must
continue to exercise these good traditions like respecting our elders and others, by
using “po at opo”, being hospitable, and being religious.
Assessment Task 3

38
Summary

The good citizenship values of Filipinos are clustered into four: pagkamaka-Diyos,
pagkamakatao, pagkamakabayan, and pagkamaka-kalikasan. The sixteen basic values
indicated in the Preamble of the 1987 Philippine Constitution are: unity, patriotism, faith in
Almighty God, respect for life, respect for law and government, work, truth, justice, freedom,
love, equality, peace, promotion of the common good, concern for the environment, and
order. These values must be developed and inculcated in every Filipino of every age in order
to become a good citizen and build a stronger nation.

39
 MODULE 4 HUMAN DIGNITY AND RIGHTS

Introduction

Human rights are fundamental freedom and rights that all individuals are entitled.
Having knowledge on the basic human rights is important in order for us to know how we
should be treated and how we should treat others. We also learn to respect each other’s
rights Human rights education also enable us to protect, empower, and enable ourselves to
be responsible, functional, and active citizens of the country (United Nations Association-UK,
2016). Thus, in this chapter, we will discuss principles of human rights and the rights of
every Filipino as provided in the Philippine Constitution.

Learning Outcomes
At the end of this module, students should be able to:

1. Explain the concept of human rights;

2. Determine the rights of every Filipino as stated in the Constitution;
3. Discuss the right of suffrage; and
4. Determine the responsibilities of voters before, during, and after elections.

Lesson 1. Concepts and Principles of Human Rights

Every person has dignity. Humans constructed the principles of human rights in order to
ensure that the dignity of every individual is respected (Hurights Osaka, n.d.). According to
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (2014), human rights refer to the norms that aspire to
protect all people everywhere from severe political, legal, and social abuses. It also refers to
the basic rights and freedom that belong to every person from birth until death.

The violation and denial of human rights do not only affect an individual. It also
results in conditions of social and political unrest within and between societies and nations.
Human rights are also considered vital component of modern democratic societies (Gavilan,
2005).

Characteristics of Human Rights (United Nations Population Fund, 2005)

1. Universal and inalienable – Every person in the world is entitled to human rights.

2. Indivisible – All human rights are inseparable and of equal status. Denial of one
right results in the impediment of exercising other human rights.

3. Interdependence and interrelatedness – Each human right contributes to the

realization of an individual’s human dignity through the satisfaction of his/her
developmental, physical, psychological, and spiritual needs.

4. Equality and non-discriminatory – All individuals are equal human beings –

regardless of race, color, ethnicity, gender, age, language, sexual orientation,
religion, political, national, social, geographical origin, disability, property, birth, or
other status – by the virtue of the inherent dignity of every person.

5. Participation and inclusion – Every person has the right to participate in and
access information related to the decision-making processes in the development
of policies or any actions that affect their lives and well-being.
6. Accountability and rule of law – The government of each state should be held
accountable for their obligation to uphold and protect human rights.
Classification of Human Rights

41
 Hereunder are the classes of rights that every citizen of a democratic country must
enjoy (Lee, 2013):

1. Natural rights
- God-given rights that cannot be taken away or given away
- Examples: right to life, right to love, right to marry

2. Civil rights
- Rights granted by the state for the promotion of common welfare of the
individual citizens
- Examples: right to life, right to own property, right to marry, right to enter into
any contracts, right to seek justice in the courts

3. Political rights
- Rights granted by the state to the people in order for the latter to participate in
the establishment and administration of the government
- Examples: right to citizenship, right to suffrage, freedom of speech, freedom
of the press, right to petition the government for redress of grievances

4. Constitutional rights
- Rights that are recognized, established, and protected by the constitution of
the state
- Examples: freedom of religion, freedom of speech, right to abode, freedom
from slavery

5. Statutory rights
- Individual’s legal rights granted by the lawmaking body and can be abolished
by the same body
- Examples: right to inherit property, right to a minimum wage, right to go on
strike for higher wages and better working conditions

On the other hand, international human rights standards are classified under civil,
political, economic, social, and cultural (Gavilan, 2005).

42
Lesson 2. Bill of Rights (Article III of the Philippine Constitution)

Written below are the 22 sections of declaration of the rights and privileges of
Filipinos that the Philippine Constitution should uphold and protect:

Section 1. Right to life, liberty, and property

Section 2. Right against unreasonable searches and seizures of whatever nature

Section 3. Right to keep his/her communication or correspondence a secret, except

upon lawful order of the court or when public safety or order requires

Section 4. Freedom of speech, freedom of expression, right to a free press, right of

the people assemble, and right to petition the government for redress of
grievances

Section 5. Freedom to choose and exercise religion profession and worship without
discrimination or preference

Section 6. The liberty of abode and right to travel

Section 7. Right to information on matters of public concern (e.g., access to official

records, official acts, transactions, or decisions, and government research
data used as basis for policy development)

Section 8. Right to form unions, association, or societies

Section 9. Right to just compensation of private properties

Section 10. Non-impairment clause

43
 Section 11. Free access to court and adequate legal assistance

Section 12. Right of a person under investigation (1) to be informed of his/her right to
remain silent, (2) to have competent and independent counsel of his/her own
choice, (3) not to experience torture, force, violence, threat, intimidation,
forms of detention, or any other means that vitiate the free will

Section 13. Right to bail and against excessive bail, except for those who are punished by
reclusión perpetua (life imprisonment)

Section 14. Right to due process of law in criminal offenses; Right of the accused (1) to
be presumed innocent until proven guilty, (2) to be heard by himself and
counsel, (3) to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation, (4)
to have a speedy, impartial, and public trial, (5) to meet the witnesses face
to face, (6) to have compulsory process to secure the attendance of
witnesses and the production of evidences in his behalf; Trial in absentia
(the trial may proceed despite the absence of the accused provided that
s/he being duly notified and his/her reasons are unjustifiable)

Section 15. Writ of Habeas Corpus (safeguard against warrantless arrests and illegal
confinement/detention)

Section 16. Right to speedy disposition of cases

Section 17. Right against self-incrimination (witness against himself/herself)

Section 18. Right to political beliefs and aspirations

Section 19. Prohibition against cruel, degrading, or inhumane punishment

Section 20. Right of a person not to be imprisoned for debts

Section 21. Right of a person against double jeopardy (putting a person on persecution for
the same offense after being acquitted, convicted, or punished for the same
offense)

44
Section 22. No to enactment of ex post facto law (criminalizing an act done before the
passage, and aggravating penalty for crimes committed before the passage)
and bill of attainder (legislative act that inflicts punishment without judicial
trial)

Aside from the Bill of Rights of the Philippine Constitution, human rights in the Philippines
are also guided by international laws namely the Universal Declaration of Human Rights
(UDHR), the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), and the
International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) (Gavilan, 2005).

Lesson 3. Right of Suffrage (Article V of the Philippine Constitution)

The right of suffrage (from the Latin word suffragium) or the right to vote in public, political
elections refers to the right of people to choose their officials as their representatives who
will exercise the power of the government for a given period (Katigbak, 2013). It is indicated
in the UDHR, ICCPR, and 1987 Philippine Constitution.

Article V of the 1987 Philippine Constitution

Section 1. Suffrage may be exercised by all citizens of the Philippines not otherwise
disqualified by law, who are at least eighteen years of age, and who shall
have resided in the Philippines for at least one year and in the place wherein
they propose to vote for at least six months immediately preceding the
election. No literacy, property, or other substantive requirement shall be
imposed on the exercise of suffrage.

Section 2. The Congress shall provide a system for securing the secrecy and sanctity
of
the ballot as well as a system for absentee voting by qualified Filipinos abroad.

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 The Congress shall also design a procedure for the disabled and the
illiterates to vote without the assistance of other persons.

Lesson 4. Citizen-Voter Education

(Adapted from Your Vote. Our Future: Citizen Participation in Election, 2003 )

Qualifications of a Voter

1. Citizens of the Philippines;

2. Eighteen years old and above; and
3. A resident of the Philippines for one year and in the city/municipality wherein he
proposes to vote for at least six (6) months before the elections.

Disqualifications of a Voter

1. Any person who has been sentenced to be imprisoned for not less than one year;
2. Any person who committed rebellion, sedition, violation of the anti-subversion
and firearms laws, or any crime against national security; and
3. Insane or incompetent persons.

Action Points for Citizen-Voters

A. Pre-Elections
• Register during the period allotted for voter registration.
• Be informed of the issues, platforms and personalities of the political
candidates.
• Set specific guidelines in choosing government leaders in terms of the
candidates’ social affiliations and interests, competence, lifestyle,
performance records.
• Conduct/participate in public debates that would inform citizens and gain the
commitment of the candidates to integrate, foremost, the interests and
welfare of the citizens in their program of government. This process can be

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 used to remind and hold the elected leaders accountable to the promises
made during the campaign.

B. During Elections
• Vote according to your conscience
• Practice vigilance by protecting the integrity of your own vote from any undue
influence, volunteering in organizations that work for clean and peaceful
elections, watching out for instances of cheating in the elections, and
informing the rest of the electorate of such activities.

C. Post-Elections
• Be vigilant in the counting and canvassing of votes
• Another arena of participation is open to the citizen voter once the candidates
they have voted for assume office.
• Participate in local governance through development planning in the
barangay level, consultations and public hearings, representation in local
special bodies.
• Aside from direct exercise of legislative power through the system of initiative
and referendum, citizen voter can participate in legislating laws through
legislative advocacy, a process of engaging with the legislature and other
governmental and social institutions to ensure that the concerns and welfare
of the general electorate be articulated in the deliberations of bills and other
legislative measures as well as in the final versions of laws.
• The citizen voter can also engage in the political and electoral process in
other ways such as:
a. running for office;
b. supporting/campaigning for a political party, candidate or party-list
group;
c. supporting initiatives of civil society organizations to ensure honest
and peaceful elections; and

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d. making views known to the elected representatives.

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1. Andres and Joselito founded an independent labor group that aims to fight for
and protect the rights of the workers. During the previous State of the Nation
Address of the current president, they gathered in front of Batasang
Pambansa to hold their protests, together with other labor groups. The police
officers did not apprehend any of them throughout the conduct of the protest.
What human right/s stated in the Bill of Rights had been exercised in this
situation?

 I think this situation exercised the Section 4 in the Bill of Rights

which is the freedom of speech, freedom of expression, right to a free
press, right of the people assemble, and right to petition the
government for redress of grievances. It was said that their
independent labor group aims to fight for and protect the rights of the
workers. They hold a protest during the previous State of the Nation
Address of the current president to express their freedom of
expression to fight for the rights of the workers. It was also said that
the police didn’t apprehend them throughout their protest and I think
that’s because they want the protesters to express their rights.

2. Dylan just recently became a registered voter, but he feels too lazy to vote.
What will you tell him to convince him to exercise his right to vote and
become a responsible voter?

 To convince him I will tell him that it is the right, privilege and duty to
vote as a citizen of our country and a member of our community.
Some people might think their vote doesn’t matter, but votes can
shape our foreign, economic and social policies. That voting means
we have a say in who represents us in government and whether
certain initiatives are passed. Some people have died to establish
their rights to be heard, to have a say in social, political and economic
matters and to leave the best administration for future generations. I
will also tell Dylan that if he doesn’t vote, one day he will be one of
those hypocrite people who don’t vote but complain about how the
government runs. Dylan have to earn his right to complain if ever he
had a problem about how the government runs.

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Assessment Task 4

Summary

Human rights are established to secure the human dignity of all individuals, and to allow
them to respect each other and live with each other. Article III of the 1987 Philippine
Constitution or the Bill of Rights state the rights of every Filipino that the State should
protect. Another right that every qualified Filipino should exercise is the right to suffrage
stated in the Article V of the Philippine Constitution.

REFERENCES

Books/Published materials

50
Agas, J. M., de Leon, M. K. C. C., & Ricafrente, M. C. (2018). MAPUA University Civic
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Agas, J. M., de Leon, M. K. C. C., & Ricafrente, M. C. (2019). MAPUA University Civic
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Babor, E. (2007). The Human Person: Not Real, But Existing. Quezon City: C&E
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Dela Cruz, S., Lloren, R., Dela Cruz, E., & Mapue, P. (2007). National Service Training
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Jeffrey, S. (n.d.). A Comprehensive Guide to Developing Self-Awareness. Retrieved from
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Vorkapic, S. T. (2011). Electrophysiological Differences in Sanguine, Choleric, Phlegmatic

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Bueza, M. (2015, January 17). MAP: Catholicism in the Philippines. Retrieved from
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Handel, S. (2017). Why Self-Awareness is the First Step Toward Empathy. The Emotion
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National Service Training Program Diliman. (n.d.). FAQs. Retrieved from
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Thor, E. (2018, June 17). Four Temperaments: Melancholic Sanguine Choleric

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principles#:~:text=Human%20rights%20are%20universal%20and%20inalienable%3
B%20indivisible%3B%20interdependent%20and%20interrelated.&text=Indivisible%2
0and%20interdependent%20because%20all,fully%20enjoyed%20without%20the%2
0others.

- END OF MODULE FOR PRELIMINARY GRADING PERIOD -

THERE WILL BE PRELIM EXAMINATION ON SEPTEMBER 21 TO OCTOBER 3, 2020.

PLEASE SEE YOUR SPECIFIC SCHEDULE FOR THIS COURSE. THANK YOU.
52