NEW

c{}ilRsrrc**K

coTToN I nRlvry I rrNr I Lrernu I nrrs

"@-ffi

Issues in education (1.1 ) An arlicle about rote learninq

Reporting what others say (1 .1) digital age (1 .1)

Suffixes (adjectives) (1.2) Profiles of three successful

people (1.2)
Abbreviations (1 .3)
A CV; ,'.:lr,,irin; r[r'r.:r,, :,.

Travel collocations; Multi-rvord Hol idav brochure extracts;

verbs (2.1 ) ar:ii sin,t a genre (2.1)
The natural world 12.2r A tert about the Calapagos
lslands t2.2)
\n article about the perfect bea:
:'. -r -..i: ir,l adi,aniages .rnci
.,,
;'..:, :'...:.i.t1e: (2.3)

Adjectives of character ,3.1 i^':1 a:::roiii naiional traits l

Word sets; Abbreviations; i- :1 - .::.:-.: CER\ ,3.2)
prioritising (3.2) !r.-'":.. ''t:- ::errieivs rvith
I l
lnternational relations 3.3 r ^---

Health collocations (4.1 r

:,^ :'-: i : aiout health and
].. :::
Healthcare (4.2) -, l

: - ::'c.e about healthcare

The language of emotion -{.3
----:^- _1 l

-- o-,.L about nursing;

--. r -t n^ I ..ri,-lr-.:
Reolies to the article (4.3)

Consumer colloca::or-s i. The introduction to a radio serie.

(5.1)
Compound adjec:.r a. ':': ed
with nouns 5.1 An article about an iconic car:
Suffixes rnouns 1 -l.l combining scr;rces i:f
informaiicrr (5.2)
Headlines and article extracts
about controversies in the fashior
industry (5.3)

Describlng technology (6.1 ) A quiz about technology; Messa,

Collocations,6.3t board texts about technology;
analvsin:: -ii\ l. (6.1)
Texts about innovators in
technologr'; clnsirlering
al]nsac -:e,:res (6.2)
An article about DNA testing;
ilie::.:r: ria .lal\ airtages ilnd
ij t.;rj'. (6.3)
":t:.t':r-s
 A radio programme about Discussing education (1 .1 ) Scenario: choosing an lustifying opinions (.1 .2) Meet the expert:
education; r€afiing to the The qualities of successful intern an interview with
A CV (1 .3)
text (.1 .1) people (1.2) Key language: stating Helen Kempster, a
Study ski I ls: Self-awareness
A job interview (1 .3) requirements, saying what careers consultant,
Jobs and CVs (1 .3)
is essential and desirable Writing skills: A covering
letter
about iob 4l
.5)
li:iilffi'B
(.1
Task: choosing an intern

. -..: i:ri::r.ulril|r!ri:1:i:r:iiri.r:iriqili:liri

An interview with the lmportant factors for Scenario: Cranville lsland A notice of rules for a Meet the expert:
director of a conservation tourists; Speqialised Key language: stating your beach (2.3) an interview with
charity; preclicting (2.2) tourism (2.1 ) position, clarifying Study skills: Planning and Noirin Hegarty from
Discussing threats to organising essays Lonely Planet,
Task: participating in a
the natural and built meeting Writing skills: A problem-
environment (2.2) solution essay (2.5)
Talk about the rules at
beach (2.3)
a

r#;:S
: i .;:i:1,.:ra4::t:ai:jlirr:*$:t
\ radio interview with Discussing stereotypes; Scenario: The oil spill crisis Using subordinate Meet the expert:
an ambassador's partneri Reflecting t:n your Key language: Stating clauses (3.2) an interview with
^'erring attitucle (3.3) culturo (3.1) Brendan Paddy from
objectives, givi ng strong Study skills: Active
Discussing international advice listen ing the Disasters ..ri
collaboration (3.2) Task: Devising an iction Writing skills: A speech
Emersencv , ]i$
Making criticisms (3.3) plan
comiitte6, ffi
about W
::"iili"""', -ddq

..:.rtr!r:i'i'l_:$l |ili; j;;tn:ilirt*ta*iii: trrri i

a ''a:i
'ceech about healthcare Talking about health and Scenario: Change An essay about the Meet the expert:
: -, , s'.n; iclentiiying the fitness; discusilng health your ways healthcare system in your an interview with
. --- ' . ;rurpose (4.2) quotes (4.1) Key language: Justifying country (4.2) Neil Shah, i
- ::€:3::'l bY a VIP at a Discussing spending on opin ions Study skills: Analysing Director of {
a'i:-:. on ceremony for healthcare; describe and visual information the Stress t
Task: Choosing and
eval uate the healthcare planning a publicity Writing skills: Describing
system in your country (4.2)
Working in healthcare (4.3)
campaign visual information
$lj:,r'"I

-d. An extract from a radio A debate about materialism Scenario: Retail revamp A description of one of Meet the expert:
programme about lapan; (s.1 ) Key language: Discussing your possessions (5.2) an interview with fashion
expanding the topic (5..1 ) Talking about design hypothetical ideas. Study skills: Reading designers Francesca Rosel la
A radio programme classics (5.2) complex texts effectively and Ryan Cenz, about their
Task: Developing a
about fashion and social company Cutecircuit (5.3)
Debating topics related to recovery strategy Writing skills: Summarising
responsibility; identifying the fashion industry (5.3)
suppr-rrt ior main argument
(s.3)

: :,.. -::.r.:et:-.:.:::-lr:€:i*-:ii:;i:ii
A presentation; a question Talking about advances in Scenario: A radio debate A message board text Study skills video:
and answer session (6.4) technology (6.1 ) Key language: Persuading, about technological a talk about studying in
Talking about criticising, accepting advances (6.1 ) another country. (6.5)
technological change (6.2) criticism, offering lmproving wiitten
Discussing DNA cou nter-argu ments texts (5.3)
testing (6.3) Task: Participating in a Study skills: lntercultural
debate awareness
Writing skills: Reporting
survey
iffi rtr}NtTtrNI-rq
g. ,E rt v a t I t E t

An article about left-handed peor

,rpplvine irieas lront the text (7.1
Ter,ls about four great thinkers , -
Texts about good ideas (2.3)

Newspaper headl ines (8. 1 )

An article by journalist Simon

Jenkins; predicting (8.2)
A transcript of a talk about an
astronaut (8.3)

A book introduction; identiir ir::

claims (9.1)
Two approaches to juvenile
delinquency (9.2)
Two poems; ln'n 1r1r lirr; p . .

language (9.3)

Reviews from a Iistings page 1 C

A press release about the

Recycled Orchestra; rrnrlerst:r- -

a rrd re,cporrrj j ns to vucabu ia i-.,

choir:es (10.2)
Extracts about technology and
media: irl".,r' r n! ,,i.. \ r, I

main poinl-s (10.3)

Stories irom the business

pagesr1l.1r
An article about Fairtrade (1 1 .l
Negotiating tips (1 1 .3)

An article about life on Mars;

dlstingu rshi nr iact ir-o;'r..
opinior: (12.1)
A texl abou plastit: -r ., . .

argLriienis 1'l 2.21

A blurb and extracts from a b. -
urrclt rs:a r:ii i ;-ti rrei-siias i r e
lecirr.:i:i,i::12.3i

Language reference (p126-149) | Meet the Expert (p150-154) { Communication Activities (p155-1 64r
 .{ lecture about Talking about creative and Scenario: Camomila Study Skills: Critical Meet the expert:
creativity (7.1 ) lateral thinking; thinking thinking an interview with
Key language: Approvi ng
A radio programme about of new uses for everyday ideas, expressing doubV Mairi Ryan from
Writing skills: An
Keynes and Aristotle; objects (7.1 ) objections the Royal
opinion-led essay
evaluating a surnmary (7.2) Talking about great Society of Arts,
Task: A new plan for
thinkers (7.2) about their
Camomila
ldentifying outcomes (7.3)

I :--=+i#*!*s*+ifffir*j
Six people talking about Talking about the media; Scenario: Sailing close to Study skills: Style and Meet the expert:
their jobs; justiiying Discussing headlines for a the wind register an interview with
choices (8.'l ) news programme (8..1 ) Dr Nell Haynes, an
Key language: Being Writing skills: Formal,
A journalist talking to Talking about journalism cautious neutral and informal anthropologist,
students (8.2) (8.2) emails about the
Task: Resolving ethical
A talk about an astronaut Talking about social media impact of
dilemmas
{8.3) (8.3)
Five people talking about Discussing the effectiveness
media (8.3) of media; evaluaiing
effectiveness (8.3)
l,:::r.-a:*j*r6*i:w;:atuja : ::-: j:..::]i::]i..]:6i.]11}..:. :]:-::: :::.ri:....:=::s:.:i:!-::::i j.::;:ir.rir,.:ia:.t:ar::a:ar: :a

Five extracts from a Talking about social Scenario: Lawmakers Writing about Meet the expert: an
book (9..1) issues (9.1 ) migration; write a poem interview with Nik
Key language: Balancing
A talk on teena8ers; Talking about an argument (e.3) Peachey, an educational
evaluatirrg with criteria juvenile crime and Task: Amending and Study skills: Synthesising consu ltant,
9.2) punishment (9.2) information
modifying the law
,{ talk about international Talking about Writing skills: A synthesis
migration (9.3) migration (9.3)

Interviews with people Talking about the Scenario: Clobal village A review for an Study skills video:
ivho attended events (1 0.1 ) popularity of the artsT event (10..1) a seminar about the
Key language: An informal
Musical extracts (1 0.2) Describing an event (1 0.1 ) talk Ianguage of drama (10.5)
A press release for a
\ rvebcast about using the Discussing music; How Task: I nformal presentation concert (10.2)
internet (10.3) music changes lives (10.2)
Study skills: Seminar/
Discussing technology and Discussion skills
entertainment (10.3)
Writing skil ls: Critical
reflective writing

,,'
,,a,
9!!*:&1:e{aS,iiJiih*F:iii+:4r: raiaFaiti;:-:ii:*,l*:*9!r!1!ar4:ir{:
1 radio programme about Talking about successfu I Scenario: Saving Iives A summary of a Study skills video:
nicrofinance (.1 .l .2) businesses; deciding and at sea budget (1 1 .1 ) a presentation about
justifying priorilics (1 1.1 )
Key language: Setting the launch of a new
The first paragraph of
Tal ki ngabout Fairtrade; the agenda, responding " an essay about product (1 1.5)
.l
evalr;ating evidence (.1 .2) to offers microfinance (1 1 .2)

Talking about negotiating, Task: Negotiating a Study skills: Making a

considering alternative contract business presentationi
.1
viervs (1 .3) introduction, conclusion
Writing skills: A tactful
business email

-lr.
irree people talk about Talking about space Scenario: Ask the panel Writing about setting up Meet the expert
:eiting up a human colony exploration and setting a human colony on an interview with
Key language: Referring
or \lars I 2.I ) up a human colony on to what other people have Mars (12.1) professors Richard Kitnev
d codcast about Mars (12..1 ) sa id and Paul Freemont, aboul
Writing about
: as:ic I1.2 |
Reducing the consumption Task: Taking part in a reducing consumption synthetic biologl, t 1 2.2
of plastic (12.2) panel discussion of plastic ('12.2)
.

Talking about insects and Studf skills: Examination

food production (.1 2.3) skil Is
Writing skills: A personal
statement

\udioscripts (p1 65-1 82)

 Education and employment
1.1 ISSUES IN EDUCATION

fdurail*n {o,sfs rro,}*t; }irf llicg.c* doe$ fgri*ranr:*" C,lalrs,Vl{rs*r ih. 11}?ll Ceitrratl'bt,i'ir Briti-<h .;c.lci'-:;r:ir-

5f i:Al{1Nt, ANl} V*CAltrl-iLAH.Y l{fA}ii"..i,,

'!a Complete the opinions with the words in the box' 3 Wtrictr of the follorving are important to learn at school?
1 important dates in historr', e.g. battles
ASSESSMENT curriculum dumbing down elitism
2 the names of capital cities
interpersonal skills plagiarism streaming 3 times tables. e.g. -l x 7 = 28
4 scientific formulae, e.g. E = mc2
'The most important aspect of education is 5 spellrns,
the or subjects which are taught.' 6 nrental arithmetic, e.g. adding up numbers in your head
'Frequent examinations are a much more reliable 7 poems and excerpts from literature
and useful way of measuring performance than
-,
continuous 4 what techniques do you have for learning any of
'--is an excellent idea because it enables students the above? Tell a partner.
with a similar ability to work at the same pace'' 5 What do you understand by the term 'rote
-.'
'Education is not about developing your but
learning'? Scan the article to check your answer.
about learning facts.'
'Private education creales and encourages 6 Read the article. ln which paragraph does the writer:
in which is absolutely
-,disgusting' 1 argue that it is pointless to memorise significant
inequality society,
6 'Copying someone else's ideas, cheating historical facts?
ancl buying qualifications is sometimes necessary'' 2 claim that rote learning is often used by professionals?
7 'lt's easier to get good grades nowadays because
-t are worth 3 comment that there is an educational split in the world?
education is . Qualifications less 4 conclude that putting knowledge into practice is the
than in the Past.' most important thing?
5 deny that there are no positive aspects to rote learning?
"!
b Wnicn opinions do you agree or disagree with? 6 point out that rote learning is considered old-fashioned?
Work with a partner and discuss your ideas' 7 suggest that learning alone is often boring?

3 Work with a partner and discuss the following' 7 thgwriter positive, negative or undecided about
Is
1 the advantages and disadvantages of your country's rote learning? Do you agree with the writer? Why?/
educalion system Why not?
2 the positive and negative aspects ot your own
educational exPeriences
 N55{JT5 IN EDUCA.TNON]

Eautiti*a,b.iag i ,l
1
VOCABU LARV
:
!
REPORTINC WHAT OTHERS SAY
i

Learning by rote in
i
I ptatch the verbs in bold in Exercise 6
with their meanings.
the digital age a
b
say that something is not true
make a point strongly, giving reasons/
evidence
When it comes to education, there's a divide between East and c decide that something is true after
consideration
West. Eastern nations' education systems have historically
d express an opinion
favoured rote learning - that ig memorisation - compared with e state that something is true
Western schooling, which often cites creativity and innovation f put forward an idea in a tentative way
as keygoals of a rounded education. Rote learning has become g bring to the reader's attention
seen as an antiquated method of teaching. The dictionary
defines Iearning 'by rote'as: 'from memo{r without thought of LISTENINC
the meaning; in a mechanical way'. 9u E Listen to three people on a radio
The decline of rote learning in the \X/est has been facilirared by programme talking about the purpose of
education. Where are they from and what
rechnology. No one needs to memorise friends'phone numbers
do they do?
or email addresses because such data is conveniently stored and
accessible electronically - our phones have become databases, th Listen again and make notes on the
rvhile the internet carl answer any question to which there exists speakers'views.
an answer. So why remember the date of the Treacy ofVersailles 1 How do their opinions differ?
rvhen you can find the answer on Google in abour six seconds?
2 What suggestions do they make?
3 Who is the most persuasive speaker? Why?
Bur now there are rumblings in the UK of a need ro rerurn to
rore learning, which has stirred controversy in the media. You'd 9c Compare your notes with a partner.
be forgiven for thinking the whole thing was a terrible idea. Bur "10 Reacting to the text Work in
small
rhere are benefits to memorising sruff. groups and discuss the questions.
In fact, memorising key data is fundamental to learning any skill. 1 What is your reaction to the views you
Doctoring requires knowledge of the aparorrry,lawyeritz requires heard on the radio programme? How
knorvledge ofcases and statutes, learning languages requires common do you think they are?
grammar and even ngw alphabets in some cases. Of course, being
2 Which is closest to the view of the writer
of the article in Exercise 6?
able to recall chings will not further your understanding of those
3 What similarities are there between the
rhings, but without memorising rhese foundation elements, you views expressed on the radio programme
qurnot progress to a deeper understanding ofa subject. and the education system in your country?
\'\-trile the internet and compurers have undermined the need for
us to remember things, it may well be that mobile learning can 5I]EAKIN C
1 I Work in small groups and discuss the
Iaelp rer.ive this style of learning by making ir more convenienr,
mrore accessible and more fun. statements and questions.
Drilling y,ourself - with flashcards or by brute repetition - is 1 'You get what you pay for.' Do you
har"d uork (and usually tedious), which is why most people need think this is true for education in your
rneir muhiplication tables to be drilled into them by reachers country?
,or parenrs. Rore learning without a willing third parry can be 2 Males and females should be educated
aharrle of discipline and motivation. But mobile learning can separately.

^ke rhose flashcards and drills more appropriate to individual

3 What do you think are the key goals of
education?
mudr'; our devices can challenge and inform us at the same 4 What are the advantages and
nmre end also keep us motivated, whether through game-like
disadvantages of school uniforms?
rtm[ures or recording our progress.
1 2 Work with a student from another group.
Laorcrng bs rote does have limited use. Once you've acquired the Tell him/her about your group's ideas. Listen
frum,:i*rnsxlr:ls of a subject, the need to memorise data usually and make notes on what he/she tells you.
lirrr,.n*n::rqh,es and ir becomes rhe application of knowledge which is
i3 neport back to your group about
ummF(r)frreaL
what the student told you in Exercise 12,
using your notes. Are the ideas similar or
different to your group's ideas?
fl

SUCCLSS

5T}EAKIh]C
'l a Think of three successful people in these
fields: business, the arts, science' Why do you
think they are successful (e.g. education, hard
lndra Nooyi
In 2010 Indra NooYi =
work, talenf good luck)? Tell a partner' :
was named the most
1b Wfrictr qualities do the people you
powerful businesswoman
described share?
in the world by Fortune J
magazine. She has been I
READINC working as ChairPerson I
2 Read the profiles of thre8successful and Chief Executive Officer 1
people quickly. ln what way are they of PepsiCo since 2006.
successful? Born in India, she has a ffi
3 Look at some common characteristics of Bachelor of Science degree,
successful people. Which of them apply to an MBA from the Indian
the people You read about? Institute of Management and a Master's degree in Public
t hard-working 4 creative and Private Management from Yale University'
2 innovative 5 business-minded Nooyi has a reputation for being very persuasive and
3 highly educated 6 self-disciplined ha, the ability to rouse an audience' She also has a very
4 nead the profiles again and answer the informal style in meetings and openly solicits the opinions
questions. of her staff. At one investors' conference, Nooyi sat down
1 What do you think of Nooyi's management with the delegates and conducted the business equivalent
style? of a fireside chat.
2 How do you think Kim's earlier career could Nooyi is constantly reinventing her business model' 'The
have helped her achieve her later success? minute you've decided a new business model, it's extinct
3 What difficulties did Greider have to because somebody is going to cop-Y it" For years she's
overcome and how did she do so? been talking about the importance of healthier products
4 Which of the three people are you most and education
impressed bY? Tell a Partner'
about nutrition.
She works 18-20
VCCAEULARY hours a day
SUFFIXES (ADIECTIVES) and is currentlY
5a Find adjectives in the profiles which are serving on the

!,r1trc**::,"i"lfl
allergy infection influence
board of several
organisations.
passion Persuasion Po*"]__:"::::

5h Wtrat suffixes are used to form these

adjectives? Ange[a Jia Ki m
allergy - allergic
Angela Jia Kim is a successful
6a Make adiectives from the nouns in the entrepreneur, having alreadY
box. Use the correct suffixes. founded two comPanies.

affection ambition education Her first piano teacher was her

roeg_jry3Egl___ mother and later she graduated
",p.u__ltg _ from the Eastman School of Music.
Her classical refinement and
6b Answer the questions.
passionate performances have delighted audiences worldwide'
1 Who is the most successful person you
One day just as she was aboot to perform on stage, she
had
know? Give reasons'
an allergic reaction to a body lotion' As a result of this, she
2 Who is your favourite fictional character? 'I
why? decidedlo dewlop her own line of skincare products' was
3 What is the most powerful piece of art or paying attention to what I was eating,' she says' 'shouldn't
-r*"rr,ion
film that You have seen? i pry to what I was purting on mv body?' She
4 What educational background is needed to ,trri.d experimenting to find non-todc creams and eventually
become a teacher in Your countrY? launched bm Aroma & Co., an organic skincare line'

I
 %
succFss r
CRA&4i\'lAR
Caro[ Grelder THE CONTINUOUS ASPECT

Carol Greider won the Nobel 7a profiles of lndra Nooyi and Angela.lia Kim
.Read.the
Prize in Medicine in2O09 again and find examples of these tenses.
after making a breakthrough 'l present continuous
in DNA and cancer research. 2 past continuous
However, Carol struggled at 3 present perfect continuous
elementary school. She found 7b Wtrich of the tenses you found are used to talk about:
it difficult to pronounce 'l an action that was in progress at an earlier time?
words;lnd to read out loud. 2 an action that is currently in progress?
She was pur inro remedial 3 an action which began in the past and is still
spelling class and this,led to continuing or has just finished?
problems with self-esteem. She thbught of herself
as stupid until she was diagnosed with dyslexia.
!.| Language reference and extra practice, pages 126_127

She had to memorise words to spell them, but I Explain the difference in meaning between the
sentences
then began to enjoy reading for pleasure. Then in each pair.
she_found it easy to remember things in Biology 1 a I work in Madrid, but I live in a village forty
ard History. She enjoyed working hard. However, kilometres away.
she still sffuggled to get into graduate school and b I. working in Madrid, but l,m moving to
received many rejection lefters due to poor scores in Barcelona next year.
the Graduate Recorded Exam. 2 a I've worked in London, paris and itor", but now I

Eventually, she was offered a place by the work in Tokyo.

California lnstitute of Technology and UC l've been working in Tokyo for a year and expect
Berkeley. She chose UC Berkeley as she wanted to
to continue to do so for some time.
vr,ork with Elizabeth Blackburn, whose enthusiasm 3a I worked in Oslo in 2013.
for DNA and chromosome research she found b I was working in Oslo when my father fell ill.

infectious. In2004 she became Department 4a l'll work when you get home if you look after the
Director ar Johns Hopkins University ch ildren.

khool of Medicine. Carol eventually b I'll,be working when you get home, so please try
\\:on the Nobel Prize with Blackburri.
to keep quiet.
She always credits all her
5a When her car broke down, she was driving to
colleagues who have Moscow for a conference.
b When her car broke down, she went the rest of the
been influential in her
way by bus.
rienrific journey.
6a We are renting an apaftment until our house is ready.
b We rent an apartment by the sea most summers.

Her degree was in Music, not Business, so she 9 Correct the mistakes in the use of tenses in the text.
sought advice from respected businesswomen who
I really respect my best friend. H" ir:?[:'ng from poland
r.r-ere going through similar experiences.
and is speaking four languages. He is livinfin London
She rvent on to create Savor the
sihce 1998 and l,ve beei kriowing him foiten years.
Success, an online communitv We
met on holiday when we tritcnhite through Spain.
tor female entrepreneurs. One
day while we walk through the Cantabri# Mountains,
he
She sars her success in told me that even though he had been leaving school
at
business is due to her fifteen, he was going tJbe very successful. HL joined
his
rraining as a company when it is having difficulties. He was working
concert his way up to the top since then. He is only working
th"ere
pianisr and, tor seven years and he is already being the Director.
of course.
hard rvork. WRITINC
10. iustifying opinions Write a short paragraph giving
and justifying your opinion on one oitheJe statements.
1 A good education is the key to a successful life.
2 Luck a.nd.family connections are more important than
a good education.
3 Success is ten percent inspiration and ninety percent
perspiration.
9
 JOB HUNTINC

SPEAKINC
CV
1 Work in small groups and discuss the
Name: Vadim Kufenko
questions.
Date of birth: 8 May 1986
1 How do you find out about jobs in your Email addtess: kufenko.vadim3@online.ru
country?
2 What jobs have you had/would you PROFILE
like to have? An enthusiastic and dedicated professional
3 Have you ever written a CV/r6sum6? with excellent atalyttcal abilities in the field of
When? finance. Exceptional numerical skills. Quick to
4 Is there a standard format for CVs/ grasp new ideas and concepts and able to work
r6sum6s in your countrl& on his own initiative. Has a logical approach to challenges and
is able to meet tight deadl-ines. Strong project management skills. A
READINC good team player with outstanding intelpersonal skills.

2 wtrich of the following do you think WORK EXPERIENCE

are essential to mention in your CV? December 2008-October 2013
1 website addresses of companies you have Finaloial Analyst at the Bank of Foteign Tmde, St Petersburg.
worked for Responsibilities: daily f,nancial analysis, preparing financial
2 details of pre-university qualifications statements, data ptocessing and marketing surveys
3 a photograph EDUCATION
4 date of birth
5 postal address December 2013-present
6 telephone number and email address PhD in Economics and Finance, St Petersburg Sate University of
7 names of referees Economics and Finance
8 internships/work placements Septembet 2007-July 2008
9 software used MA in Economics, specialising in Finance and Credit, St Petersburg
10 charity work State University of Economics and Finance
11 interests
September 2003-June 2007
12 positions of responsibility
BA in Economics, St Petersbutg State University of Economics and
13 title, e.g. Mr/MisslMs
Finance
14 achievements
15 interpersonal skills 7998-1999
SouthwestJunior High School, Lawrence, I(ansas, USA
3a Evaluating effectiveness Read Vadim
799y2003
Kufenko's CV quickly. Do you think it is a
School #157, St Petersburg
good CV? ls there anything you would do
differently? INTERNSHIPS AND EXCHANGE PROGRAMMES
3b Read the CV again and answer the September-December 2007
questions. Exchange programme at the University ofJy,vnskyld, Finland
1 What do you notice about the way the Progtammes: Finance, Business Networks, Family Business,
profile is written? Marketing (in English), Finnish language
2 Which exchange programme might he April2007
have found the most difficult? Why? Short internship at the Bank of Foreign Trade, St Petersburg
3 What kinds of job do you think he April-July 2006
might be suitable for?
Exchange programme at the Bedin School of Economics, Germany
4 Vadim is applying for a job in the Ptogtammes (in Getman): International Economic Relations,
marketing department of a British International Marketing, German language
company that exports British products ADDITIONAL SKILLS
to Russia. They require a fluent Russian Languages: English (advanced IELTS 8.0, BUIATS), German
speaker, with advanced English and
(intermediate), Finnish (elementary)
experience in finance and marketing.
Rewrite Vadim's profile to help him get HOBBIES
this job. Tradiag in stocks and shates, ,-i--ing and iogging

10
 "ros !-iLJt{Til\c

C KA&4&,4A'T
Ti II PFRFE( I ASPI C I

7 Look at Audio script 1.2 on page 165 and find

examples of the following.
1 present perfect simple
2 present perfect continuous
3 past perfect
4 future perfect
5 perfect infinitive
6 having + past participle
I fhe perfect aspect links two times together. Which
two times (presenq past or future) are being linked
together in each sentence?
1 Hopefully, we'll have finished the interview by 3 p.m.
2 l'd applied for a number of work placements before I

got the one in the bank.

l've been on two exchange programmes: one in
Finland and one in Cermany.
Having read your CV, we'd like to know more about
your internship and exchange programmes.
I-tCAt3U[,&KY 5 I seem to have lost your references.
- ] 3REVIATIOi\5 6 Since December 2013 l've been writing my doctoral
i tvork in small groups and match the abbreviations thesis.
rr ith the descriptions. \+ Language reference and extra practice, pages 126-'127
-,]
PhD 3 MBA 5 BULATS 7 TOEFL
I Complete the sentences with the correct perfect
I rlSc 4BA 6 IELTS
form of the verbs in brackets.
a a iirst degree in the Humanities
I intended to come for just a couple of months, but
D a postgraduate degree in a science subject
c a postgraduate degree, which entitles the holder to
next September I _ (be) here for five years.
When I interviewed him, he (already/be) out
-ne title Dr
ol work lor over a year.
d a postgraduate business qualificatidn
e a qualification in Business English
3 Mv sister (be) the head of a PR company for
the last ten years.
a test of reading, writing, listening and speaking,
We _ (interview) five people since 9 a.m., but
,-:en used by British and Australian universities
I don't think any of them meet the requirements.
= iest of comprehension in written and spoken It's no use sending your CV now. They
:nelish, often used by American universities
(choose) a candidate by the end of today.
I was hoping
)--\l\c 6
7
(finish) by now.
(complete) my training, I am now looking
6. p| Listen to part of Vadim's job interview and for a job in finance.
::rrrt er the questions.
'1 ,\ h,, cloes the interviewer mention when the wKlTlNfr
-:en ieu,will finish? '!
0a Choose a job that you would like to be interviewed
L\ nat regret does Vadim mention? for. Write a short CV to help you get the job.
-i -\ rat adt,ice does the interviewer give Vadim? 'l0b
-! :'-r;', does Vadim turn a possible weakness into a Swap CVs with a partner and tell each other
.:': - qth ? what jobs they are for. Suggest improvements to your
: ,', -, does Vadim want the advertised job? partner's CV.
: -', -a: rristake does the interviewer make?
t:r fl-isten again and evaluate the interview. Answer
:-e questions. Watch an interview with Helen
- l': , : - think rvhat Vadim said highlights his strengths? I Kempster, a careers consultant, about
- -- .-, ,',culd vou describe the interviewer's attitude job hunting and interviews.
a':rs \ adim?
,,
Turn to page 150 for video activities.
- - r., rou think the interview is going so far?
.,.
 CHOOSINC AN INTERN

SITUATION KEY LANCUACE

STATINC REQUIREMENTS, SAYINC WHAT IS
Anderson University is'a private univelsily in the
United Kingdom. Many of its students want to do
ESSENTIAL AND DESIRABLE
internships'rof three to six months with companies or 4 nead the extracts in Exercise 5 and try to predict
international organisations. They generally pay a fee what words are missing.
and use thO services of Morton Associates, a firm that
specialises in arranging internships. 5E Listen to extracts from the conversation in
Morton Associates is looking for a suitable candidate Exercise 3 and complete the gaps. Do not use more
for an internship with the lhiernational organisation than two words for each gap.
UNESCO. 1 L: _
It's that candidates are doing a
postgraduate degree.
"la Read the situation, the description of UNESCO and
2 H:, What about Ianguages?
L: Well, they _ an excellent knowledge
the duties of the intern. o
of one oiihe working languages of the
1b Work in pairs or small groups and discuss what , ' organisation - that means really good English or
kind of person would be suitable for this internship. French, oral and written.
Think about the candidate's educational qualifications, H: Right, so that's _.
personal qualities, experience, skills and interests. 3H: How about work experience?
2 Discuss your profile of the ideal candidate with
L: Well, they don't mention that specifically,
another pair or group. but it's obviously to have some work
experience.
3 tII Listen to Lisa and Howard, two members of 4H: You haven't mentioned computer skills.
Morton Associates, talking about the requirements .L: Well, candidates _ to be able to use
for candidates applying for an internship at UNESCO. office-related software.
Work with a partner and make notes under these 5 H: Anything else?
headings. L: No, but we'll be some evidence of a
o Qualifications . Languages special cultural or scientific interest.
o Work experience . Computer skills
. lnterests 6 Look at Audio script 1.3 on page 165. Underline all
the phrases which are used to state requirements, and
say whether each one is essential or desirable.

UNESCO aetivtties jss*. PIEes of the intern

": to aSsist in administrative dutiEs
UNESCO promotes international :
-- as assigned by
-- vrJ'!E'|,
' the director
cooperation among its 195 Member : I
t
a
' i
the fields of education, science, culture
.l
t depa rtment publications :
,
and communication. lt has a wide range of
ir
,4,.
to assist with the creation powerpoint !
of
programmes, which will appealto students '1,
.,-.,. presentations and maintenance
of databases
from diverse disciPlines. - .

:ii:i:: specia I events and

a
I
Aims: ii ::::,*::linate
conferences
. to mobilise for education so that , , to take part in the development
i.

every child, boy or girl, has access to .

educational prograrhmes
of student
education as a fundamental human right
Ti{
. to build international understanding 't,l
through protection of heritage and j.

support for cultural diversity , ...

. to pursue scientific cooperation $iif
i:liil . to protect freedom of expressioh
'.+
l*****:r:t**r:*;*i;:
 cr-{ooSt r{c Ah,i ! NTrKrd

- \SK Profile
:-OOSINC AN INTERN Oualifications Fi nal ye a r P hD. 7 opi c: I a ngu o ge
ia Work in groups of three. You are policies in Sr,,redish schools
rnembers of Morton Associates. You are Languages {)ili n g u al E nglis L -Sw e d; r t"
going to recommend one intern for the
internship at UNESCO. There is only one Computer skills Extenrive knowledge o{
vacancy at the moment. Read the profiles comVuter ?rogra$t aqA to{tware
and underline the strong points of each Experience Worked dvringtwo tvmmers {or a
candidate. Make a note of afiy points you , 'travelby teaching' organisation. Gained a goad knotn ledge o{ Asian
think the candidate lacks. ,, culturer.

StudentA: read the profile of Pilar Martinez. Attitude An extravert. Seemed exlremely con{ident. Expressed
Student B: read the profile of Anette Frieberg. her opiniong on to.cial ittuet f orce{ully. Possibly notvery apel.-
Student C: read the profile of Kenneth Watana.
mi,\ded- She Aido't appear to be a goid listrn"'r.
7b ln your groups, discuss the candidates. r Other information D ressed rolher casrrally I or the intervietrr.
Talk about their strengths and weaknesses ', Re co m m e nd ati o n { r o m a I e ctu r e r :' A nZtt"' s g r e ate sl stre nglh i s
and why they should/shouldn't get the , at aleamleader.She eryeels alot{rom membert o{ herteam.'7g
internship. : President o{ lhe U niversitylnternational Society. W ould like to work
7c Rank the candidates in order of their {or an organisafion which promotet women" oid cl"ildren's righls.
suitability for the internship (1 : most
suitable, 3 : least suitable). Profile
7d Choose the best candidate to
recommend for the internship. Then Oualifications Final year flA in l\uteum and
compare your choice with other groups. Arlel acl Studies '
-{hai,{airly
, Languages good English aoA French
Profile
: (upper-intermediate livel). li iearn;n g 6erman
', in evening clags.
Qualifications Computer skills Competent using common to{twore ?rogrant
Final year PhD in Experience a ne-month part-time work at a local Railway
Fine Ai l\uteum. Visifor inl armation, commvnication wilh public.
Languages Attitude Q ei, r e{ e ctiv e ? e r s o n. tl e
tri I ritate d { r e qu e ntly b e{ o r e
flvenl Spanish, a^twering Tueftions.
intermeAiate level Extre^ely pol;te during the interview" SeemeA unwiiliog to give
Engl;sh anA French his views on current af{airs.
Computer skills Baric knowledge o{ o{{ice Other inform ation Smarl a??eara^ce.Is editor o{ lhe university
orogramt ana |o{tware Also aclive i'n'the Drama Society
^ewtPaPer. - ,ecenfly qovl
Experience Holidoy workwilh a picture falk on AsianThealre an/ Rifualr. Reco,r,iendalionf'rim
rerforer al National Mugevm ol Arl futor:'Jamef it a team player rather than a leader. t1e has
exceptional research tk;llt.' Very inferesleA in unAerwaler
Attitude V e ry a rti cul ate. P a s si o nate
cvltvral herilage and social -"Aio. H;s t"obby ir rnorkelling.6oes
aboul arl contertation. Not at all taTurkey every gummerto do Some f norkelling.
interesareA in curcent a$airs. See-ed
rather na',ve and unso?histicaleA obout
worlA aflairs. fias travelleA all over
lhe world. l\ade interegting comments
ab o ul cr o t t - cultu r a1 p r obl e
-s.
his/her strongest points is ...
Other inform ation D retted { ashionably.
His/Her best quality is ...
Recommendalioo { rom arl pro{es9or:
What impresses me about him/her is ...
'Pi)ar is siagle-minAed. Artis herli{e.
His/Her biggest asset is ...
o?enlo nevt iAeas - thal s her
She is
One of his/her major rieaknesses is ...
beslquality.' W a ntt to work in pielu re I think he/she lacks...
conterttation oll over the world a{fer she
m worried/concerned about h islher age/experience/qual ifications
l' .. .
qraAuales.
What concerns me about the candidate is ...
 STU DY SKILI-S 3b Wnicfr studen! Anna or Hayato, expresses the
SELF-AWARENESS following ideas? Listen again and check.
He/She...
1a What is self-awareness? How can it influence your
1 needs to communicate better in English for work
ability to learn something new?
reasons.
1b fnint of something you have tried to learn recently. 2 is a flexible person when travelling.
Work with a partner and discuss the questions. 3 will make more money by improving his/her English.
1 How did you learn the new skill? 4 wants to learn more about the literairre of the
2 Were you successful? Why?Azt/hy not? country.
3 What did you learn about yourself? 5 does not want to learn a lot about English culture.
6 learnt about English culture at an early age.
1c Work in small grorfr, and share your experiences. 7 wants to achieve native speaker proficiency.
What were the most common reasons_for the success B is learning English in a company environment.
or failure of your learning? Your motivation or lack of
it? Ease or difficulty of the task? Good/Bad teaching? 4 Learning style lt is important to be aware of j

Another reason? your learning style as this will indicate not only your
strengths, but also areas you need to develop. Read
2 Motivation Discuss the questions in your groups. about four approaches to learning on page 159. Then
1 What is your main motivation for improving your work in groups and discuss the questions.
English? Which style do you think best describes your
2 What else is motivating you to improve your English personality?
language proficiency? 2 Are you a mix of the styles? If so,. in what way?
3 Why are you more likely to succeed if you are highly 3 ls one learning style predominant in your group?
motivated? Talk to your group about their learning styles. Do
you think your teachers need to know about this?
3u E Two students are being interviewed by a linguist
Why?A&hy not?
who is researching the motivation of learners of English.
Read the descriptions of two types of motivation. Then 5a Note down the qualities and skills you have which
listen to the students, Anna and Hayatq and decide which would impress a potential employer. Then work in
type of motivation they have. groups and compare your lists.
5b ln your groups, discuss what you should or should
not do to improve your English. Think about your
personality or character, your motivation and your
lnrtrvmental vnolivafion, The ?erro^ \5 learning styles.
learntng lhe langvo,ge lo acAieue a de{tr\fe
qoal, e.g.lo gel a belter
1ob, to be yrovnofed, WRITINC SKILLS
lo yass an exfernal exawt\no,l\on. A COVERINC LETTER
I ntegr ative v^ oliv ati o nz T he
y e r s o n \s 6 When to use a covering letter Complete the text with
learn\n9 fAe langv o,ge lo covnwtvnricate with the words in the box. Three of the words are not used.
yeoyle {"ov^ anofh.er cvllvre lAat syeal fn'e
l.angv age. The 7e"so n.nzar,,t, to identify with convincing essentially impact inspiration
motivate speculative targeted
''a

lb'e larget langv age grov? a^d f ,l in, with it. vacancv vital

=
A covering letter should always be included when
you send out a CV or an application form. lt should
create interest and 1_ the employer to get
to know more about you. There are two types of
covering Ietter. ln a(n)'_ covering letter,
the writer is responding to a specific advertised
'_. However, in a(n) o_covering letter,
the writer aimi at a specific employer or a number
of companies or organisations he/she is interested
in joining. A covering letter is t_ if your
application is speculative because the emplover
will only read it and look at your CV if your letter is
really 6_.

14
7 Haw to struct*re a cavering letter Put the information in the 10b Read the letter again. Each
order (1-5) it would normally appear in a covering letter. paragraph contains atopic sentence and
a Highlight your strong points, your understanding of the work and one or more supporting ideas. With your
why you are suited to it. partner, study the example, then analyse
b End the letter with an appropriate sentence. paragraphs 3 and 4 in the same way.
c lndicate your availabitity for interview.
d Explain why you are inl.erested in the job. A topic sentence contains the main idea
e State what the vacancy is and how you heard about it. lf the upon which a paragraph is developed.
covering letter is speculative, say what kind of work you are It often appears at the beginning of a
interested.in. paragraph, introducing the main idea.

S E What to do in a cBvering letter Listen to a talk by Naomi Example: paragraph 2

Lloyd, a communications consultant, and make notes on what she Topic sentencet Having read your company
says about the following. : literature, I am very interested in joining
o introduction . strengths your organisation.
o length of the letter ' applying for different iobs Supporting ideas: (the reasons why
. ending the letter Vadim thinks he would be an asset to
the company): He thinks the job suits his
9 Look at Audio script 1.6 on page 166 and check your answers.
qualifications and experience and offers a
10a Vadim Kufenko is also applying for the position of Research suitable challenge.
Assistant with Euronews Magazine. The.magazine provides
readers with information on"trends in interiational banking,
foreign exchange investment and capital markets. Read the 11 Certain phrases are common in
covering letter Vadim includes with his CV. Do you think he covering letters. Find words and phrases
has followed the rules of writing a covering letter? Work with a in the letter with these meanings.
partner and discuss your ideas. 1 which I hope you will study carefully
(paragraph 1)
2 descriptions of your organisation's
Dear Ms Sommer, activities (paragraph 2)
Re: Research Assistant 3 something that needs skill and energy
to achieve (paragraph 2)
I am writing to apply for the_above position advertised in
(1)
4 extremely useful (paragraph 3)
the graduate section of The Chronicle , dated 5 June. I enclose my 5 short and clear (paragraph 3)
Curriculum Vitae fot your consideration. 6 getting work done very quickly and on
(2) Having read yout cornpany literature, I am very interested in time (paragraph 3)
ioining your organisation. I am convinced that the position of
7 have obtained (paragraph 4)
Research Assistant would be well suited to my qualifications and
B someone of value (paragraph 5)

experience. It would also provide me with an intetesting challenge. 12 vou have already written a CV. Now
(3) r\Iy role as Financial Analyst in the Bank of Foteign Trade in write an impressive covering letter for
St Petersbutg has given me invaluable experience of working in the job below, so that you will be invited
for an interview.
teams on tesearch projects. It has also enabled me to develop key
5l-ills such as analysing financial statemeflts, undertaking m4tketing
surrevs and writing concise reports, which arc all, relevant to this
position. Of course, I am used to v/orkiflg to tight deadlines.
(+)Dwing my holidays, I have travelled ruidely in Europe and
have gained useful cross-cultural skills. As d result, I feel I would
be able to fit comfortably into the multinational teams which I We are looking for volunteers
Lnorr" are an impottant fearrre of your organisation. with a wide range of skills and
(1 If I am forrunate enough to be selected for the position, you experience to ParticiPate in
si[ be employing an enthusiastic, highly motivated and loyal prtlects [such as building a schoolJ
'ir,
no,ember of staff, who will be an asset to your organisation. I am *o." than thirtY of the world's
arailable for interview at any time and look forward to headng poorest countries'
froEn vou- Y*u cslt ffilake a difference'
Send Your CV-to:
Yours sincerelv, e#-\

\"ndim Kufenko

I5
{
j
II
:I
:i
Tourism and conservation
2.1 WISH YOU WERE HERE?

fravef makes e wi.q* man betfer; l:ut a fooi wG;'54' trh*rnas Furtrier i'1&14*1734), Eng\\s\r phr.iciarr antl r'.''rii*r

5Pi:AK!r'lC KTAE .]C

"l Work with a partner and dis-cuss how important 4a Read the holiday brochure extracts A-F and match
the following are for tourists. Put them in order of them with the holiday lvpes in the box. You do not
importance (1-B). need all of the words in the box.
o weather a accommodation
adventureholiday backPacking city break
. cost a sights
cruise resort holidal' safari self-catering holiday
. food a activities
sightseeing tour u'orking holiday
. ease of travel a envi ronmental considerations

? Wtrat are popular holiday destinations for people from

4b Wtrat other holiday types can you think of?
your country? How have these changed in the last ten years?
5a Which of the holidays in the extracts would be
suitable for the following people? Work with a partner
V*CAI3U LAX.Y and discuss your ideas.
TRAVEL CCi LI}CATIONS
1 an adventurous ecology graduate travelling alone
3a Match 1-8 with a-h to make collocations' Then check 2 a sporty group of friends in their twenties looking {or
your answers in the holiday brochure extracts opposite' fun and excitement
1 budget a deal 3 a young urban professional couple who want plenty
2 boutique b delicacy to do
3 carbon c monuments 4 a cultured holidaymaker interested in the
4 last-minute d footprint environment
5 local e airline 5 a wealthv couple looking for a relaxing holiday
6 ancient f temperatures 6 four student friends with a limited budget who want
7 organised g hotel to escape aiter the exams
8 baking h excursions Why?
5b whictr holiday would you choose?
3b Uatch the collocations in Exercise 3a with the
categories in Exercise 1.
3c What other collocations can you add to each category?
accom nodation : I uxu rY hotel

'16
 rffi

mr
WtW

\vrs,-{ You wtKr Hr,{rr

ffi Spend seoen nights exploring the
Caribbean aboard a state-of-th e-art vesseL The 6a Analysing a gcnre Find examples in the extracts
Palladiam. Offering the uitimate on-board experience of typical language for travel brochures. Write them
and boasting eleven decks, it sti1l retains a unique and under these headings.
intimate af,nosphere. Select a stateroom with a balcony
Pos itive adjectives (and col locations) : compre hen si ve r an ge
for awe-inspiring ocean views or share a cabin for four. With
lmperatives: Call now
five restaurants to choose from, each meal is a gastronomic
delight. In the evenings, choose from a comprehensive range
Other expressions: ... why not try ... ?

of entertainment options: from cabaret to DJs and live bands.

6b Write a one-paragraph brochure entry about your
Pamper yourself with a wide variery of treatrnents available in
Iocal area or the area you are studying in.
the Palm Court Spa. Or why not try indoor rock-climbing? Fully
escorted organised excursions are available at each port ofcall.
This is an experience not to be missed. Ca1l now on ... V{}CABU!-AKY
MULTI WORD VEIIBS

7a Some tourists are talking about what they like

ff; Romantic specials. Weekends for two in Paris.
to do on holiday. Complete the sentences with the
Explore the famous sights of the city of love - the Eiffel
Tower, the Louvre, Montmartre - and then sample the words in the box.
culinary skills of renowned Parisian chefs. Stylish boutique
hotel in the heart of this chic, bustling capital. Unbeatable around away back down in
prices. For more info, go to Earlybfud.biz. of off (x2) up (x2)

1 'A holiday is all about getting from it all.'

[l Feelingresfless? Itchy feet? Active budget holidays in New
2 'l just want time away from work when I feel I can
Zraland. The holiday includes a week of escorted trekking \Mith
heathtaking vrews, the opporrunity to bungee jump and ty really let my hair .' .
pamglidrng. Experience a variety of exotic landscapes with a visit to 'l just love going somewhere new and soaking
a volcaao, glacier hiking and whitewater rafting. Local specialities the atmosphere.'
and hospitality as you've never experienced before. A11 flights and 'We live in a big city, although I grew up in the
inremal transfers included. Book now at DownUnder.net. country, so getting to nature is important.'
'l love to really live it _ on holiday. I like to
blow what money I have in a short time. I save all
fl fnui Oayrsey. Fully guided holidays to explore the year and then have a really good time.'
ryectacular ancient monuments of a country rich in history. 'We're keen on finding unusual places - going
Eqjoy magnificent scenery, baking temperatures and indulge
the beaten track.'
m mouth-watering local delicacies. Our 'gteen' under-canvas
'hoteis' encourage visitors to calcuiate ctrbon emissions and will 7 'Steering clear _ the tourist traps is our main
arrange for guests to plant trees ifthey want to offset their carbon
priority when booking a holiday.'
imprint. Holidays for the disceming and sophisticated ffaveller B 'l don't really like to do very much on holiday. Just
nirh an interest in sustainable development. An experience to lounging by the pool is enough.'
sarour. Flights not included. Single supplements app1y. For 9 'The main thing is to avoid getting ripped _,
lurrter details, visit Exped.biz. so I try not to look like a tourist.'
'10 'l love seeing new things and taking
_ the sights.,

fl frpto.. the picturesque Greek island of Kefalonia. 7b mXil Listen and check your answers. Then
Help out restoring isolated cottages or work on an practise saying the sentences with the correct stress.
arcbaeological dig. Explore the island on foot. Experience the
7c Which of the opinions in Exercis e 7a are most like
oustanding views and secluded beaches and unwind in this ofl
your own?
theleaten-track location, far from the stresses and strains ofthe
ru: race. Steer clear ofthe tourist traps, recharge your batteries
nnr'i 1p1rr11 completely refreshed. Ideal for groups. Al1-inclusive SPEAKI NC
h;:dget deal. Special offer price includes flight (budget airline)
n..l basic s/c accommodation (upgrades available). Optional I What do you know about the specialised types of
,ieep hire. Athena Travel. tourism below? How do you feel about them? Work
in small groups and discuss your ideas.
r battlefield
trI *. holiday of a lifetime in the Badumbas National . cu linary
PerL See the big game and get back to nature and make . eco
ren- biends. Staying at the exclusive Masai Game Lodge o disaster
mnh rhree-star facilities, you will also spend time under . celebrity
Ttr?s out in the bush. Stunning flora and fauna. A visual . health/medical (including'surgery safaris')
feast ofrildlife, all experienced at close quarters, including
irums" elephans and rhinos. A11 travel is in air-conditioned
. riolunteer
rfl:oad rrhicles. New company. Special introductory offer.
. space
L-rbeatable fiftv percent discount. No single supplements
For more info, go to ZebralowZ.
ury-,r-----

17
 rHL {,ALATAL,ilS IStAhJ N5

xrA* il'{ il 3a Read the text again. Write a heading for each
'*
a Work in groups and brainstorm everything you paragraph.
know about the Galapagos Islands. 3fu Where would you expect to find this text? Why?
3 b Read the text quickly and check your ideas in . online news website
Exercise 1a. . travel company website
. online encyclopedia
2a Work with a partner. Student A, read the first two
paragraphs of the text and write three quiz questions. 3e Which fact or facts in the text did you find most
Student B, read the last two paragraphs and write interesting? Why?
three quiz questions.
4 What do the highlighted words in the text refer to?
2h Wittr your partner, ask and answer each other,s
questions from Exercise 2a.

Located about 926 km offthe coast of Ecuador in the Pacific ocean and just a
shoriTiieht from
Quito, the capital, the Galapagos lslands are a small chain of islands spread out over 220 km
and
known for their vast number of endemic species. There are eighteen major islands
in the chain,
five of which are inhabited, and more than L00 smaller islands covering a total land
area of about
8,000 km2, The IarEest island is lsabela, which makes up three-quarters of the
total land area and
rises to a height of 1',707 m. The islands are surrounded by the Galapagos
Marine Reserve,
stretching over 137,269 km2.
The Galapagos archipelago is distributed on eitherside of the equatorand
sits on a tectonic plate
which is moving towards the South American continent at a rate of over 6 cm a year.
The first
islands were formed by v6lcanoes that rose out of the ocean at least g,000,000 years
ago. Lava
built up underwater, forming undersea mountains which broke through the water and
formed
islands."While the oldest islands have now sunk back beneath the sea, new ones
are still being
formed by volcanic eruptions, the most recent of which was in 2009.
The islands, discovered in 1535, are among the most scientifically important and
biologically outstanding
places on the planet. According to zoologists and botanists, they are
home to some of the most beautiful
sights in nature. Almost all the reptiles and half the species are not found anywhere
else. Marine iguanas,
flightless cormorants, mocking birds and thirteen species of finches are all endemic
to the islands,,which
are also famous forthdir giant tortoises, blue-footed boobies and the only living
tropical penguins.
There are a number of environmental threats, the mainbne being the plants
and animals, such as
feral goats, cats and cattle, brought to the islands by humans. An eradication plan
only partially
succeeded in ridding the islands of introduced species. The island's biodiversity
is also under
threat from the human population, which is growing at an unsustainable rate.
ln the 1950s, the
population was 1,000, whereas it is now over 26,000. Furthermore, the
Galapagos Marine Reserve
and whole ecosystem is under threat from illegal fishing activities, while
the growth of tourism
also threatens the wildlife of the archipelago.
 EITXE

THE CALAPACOS ISLANDS

VOCAB U LAI{Y CRAIvIMAR

THE NATURAL WORLD ARTICLES

5 find words or phrases in the text with 8a Match the uses of articles a-k with the underlined examples in the
these meanings. text on page 18.
-1 native or restricted to a certain place 1 Definite article
2 an area for animals and birds where a common knowledge - we know/can tell from the context what is
they are protected being referred to
3 a chain of islands b repetition - this is not the first mention of the person or thing
-l a huge slab of rock that makes up the c uniqueness - the only one of its kind in the world or in this context
top layer of the Earth d with a superlative phrase
J molten rock that flowsdrom volcanoes e with names of countries, federations or groups of islands which are plural
6 escaped from domestication and f with names of rivers, oceans and seas
become wild 2 Zero article
a variety of different lile lornis living in g with uncountable nouns, when speaking about the noun in general
the area h with the names of most cities, streets, countries and continents
8 all the animals and plants that live in a i with plural countable nouns, when speaking about the noun in general
particular area j with most numbers (except a half , a hundred, a thousand)
3 lndefinite article
LISTENINC k with a singular countable noun mentioned for the first time
6^ E Listen to the first part
Bb tvtatch the correct article (a/an, the or zero) with the uses'l-3.
of an interview with Dr Craham
Watkins, the Executive Director of a 1 to introduce what is new or something the reader is unaware of
conservation charity and an expert 2 to indicate'common ground' (e.g. to refer forwards, backwards or to
on the Galapagos lslands. Are the our shared experience or general knowledge)
statements about him true or false? 3 to make generalisations (with plural and uncountable nouns)
Correct the false statements. Bc Off the coast and a number of are fixed expressions, where the
1 His father was a conservationist. article is always the same. Complete the fixed expressions below with a or
2 Dr Watkins studied Biology at Oxford the.
University.
3 He worked as a guide in the
1 bit of 3 off record
2 in hurrv 4 make start
Galapagos lslands.
4 He studied Zoology and Evolution at
L) Language reference and extra practice, pages 128-12g
the University of Pennsylvania.
5 His first job after Ieaving the University
Bd Complete the extracts from the listening, adding articles
where appropriate.
of Pennsylvania was in the field of
conservation biology. 1 I became conservationist in part because of my family background.
My father was agricultural scientist and travelled throughout world.
6b W Listen to the second part of the One of my brothers was born in Africa. I was born in British Cuiana.
interview and answer the questions. 2 I went to University of Oxford to study Zoology.l finished my first
1 Does Dr Watkins think tourism is a degree there. After that, I was Iucky enough to become guide in
bad thing? Why?A//hy not? Galapagos Islands. I did that for about eighteen months and as a result
2 Cive examples of negative of that experience, which was really quite life-changing experience, I

consequences of tourism that are went to University of Pennsylvania to study Ecology and Evolution.
a direct. b hidden. 3 I think first thing to say about tourism is that in many situations it's
3 What are invasive species? very positive thing. lt can help conservation quite substantially, but
there are also many examples in world, for example in Caribbean,
7a Fredicting ln the third part of the where tourism also causes problems and has direct impact on
interview, Dr Watkins is asked whether environment. Many of reefs in Caribbean have serious problems as
we should stay away from conservation result of pollution.
areas. Predict what he will say.

7b W Listen and check your SPEAKINC

predictions. Then answer the questions.
I Work in groups. Choose one of the following that you would like
1 How can the impact of tourism bre to protect in your country. Discuss the threats facing it and how you
minimised? would protect it.
2 What are the best forms of tourism? 'l a natural feature
3 What is sustainable development? 2 a historical building
4 How do you feel about Dr Watkins'
3 an endangered species
final statement?

19
 THE PERFFCT BEACT"{

RE,{D IN C
A Picture a perfect beach. From an expanse of
1 Work in groups and discuss the advantages and flawless white sand, implausibly turquoise water
disadvantages of going to: shelves out over a stoneless seabed to a clear
1 an isolated, unspoilt beach with no amenities. horizon. Overhead, pelicans wheel lazily in search of
2 a resort beach with sun Ioungers, waiter service and fish. One suddenly folds its wings, like a prehistoric
full water sports facilities. umbrella, and hurtles downward. The splashdown is
the first sound you can remember hearing for several
2 Read the article quickly and choose the best title.
minutes.
BACK THE B
A THE BEACH.THAT TURNED Now imagine a whacking great hotel plonked
COMMERCIAL TIDE .!s . .. , on all this; plus a golf course and a few jet skis, of
., ,.

course, just to keep the decibel levels up. This is

B MEXICAN COMMUNITY STOPS DEVELOPERS the fate that has befallen so many of the world's
idyllic places that there seems something almost
inevitable about it. Thanks to a determined and
3 Complete the introduction to the article with a organised grassroots campaign, however, it won't be
possible ending. happening on this particular Mexican strand.
G Balandra beach, outside the city of La Paz, state
group capital of Baja California Sur, has been spared from
Robert L.'$7hite reports on how a determined future development after residents, civil society
of locals in Mexico ... i groups and environmentalists organised themselves
-- into a collective, amassing a petition of 18,440
signatures calling on the regional authorities to
4 Read the article again and match the paragraphs
protect the area. On 25 March, after a protracted
A-G with the topics 1-4. Atopic can go with more than
by the Colectivo Balandra, state officials
one paragraph. One paragraph has no match. "struggle
finally designated a total of 2,131hectares of land
1 resorts for the wealthy and sea a natural protected area, in a moye that
2 the campaign to save the beach could signal a shift in Mexico's approach to tourism
3 an unspoilt beach and conservation.
4 the fate of other beaches

5 Compare paragraphs A and B of the article. What do

you notice about the writer's language?
6 fina two-word phrases in the article with these
meanrngs.
1 a series of actions by ordinary people intended to
achieve a result
an official organisation that has power to make
decisions for a particular area
3 a long, hard fight
4 problems concerning the people and things around you
5 facts relating to human society that you think about
6 a group of companies working together

7 Answer the questions.

Do you agree that the destruction of many of the
world's idyllic places is inevitable? Why?/Why not?
ln which ways do you think this story is an example
of a significant or general change in attitude towards
tourism development?

I Evatuating advantages and disadvantages Work with

a partner and do the tasks.
1 List the advantages and disadvantages of developing
Balandra, as described in the article.
2 Add your own ideas about the advantages and
disadvantages of this type of development, from the
viewpoint of different interest groups.
3 Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages. Was the
right decision made?
 Tl
, r lr r i.:\t L\-f i! Rf
rL i)EBI-l i-/:/\Ltlr-t l
I

ilRAMMAR
D Environmental issues were) naturally, one of the MCD,{L V[Ri35
nain planks of the collective's campaign. As the group
-,.,-arned
on its website,'The landscapes of the rest of
S nead a leaflet encouraging people to sign a petition
:he beaches of LaPaz have already been modified
to save a beach and underline the modal verbs. Then
match the modal verbs with these functions. A modal
t-ith various types of constructions and installations;
verb can go with more than one function.
Balandra is the only one that remains to us.'
E But there were social considerations at stake here, 1 lack of obligation We don't l:ave to let them win.
Ioo, because Balandra is essentially a beach for the 2 obligation not to do something 6 future possibility
people of LaPaz,where tourism is of the unobtrusive 3 advice 7 obligation
r ariery. In stark contrast to the s.uper-rich celebrity 4 refusal 8 deduction
playground of Cabo San Lucas,just down rhe road, 5 ability
this is not a place that exists to service the appetites of S Language reference and extra practice, pages 12S*"{?9
deck shoe-wearing management consultants from LA.

F The threat came, specifically, from a business

consortium headed by the son of a former state
governor ofYeracruz,whose family own land in
the area. Miguel Alemdn Magnani's hotel-and-golf
r-ision involved international capital, according to the
\Iexican newspaper El Uniuersal, and the group had
been trying since at least 2005 to get the go-ahead for
the project.

G Development of Balandra would surely have

brought jobs: margaritas would have been served, tout
paffies guided and pets pampered. But the people of La
Pazhave looked into that particular future and dared
ro choose another path. They have shown that it is
possible to take on the inevitable - and win.

"$
& Complete the sentences with modal verbs.
1 The developers do that. l'm absolutely sure
it's against the regulations.
2 That be the Mayor. He's in Balandra.
3 _ I go to La Paz this afternoon. I have a
meeting there at 4.30 p.m.
4 We leave for LaPaz yet. We've got lots of time.
5 developers
The asked for a meeting with the
citizens of La Paz first.
6 We speak to the reporters until we are
absolutely clear what our message is.
7 I can't meet you tomorrow. I work on the
environmental campaign.
8 "Sorry, but I come to the residents' meeting.
l'm too busy then.

Si}TAKI ]\C Ai\ D WK'TI \IC

1
"la Work in groups. You are responsible for looking
after a local beach. Talk about the rules that users of
the beach will have to follow.
'!
1 b Write a notice with your list of rules to be placed
at the entrance to the beach.

Watch an interview with Noirin Hegarty

from Lonely Planet, about the work of a
travel publisher.
Turn to page 150 for video activities.
W CKANV!LLE ISI-AND

SrTUATtCr.t KFY LANfiUACE

STATINC YOL,JR POSITION, CLARIFYINC
Cranville lsland is a fairly large island in the
Caribbean with a population of 780,000. lts main 3u fp Listen to a conversation between Ricardo
sources of income are fruit, fish and tourism. Five Hernandez and Louisa Bradshaw, the Mayor of the
years ago a hurricane devastated the capital city community where Hernandez would like to develop a
and nearby towns, as well as the fruit plantations. golf course. Answer the questions.
As a result, the unemployment rate on the island 1 What is Hernandez's position concerning the length
has risen to 20 percent. Now foreign property
of the golf course?
companies are coming to @anville lsland to 2 What supporting arguments does he use to persuade
develop its economy and rebuild its tourist the Mayor to accept his point of view?
facilities. This has led Iocal environmental.groups 3 What will Hernandez do if his project is not
to accuse the authorities of sacrificing Cranville's accepted?
natural habitats in order to develop a seaside resort
3b Listen again and complete the sentences from the
recording.
.: :i r.i.{ li.:liriili*ia!:liiliii.ti,!1fiii:ii
i

:liiiliij:i..it 1ij:iil.]!l:.i:iit
jilj:iiilt:.,.,.1t 1 l'd Iike to make about this.
Born in Cuba, Hernandez entered the United States 2 The size of the course _t l'm afraid.
as a political refugee. He made a fortune in real estate
3 It_ to shorten its length. It's my dream to
in New York refurbishing
build the golf course in the world here on
this island.
old apartment buildings, 4 But I if I have to build a shorter course.
then moved to Florida, 5 You see, a full-length, eighteen-hole course
where he made another if you want to attract the top golfers in the world to
fortune constructing play here.
hotels. A billionaire, now 6 I hope you _.
of American nationality, he 7 Exactly. A full-length course
lo
is thought to be in the top o I couldn't go ahead on that.
five of America's
3c Work with a partner and practise saying the
richest sentences in Exercise 3b.
men. i
4 Look at Audio script 2.6 on page 167. Find examples
of seeking and giving clarification.
Scale down? What do you mean exactly?

5 Paraphrase each of the examples you found in

k
Exercise 4.
Cauld yau clarify what you mean by 'scale down'?

'l Read the situation and the information about

Ricardo Hernandez above and answer the questions.
1 How might the authorities be sacrificing Cranville's
natural habitats?
2 What is special about Ricardo Hernandez?

2u }f, Listen to an excerpt from the local radio

news and make notes under these headings.
. Reason for buying the Roberts Estate
. Planned facilities
. Possible problems
2h Work in groups and discuss the possible
advantages and disadvantages of Hernandez's project.
 f- l-r t \'! /tl I " Ir ! /, r'r'!
Li:'.rilr\ ll--l 1 l)L- \r\t"r

P \R ll{ lf \ Ilr\(; lx \ .r,tLIl lr(,

Supporting the project
There's no doubt it'll bring great benefits to our
The Mayor decides to hold an informal meeting to community.
allow Ricardo Hernandez to talk about his project The resort is clearly in everyone's interests.
and for other group representatives to express their The project will revitalise the area.
opinion and ask questions. Rejecting the project
After the meeting, the Varibr will decide whether to The project simply isn't feasible.
recommend the project to the local council. It's not the right thing for this area.
You haven't thought it through.

6 Work in groups of five. You are going to attend the Asking polite questions
informal meeting. Read your role cards and prepare Could I (just) ask you, what else will you do for our
for the meeting. You can add your own ideas. community?
Student A: Mayor: look at page 155. l'd like to ask you a question. How does this
Student B: Ricardo Hernandez: lool< at page 155. help young people?
Student C: Head of the Wildlife Society: look at
page 1 57. Checking understanding
Student D: Journalist: Iook at page 158. So what you're saying is
Student E: Chamber of Commerce representative: Do you mean ... ?
look at page 158. lf I understand you correctly, you're saying ...
7a Hold the meeting. Ask your questions and give Showing you don't understand
your opinions. Try to persuade the other people at the
meeting to accept your ideas. Sorry, I'm not (quite) sure what you mean.
Could you explain that point again, please?
7b fneMayor announces whether he/she will
recommend that the local council supports the project. Expressing reservations

I'm not sure this is the right project for this area.
I think this needs further thought.
Let's think about the implications.
There could be several harmful effects. For example,

Challenging the argument

I think there's a flaw in this argument.
l'm not totally convinced by what you say.
It sounds like a good idea, but ...
 STUDY St{H_L5 WRITII..JC SKILLS
PLANF"III"lC AND ORCAN}SINC ESSAYS A PROBLEM-SOLUTION ESSAY

I a There are some fundamental steps involved in writing 4a Study this pattern of organisation, which is often
essays. Put these steps in the correct order (1-1 0). found in academic texts that present problems and
a Establish your argument or point of view. explore what can be done about them.
b Analyse the question and define key terms. 1 Situation
c Brainstorm ideas. 2 Problem(s)
d Complete and check your references and 3 Solution(s)
bibliography. 4 Evaluation (assessing the solution and implications)
e Research and take notes o& the topic, using books,
journals, the internet and other credible academic 4b Read the problem-solution essay opposite. Match
sources. the paragraphs (A-F) with topics't-4 in Exercise 4a.
f Write your plan and organise your ideas. Some paragraphs may go with more than one topic.
g Write a first draft to include your introduction, main 5 Underline linking words or phrases in the essay which:
body and conclusion.
h Prepare the final draft.
1 add something. 4 show cause and effect.
i Redraft and edit your essay.
2 give an example. 5 indicate a good result.
j Have a friend or colleague read your final draft.
3 make a contrast.

'l b Work with a partner and compare your answers to 6 Work in groups. Read the essay question and
brainstorm ideas for the topic.
Exercise 1a.
2 Analysing the question To answer an essay
question effectively, it is essential to understand the The elephant is an enclanqt-recl species.
IJiscuss
verb which gives the key instruction. Look at these r.r,hat action can be raketr r,_, ,r.o,.., elephants anrl
'sate
essay questions. Work with a partner and discuss the tlrcrn fr.om crtinctit,rr.
meaning of the verbs in bold. rrif tYrr:g5r.cr,q."effi4+.s:5

1 Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of

ecotourism.
'Discuss' means you are being asked to write about
the advantages and disadvantages of ecotourism in
detail, considering different ideas 1nd opinions.
2 Define the term 'ecotourism', giving examples.
3 Account for the,decrease in the whale population
during the last twenty years.
4 Critically evaluate the role of tourism in protecting
the environment.
5 Outline the steps taken by your local community to
recycle waste.
6 Analyse the threats to the world's coral reefs. 7a ln your groups, match the information from your
7 fusess the effects of illegal logging on wildlife in brainstorming with topics 1-4 in Exercise 4a.
Mexico. 7b What is the best way to deal with the problem in
8 Compare the measures taken by Kenya and Uganda the.essay question? What are the implications of the
to protect wildlife. solutions you propose?
3" Eil Brainstorming is an effective activity for I IIil Listen to a wildlife expert describing the
generating new ideas about an essay topic. Listen to situation of the elephant population of Africa and
a university lecturer giving advice to a studenf Erika, make notes on the main points
about three approaches to brainstorming. Make notes
9a Write
the first paragraph of the essay. Use a
under these headings.
maximum of 70 words.
. Free association
o Visual thinking 9b Work with a partner. Read each other,s paragraph
o Question and answer
and comment on its content and language.
1O Write a problem-solution essay on one of these
3b Work with a partner and compare your notes. topics. Use the structure in Exercise 4a.
Which approach do you prefer?
1 an animal which is under threat of extinction, e.g. the
elephant, rhinoceros, cheetah, gorilla, tiger or whale
2 an environmental problem, e.g. the harmful effects
of tourism

24
 A The natural wilderness of the Antarctic is under threat because of the increasing number of
tourists who are visiting the area. As many as 30,000 are expected to come to Antarctica this
year to observe penguins, seals and seabirds.
B Scientists worry that this curiosity to see the Antarctic area before the ice melts away will
only hasten its deterioration. They believe that the growth in tourism could increase the risk
to the marine environment and land ecosystems.
(- A major concern is that cruise ships are increasingly visiting the area and if there was an
accident, they could cause major pollution. For instance, a Norwegian cruise ship recently
ran aground on Antarctica's Deception Island, spilling diesel fuel.
D Fortunately, the Norwegian ship was ice-strengthened and it only spilled a small amount of
fuel, which quickly dispersed in water. On the other hand, some bigger cruise ships do not
have super-strengthened hulls and use heavy fuel oil. This would be very difficult to clean
up in the event of a serious accident and thousands of penguins and other marine life corild
become coated in oil.
As a result of the Norwegian accident, there have been several proposals for dealing with
the problem. One idea is that there should be a ban on ships which have not been specially
strengthened to deal with sea ice. Another suggestion is that there should be a buddy system
for large ships so that if one gets into trouble, there would always be another vessel nearby,
which it could call for help. A more radical suggestion is that only small research vessels
should be allowed into the Antarctic area.
Whatever the solutiong any action would be difficult to implement because, unlike in the
Arctic region, there are no state or international laws governing tourism practices in the
Antaictic. Moreover, the owners of the cruise ships do not seem to be able to agree on what
sort of checks and controls are needed in the region.

::#-i.
 r-
i".
l+l

sa
<:

I
t

H
HI
rlB;rt-
a

fil**
x*i*-. I

rlfl:- I
)i'|.-.,':i,1{.1
r,'1
i\Lr,.!\i i.l
,

i., _,tr r _
2fu Work with a partner and compare your
ideas. Then
* Work in groups and discuss the read the article opposite and check
yow unr*"rr.
questions.
3 Wtrich character traits of the British surprised
1 What views do you think people from most? Why?
you
other countries have about people
*4 Wfrictr of the character
from your country? traits listed are the same for
2 How do you think people from your your culture/nationality?
country see themselves? What is 5 Completethe phrases with prepositions. Then find
important to them? rne phrases in the article and check your
answers.
Do you lhink it is possible ro talk 1 have a passion
aboul'nalional characlerislics,? 2 have a love
Are people more defined bv their )
J have an obsession
nationality, their local community or 4 have a fascination
their family? Cive reasons for vour
5 have a reluctance
answer.
6 have the abilitv
?a Read these statements, sometimes 7 be proud
made about British people. Which do o be great
you think are true and which are false?
6a Write sentences about your own culture
The British are ... or
'l of your own cutture. Use the phrases in
serious. P:^"ll::_r,"ws
Exerctse 5.
2 reluctant to express their feelings.
A lot oi_people thinl< we have an esbsession
3 extravagantshoppers. btrt in fact, tye have arrobsessiort with
with fc:oc{,
4 calm, patient drivers. .".
5 home lovers.
,4 lo,t of people think r.rre /raye a,
absess!a, with fooc!,
6 open and direct communicators. and it's true.
7 interested in social status. &fu Work with a partner and compare
B excessively polite. your sentences.

26
 e
NAT}OFIAL TRA}TS rE-TI
VOCAB U LAKY 8a Are the adjectives in Exercise 7 positive, negative
lDJECTIVES OF CHARACTER or neutral?

7 Uatch the adjectives in the box with their meanings.

8b fo what extent could any of the qualities be
applied to your own culture?
aloof charismatic cultured devious
dogmatic emotional ar)r" A l./l\tr"
hospitable JTT-/\NI;\U
meticulous pragmatic self-effacing
9a Reflecting on your cu{tune Work in groups and
discuss the following in relation to your own culture.
1 unable to keep your feelings under control How do people feel about them? How important are
2 rarely boasting about yourself and playing down they?
your achievements i& 1 greetings
3 knowledgeable abrout art, music and literature 2 silence
4 approaching problems in a rational, practical way
3 smalltalk
5 always certain your beliefs are right 4 punctuality
6 having a magnetic personality
5 personal space
7 distant and unfriendly
6 gestures
B attentive to detail
7 etiquette and manners
9 using clever tricks and manipulation to get what
'

you want 9b what differences have you found when meeting

10 welcoming and generous to visitors people from other cultures?

ITraits of the nation

6iE{i
j-r--- !'fq$II

Our top national characteristic is talking about

the weather, just ahead of a passion for queuing,
but other qualities in the top ten are not so endearing;
sarcasm, a love of television Soaps and curtain twitching
were all identified as central to the British identity.
Obsession ivith class was also high on the list, along with
more modern ills such as road rage.
'$Torking
long hours, fascination with property prices and
the love of bargains also made it into the top fifty.
But it was not all bad news. Stiff upper lip came out high
in the poll, with respondents also choosing a reluctance to
complain, a good sense of humour and the ability to laugh
at ourselves. The results were based on a study of 5,000
adults who were asked to pick out the things - good and
bad - they believe make us unique as a nation.
A spokesman for global research company
OnePoll.com, which conducted the survey, said that
despite some of the negative traits identified, Britons were
still extremely proud of their country.
'This is a brilliant list of characteristics and some of the
observations are absolutely spot on,' he said. 'You can't
go anywhere or do anything in Britain without someone
talking about the weather and we're almost proud of the
'S7hat
fact that we get more rain than anywhere else. this
poll demonstrates really well is how proud we are to be
British - more than two-thirds of respondents said they
felt honoured to be a part of this country.'

27
wryx{

i\TT K}.JATI O NJA I- CO'- LASORATT O N

'

SPEAKll'i C
"l What examples of international collaboration
can you think of? How successful were they? Think
about emergencies and disasters/ space programmes,
scientific research, etc.

t\r r t"\rl tr!

2a Read the article opposite quickly. Work with a

partner and discuss whether you agree with the title.
Give reasons for your answer.
2!r Read the article again. Ai% the sentences true, false
or not given?
1 CERN was originally a Swiss/French laboratory.
2 CERN has four main experiments.
3 People often work long hours at CERN.
4 Most people at CERN seem very happy with their family
and social Iife.
5 People have very specific jobs at CERN.
6 CERN is organised with traditional structures.

3a Worr{ sets Find words in the article which are

connected with:
1 passion.
2 speed. Yau don't need to De a scientist to appreeiate the
3 working together. ejicitement and sense of discovery that pervades
CERTV, the world's g!1eat mecca of particle physics.
3b Work with a partner and compare your answers.
But what's it like to live and work there?
4 Work in groups and discuss the questions. As the tram trundles through the suburbs of Geneva, a
1 Which information about CERN did you find most huge lit-up globe lets me knorv I have arrived at CERN (the
interesting? Why? European Organisation for Nuclear Research). lvlost of it looks
2 The work at CERN requires huge international like a fairly undistinguished campus. 'The money has not been
investment. Do you think this money is well spent? spent on the buildings.' I am repeatedly told. 'The money is all
underground.' Underground. of course, are the tunnels where
1-tf A r tr, An beams of light are smashed into each other. Under my feet
\ tl\/ \lYt;Yl/ \t\
are the colliders and detectors that are helping us understand
SU BCRD .i,CTF CLAU SE5
what the universe is actually made of.
5a Look at the title of the article and answer the CERN, indeed physics itself. has entered popular
questions. consciousness in recent years. Geeks are pretty cool and
(Part A) After the Higgs hype, (Part B) CERN stil/ has as theoretical physics has replaced philosophy as a signifier
much purpose and passion as ever. of intellectual prowess. I have been wondering about
CERN since seeing hordes of people cheering when the
Which part (A or B):
'1 does not make sense on its own?
announcements about the Higgs boson were made and a
rbcalcitrant Peter Higgs getting the Nobel prize.
2 is a main clause?
3 is a subordinate clause? CERN, founded in 1954. has twenty member states, with many
other countries cooperating. The atmosphere is collegiate but
5b Look at four more sentences from the article and blokey. The ratio of men to women is about 80:20. The problem
identify the subordinate clause in each sentence. seems to be getting women into apprenticeships. Once in,
I As the tram trundles through the suburbs of Ceneva, a though, there appears to be less of an old boys' network than
in many professions. 'As long as you drink coffee, you are in.'
huge lit-up globe lets me know I have arrived at CERN.
2 Under my feet are the colliders and detectors that Most people here have four or five languages. CERN employs
are helping us understand what the universe is 2,000 people, but another 10,000 pass through, working
actually made of. on the four main experiments (AMS, CMS, Ailas and LHC).
3 Scientists whose countries are in conflict work together. To live here requires commitment - the surrounding villages
4 Even someone like me, who is not really up to speed either in France or Switzerland are expensive. But it soon
on quarks, strangeness, mass and gluons, can pick becomes'clear that people are here for the work and the
up this lerrificbuzz. line between work and leisure is permeable. They often work
sixteen hours a day - because they want to.
k} Language reference and extra practice, pages 130*13.!

28
 w
=::;:;46
lr.-1-[D\
i. \ I Ll\ \. \-f:1"r\'.\
1. I j\_,r. \
r a{ )l I r\:tfllJ.\
\J \*\ ./,... .. \i r.Ji\,.\ tI ]fl\
J\ , , XErg
6a Join the sentences. Use the words in brackets.
irirr'ri,- -s; tr,-1:: ceoole what they have given 1 The scientists use video conferencing facilities. The scientists work
rrr rr r€ a: C:Rir. :ney look bewildered. lt together from their labs all over the world. (in order to)
it.l.*-: = :'.e of physics goes hand in hand The main CERN site has a large computer centre. The computer
r :.- : :,: of s<ling and snowboarding. They centre contains very powerful data-processing facilities. (which)
: i* :-: 'a:: -_he;r children are in local schools CERN is currently famous for the Large Hadron Collider. CERN also
: - = -- - lJd gained prestige through its connection with the beginnings of the
l-r .:':ss CERN there is movement World Wide Web. (although)
E.il : =e'ent roles: physicists become ln March 2013, CERN made an announcement. They said, 'We confirm
--
":.-tr's. that we have discovered the Higgs boson particle'. (announced that)
E,er_rone on an experiment will do
i,:- i-: s- -:s in the control room. All this The system was shut down on 19 September 2008. A magnet was
:: -:€s : ess hierarchical way of working. found to be faulty. (when)
: '- s 'a:-e-.ng out of traditional structures Peter Higgs' Nobel Prize in physics was controversial. Several other
r'-:r --i-cS :' s place special, as well as physicists were also responsible for developing the mechanism to
"t )- I a-d rlge international cooperation. predict a particle. (because)
!.,: e--- s:s ,..f'ose countries are in conflict You could make a personal visit to CERN. You will get a better
tu :-" ::€.:-e'. T.e fact that the director is understanding of its work culture and values. (if)
r! ! :,. : :-: iot on a mega CEO/banker-type
;,i :'i -: :S :h s SenSe Of CommOn pUrpOSe. 6h Match your sentences from Exercise 6a with these types of clauses.
-,ir E -e.e'
:eer anywhere where I felt such a clause or reason e clause of time
i };-= -'-:-ared purpose. lt is in the canteen
b conditional clause f reported speech
;i - -::--- -e. ,rhere folk whizz about with trays
C clause of contrast g relative clause
r-':,:,: ?-r seenringly no system, as if they
d clause of purpose
N{'B': ::-?E :'atlcles themSelVeS, SO that One
.::-- :: : :^. Butthere is none -
=
V*CAM U LARY Ahj * 5'}TAK' F.J il
-:i :- : --se c'charged intensity. People
r:i." :6:: :-=:e ) n every tongue about the
7a Work in groups and try to work out what these abbreviations for
international organisations stand for.
;rr : **r: -,1€-. are solving. Everywhere one
",* : :-ES€ * -cs working collectively and 1 IMF 2 toc 3 UNESCO
''-i'-rll\ 3 rl 3.en SOmeOne like me, whO iS nOt
'ar: i -t: :: s:eed on quarks, strangeness,
7h ffi!tr& Listen and check your answers. Then look at Audio script
n.;:.: :-,: 3.1 on page 168 and check again.
3 -3-s. can pick up this terrific buzz.
7c Work in groups and choose words from the box to write what
the abbreviations for international organisations stand for. You can
use some words more than once.

administration aeronautics Asian association Atlantic

aviation civil countries European exporting health
international national nations north organisation
petroleum south-east space trade treaty union world

1 WHO 3 ASEAN 5EU 7 ICAO

2 OPEC 4 NATO 6 WTO 8 NASA

Sa What fudctions do the organisations in Exercise 7c perform?

&b Prir:rlti:ing Which organisations are the most important? What
are the reasons why you prioritised as you did? Work in groups and
discuss your ideas.

I Write a short paragraph about one of the organisations in

Exercise 7c. Include subordinate clauses.

Watch an interview with Brendan Paddy from

the Disasters Emergency Committee, about
international aid.
Turn to page 15-l for video activities.

29
 AMBASSADOKS

)l-fl\l\l:\L; r\;\ L/ Ki,/\L/l \Lr

f'nr A l/li if\ i f, in ltl" A l\rl lf

'l What are the three most/least desirable

characteristics in an ambassador? Choose from the
words in the box. Hfr$ a'
A: All independent
aloof analytical articulate assertive charming countries of the world
committed corrupt devious dignified
seek to foster good
diligent energetic good at solving prohrlems relations with each other
impulsive indiscrete observant outgoing and for that reason
passionate provocative respectful sensitive
they appoint citizens to
:l'*_q :lYfll *lllilr!91:1t" represent the country's interests abroad. For the
most part, all nations have the same interests - trade,
2 Read the extracts from interviews with ambassadors. national security, health, education and so on. But
Which of the characteristics frorh Exercise 1 are not all of them share the same point of view. This is
mentioned? where an ambassador is called upon to be a diplomat
- to be sensitive in her handling of discussions and
negotiations on matters which could be of vital
interest to her country while being careful to maintain
good relations between her country and others.

ffi# q,
A: Being an ambassador is a job about relationships,
A: l'm a career diplomat. so one of the most obvious qualities woilld be an
I had been engaged in outgoing personality - someone who is charming
diplomatic work for more arliculate and can think quickly on her feet. Being
than twenty years before willing to learn constantly is another very important
becoming an ambassador. quality. Representing a small nation brings its own
A rich diplomatic degree of difficulty, so an ambassador for such a
practice is an excellent way to prepare for being an nation, like my own Grenada, has also to know
ambassador. What you study in college does not how to balance sensitivity to the positions of others
matter much in determining whether you become an while being assertive of her own country's interests.
ambassador. The important thing is whether you can Presenting yourself with dignity and poise - without
develop yourself and acquire certain necessary skills, being stuffy - is indispensable for creating the kind of
such as thorough observation, in-depth thinking and impression that commands respectful attention. Need
analysis, and being good at discovering and solving I add committed, passionate and diligent?

problems.
ffiQ:
Hlffi
q' A: There is very little not to enjoy about serving
A: Being strong and healthy is very important as an one's country and fellow citizens. The reward
ambassador. You must be able to endure the long of assisting others on an individual basis, raising
meetings and conferences at the United Nations and your country's profile within the community of
be energetic all the time. lt is a great honour to be an nations or delivering an international agreement
ambassador. I'm very proud to represent a country that boosts your national economy, gives an
that is the birthplace of a 5,000-year-old civilisation, ambassador immeasurable satisfaction.
now home to one-fifth of the world's population and
whose economy has been developing at a rapid pace
over the past two decades, which is rarely seen in the
3 Read the extracts again. Match the questions (1-6)
world today. with the ambassadors' answers (A-F).
.#;E
q' 1 What steps did you take to become an ambassador?
A: One's knowledge is always limited, no matter how
2 What personal qualities do you need?
intelligent one is. There are 193 member states in the
3 What is the job of an ambassador?
United Nations. Each country has its own different
4 I would really be interested in knowing what it is like
to be an ambassador. You must get very stressed out.
history and culture. So it is hard to know each culture
Do you often get sick?
very well. But I think the important thing is to be
modest and eager to learn when you get along with
5 What did you most/least enjoy about being an ambassador?
people from a different culture. When you respect 6 How do you know what the proper etiquette is when
dealing with different cultures?
others and treat them as equals, you will surely be
respected and find it easy to make friends. 4 What was most surprising about the ambassadors'
answers?
30
 Fxnrrwwxw

AMBASSADC'{.5

OCAEU LARY E Answer the questions about the sentences in

\TERNATIONAL RELATIONS Exercises 7a and 7b.

5a Match words from box A with words from box

1 Which sentences refer to things that did happen?
B to make as many collocations about the world of
2 Which sentences refer to things that did not happen?
diplomacy as possible.
3 ln which sentences don't we know?
S Language re{erence and extra practice, pages 130*131
{ cultural diplomatic international overseas summit
I Rewrite the sentences using modals. Sometimes
B awareness conflict community crisis immunity more than one answer is possible.
incident meeting negotiations posting 1 l'm sure you left your passport on the plane.
Yctu must have left yaur passport on the plane.
5b write your own ,"nt"l.", using some of the 2 He was wrong not to pass on the information to the
collocations in Exercise 5a. president.
3 l'm sure the ambassador didn't say that.
.iSTEN'Nil 4 I finished the report bry 5 p.m., but it wasn't necessary.
5 lt wasn't necessary for me to tell the head of security.
6u E An ambassador's partner often accompanies 6 Maybe the ambassador missed the plane.
his/her wife/husband on overseas postings. Listen 7 lt was a mistake for us to leave the ambassador's
to an excerpt from a radio interview in which an reception.
ambassador's wife talks about her life. How do you B l'm sure the ambassador enjoyed the reception.
think the speaker feels about her role as the partner of
an ambassador?
5Pf ,^{Klf{C
6b Listen again and make notes under these headings. "l0a Work in groups. You are all part of the organising
. Problems with overseas postings committee for a diplomatic reception that was a
r Regrets ilisaster. Make a list of all the things that went wrong
(e.g. the catering, the guest list, an embarrassing
6c Inferring attitxde tnferring means'reaching a incident, cultural mistakes, entertainment).
conclusion based on reasoning and what you already
"!
know, rather than explicit statements'. Based on what 0b Criticise each other using should have, shouldn't
vou know about Elizabeth, what do you think she would have, ought to have, ought not to have.
like about a more regular life in one place? What would You should have senl out more invitatictns.
she miss about her current roaming lifestyle?
6d What would you enjoy/dislike about moving from
country to country or staying in one place?

C RAMM,&I{
\1ODAL PERFICT

7u @ Listen to the extracts from the interview in

Exercise 6a and complete the sentences.
'l I know I some Russian before we went out
there, but I didn't have time.
2 I suppose I _ a local Russian to give me
lessons, but I just didn't have the motivation at that
point.

7b Look at sentences 1 and2 in Exercise 7a and at

sentences 3-6 below. Match them with functions a-g.
Some sentences may go with more than one function.
3 The Ambassador needn't have gone through customs.
.l You ought to have mentioned that earlier.
5 The Ambassador can't have written this.
6 She must have lost her passport.
a possibility e absence of necessity
b certainty f necessity
c impossibility o
b regret
I
d criticism

31
 ffi THr*}, $rlr-L{-Kr$r5
i

I
SlTUA"t'*hl 1 'It could take ten years for the coastline to i
i Four days ago, the oil tanker Poseidon Marquis was recover. We'llneed to bring in a number of i
travelling a few kilometres off the coast of Northern international organisations to provide help, expertise ',

and finance.'W'e've no experience of dealing with

iri
Africa when there was an unexpected explosion in .

its engine room. The tanker's hull was damaged and

a huge amount of oil spilled into the sea. The oil capaciiy to deal with a disaster of this magnitude" "
slick covers over 200 km2 and is spreading all the (Minister of the Environment) i
time. The oil spill will have an immediate harmful
impact on the coast$ of Libya, Egypt and Algeria and
2 'There'tl be fishin;;i;G rh. ;;;;; for
will, in the longer term, affect other Mediterranean some
time. There'll be"ono fish io car;h. Marrv
countries unless swift action is taken. - 'r of
" us will
lose our jobs.' (a locai fisherman)

'lnead the situation. Work with a partner and list some

harmful effects which will probably result from the oil spill.
devastating.' (Representative - International \Tildlife i
2 Read some comments by various people who will Association) i
be affected by the oil spill and answer these questions. .'"..,......-..,.,'..'-.-"... i
1 Do the comments match the harmful effects that you 4 'The spill could cause a dramatic in.r.rr" in
listed in Exercise 1 ? : cancers and other diseases in the a{{ectedareas.,
2 Which are the three most serious effects, in your r (a local medical ofiicerl
,, opinion? Cive reasons_for your answer. t'1,:,,,a'.a:',,r.-=-.*-==.--=u-*-

, ,, 5 'The cost of dealing rrith the damage could

bankrupt the Poseidon Oil Company.' (a local resident)

obviously har-e a negarire impact

rndusrry.' (Minisrer tbr Tourism) "";;;torrirrn
 *is.*fj::i*'i:**rsi*g
'1,,',, " .' ".
"tlt. ,r,.::.:."-..
.."t.. 1, t':

Listen to a conversation between the ,i Worl< in groups and make a list of the action (short- and
'rlerson of the Poseidon Oil Company, Iulia long-term) that must be taken to deal with the oil spill.
:''nrao, and a United Nations official. What major
-. r es cloes the Chairperson mention in the : : :.. : !1.::::-: ;: j ;':a.:,.:'.:: :. : :

:r:atiOn?
, r.r Work in two new groups, A and B. Look at your
- .ten again. Tick the expressions the speal<ers use Iists from Exercise 4 and work out an action plan
:.e objectives.
to deal with the oil spill. The action plan will be
-ra n objective now is to develop a strategy ...
presented at a forthcoming press conference. lt should
- .rqet nrust be to contain the oil spill. have three phases.
'-. ci our main goals will be to involve tl're
Phase 1: action to be taken in tlre next n-ronth
-''.:.lional comnrunity. Phase 2: action to be taken in the next three months
'-rror-r lcl be a l<cy objective ...
Phase 3: action to be tal<en in the ncxt year
' r-r lcl like to set up regular meetings.
ln Phase 1 , you should include only the actiorr r,vhich
, k at Audio script 3.4 on page 168 and find you think shor-rld be prioritised (i.e. thc conrpanl, needs
-:! or.rs the speakers use to give strong advice. to take urgent action within a nrontlr).

-r,t:r Present your action plans to each other.

As a class, agree on a joint action plan, which the
' ,:,,
Chairperson will present at the press conference.
,::,1.' Discuss who will carry out each action in your plan
and who should pay for its cost.

Accepting
That sounds lil<e a good idea.
I think it's the right rvav to go.
Yes, it's the best way forward.

Rejecting
l'm not sure it's the right thing to do
l'm afraici I don't think it'll work.
I don't think it's feasible.
''' li:l::::rri:iil,iiir.:r:rr'rr'rrri

,'
-€e
*
if,,
,s;
*
fuf -"-*d
{" W
::..3-y-_ri,l,.. :

-***
 STU DY SKILLS WRITINC SKII-LS
ACTIVE L|STENINC A SPEECH

1 Complete the text with the words in the box. S Stitlea speakers use stylistic devices to help make a
speech more interesting, lively and memorable. Match
carefu I conscious distracted total the stylistic devices (1-6) with the extracts from some
speeches (a-fl.
The best way to improve your Iistening skills is to
practise active listening. Active listening requires you to
1 Tripling: Three words or phrases which follow each
other, so that they make an impact.
make a '_ effort to hear not only the words that 2 Metaphor: Comparing two things in a figurative sense.
someone speaks, but also to try to understand the
2 message being sentreTo do this, you must pay
3 Rhetorical questions: Questions a speaker asks, but
o_. doesn't answer directly. Often used to persuade or
attention to the speaker and not be emphasise.
2a Prepare a two-minute talk on this topii. 4 Repetition: Words or phrases that recur throughout
a speech to emphasise facts or ideas.
ln which overseas country would you like to spend a
year studying or working? Give reasons for your answer.
5 Alliteration: Repetition of an initial consonant
sound. The consonant is usually repeated in two
2b Work with a partner. Listen to each other's talk and words which come together, but sometimes in words
take notes. Give an oral summary of your partner's talk. that are not next to each other.
Your partner listens and corrects any incorrect information. 6 Antithesis: Emphasising the contrast between two
ideas. Often a similar structure is used.
3 Work with a partner and discuss.
'l Were your oral summaries completely a That's one small step {or man, one gianr leap for
accu rate/al most accu rate/i naccu rate? mankind. Neil Armstrong, 1969 ;,

2 lf it was not very accurate, what do you think was

the reason?
b
" America's faith in freedom and democracv was a
3 What kind of verbal/non-verbal signals did you give
rock in a raging sea. Ceorge W. Bush, 200'l
to show you were listening (e.g. nodding your head)? F ' '*'f r-:-'J' .'-d: ..,"f,'<
i
''.-Faf.a:a+';' 4'.'
4 Did you interrupt your partner at any time during the
4rf'\- -=-..-.1..--=.a:.
.-....:'. .,......;:r'

presentation? lf so, why? c Marriage is a wonderful institution, but who would :;

5 Did you concentrate throughout? wantto live in an institution? anonvmous

-.e-..'.==-:=+.-.<-...==.4.a1.=-,o,.-.-.-.*
4a What do you understand by thg term 'active
listening'? Work in groups and discuss the ways in d Anyone who trades liberty for security deserves
which you show that you are an active listener. F{,"?"
4b Uake a list of the criteria you will use later to -:*ll:!E::t=t:t:y,:::-::::::"_f .f.x:f
assess your own ability to listen actively. e A man touched down on the moon, a wall came
down in Berlin, a world was connected by our own
4. E Listen to a trainer from a communication
science and imagination. Barack Obama, 2008
skills course giving a short lecture on how to become '\,.'e5?+-.?-4=:-:+=a?=:;= ..::-.-4'-..-rie'"1-l'' ,+.g: ... *- - -
.-.r* -_,: '
an active listener. Make notes under these headings.
r Focus on the speaker's message
t For me,'revolution' simply means'radical change'.
o Show that you are listening
Aung San Suu Kyi, 2010
o Cive feedback -::fj+:4.ir!:!!
-.,:

. Don't interrupt
o Respond positively 7a Read a short, critical speech about the United
Nations which will be made to a group of university
4d Work with a partner and compare your notes. students. Make notes about the speaker's main points.

5a Prepare a three-minute talk on one of these topics. 7b Work in groups and think of arguments why the
United Nations plays an effective role in international
1 An international leader, living or dead, that
affairs. Make notes. If you have time, research the
you particularly admire. Say what he/she has
topic on the internet.
accomplished and explain why you admire him/her.
2 An international organisation that you particularly Sa Use your notes and research to write a persuasive
admire. Say what it has accomplished and explain speech presenting t6e work of the United Nations in a
why you admire it. positive light.

5b Work with a partner and listen to each other's talks. Bb Worli with a partner and take turns to deliver
your speech. Imagine that your audience is a group of
5c Give your partner feedback on his/her ability to be university undergraduates.
a good listener. Give reasons for your evaluation.

34
 ((
' sra:-: o\- thanking the President of your society
-
1.--.'
a ' : -:,-.:t:ng me to talk on the topic 'How effective is the
Ch '-
tr
:-,.::: \ations in International Affairs?'
-- ,:::-ld I'm going to disappoint many of you when
. =:::ess this question since I believe the United
'-'.
--:-s has been largely ineffective, unimaginative and
: -..'::-ess since it was set up in 1945.
ii
;-:,:-'.;,'ere the main aims of the United Nations
- .
=.-.=:? Surely, they were to create an organisation
.-.. -:: '..,'o
-ild stop wars and create harmony among
-j .- -:s through cooperation, tolerance and fairness.
- : .:-:'. succeeded in those aims? The answer, in my
:-, -s emphatically'no'.
:.:-,:- :::e United Nations was founded, there have been more, not fewer, wars than previously and its
1:::----s. resolutions and peacekeeping operations have not done nearly enough to prevent wars and
, -'.-:'s. Let me give you some striking examples.
- -.. --'::i:ed Nations failed to prevent the genocide of one million people in Rwanda in 1994.lt
failed a,lso
' :.:-..::1i genocide in Darfur. It failed again to intervene in the Second Congo War. Are further examples
- : - : : s ar1- to illustrate the inability of the UN to deploy its forces where and when they are needed?
* -.=
S::uity Council, the organisation's main decision-making body, is an undemocratic body ai-rd can
:. -,.-:::ed to a tiger with neither teeth nor claws. It is composed of five permanent members (Russia,
- -. :-.. -he UK, the USA and France), all of whom have vested interests, and it exciudes powerful
- .: :.s such as India, which has over a billion people. Because of the power of veto granted to its
--: :-r::s. it is often powerless to take action in times of international crisis.
- r.:'i.--S€. in the area of disarmament, the UN has been far from impressive. It has failed to stop
' - : ::: L:teration of arms trading around the world and it has been unable to stop powerful nations
,- :- ::ng \veapons of mass destruction.
--. ,'l'. is al incredibly expensive institution to maintain and is extremely bureaucratic. Its staff live
:.. t:',- no taxes and have no jncentive, therefore, to reform the inefflcient organisation.
* -:r:
-S an urgent need to reform the United Nations if it is to be an effective organisation. The answer
::-,.a.b1r- to place less emphasis on its peacekeeping mission and to focus more on its humanitarian
.-.- lee UN can provide invaluable support when responding to natural and man-made disasters,
-. ..- :.s droughts, earthquakes and food shortages.

. ::tsented the United Nations in a poor light to you, but I can assure you I'm simply reflecting many
::-:,t's opinions. The United Nations, in its present form, is totally unable to achieve its objectives. qq
//

s-

fr-
L":
35
 Health and care
4.1 HEALTH AND HAPPINESS

A goad laugh anda Iong sleep are rhe best cures rn the dactor,s boctk. lrish proverb

SPEAKINC 3 Reporting research Read the article again and answer

1 Work with a partner and discuss these questions. the questions.

1 What do you do that is good or bad for your 1 How many claims are made in the text which are
physical health? based on scientific research, not just the writer,s
2 What do you do that is good or bad for your opinion? What are these claims and what is the
mental health? evidence?
3 Rate your own fitness on a scale of 0-5
(0 = very bad,
2 Which phrases are used to introduce these claims?
5 = excellent). Are you happy with your level? CanAl/ill
3 What would you expect to find in the text if these
you do anything to improve claims were made in a serious scientific article?
it?
4 Do you think there is a connection between health 4 Can you think of some other scientific research that
has been reported recently in the media? Where and
and happiness?
how was it reported?

READINC 4a Answer the quiz question in the article. Then work

2 Read the article and answer the questions. ' in groups and compare your answers. Give reasons for
your answers.
1 Where do you think the article comes from?
2 How would you describe the overall style of the 4h Read aboutyour choices on page 159. Then read
article? about the other choices you didn,t make. Would you
a humorous like to change any of your original choices? Discuss the
b serious comments with your group.
c lively 5 find examples of informal language in the texts on
d flippant page 37 and 159. What different features of informal
e provocative Ianguage have you found?
f bossy
3 What does it say about the connection between
happiness and health?
4 Read the first sentence of the article again. Why do
you think that may be the case?

36
 ilTALTH ANr} !-]APTIN[5$

JCA'3 U LARY $I}[AKINil

_:\LTH COLLOCAIIONS
7 Work in groups and discuss the quotes. What do
6a Match the words in the box with the categories. they mean? Do you agree with these ideas? Why?/
Some words may go in more than one category. Why not?
1 Health is the greatest possession. Lao f zu, Chinese
:,ood pressure chest pain f lu virus heart attack philosopher (c500 BC)
-eart surgery high salt intake
^fant mortality life expectancy
immune system 2 A human can be healthy without killing animals for
maternity ward food. Therefore, if he eats meat, he participates in
nega-3 oils premature ageing tanning salon taking animal life merely for the sake of his appetite.
Leo Tolstoy, Russian novelist (1 82B-1910)
1 types of medical treatmenk 3 Your body hears everything your mind says. Naomi
I places ludd, singer/songwriter (b. 1 946)
l, things we eat 4 Happiness is nothing more than good health and
: children a bad memory. Albert Schweitzer, Cerman/French
i, the body's defences against illness physician (1875-1965)
r health problems
- causes of illness
,:' rvays of measuring health
Watch an interview with Neil Shah,
6b Wtricn of the words above are in the article in Director of the Stress Management
Lrercise 2? Society.
Turn to page 151 for video activities.

I Y+ff
)*
)i Not to worry, the good news is that
In the daily rush of life we don't research shows we can all - no matter
always make our oram happiness our how gloomy - learn to be happy. The k;.,
number one priority. Perhaps we only trouble is, we're often not that
should though, because being happy good at predicting what will really
has clear health benefits. Researchers make us happy. So take our quick
have discovered that happy people quiz to find out the best way for you
have stronger immune systems than to achieve bliss - and be healthy.
unhappy people; they don't pick up
as many colds or get stguck dor,rm
as often by a flu virus. Their blood
pressure is lower, and they have
Which of these things would
better protection against heart attacks
bring you the grratest joy?
and strokes. Happy people also deal
Choose three.
better with pain and bounce back
faster after an operation. Their life
. moving to the countryside
o getting married
expectancy is longer, too.
. going to the gym
Studies also indicate that happy . supporting a good cause
people take better care oftheir health.
. a relaxing day fishing
Theyhave regular check-ups and do . being slim
more exercise than unhappy people, . taking an evening class in
and don't forget to put on sunscreen.
something you really want to learn
But what if you're not naturally r goinS on holiday with a group of
the life and soul of the party? Or your best frlends
you don't wake up in the morning . tidying up your room, flat or house
grinning from ear to ear? r winning one million euros
 HEALTH OF A NATION
First-world results on a
SPEAKINC
third-world budget
1 Work with a partner and discuss the questions. According to Michae[ Moore's latest
1 Compared with other issues such as unemployment, Iaw and documentary, Sicko, Cuba's medical care puts
order, taxation and education, is the healthcare system an America's to shame. Rory Carroll investigates.
important politicEl issue in your country?
What differences do you think there might be between the I As a tropical sun rises over Havana, two dozen
healthcare systems in countries like the USA and the UK pensioners perform a series ofstretches and
and countries Iike Cuba and Venezuela? Consider facilities gentle exercises in a small plaza, shaded by palms.
and technology, financing of and national expenditure on @, twoblocks away, in a small shabby
healthcare and international reputations. office, two doctors receive a steady stream of
phone calls and patients. Afuh the doctors can
a'*4 deal with most cases, serious ones are referred to
LrsrEN,Nq
2u
/)) the antiquated Calixto Garcia hospital.
E A politician iJgiving a spebch to the National 2 This snapshot of Havana shows a healthcare
Federation of Medical Practitioners, outlining his argument
system that is extensive, accessible and, at
concerning healthcare provision for the nation. Listen and take
times, ropey. What is unique is the blend of
notes.
third-world conditions with a progressive ethos
2b Work with a partner. Use your notes to summarise the talk and first-world results,
and identify the different stages in the speaker's argument. 3 Michael Moore's documentary, Slcko, holds
2c Listen again. Check your ideas, add to your notes and up Cuba as a model. Whether it is a consultation
improve your summary of the speaker's argument. Can you or open-heart surgery, citizens are entitled to
identify the different connections between his points (e.g. freeheatment. ffi, this impoverished
causal and contrast links, relevance of examples)? Caribbean island has better health indicators
than its much wealthier neighbour ninety miles
3 ldentifying the author's purpose Look at Audio script 4.1 on
across ttre Florida Straits.
page 169 and find short extracts that serve these purposes.
1 countering or weakening an opposing argument 4 According to the World Health Organisation,
2 introducing factual examples a Cuban man can expect to live to seventy-five

3 emphasising/exaggerating to support an argument and a woman to seventy-nine.ffi, the

4 making a claim probability of a child dying aged under five is five
per L,000 live births. That is better than the USA
and on a parwith the UK,ffi these world-class
READINC results are delivered by an annual expenditure
4a Read the article and answer the questions. of$260 per person, less than a tenth of Britain's
1 What ioes the title mean? $3,065 and a fraction of America's $6,543.
2 What is the aim of the journalist in writing this report? 5 There is no mystery about Cuba's core
3 What are the key features of the Cuban system? stratery for averting illness: prevention. From
4 In your opinion, does the journalist think Moore was fair to promoting exercise, hygiene and regular check-
focus on Cuba as a contrast to the USA? ups, the system is geared towards averting
illnesses and treating ttrem:ffi they become
4b Read the article again and answer the questions.
advanced and costly. Other prevention strategies
1 How does the opening paragraph show'a healthcare system take the form ofhealth advice adverts and tips
that is extensive, accessible and ropey'? on fighting mosquitoes.
2 How do Iife expectancy, infant mortality rates and liealth
expenditure in Cuba and the USA compare? 6 Simple, free access to GPs is a bedrock of
3 What are the secrets of Cuba's healthcare success? healthcare. It is estimated that there is one doctor
4 What do we learn about Cuban doctors' sense of vocation? for every 175 people, compared to 485 in the
5 What are your thoughts on the contrast between the UK'\A/e are told to encourage them to contact
healthcare systems in the USA and Cuba? us. And they do, all the time, day and nigh!'says
one GP, somewhat ruefully. Cuban doctors have
5 Find words and phrases in the article with these meanings. a reputation for dedication. With an average
1 a continuous or regular flow monthly salary of just twenty dollars, they cannot
2 a smooth mixture be acIused of entering the profession for money.
3 a philosophy or set of guiding principles One neurosurgeon spoke of hitchhiking to work
4 have the right to and operating on an empty stomach.
5 financially poor 7 Cuban healthcare is no utopia. At times, it is
6 equal or similar to ragged and harsh.ffi, the virtues are no
7 designed for myth. People live as long as they doffithe
I a paradise or place of perfection system, overall, works. To be poor and sick in
Cuba is tough, but it is not to be forgotten.
 ,-.irALTl-"t cr A NAT'Ct{

i \,V1MAR I Complete these sentences with your own ideas.

, iESION 1 TLINKERS) Then work with a partner and compare your answers.

tlts 6a Match the highfighted words in the article with the

1 My government helps _. As well as this, it

hs. -ategories.
I additive linkers: Furthermore,
2 In my country, _ As a result,
EN 3 People in my country , whereas in the USA
: contrastive linkers: Whereas, they _.
hrs. : causal linkers: Srnce, 4 One thing that is great about my home
I
: temporal linkers: After, . Furthermore,
6b Which of the linkers in Exercise 6a Iink ideas:
5 I ,otherwisel
can
" across two separate sent6nces?
Ito VCCA'3 U I-,&RY
- across two clauses in a single sentence?
HEALTHCARE
re - Language reference and extra practice, pages 132-133
1$ Explain the differences in meaning between these
- Look at the linkers in the box and answer the sets of words.
:ri.lestions. 'l doctor, surgeon, general practitioner
hos
paramedic, pharmacist, consultant
;::r that as as soon as as well as this
2 doctor's surgery, hospital, pharmacy, hospice
, ,r:€quently even so even though for this reason
3 see the doctor, have a check-up, have an operation,
!n
-:r:ntrast moreover nevertheless nonetheless
have a scan/an X-ray
- .re other hand otherwise similarly
-t"efore until while whilst 4 lack of funding, outdated equipment, long waiting
I ists, post-operative infection

' 5 alternative medicine, palliative care, preventive

\latch the Iinkers with the categories in Exercise 6a. medicine, conventional medicine
Some may go in more than one category.

0,
- Do the words/phrases link ideas across sentences or
SPFAKINC
clauses?
)
1"1 work in small groups. Describe and evaluate the
healthcare system in your country. Use these points to
Eve help you.
-he linkers which connect ideas across two sentences
SA
a-e usually conjunctive adverbs. When you connect
. organisation
B
.Ceas in this way, you can use a sefiri-colon rather . funding
E
--:an a full stop. o positives/negatives
t's
luba is a relatively poor counLry; nevertheless, it has
o national reputation
! exemplary healthcare system.
. personal experience
. recent changes/the future
I

k-
,S Rervrite the sentences using one of the linkers in WR;TIF;C
E
:rnackets. Only one of the two linkers is correct. "[
2 Write a short essay in about 250 words describing
ps ' {lthough the Americans spend the most on and evaluating the healthcare system in your country.
)
^ealthcare, they don't have the world's best system. Try to incorporate linkers and vocabulary from this
e\ en so/ whereas) Iesson. Use your ideas from Exercise 11.
I The Cubans emphasise prevention of illness. ln
:ontrast, the Americans emphasise treatment of
br lness. (as a result, whereas)
: Cuba is a relatively poor country. Consequently,
"i makes sense for its government to focus on
5
prevention as this is cheaper. (although, since)
s \\'hile I was reading the article, I realised that while
a lot of money on healthcare is probably
rDt 'pending
a qood idea, it doesn't necessarily lead to the best
7- 'esults. (furthermore, even though)
(
; ii the government doesn't improve healthcare,
oeople will continue to die unnecessarily and
.he current approach is also a waste of money.
iu rthermore, otherwi se)
 CALL OF DUTY

SPEAKINC
1 Work with a partner and discuss the
questions.
1 What do you understand by these terms?
a career
b profession
c public service
d idealism
e vocation
2 Which jobs might be considered
vocations? ia

LISTENINC
2a Work with a partner and discuss the
questions.
1 What is your image of a typical nurse?
Where does this image come from?
2 What qualities does a nurse need?
3 Why are men a minority of nurses? Do Are nurses angels? I don't think so.
you think more men will be nurses in
'Many nursesj he admits,'are magnificent. But equallyr'
the future?
says this hospital doctor,'many are lazy and uncaring., His
4 Do you think all nurses have a strong
sense of vocation?
bitterly outspoken attack is bound to provoke fury, but
raises uncomfortable questions about the system he believes
2b @ Listen to a talk by a VIP at a hasTuined nursing as a vocation, For obvious reasons, he
graduation ceremony for nurses and wishes to remain anonymous.
answer the questions.
'As a young doctor, I witness many distressing scenes on
1 What advice does she give? a day-to-day basis. But there is nothing more upsetting
2 What questions does she ask? than seeing patients suffer because of basic laziness and
3 How would you answer her questions? incompetence. On each shift, I find myself constantly having
to check and check again to ensure rhe nurses caring for my
READINC patients do their job properly.
3 fne article on the right presents a very Of course, I have worked with some admirable nurses who do
different point of view. Read it quickly. more than their job description and will skip breaks and work
What is/are the main problem(s) the late to ensure their patients are well cared for. But nurses
writer mentions and what solutions does of this calibre are becoming less common and the problem
he propose? stems from higher up in the system. \Vheh the standards in
4a Read the article again and answer the a departmenr are institutionally poor, youngr enthusiastic
questions. nurses are certain to have their confidence and ambition
1 What is it that makes the doctor most gradually eroded.
unhappy during a normal working day? Part of the problem is that nursing has been dumbed down.
2 What kind of nurse does the doctor Compared wirh the pasr, nursing is now looked down upon.
like and respect? But, paradoxically, nurses'training today is much more
3 What does the doctor think patients academic, conveying the idea that the hands-on stuffno
should be worried about? longer matters as much.
As a patient, would you be happy for
nurses to carry out these duties? nurses no longer have a sense of vocarion; instead, it,s
Y_^ly
Why do you think the doctor has all about becoming a manager. It seems to me that many
written this article? nurses enter the profession almost as an afterthought.
But if I was a pacient, what would really worry me is the
4b Evaluating contrasting arguments
announcement that nurses are to be given the power to prescribe
The VIP in the listening and the doctor
aI1 medicines, as well as having fuil responsibiliry for diagnosis,
in the article present different points
treatment (including surgical operarions) and discharge of
of view. Which do you find more
patients, without supervision from a qualified docror.
convincing? Why?
\X/hat we really need is for nurses to stay as nurses. We need nurses
who really care for their patients and who recognise, as we all'
should, that the career of caring is one to be highly respected.,
 CAI-I. OF DUTY

wRtrrrdc
.5 nead the three replies to the doctor's article. Then write your own
reply in one paragraph.

VOCAB U LARY
*e nurses really lazy and THE LANCUACE OF EMOTION
hmmpetent or is it doctors
lfto are the problem? Tell 6a Find words in the article connected with people's feelings (e.g.
r in the reader comments exciting, frightened). Which two words are near-synonyms?
fdou. 6b Look at the words in the box. Check the meanings of any words
lll,hus junior doctor is not tdbe you do not know. Then answer the questions.
,,ammsidered representative and antagonised disillusioned disorientating exasperating elated
rdircmrlv has more to learn about , exh ilarating inspiring invigorating relieved rejuvenated
mmru,ihidisciplinary wo rking. By
u'imrrmgeing abour his nursing What kind of places do you find disorientating?
likely to further
,aurfl[eagues, he is
Actually, my local hospital is really disorientating
d,mmage the stressful working
- the place is a
maze of corridors!
muimrionship he is in.
2 When was the last time you felt elated?
illffirmryminln1115ef
3 What are some things that people do that you find exasperating?
heen nursing for rhirty-six years
fflrsrry
4 What was one of the most exhilarating experiences of your life?
,*md dle majority of nurses remain 5 Which famous people do you consider inspiring? .
,un,,:o,mmitted and passionate
6 What kind of physical activity do you find invigorating?
&rnurr nursing as I do. Having just 6c Work with a partner and ask each other questions using the
ffims[red another long day caring for remaining words in the box.
Mmlinally ill patients, I feel quite
.lliii,*{hr-rened and am on the verge
CRAMMAR
imfwing. FUTURE FORMS WITH BT
Sii@

}u'rurses go into the profession

7a Look at these sentences from the listening and reading texts.
- Then find other examples of future forms with be in Audio script 4.2
km,oming the money isn'r brilliant,
on page 169 and in the article in Exercise 3.
hrum we enjoy the satisfaction that
l'm very likely to need your services one day.
mfme care rve provide on a daily basis
un ms holisric and as professional as
l'm on the verge of crying.
ruhe srsrem will allow. 7b Wnicn of the forms is more formal than the others?
firm, a caadrac nurse fot seven yeats
7c Answer the questions about the forms in Exercise 7a.
1 Which forms are used when we want to:
a emphasise that something will happen soon?
b say that something will definitely happen?
c say that something is expected to happen at a particular time?
d say that something will probably happen?
Which forms take:
a the infinitive?
b -ing?

Language reference and extra practice, pages 132-133

SPEAKINC
I Work in groups and discuss the questions.
1 What vocations do people yolt know have (e.g. your family and
friends)? Do you think they made a good choice?
2 Do you think it is more difficult for people to have a vocation today
than in the past?
3 What is more important: Ioving your work or earning a good salary?
 \" I \_ ;) { .& i t L /t-'
"''-1 ;, ' :rr \1-Ji
_.-L. /.i
I { N\ '\. v 1r / ! il ,,)

5{l {_i,ql1f}},i 3* XEX Listen to a meeting where Charlie is making

his proposal for a health awareness campaign and
The government health department regularly runs health
complete the notes.
awareness publicity campaigns aimed at members of
the general public. Proposals for future campaigns are a subject of the campaign: ,_
currently being discussed, with the subject, aims and the b reasons for selecting this sublect:
a2
publicity strategy all under consideration. One proposal
1)
will be selected as the next campaign.
a4
C main aim of the campaign: s

i Read the situatioff', look at the posters and discuss d campaign strategy;
the questions. 16
1 What can you see in each poster?
2 What is the main message and approach of each 1B
campaign? e publicity campaign:
What can you remember about similar health . methods: e

campaigns in your country? o style: 'o_

. slogan: rl

3h Oo you think this is an important campaign to run?

What are its strengths and weaknesses? How could the
campaign be improved next timE?

&-i
4
T
;;
:.::

1::l
*i**
,.1,
lr]

ii'
r!,
ll
$ Jr
I
3!l I
I
,!
LJ

P!$k tdth Eryld

ai

E
*
i*
fE

x!
n
j

t:l

't:

*
:t!
g
*42
* AcT r.A,s.?.
 Ch.{ANC[: YOUK WAYS

" EY LANCUACE
- SIIFYINC OPINIONS

3 ln the meeting, Charlie has to justify his choice of

,:arnpaign and his approach. Complete the sentences to consider
-om the listening with language used to justify . Which health or fitness issue should be
addressed?
:pinions. Then listen again and check your answers.
1 One . What is the target audience for the campaign?
this campaign _ eating too much
of the
salt is a significant risk factor in developing high . What are the two or three key messages
blood pressure. campaign?
I So you can see that this affects a large number of
What is the overall campaign slogan?
oeople, _?
i Bl, within just four weeks of reducing your What camPaign methods willwe use?
salt consumption, your blood pressure will be lower. How long should the campaign run for?
That's the kind of thing that people want to see.
I we do these two things, people less salt. Can all this be done within budget?
I
material
* The that the problem's so widespread 1 What will the posters or other visual
a TV advertising campaign's fully justified. I
look like?
- \\/hile that'd be expensive, it'd be the most --t__
I

direct way to reach such a large target audience.

i Campaign media (osts
tr \'ou may well , and the is that salt
kills slugs. €200,000 producing a TV advert
€50,000 TV advertising for one month
4 ttatch the sentences in Exercise 3 (1-s) with the
producing a radio advert
:ecfrniques used when justifying opinions (a-f). Some €20,000
s'entences may go with more than one technique. €10,000 radio advertising for one month
a using adverbs to give emphasis and focus €20,000 producing a newspaper advert or poster or
r showing causal and similar direct connections Ieaflet
: asking or answering a rhetorical question €40,000 advertising in nationat newspapers for one month
: introducing a key point
€2,000 distributing 10,000 posters/teaftets (to
e rllustrating a key point
schools, medicat centres, stations, etc.)
" dealing with a possible criticism
€40,000 designing a website
5 lthicn of the fhrases or techniques for justifying your
€100,000 organising 100 special events at srhools/in
:uinions do/don't you regularly use in discussions? Why?
workptaces
.T l

SK
-
* fOSINC AND PLANNINT] A PUBLICITY CAMPAICN S Produce a mock-up of a campaign poster or other
visual communication document.
{i lt'orkin groups of three. You all work for the
srmemment health department. You have to decide 9 Present your campaign to the other groups in the class.
ruhich health issue to focus on and then plan the different
e*ernents of the campaign. Read your information and
etide why this is an important issue for the government
m address with a publicity campaign.
Sin"rdent A: look at page 155. So what's your presentation about?
S,rrudent B: look at page 155. Let's hear what you have to say.
>nrdent C: look at page 157. Tell us about the issue vou've read about.
- Have a meeting with the other members of your
{r'Dup. Follow the instructions. That's qu ite convi nci ng.
1 Each person should present the information about It's hard to disagree.
his/her health issue and explain why it is important. That doesn't sound so important to me.
: \s a team, choose one of the issues and then plan the
campaign. Consider the guidelines and points Iisted in Making a choice
ljre memo. You have a maximum budget of €400,000 So which shall we choorei
see table of campaign media costs, for reference). Any preferences?
Which do you think we should go for?
 STU NY SKILI-S 4 Look at the terms on the right of the chart again. which describe:
ANALYSINC VISUAL INFORMATION] 1 communicablediseases?
1 Work in small groups and discuss the 2 non-communicablediseases?
questions. 5 Work with a partner and discuss the questions.
1 Are some illnesses or diseases becoming '1 Does the chart show every single cause of death?
more common in your country? 2 Does the chart give information for every year between 2oo4 and 2o3o?
2 What do you understand by 3 Choose one or two of the figures down the left-hand side of the
com m u n i cabl e and no n -com m u n i cable chart. Write the exact number it represents.
drseases?
6 ln one sentence, describe what the chart shows.
2 Look at the chartund answer these This chart shows ...
questions.
1 Where does the chart cgme from?. 7 What is the main trend in the chart? Explain it in your own words.
2 ls it a reliable source? Why?Al/hy not? I According to the char! are the sentences true or false?
3 ptatch the explanations (1-5) with the 1 By 2030, malaria will have become the least significant cause of death.
terms (A-J) on the right of the chart. 2 , The number of deaths from cancers will show a steady increase
1 over the period 201 8-2030.
very serious diseases caused by bacteria
or a virus and related to breathing or
3 ln 2022 there will be about eight million deaths from (ischaemic)
heart disease.
your Iungs (e.g. pneumonia, avian
influenza (bird flu), swine flu)
4 The percentage of deaths from cerebrovascular diseases will remain
almost stable between 2O2O and 2024.
2 brain diseases caused when the blood
5 Deaths from tuberculosis will decrease sharplytetr,'reen 2020 and 2030.
supply to the brain is disrupted in
some way (e.g. stroke)
6 Deaths from road accidents will overtake deaths from perinatal
causes around2024.
3 deaths at or around the time of birth _
(e.9. stillbirthl
9 Rre you surprised by anything in the chart? Why do you think
4 diseases of the heart (e.g. heart attack, these changes are expected to take place?
angina, chest pain)
5 diseases in which waste from the 0 ln your opinion, is the chart clear? ls there anything missing? Can
"tr

bowels is watery (e.g. cholera) you think of anything that would have helped you to understand the
chart more easily?

The shift towards non-communicable diseases and accidents as causes of death* A ! Road rraffrc accioerts
B ffi Cerebrovascutar diseases
C f lschaemic heart diseases
D ! Cancers
E ! PerinataL causes
F f Acute respiraro"y infections
G ffi Diarrhoeai diseases
H E N4alaria
r I Hlv/AtDs
J I Tuberculosis

*selected causes

,-$ r$t r""t r"$ r""- r"o r"*r"f ,$t ^o

r$t r$- xot- d,t,&-,s"
"$" ""+ ""9 ""*r&t
The World Heatth Report, 2008

44
 :..ITINC SKILLS '13 fina examples of approximation in the description.
. tr!i[RlBlNC \/ISUAL INFORMATION just over thirty-{ive million

I1 Read the writing task and put the stages of the 14 fina examples of cohesion in the description. Circle
,rronrtiting process (a-g) in the correct order (1-7). all the reference words (words that refer to something
mentioned earlier) and say what they refer to.
--e chart below shows the causes of death worldwide
This = ten million deaths
:il:{,i,een 2004 and 2030. Summarise the information
t), :,\6er1nt and describing the main features and make 15 nre these sentences about describing a chart true
; :r,:'oarisons where relevant. Write at least 150 words. or false?
1 You can just copy the title/heading of the chart and
a Check for mistakes (e.g. gfammar, spelling, use it word-for-word in your answer.
punctuation). 2 You should try to give as much detail as possible.
il$ h i-ook at any other written information on the chart. 3 As you write, it's a good idea to look back at what
ir. Count how many words you have used. you've already written.
rd Read the title/heading of the chart. 4 f o avoid repetition, you should vary your
h. u Fian your answer: decide what the main points are vocabu lary and sentence structures.

tn,
and make notes on them, including key data. 5 Try to include one or two complex sentences.
Look at the words/figures on the vertical and 6 The overview must come at the end, as in the
horizontal axes of the chart. example below.
e \\rite your answer (main points and supporting 7 lt's fine if your answer is a few words below the
Catat. Use linkers. minimum length (say, 140 words).
tr 2 *ead the description of the chart and answer the '16 look at the chart on page 160. Write at least 150
lWuFEtions.
words about it saying what it shows and describing
I \\ hat is the topic of each paragraph? the main points/trends. Don't forget to:
I t\ hat is the difference between the first and last o select information carefully.
:entences? . include a few key figures, where necessary.
t
. avoid excessive detail.
h" . use approximators where appropriate.
h.
i
I The chart shows the main causes of death worldwide i
I
iir
i
I
treft\'een 2004 and2030. Overall, the mortality rate is T
F
;uedicted to climb from just over thirty-flve million Fr

:1004 to approximately thirty-nine million in2O30. F

ir
+
ln 1004, about ten million deaths were attributed to ;!i

T
;,rmmunicable diseases. fthi s)represented close to ::
?.

:rirv percent of the tota. n'-/zo:0. however, deaths ,'

t
I
,*-le to these diseases can be expected to have fallen 1

tr around five million. representing I?

less than flfteen
E
Frcent of the total, with a particularly steep decline v,

:n deaths caused by diarrhoeal diseases and malaria. F

f
{
Conr-ersely, deaths will rise for most non_ i]
P.
:.rmmunicable diseases, especially where cancer L
t
deaths are concerned. These will nearly double i
E
,l'er the period. A further category is fatalities that I
$
rre the result of road accidents. The latter will go f
E.
up steadily from roughly one million in ZO04 to +

li
'omewhere in the region of 2.5 millioninZO3O. r
+
The main trend that emerges fiom the chart is +

ihat deaths from non-communicable diseases F

md accidents will increase, while deaths from c

:r-rmmunicable diseases *
will drop. ql
E.

+:
*" '*.=:-e:€i,++''sEri * 3F9'q'':...,-*.*a1.*arr-f*:' .,.:i
'..*+SirBf,-l3rq

45
 Fashio n
'.tr
and c
5.1 CLOBAL C SUMERISM

ffi*
ffi

Marie v*n Ebn,er-[sc]renbaci: I,1 l(,r-.l9T6), Aust:.ian nrriier

t.,
$TNAK{NC
a
,/
'l In small groups/ discuss the following statements.
3: Are they true for you? Why?/Why not?
;:
1 I hate shopping.
2 Most of my favourite possessions are things that l,ve
bought for myself.
3 I rarely buy things 'on impulse'.
4 lt's really important to have a Iot of branded goods.
5 I think people in my country are very materialistic.

KTAD C
3 'N introduction of a description of a radio
Read the
series. What three aspects of global consumerism will the
,]
programmes explore?
t
lr
3 Read about the four programmes. In which
i
programme might we hear about:
a
i
the effects of consumerism on demographic changes?
b consumerism as a recent phenomenon?
c narrowing the gulf between the 'haves' and the
'have-nots'?
the relationship between consumerism and
ln the first programme of this series looking at consumer
appearances?
issues around the globe, we focus on the gap between
e consumer education?
rich and poor and how it could be bridged by the
f consumerism that is not simply an urban phenomenon?
construction of new shopping malls, not only in cities,
but also in the countryside. ln addition, we explore the
relationship between the country's new consumerism
and its people's mental health.

46
 CLOEAL CONSUMIRISN4

- srENrNC ) 3
4" E Listen to an extract from the programme
about Japan and answer the questions.
'X \Vhat evidence is given to support the idea that
.lapanese people love brrands?
: \Vhy do brands have such value in Japan?
3 \Vhat happened in Japan between the end of the
Second World War and the mid-l990s?
a \Vhy have young women been the single most
influential group of consumers in recent years and
rvhy is this considered a problem?
5 Do Japanese people t#rnI there is a solution to this
problem? lf so, what is it?

4b Expanding the topic Work with a partner and

discuss the questions.
1 \Vhat is the most interesting piece of information
vou have learnt about consumerism in Japan? VOCAI3U LARY
I \Vhat do you think will happen to lapanese
CONSUMER COLLOCATIONS
consumer society in the future?
I \Vhich of the other three programmes would you 5a Which of the words in the box form common
most like to listen to? Why? collocations with consumer?
4 \Vhat aspects of consumerism might feature in a
similar programme about your country? adyi€e boom choice confidence demand
desire goods group issues pain
price index products society spending
trends watchdog wish
r"his programme examines how consumers in
consumer advice
I:re UAE are putting a premium on looking good.
-lccording to a recent report, some residents in the 5h Complete the sentences with collocations from
lountry spend as much each year on cosmetics as Exercise 5a.
]rey do on housing rent. High disposable income 1 A _ makes sure consumers are treated fairly
evels, a strong shopping culture and a massive and that products are safe.
rflux of tourists are key drivers of this trend. So, 2 The _ was followed by a severe downturn.
:oo, are the increasing numbers of men who are J With so many models on the market, good
lsing personal care products. is essential.
4 We've all heard of the _, but what does it
mean? Well, it's one in which buying goods and
services is considered to be very important.
This is the story of an emerging consumer society.
Thanks to the discovery of diamonds in 1966 and a SPEAKIN C
"lumber of years of sound government, Botswana's Work in two groups, A and B. Read the information
economy is relatively healthy, creating a new breed .6
and plan your argument. Then have a debate.
of consumer. Yet credit and personal debt are
Group A: you belong to a pressure group that wants people
rnajor issues here. So who has responsibility for
in your country to be less materialistic in the future.
promoting sensible spending habits? ls it the job of
schools, of the banks or of religious organisations?
1 Think of some reasons (economic, social,
environmental, etc.) why your country should be
Iess of a consumer society in the coming years.
2 Look at Croup B's information. Try to predict their
arguments and consider how you will refute them.
bns ln the last programme of this globetrotting series, we
etween look into the reasons why this advanced consumer Group B: you kno-w that there is a powerful pressure
nation is obsessed with brands. Why is this the only group that wants your country to be less materialistic.
!
cities, country in the world where people trust brands so 1 Think of some reasons (economic, social, etc.) why
rre ihe much they will buy a car without taking it for a test yolr society should be, or should continue to be, a
consumer society in the future.
erism drive? We also see the impact of consumerism on
2 Look at Croup A's information. Try to predict their
the shrinking birth rate and on the family. arguments and consider how you will refute them.

47
 DFSICN CLASSIC5

SPEAKNNC 2b nead the article again and answer

1 Work with a partner and discuss the questions. the questions. Choose no more than two
words from the article for each answer.
1 What do you understand by the term 'design classic'?
2 Which design classics do you know? Which country do they 1 Which group of people in Europe were
come from? Which do you like, and why? Use these categories very interested in Henry Ford's Model T?
to help you. 2 What could easily bre reached from the
site of the new factory and city?
a clothes/shoes/accessories d technology
3 When did people start working at the
b means of transport e children's toys
factory?
c objects/things in the home
Which word connected with children
3 How does something become a design classic? What qualities was used dismissively try overseas
does it need? s visitors [o describe the car?
What did Volkswagen stand for in the
READINC period after 1945?.

2a Read the article about an iconic car and complete the timeline. 3 Conrbining sources of information
Work in groups. What factors do you think
Ford Model Beetle chossis design contributed to the great success of,the
T lqunched by 86lo Bor6nyi people's car'? Use the information in the tex!
as well as your own general knowledge.

Fost forword o decode. ln 1934, Ferdinond

Porsche, on Austrion engineer (Yes,
thot's Porsche qs in the sports corl), wos
commissioned to develop the 'volkswogen'.
It wos to be o bosic vehicle thqt could
tronsport two odults ond three children ot o
speed of l00km/h ond would cost obout
900 Reichsmork - obout the price of o
smoll motorcycle. lt would be ovoiloble to
ordinory Germqn citizens through o sovings
plon. The world-renowned Beetle wqs obout
to be born.
ln I938, o site wos chosen for the foctory
where the new cors were going to be built.
It wos centrolly locoted within Germony,
there wos plenty of spoce for the plont ond
it hod good occess to tronsport routes.

l'm eorly for my meeting with Horst Geller, but he's olreody woiting
for me in the lobby of the Golf Hotel. There's q holf-consumed lotte on
the toble in front of him. 'Sorry,' he soys, 'l wos going to woit for you,
but I needed q shot of coffee.'
Loter he confesses thot he needs obout five before lunch. We're here
to tolk qbout his hfe-long possion, cors, ond his lotest reseorch into the
history of Volkswogen, iodoy the lorgest cormoker in the world.
Volkswogen - it meons 'people's cor' in Germon. And thoi's how
,l930s.
it storted out, bock in the 'Actuolly,' Geller exploins, 'the
Americons got there first; Henry Ford's Model T, lounched in 1908,
wos reolly the first cor for ordinory people.'
Ford's cor inspired designers ocross the pond ond in 1925, on
eighteen-yeor-old Hungorion iechnology student, 86lo Bor6nii,
come up with the bosic chossis design for whot wos to become the
Volkswogen Beetle.
 DT5;CT! CLA55IC5

er ;, {.\,1MAR 5 Choose the correct form to complete the sentences.

_.
l two : _ RE I\ THE PAST 1 The British representatives said the people's car
,er. was to I was likely to remain popular for only two
.{t"r When we talk about the past, we sometimes want
ilere or three years, if that.
fio diescribe what was going to happen in the future
del T? The new factory was based on the Ford factory in
llttnwn the viewpoint of the past. Find examples of this
m the Detroit, USA, and was to be / was being the most
'hrurrmrre in the past' in the article.
modern in Europe.
:the ,,i,; going to wait for you ".. ln the
.1970s,
Volkswagen knew the Beetle couldn't
last for ever and they were going to / were to have to
.illhm lttrich of the forms you have found describe:
dren do something about it.
5
I ;:mething that happened later? 4 ln January 1978, the last Beetle rolled off the
i ;:'nrething that did not fuappen later? assembly line in Wolfsburg, although they were
r the Il r:rnething that happened very soon afterwards? continuing / would continue to be manufactured in
{* nrt the forms in three groups. Mexico until 2003.
lll -u re formal 6 Complete the sentences with your own ideas. Then
Itr .l ;u:: informal read your sentences to a partner. Add more details
I li -e-:ral ,neither particularly formal nor informal) about what happened.
Etexf 1 Last year I was going to_t but _.
I
2 Yesterday I was supposed to _, but _.
3 This morning I was about to _ when _.
4 I thought my friend was likely to _, but
actually
I Language reference and extra practice, pages 134-135

hond
VCCA[3[""JI_ARY
COMPOUND ADJECTIVES FORMED WITH NOUNS
B
gen'- 7a Match the adjectives in the box with the
categories.
ldo
Etf eye-catching present-day world-renowned
rlff,ilmlrri",to,cs
I mportont if workers were to'be ottrocted to
Db llillinn nmncr,ro:. 'A whole new city wos founded oround the '1 noun + adjective 3 noun + past participle
rhgs flmiltlhm,',r r',s is present-doy Wolfsburg 2 noun + present participle 4 adjective + noun
- still the home of
dq-rf f,tlltnr, uri:n[rswogen compony.' Geller is worming to his theme
,nI$nM url*r.: on Americono. 7b fina examples of compound adjectives in the
article. Which category do they belong to? Which
trry lffin+nnmchrrg odvertising for the new cor mode its oppeoronce.
compound adjective uses a prefix?
lhih. iii|ilituxme. sorne of the imoges were rother misleoding, implying
t, rlillllmnlrue rcple would hove found the vehicle spocious ond 7c Match words from box A with words from box B
lctd mqmrmlmmrrnme 'Actuolly, this wos for from the truth.' to make compound adjectives. Then decide what they
L
lfrhdllrluuwnng of I 939, the first 1 ,000 employees were recruited, mean and what you could use them to talk about.
I I, l{30
were su pposed to be prod uced by Decem ber. g
roumrud co rs
high time hand smoke
choos of the Second World Wqr meontthot noi
;ffilutttttirltilrrm'szu,ng

immu, mi tlirr,'e 350,000 people who poid into the sovings scheme

iflmuilE C,e. see their COr.

B made free quality consuming

illlhr iliW{*5 *i*r

the wordomoged foctory under British control,
lr6m'm'ni*ctrrmr C the people's cor resumed. However, visiting SPEAKINC
flhmrrynn, resresentotives of the motor industry were unimpressed,
I Work in groups. Choose five objects around you.
4ffillMlirmrllg ,tm ugV ond noisy. 'One British delegote colled it "o
Describe and evaluate their design. Which are the
ffi,,'nsfil ttr re hrken seriously". Big mistoke: it would go on to be most attractive or interesting? Are any of them (or will
anCrced single moke of cor in history, overtoking the they become) design classics?
flilmcel T in 1972.ln totol, over twentyone million were

WRITINC
itself, bock in Germon honds from I949,
,sgllrr,pany
Morne on importont symbol of Germon post-wor $ Chodse one of your possessions which has an
t@rlrmrr"E1ir,o'lr.'And Geller hos somehow lined up o third attractive or interesting design and write a description
,mdffihm ry':e l've been obsorbed in his tole. of it in about 100 words.
 CATWALK CONTKOVERSITS

SPEAKIN C
VOCAI]ULARY
1 Work with a partner and discuss the questions. SUFFIXES (NOUNS 1)
1 What do the photos on this page show?
2 What do you know about the arguments related to these 3a Match suffixes from box A with words
controversial practices? from box B to make as many nouns as
possible.
I{TADN},]C A -ability -(n)ce - ist -ity
2a Look at the newspaper headlines 1-6. What do you think each
-ion -ness
story is about? B active conscious convenient
1 Court case puts sweatshops in the spotlight emerge obrsess popular
2 Starving for fashion's sake sustain violate
3 Discrimination still in fashion
4 This season's colour is more than a shade
3b Complete the article extracts in
5 Protest poses questions for global players
Exercise 2b with the correct form of nouns
6 Throwaway: the global cost of fast fashion
from Exercise 3a.
2b Uatch the"headlines (1-6) with the article extracts (a-f). tgnore 3c Compete with a partner. How many
the missing words in each extract. nouns can you make from the adjectives and
a Animal-rightsr_ protested at Milan Fashion Week by verbs in the article extracts in Exercise 2b?
jumping onto the catwalk, chanting 'Fur is dead' and waving 'Fur You have three minutes.
Shame'banners.
b The defendants, Iike other fashion companies, state that they are
LISTENIi\C
not responsible for 2_
of local regulations concerning pay
and working hours committed by foreign factories that supply the 4a @ Listen to the first part of a radio
clothes. programme about fashion and social
c Many industries responded to increasing consumer interest responsibility and answer these questions.
in environmental 3_
by introducing green products and 1 Which newspaper stories in Exercise 2b
production processes. The rise in consumer eco-a has does the radio show refer to?
reached a point where, finally, the fashion industry is beginning to 2 Who do you think will defend the
follow suit, and green is now all the rage. fashion business, Sarah or Diana?
d Recent research suggests the increase in eating disorders amongst
models may be due to the industry's unrelenting ,_ with size 4b E Who do you think will make
zero* clothing. these points, Sarah or Diana? Listen to the
e The report claims that the strong demand for cheap and readily second part of the programme and check.
available clothes is placing the world under great social and 1 .Monitoring conditions in suppliers'
environmental pressure. lt asks if the 6 of this 'fast fashion', factories is not straightforward.
which is increasing in'_, is a price worth paying. 2 Fashion companies aim to increase profits.
f lt is significant that, on the catwalk and in the fashion magazinds, 3 Thin models have a negative influence
the face of fashion still appears to be exclusively white, despite the on people's self-perception.
initial B_ of black fashion models 40 years ago. 4 Designers are artists who want to show
*size zero
- the smallest clothes size in America their work in the best way possible.

50
 CATWAN-K CONTROVTR5lr5

4c Listen again and make notes on 7b Answer the questions about the sentences in Exercise 7a.
ire arguments presented by Sarah and 1 How many clauses are there in each sentence?
lilana. 2 Look at the first clauses. Which ones concern the object of the
ia ldeniilyinq support for m;tin verb in the second clause? Which concern the verb itself in the
.ument Work with a partner and second clause?
:!f mpare your notes. What are the main
Rewrite the sentences in Exercise 7a. Begin with the words given.
:,oints in each stage of the conversation?
liana and Sarah both make four points. 1 The fashion chains
fompare your ideas with the rest of the 2 The companies
:lass and then check with your teacher. 3 lam
5b fne main points are sup;rorted by 4 You need
:, rer information. Look at Audio script 5.3
:n page 170 and identify the supporting B Rewrite the sentences using emphatic structures. Begin with the
:oints for the main points in Exeriise 5a.
words given.
1 We seldom see naturally sized models.
5c Who do you think makes the Seldom
,:rongest case overall? Who do you side
mfrth? Why?
2 He has designed clothes for film stars and he has also opened
stores all around the world.
Not
" lAi\4&4AR
: , DHATIC STRUT"TURES
3 We mustn't use child labour under any circumstances.
words Under
its ,h, EI lnversirin Complete the 4 The press officer denied the accusation about the use of
i'*ntences from the listening. Then Iisten sweatshops.
and check. Ir
' sooner has attached 5 People are'concerned about the cost of a product, not its
one than he picks up the next from the environmental impact.
ent :housands in the bag. It
does he realise he is 6 The fashion industry encourages young girls to worry about their
about to spark a huge debate about body size.
-ashion, models, men and anorexia.
What
time are aware of
-.he effect this fast fashion is having on
7 The designer created a new style using traditional materials.
nouns What
'ire environment.
8 I think that fashion shows and models should be heavily regulated.
ry "ro {,nswer the questions about the What
Es and idfitences in Exercise 6a. * Language reference and extra practice, pages 134-'135
bts ' l\ hat is unusual about the subject-verb
,,,ord order after the opening phrases?
I '-\ hv does sentence 2 include the
SPTAKIFJfi
,,*ord does, while the others do not? 9 Work in small groups and debate these topics.
radio -d E Cleft sentences Complete the
1 The fashion industry should be compelled to only use models that
are of average body size.
r'tflftences from the listening. Then listen
I

lions. arrmd check.

2 The use of animal fur to make clothes should be banned.
3 Parents should not encourage children under twelve to choose
ise 2b ' the enforcement of these rules their own clothes.
:rat tashion chains have to focus on. 4 The customer is to blame for the increasingly throwaway consumer
I I -'s
_ the companies culture.
.-'arimise their profits, not improve
5 Fashion companies should be directly responsible for working
:heir n,orkers' Iives. conditions in production factories in other countries.
ke L rrean, it's _ that kind of
bthe change l'm talking
heck. ',rallorv
13,orJt.
) vou need to do change Watch an interview with fashion
::,e rvhole approach of the industrv designers Francesca Rosella and Ryan
rofis. i'uards body size. Cenz, about their company Cutecircuit.
ence Turn to page 152 for video activities.

ittou,
!-

51
 ffiffi-

1:, fr'l ,t l', i i'.,r {." i : ffi Read the situation and listen to the CEO of
"$
Work in small groups and discuss the questions. AII Seasons outlining the problems facing the
company. Make notes on the main points from the
1 Which fashion and clothing shops are successful in consultant's report.
your country? Why? Do they employ any of these
strategies?
. offering something for everyone
. targeting a particular market FOUR MAIN AREAS
. having a low-price strategy
. having an up':market strategy
1 Shops and facilities
. advertising widely; creating a strong internet and
sirops:

social media presence cLlstolltcr sen-ice:

. good functional website and delivery systems ovclall:
2 Are there any shops that are not doing very well? Why? 2 The Products
3 As a consumer/ what makes you choose one shop positir e Points:
over another? krok and desig..n:
COSt:

,l:rl: t,..jr:\ j;i ,l.\,1 acce .sot-ie s arld homervare:

All Seasons is a well-established clothing retailer with fifty

3 The rnarket
national shops and five shops abroad. Sales have been cuffcllt ilr'3-ct market: .

declining and the company is in danger of making a loss. co|l:lllt.rt rl',,1,irlinn:

The company sells clothes for the general mainstream 4 The internet and brand identitY
market, catering for men, women and children. Most clirrent rr elt.itr':

1.3
4
- of the shops also sell household products such as
-*ft.4

r
kitchenware, bed Iinen and vases. All products are in the
medium to high price range.
A
%,t retailer that was once the family choice now struggles +:,. ,l
w :t$ ""'ff
s',8 . . t-
#'t{B&
ir
.,-isg,*;i

, 'iri::i,ii:::
.,iitr?
,tF

*::
E!
to attract people into the shops and to provide the {#ii:.. t 1,.'i p*r\- r.
P*4 i' - $r'
,, fashion that is desired. A recovery strategy is required.
'1. *"
t=
I

:a
€
=a
=
E

..:

. 1 i::irir:r.'-:.*,,
r. igq 1r:
fi

' '" -df i;f

,:

1-
 :
IiMffi!
re
ffi
ffi
Hffi*H#EffiE

Oof ,\,1\'l{,, L i,;\{." l- l,'\!r{{

- S5!r,vC HYPLITI i[i.lCAL lif [A5 DIVTI {}PITiil A !{I,C{}V[RY STRATTCY
-
the
f,ffi Ouring the CEO's presentation, some of 4 Work in groups of four. You are on the Board of
: 'ectors discussed possible changes. Listen and Directors for All Seasons. You are going to decide how
:: ete the extracts. to save the company. Before the meeting prepare your
rve did have a caf6, wouldn't that just reduce ideas and review your notes from the consultant's report.
" .ales space? And also, it'd mean that Student A: look at page 1 55.
storage and preparation facilities. Most of our Student B: Iook at page 1 56.
. .rre in restricted high-street locations - l'm not Student C: look at page 157.
- ,,,r ieasible Student D: look at page 158.
: ire
__ new designs by major designers
' -- n use our own in-house designers,
.rr.f 5 Hotd the meeting and discuss the four different
- -,p-to-date. Mind you, we'd need to produce proposals. How can AII Seasons become a destination
, - othes quickly then, behind the times. store? Use the meeting guidelines to help your discussion.
:- ln that point, I was wondering if we an
'.:rent of specialisation rather than make a total Meeting guidelines
1. f p

if we had a special range, say one for kids, but

o Target market: specialised ranges
= .
or complete change?
a wide general range for customers, Shop makeover: appearance?
facilities?
-.--lves from other stores without losing our
" o Product range: clothing _
design? quality? price?
-.":nt customer base. a chance to market
.
-
. .Decial range and use this as a way to get people The inrernet: retail site and/or
social media?
'- rlrr shops. . Accessories/Homeware: new
product 1ines?
close departments?
i
i
i-;\\,er the questions.
o Marketing: advertising? re_launch
. \rdo the speakers use this- particular language in events?
- kind:of discussion? j
= '..*. ',+g"'
, . ^rch,wbqls do you k
'
Making a proposal
I think the best way forward would be ...
There are several reasons why I think this.
Firstly, ... . Secondly, ...
l've told you about ... , so let's move on to ...
To conclude, ...

Disagreeing
I think it'd be a mistake to concentrate on that.
l'm really not sure that'd be the best way forward.

. ,.',_1

-{ .
i;i:*'r,::,,.,1
 STU DY SKNLN-S
READINC CC]MPLEX TEXTS EFFECTIVELY
'l Look at the title of the article and In the West, the flrst distinct youth fashions appeared after the
read the first paragraph. Answer the Second World War. Significant economic developments after 1945
questions. led directly to young people making their orvn decisions concerning
1 What type of text is it? taste and style. Principally, there was a huge demand for labour,
2 What are the key words in the title? which led to an elevation in salary levels, particularly for young
3 What are the two things you Iearn people, who then had relatively large amounts of disposable income
about youth culture? with which they could enjoy their lives in the period between school
and marriage (Abrams 1959).
2a 'Building an ovehiew Read the article
quickly and do the tasks. This increase in disposable income meant that these young people
10 became an identifiable consumer market. Consequently, many
1 Read to find the main topic only industries, such as television, fashion and music, produced goods
of each paragraph. (This will often
and services that were directly aimed at them. In a sense, youth
be given in the first sentence of a
culture was deflned by the products that were produced speciflcally
paragraph.)
for young people by industry and commerce.
2 Make a note of the main topic of the
paragraph. 15 However, not all types of youth culture develop in this way. Whilst
much of youth culture has been a result of commercial activity,
2b took at your overview notes from there are undoubtedly smaller subcultures which are stylistically
Exercise 2a. Which paragraphs are'closely innovative and which are created by the young people themselves.
connected? Punk and hip-hop cultures illustrate this and also reveal further
20 connections between mainstream society and youth culture.
3 Use your overview notes to identify
in which paragraph you might find The punk culture of 1970s England may be seen as a direct
information about: reaition by young people against the intense commercialisation
t hip-hop culture no longer being an of youth fashion and music. This subculture was not the result of
urban phenomenon. the commercial targeting of the young by industry, rather it was
i 2 youth culture initially being a 25 created independently by young people. However, punk culture

commercia[ product. went on to form a different connection with the mainstream

3 punk influencing the wider fashion culture when its style was adopted by the fashion industry, such
industry. that models had green hair, clothes were ripped and cosmetics
companies sold make-up in vivid colours (Rouse 1989).
4 Reading for detail Pay attention to This adoption of an innovative youth subculture by the mainstream
complex noun phrases and reference culture is also present in the historicaljourney ofhip-hop culture.
words. Answer the questions about the Rap music and an urban-look ofbaggyjeans, sports shoes and
article. baseball caps emerged from a very specific social and geographical
1 What is: sphere, namely, the young black culture of inner city North
a the subject of led (line 3X 35 America. Yet this speciflc style has now spread amongst young
b the object of led (line 5X people of all races across the world, from Boston to Beijing, and
2 What do these reference words refer to? is as much suburban as it is urban. This has occurred because of
a with which (line 7) the direct marketing of this speciflc subculture to the wider youth
b them (line 12) ma"rket by companies on a global scale to substantially increase
c This (line 23) their profits. For example , in \992, MTV launched a music show
d the subject of rs (line 37) entitled Yo! MWraps and by 1993, eighty percent ofteenagers
'favoured the [hip-hop1 style' (Speigler 1995).
5 Read the article in detail and add
The manga fashion subculture that comes from the world of video
notes about each key point in your
gaming and graphic novels is different in its origins to hip-hop and
overview notes. ldentify the supporting
45 punk, but similar to the latter in its later journey. Manga and video
points and argument that connect to the
games are commercial in purpose and they provide the source
topic of each paragraph. Then work with
a partner and compare your notes. for this subculture, which involves wearing theatrical fashions
and costumes. From this youth culture, which developed from
6 How would you describe the a commercial source, there has been a spread to wider fashion
relationship between youth culture and 50 culture and high street stores (Fumutaki 2009).
mainstream fashion in your country? Are
Thus, it can be seen that youth culture is directly connected to
there any distinct youth subcultures?
mainstream consumer culture, although this relationship is no't as
simple as may flrst be assumed.

54
 iiTil\{fi 5KlL15
-'.:\lARlSli"{c

Le
-a ldentifying r*ain points You are going to
silrlmmarise the article opposite in 150-200 words.
"1,945
rrning C.r:rnplete the flow chart for the first part of the article
nur, mrtlr the words in the box.
mg
defined products spend
income
r school

:fter 1_ youth subtultures developed

rcople
tr!' ,'ou[g people had more money to 2
pods
ruanted due to etevation of sataries -"-,...-,::
uth :)
,
rffically ::sinesses targeted young people's disposable ..{
',..
rcome by
'/ making
'- o special
-t- '_ for them . - ')
fihilst i:
q', *,:uth culture 4 by these products :,t

1;

cally i:
,.:::='=:!l;!f,itdr+.Frri:rt'iff.ji '"
lelves.
ther -b Look at the flow chart again. What information has
hreen left out? Why?

x)n 8 {r oiding plagiarism As you make notes or a flow

ilt of ilart, use your own words where possible. This is one
was irp€ct of avoiding plagiarism in your summary. Analyse
[rE ime flow chart in Exercise 7a and identify language that
truis been changed from the original.

uch I Rephrase the following ideas in your own words.

krs ' lue to an elevation of salaries-
I :isposable income
sEeam i .outh culture was defined by these products
tture.
nd T 0 ,rtake a flow chart for the second part of the
rphical rutcle. Then work with a partner and compare
onnur flow charts. Have you left out similar pieces of

ltg nrmiornation? How have you changed the language?

rnd 'Whifich lvords and phrases haven't been changed?

re of ill a Compare this first sentence with the first part

puth lrr ffne ilow chart in Exercise 7a, then with the original
lse llmc llhat are the differences? How many clauses does
holv 1ftre sentence have?
trs t ti*,r--.zr fashion and styles for youngpeople ernerged
.:r-" '915, which was a time when the high dentand {or
video ,:,1'-'-'ptovid€d young peaple with highu sa/arres and
ry and 'ii-: nore spending money.
I rideo
DE
tr tr b write two or three
sentences for the rest of
ls ilow chart. Use linkers such as however, as and
fftne

n :wmrequently. Then work with a partner and compare

aruun sentences.
DN
n I t Write a summary of the article. Use your flow
t0 ,,ntnrt from Exercise 10 to help you.
[ot as
 anSe

We owe * lot ia L&*;T:as friisu*. if if wasr'{ !'cr bim, we'C &* lr..atc&ing feiei,islon l:v canrLlelight.
&,1ii?i;n Berle { *3{}S*?*S?), Ameriren c*rxec}ia*

r!
:l
Sff,&,Kil'iil ANn K!:Ai-)'Nil V*CA*UL,&KY
"l Work with a partner and discuss the
DTSCRI B I J\"C TECH }'JCLOCY
r:.i

:a.
questions. 5a Match the words in the box with the headings. Which word does
1 What do you understand by the word not go with either heading? Why?
technologyz. out-of-date:
How have advances in technology up-to-date:
affected your worki ng/studyi ng and
social life? a museumpiece behind the times cutting-edge had its day
What kinds of advances would you innovative new-fangled obsolete outdated redundant
like to see in the next twenty years? retro revolutionary state-of-the-ar1 superseded the last word in
ls the latest technology always an
improvement? Can you give any
examples of when it hasn't been? 5b Complete the sentences with words from Exercise 5a. Sometimes
more than one answer is possible.
? Oo the technology quiz on page 160. 1 I donit see the point of those_ CPS watches. I just want
Then check your answers on page 158. something simple that looks good and tells the time.
3 Do you think we rely on technology 2 That device was before it even went on the market. Nobodv
too much? Why?/Why not? Work with a uses them anymore.
partner and discuss your ideas. This really is a(n)_ development. It will change the way we
communicate forever.
4 whicn item of technology do you It's not exactly technology, but it's still a pretty useful piece
think is the most: of equipment.
1 important? 5 This phone is huge and it doesn't even have a camera. lt's
2 useful? 6 My computer's eight years old, and very slow. I think it's
3 controversial? 7 Cassette tapes were by CDs in the 1990s.
4 unpopular? o The factory is ultra-modern. lt recently introduced machines
5 pointless? in its production process.

56
 m
:
=ffi#

A rTlTl illIQ, T(.) TFr-L-ll\fll ..)f:\

: DINC
l iuua m.ead the message board texts and
t ,&rsrm{ er the questions.
llil *', hich of the people are forlagainst/
-ndecided about the question?
I *\ hich points do you agree/disagree cei'hed,e :r.Posttrye
,,, ith? Which is closest to your own

:,oint of view?
impact on peoplets'lives?
ffi Summarise each writer's argument in
GqI SWEDESven All the really fundamental changes have been
,rurre sentence.
1I;:ffi::'lj:*ffi
.&.

- .: : alvsing style What do you notice u::;n'ffi ".:g;1il:[?:::11,::il::::,H'"

a{nout the way the writers on the And what about the general extended Iife expectancy? What about transport
r',e'sage board express their opiirions? ls and communication? Some people have always been anti-technology. There
lflite style: are always dramatic changes going on, especially now, in terms of
communication. The internet amazing and has had an awesome effect on
1 formal or informal? people's lives.
is

I subjective or objective?
I,,rell-structured or disorganised?
"1 emotional or unemotional? NoWayJosd lt's true technology has altered people's Iives, but l'm
not sure it's been for the better. A lot of stress stems from the fact
&a find examples of the following in the that technology speeds everything up in our already fast-paced
flr'ressage board texts. world. We're now reachable twenty-four hours a day and wq expect instant
i 'hetorical questions answers; and this has an impact on people's work-life balance. There are also
,l rolloquial language the dehumanising effects of technology - we've become slaves to machines. i
i other formal/informal style features What about the dangers of things like GM crops or'Frankenstein foods'? lt's
dangerous to mess about with nature. Advances in technology breed laziness
dllb lvhat other stylistic features did you and contribute to a sedentary lifestyle. Look at all those kids who would rather
.rrrintice?
Why do you think they are used? play a computer game than kick a ball around.

9i Complete the sentences with

pnrepositions. Then check your answers in AndreaCat SWEDESven's right - technology can fix all society's
Itre rnessage board texts. problems. Even during wars there's a great push for new tech.
1l ,\ hat does a fear of technolog! stem Cars which cause pollution resulting in global warming are now

_t in your opinion? being superseded by hybrid and electric ones. They'll reduce the carbon
I ,ni hich item of technology has had footprint. BTW, those of you who think technology is so bad: WHY ARE
:-re biggest impact your/your YOU USINC THE INTERNETTO TELL US THIS?I
:arents' life?
dry ] f,oes technology contribute
Raina:3 Not sure you're right, AndreaCat. Technology's a
mt :'e happiness of mankind? double-edged sword. There have been radical changes brought
rord in 4 ias the rise the popularity of about by inventions like the telephone, car and the internet. But
networking sites resulted the important thing is that control of technology is power. lt's the way it
"ocial
better understanding between men is used which is important. For example, some technological advances are
and women? not always used in a good way. What about the rise in cosmetic surgery,
5 Do you think technological advances artificial intelligence, cloning, designer babies, people Iiving forever?
n,ill lead people living on Where's futuristic technology taking us? This, together with a move
other planets? towards an ever-greater reliance on technology, is leading us to a
body 6 !s the expansion _robot nightmare vision of the future.
technologies a good thing?
nr'e

r ITI\C JaneyJane Technology has a lot to answer for. l'm with you on this,
iece NoWayJosd. Never mind improving people's Iives, it accounts for
ilh m,nnrrte rour opinion for a the increase in pollution and exploitation. Lots of people are killed
h,oard on this question: Have in wars because of so-called technological advances. As for the expansion of
i[ratr adr,ances had a positive access to the internet, there are millions of people in the world who haven't
pumplle's lil,es in your country? even made a phone call yetl There's a real digital divide. Technological
hines advances because of their uneven distribution actually have a negative effect
w,rmrn urtting lt,ith a partner on people's opportLrnities. Major technological change is basically destroying
a nuspmrx€ to his/her message. the planet. I doubt we can save it in time. lt's really all about greed. I guess
this is more to do with human nature rather than technology itself, though.

57
 {"-illi,N{_;l },1il I ilI lit'. lil l"]

RIAilir,]il;
'$ Work in groups and rank the following
in terms of how much they have changed
the world.
a
b
c
d
antibiotics
electricity
mobile phones
the internet
nPE&e* E;
:

e the printing press Frances

--
O'Connell, Technology bl
3a Read the introduction to a blog. CNN has just published its list of top ten thinkers. The list honours
What is it about? r'i
'people who are changing the world with their insights and innovations.,
i,i
?h Work in groups of three. Each read Here are my three favourites from the fields of science and technology.
about one person in the blog. Then I \.t
describe the person's achievements to -\
your 8roup. To myrmindl these three great thinkers are
outstanding, not just for their ideas and
3 Read the other two texts and answer
talents but,forthe way they have used them
the questions.
to irnprove the lives of ordinary people
1 How can the information from mobile
:- and:With life-changingresults. I have a
phone data in Kenya be used?
2 How did Ng make his free lectures 'feeling we have yet to see the true impact
more accessible? their innovations will have on the world.
3 Why won't online learning replace
face-to-face learning in universities?
4 What was learnt from the Hole in the
Wall experiment?

4 rt{atch the words from the texts (1-8)

with their meanings (a-h).
1 insight
2 prominent
3 epidemiologist
4 cross-reference (v)
5 artificial intelligence
T 6 embed
7 autonomously
B fund (v)
Caroline Buckee is promrnenr in rhe
a provide money lor an activity,
field of medicine. An epidemiologist at
organisation or event
the Harvard School of Public Health rn
b the study of how to make computers do
Boston, she has done extensile research
intelligent things that people can do
into malaria, a disease causing the deaths of
c without the control or help of
more than 600,000 people a year.
anyone else
d a medical scientist who studies the In Kenva. Buckee and her co-workers
control of epidemic diseases tracked texts and cal1s from nearly 15
e a sudden, clear understanding of million mobile phones to establish how
something, especially a complicated idea people move around this vast counffy.
f provide references to another, related They cross-referenced the data against
text or data source a malaria prer-alence map to show how
g important and easily seen human travel can contribute to the spread
h put firmly and deeply into something else of the disease. The results highlighted
regions where health officials needed to
,5 t .* r'; gid*ri r:3 r:l: r'lsr,:11 l-r rr ri {.eli I n you r focus their efforts. \\'arnings can now be
groups, discuss which of the three ideas sent to people going to and from high-risk
will be most beneficial to mankind. Can areas. A text message can remind them to
you think of any negative consequences? use a bed net or take other safery measures.
It will help medical workers all over the
world to control not only the spread of
malaria but also other deadly diseases.

,fo
 :e,arex

CI_.{ANCINC THE WOR.LD H

CRAMAAAR
THE PASSIVE

6a Find nine examples of the passive in the texts.

6b Wtrat tense is used in each example?
7 tvtatch the sentences (1-7) with the uses of the
passive (a-g).
1 The technician was sacked yesterday.
2 The final chapter sums up all the issues that have
been discussed throughout the brook.
3 The trainees were impressed by the brand-new,
state-of-the-art laboratory on the ground floor.
4 Penicillin is one of the most widely used antibiotics.
It was discovered by Alexander Fleming in 1928.
5 Mistakes were made.
Andrew Ng specialises in the areas of machine
6 The research will be carried out next year.
korning and artificial intelligence. In 2008, he
7 Safety glasses must be worn in the laboratory at all times.

mered a programme which placed a number a The agent is obvious.

od Sranlbrd University courses online, for free, b The agent is unimportant or we don/t know who the
mdming his own course on Machine Learning. agent is.
fo corsisted of video lectures by him and student c If the subject of a sentence is long, we often make the
mmorerials used in the Stanford class. He then verb passive so that the long phrase.comes at the end.
umpterimented by producing shorter clips from d We often make a verb passive so that new
ftftmmures. Finally, in2011,, he set up two open, information comes at the end.
,omilline courses. The response was amazing. Over .e We want to avoid mentioning the agent (so as not to
il{ffil$.000 students registered for the first course. blame someone or to avoid responsibility).
&& tollorved up by launching, with a partner, an f We want to focus on issues rather than on the
,m..trjinelearning site, Coursera. It has become the people involved, especially in scientific and
llm,ge$r open-online-course company, with 600 {ree academic English.
Gmflurs(x and over 7 million registered students. g We are describing rules and procedures.
"f,,ml,ner. Ng does not claim that web-based
H Language reference and extra practice, pages 136-"137
cmiurs€s are better than face-to-face learning. It
ircilrnTrrmoIt be denied that online courses lack a sense
I Work with a partner. Read the text and choose six
,o#,mmunity and one-on-one relationships with places where the passive might be more appropriate.
lmflfu,. However, Ng is motivated by a passion
Areha is a good example of a new town. In 1967,Edtardo
Sror.ide more effective online education. He has
lnnm
Raflo designed it. Huge empty spaces and beautiful green
wmrh- been hired by the giant Chinese search
,qpnis:rtion, Baidu, as its chief scientist. landscapes delighted him. The Areha Development
Corporation hired Raffo at the start of the project, but
in 7969 they sacked him and appointed a young Italian
Slgiara Mitra is best known for his Hole in the Wall designer instead. The authorities formally designated Areha
ryenment, which was set up in 1.999.He embedded a new town on 2 February 1972. Areha prospered for many
reimrputer into wall in a New Delhi slum area
a
r,mu children were allowed to use it for free. Many
o ]€ors, but many changes have happened since the recent
recession. The two main engineering companies closed
c$dlrCren taught themselves to use the computer
down last year. However, the planners deliberately located
nmu-[ go online, demonstrating children's capacity to
Areha at a point equidistant from four large towns and
fl&mn awonomously. The experiment has since been
people expect it to recover quickly once the recession is over
mupeated in many other locations in India, often
miffi fre same success. It has received its fair share of
crimirjsm- holvever. In areas without adequate adult $
smgrenision, some Holes in the \7all were vandalised, .;
SPEAKINC
flien"'ting critics to claim that the experiment had failed.
,
9 Work in groups and discuss the questions.
ltn despite this, many still believe Mitra's findings to :{ 'l How has the world been spoilt by technology?
hc hry&h signfficant. * 2 What has been lost due to technological change?
Um llf 3. Ilitra rvon the TED prize, which awarded 3 How has literature, the arts and music been affected
,rm rnillion dollars to an exceptional individual. The bf technological change?
mmilomer- nill be used to fund Mitra's dream of building 4 Do you think technological innovation is/has been
o dkvrd-based school - a laboratory for children to dominated by men?
Chmre lrrowledge and connect with online mentors. 5 DoA//ould you prefer to learn online or face-to-face?

59
 DNA TESTINC

READINC AND SP!:AKINC 4 nead the article. Take brief notes on the steps you need to go
"l Work in groups and discuss what you through to get your DNA profile read.
know about DNA. 5 Identifying aclvantages and disadvantages What are the
advantages of DNA testing? What are the problems and concerns
2 Scan the first two paragraphs of the
about DNA testing?
article and find:
1 what the following numbers refer to: 6 Discuss the questions.
2007,23, 499,254. 1 Would you like to have your DNA tested Why?A//hy not?
2 three diseases. 2 Do you agree that some patients cannot handle information
without a doctor?
3 Read the article quickly and summarise
the writer's opinion about DNA testing.

Getting your genomic profile readcan And ali without having to go an1"r,,here near a doctor.
highlight medicaf is sue s, but it's also Having a peek at your genes sounds very empowering if
fraught with complexity and potential you can afford it. And the theory is that it should allow
confusion, s ays D r Phil }Jamrmond.. you to take action to prevent the diseases you're most at
Have you had your genomic profile read yet? DNA risk of, Ifyou have a higher genetic risk ofcolon cancer,
reading from spit samples has been all the rage in then you might choose to have a colonoscopy early. I like
America since 2007 and has only recently hit the buffers. the idea of liberating generic information for the masses,
but as wich all medical tests, ir can give false results
A company called 23andMe (that's the number of
and errors, and creace huge anxiery if you can't handle
paired chromosomes you have) has been at the head of
uncertainty and complex data. And researchers are rightly
the pack, charging $499 to identify over half a million
wary that by bypassing proper academic assessment, we
code sequences in your DNA. You log into the website,
don't quite know what we've unleashed on che public.
filI in your credit card information and register for a
genetic scan. A test tube is then sent to you in the post. Some American srates have been very concerned that
You fill it with saliva, then Send it back and wait eagerly these tests can be ordered without a doctor's instruction.
for che results. Afcer a fortnight, you can click on the The paternalistic view that parients can't handle rhis
website fiir your profile, which predicts how your genes information without a doctor on hand ro help interpret
influence your risk of developing254 diseases and it is still prevalent in health systems all over rhe world.
conditions such as diabetes, cancer and heart disease. But the bigger issue for me is rhat we don't yer know
what the information means and how reliable it is, so we
can't really predict with any accuracy whether the rest is
worth having yet.
You won'c be able to get it from 23andMe ar presenr.
The company has always argued that their genetic
profiling is not a medical device which is meanr ro give
an accurate diagnosis; rather it says it sells ancestry
reports and raw genetic data, without medical diagnosis.
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in America
has now sent 23andMe a warning letter arguing the
opposite and claiming the company is offering a
diagnostic test without proper approval.
There are lots of other concerns, too. What is the
company doing with all this genetic information? W'ill
users become research subjects for something they don't
agree with? And how good is the quality control for the
testing, much of which is outsourced?
"6..":
fs :F,+
:

By Dr Phit Hammond

60
 :
ffi
DNA TESTINC H
1]C,{B U LARY 1 I ln which two cases are you most likely to find this
-.LOCATIONS kind of complex noun phrase? Explain your answer.

Ia Find five nouns in the article that come after the

1 academic writing
,word genetic.
2 everydayconversation
3 journalism
Ib find four nouns in the article that come after the 4 advertisements
,mo d medical. 5 instruction manuals
It find another adjective in the article that comes
6 informal emails
tefore the word diagnosis. "12 put the words in brackets in the correct order to
B'a .tlatch 1-9 with a-ito make collocations. Then make noun phrases that complete the sentences.
neck your answers in thq.article. is to help students learn independently.
' (purpose / the / website / main / the / otl technology)
code a control
I :est b teqt is the emergence of resistance to drugs such
l ialse c tube as antibiotics. (fundamental / ol / the / one / facing/
{ complex d systems problems / medicine / modern)
i academic e assessment is an essential skill for universitv students
r nealth f data intent on academic success. (ability /Ihe lto /
- Ciagnostic g sub jects
decode/ create / noun / phrases / complex / and)
t 'esearch h sequences focuses on Mitochondrial DNA that is passed
S quality i resu lts down the maternal line. (Sykes' / Professor / seminal /
at work/on/testing/DNA)
r, ffih How many other collocations can you make using l| Language reference and extra practice, pages 136-137
flitrrre words in Exercise 8a?
I like

-;, \MMAR.
, \IPLEX NOUN PHRASES

I There are different types of phrase you can use

lm add information after a noun. Underline the post-
'rrim,odifiers in the noun phrases (1-7). Then match them
mfth the types (a-fl.
1 a diagnostic test without proper approval
I an essential skill required by all researchers
I it is not a medical device which is meant to give an
accurate diagnosis
the scientist talking to the journalist
a suggestion that the genetic testing service should
be suspended WRITNNIC
6 over half a million code sequences in your DNA '13 Read these two pieces of writing. Do they flow
someone to explain the data after they had taken the
well? If not, how can you improve them?
test
a a prepositional phrase (2 examples)
b a full relative clause
€ a present participle clause A f hit feehnology t,tebsife is ,nodera.If is

d a that clause inferacfive. If cao be aeeesfed by rfudenfs

e a to-infinitive in fhe tcience deparfmenf" The rfudenfr in
f a past participle clause tLe tcience deparfmenf are interetfed in
'!
0
Noun phrases can be complex and include extra independenf !earaing"
lnformation before and after the noun. What is the
nnain'noun in these phrases? How many pieces of
ertra information have been added to each one? These louy-\g yeoVle are highly
\1)
tt
1 a newly developed, inexpensive DNA testing kit which ed.vc6fs5l. Tkey ay-e vrell qvati{ted.
can calculate risk factors for a wide range of diseases They canmot {ind we ll yaid work.
the I a small Los-Angeles-based company specialising in WelJ-7aid
'x,ork offe"s w,e dical
cutti ng-edge medical technology im5vrotnce" lf also offer| olhe"
3 several large-scale European research programmes
bastc be^e{ifs.
into the effectiveness of different treatments for
:-rrjl!r.,i':il.rr:.i.j..i:r,jrn::iJr,tjjlif:,r:ri.
tubercu losis i,rr_rr ,..r,r:. ,,,::.rj.,:r

61
:
:=
C
--
EFF-E+EiEFEffi;ffi,.8H # tt.]!, N'il,;r'',- l l(. ) 1-l1l i:lr\l l.

ir I -f'1 : a '.ti..i ir .1 .i I

.:li I i.".".riir I 11...__.1'l:r 11,t L i Ll':i1, li, ,r 1i. L

P I i{5 LJ A I] ! xi {1, t- R iT I {l i 3 I i.i {., A{-f I PT i i "r" C {, i{ T I C ! SM,

I

A radio station going to have a debate in front of

is dli: t' I itl i:* t, {-t} U l'.] ? I R-A liLl U M I Nl"S
an audience on the theme of modern technologies.
Listeners were invited to write a short essay in response 3* ffi Listen to the example presentation and
to the following debating topic: answer the questions.
'The modern technology that has brought the most 1 Why does the speaker quote statistics and a
benefits to mankind, or will do so in the near future, is ...' statement by an expert commentator?
You are one of four listeners who have been selected 2 According to the speaker, how does mobile
to take part in the rafiio debate. Based on your essay, technology help people in developing countries and
you will present the case for your technology and people in business?
defend your arguments before a stuclio audience. At
the end of the programme there will be a vote and the 3*: Listen again and note down examples of these
winner will receive a cash prize. persuasive lechniques.
The four topics for the debate are: 1 giving an impressive statistic
. electric cars 2 repeating a word or phrase
. fracking 3 using a rhetorical question
. 3D printers 4 using alliteration
. surveillance technology*
*CCTV cameras, telephone tapping, speed cameras, etc.
3c Work with a partner and compare your ideas. Then
look at Audio script 6.'1 on page 171 and check your
answers.
* Read the situation. Then work in groups and discuss
what you know about each of the topics. 4a ffi
Listen to the question and answer session
at the end of the presentation. Tick the points the
3 to help the four listeners prepare for the debate, members of the audience make.
the programme organisers have sent them an example 1 Mobile phone users behave impolitely.
presentation about mobile technologies' The presenter 2 People often steal mobile devices.
puts the case for mobile technologies and then
answers questions. Answer these questions'
3 Users often find it difficult to operate mobile phones.
4 Mobile devices have a harmful effect on children.
What arguments do you -think the presenter will use 5 Parents should not allow children to use mobile phones.
to persuade his audience that mobile technologies
have brought the greatest benefits to mankind? 4h Listen again and note down phrases for criticising,
What counter-arguments do you expect the accepting criticism and offering counter-arguments.
audience to come up with? Then ook at Audio script 6.2 on page 171 and check
f

your answers.

n fu
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a
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61
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62
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 l,l.lll

{t* In your groups, take turns to present the case for

.. i , i:1 .1. l"if liAl I_ your technology and answer questions from other
students. Each student must ask one question to each
^ Eroups of four. Read the titles of the
speaker.
nd : es on pages 161-'1 62. Choose a different
:, each to present to your group. &h ln your groups, decide which technology has
brought the most benefits to mankind or will do so in
.- e description of your technology and
the near future. You cannot vote for your technology.
.:ree-minute talk about it. Use these points Compare your decision with other groups in the class.
-. \ our talk and include some of the key
ancl
rclrnology is
' -: .ll'€ Persuading
: enef its of the technology are
There's no doubt that ...
- rsnrs have been made of the technology It's undeniable that ...
l)
Surely/CIearly/Obviously, ...
You nrusl admil that...
Conceding points
:.. Then I accept that ...
', tJf There may be sonre truth in that argum.ent.
Ol(, that's fair enough, but ...
rSt
That's a fair point. *f.
gE
: ln
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tt.
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 STUDY SKILLS ,, z I ir{: ilu*r$*$-$ s{t€**il{
INTERCU LTU RAL AWAREN ISS
I An American student is studying for a year at a
. prestigious European university. ln her university
r she has been accustomed to seeing a lecturer
I the head of the departmentwithout making or
an
, lRRointrnent. The faculty has an open-dooi policy.
During the second week at the European university,
I she dropped in on the department,s professor to
I discuss changing her study programme. She was
, unable to see him and was told by his assistant, in a
r very cold tone, that she needed to send an email for
r an appointment and would probably have to wait
at
, least two weeks to get one.
-\ ..-.-.---rg:]- ..-ug.:--:;rE , -t..,-+:*{
_ r1il'1:l:,,---"s:lii'Jlqj]:;ri.;;[*..
- ..

i ? A n':erg*r betw*en a* ilnglish and.!*part*s*

{#fi"}pany
A smallJapanese financial services company has
1 What does the term intercultural awareness mean
merged with an English firm. After a few months
to you? Work with a partner and discuss your ideas.
at the new head office in London, the Japanese
?a €EI watch the first part of a talk about the lemployeesaresurprisedtodiscoverthattheEnglish
personal qualities and skills people need when
I staff, who are almost all male,-are being paid a lot
studying abroad. What three key qualities does the
speaker talk about?
, more than them and seem to change their jobs a
: lot. The Japanese are also shocked by the jokes the l

2b watch the first part of the talk again and answer I staff play on each other and the vulgar language they l

the questions. !Sometimesuseduringworkinghours.Mostofthe

'l At the beginning of the talk the speaker asks for a Japanese staff have been with their company for
show of hands. Why does she do this? many years and wouldn't think of changing their jobs
2 What gesture does she use to introduce her three in order to get a higher salary. Also, they use very
main points? What effect does this have? polite language at all times when they tall< to their
3 What phrase does she use to signal that she is about
to end this part of her talk?

2c Do ybu agree with the points the speaker makes?

"l::--k'=jl@
: esnrmunieatioll wl{h e organlsatlon
- - - -,^--^i.^;inn
stat*
| :

Work with a partner and explain your views.

ii /.a working for a state
o *.,.'rn "Y'" t -- was
employee
tJr rLrJr I ur .ff li::1tyt'tn ,

3a €E Watch the second part of the talk. j attached to a government dePartment ll Centfalgetting
in
What examples does the speaker give of non-verbal I Err"o". He bfcame frustrated by the delays the ;

interpersonal skills? i ;;:''#t from the institution' To overcome directly to. a

3b Watch the second part again. Then work in small \ ,..Uf ".., he started sending documents The headI
groups and discuss the questions. i !";;; "ff,'.Liin tr'.,u go'"tn"*"nt heaePartment'
was doing this' He
1 .?;: *tii.rr'.^
r*'?'d out that '
1 What examples does the speaker give to show that her employeeshow
former student had outstanding interpersonal skills? ' I was very angry and insisted that the ,

were sent to the

2 Do you think that non-verbal interpersonal skills are i r.],* ,[it a"oiu*unt, before they
"
as important as verbal skills? Why?ANhy not? i senior official.
i
4 Work in small groups and read the three case
studies opposite. Then discuss what mistakes, if any,
were made by:
1 the overseas student.
2 the Japanese staff.
3 the British employee.

5a lmagine a situation in your own country involving a

foreign visitor. Write a brief description (maximum 80
words) of a cultural mistake the visitor makes.
5b Work in groups and exchange your descriptions.
Are your examples of mistakes similar or different?
li
il
64
 ITINC SKILLS 9a What are the main tenses or forms in sections 2, 4
C A SURVEY and 5?

&rt in pairs and discuss the questions. 9b Wtry are these different tenses used?
Ftrave you ever participated in a survey? 'l 0 you have been asked to
write a report on how
tltfty do people conduct surveys? to reduce the cultural stress of international students.
f'br is the information used? ln a survey, students rated a number of suggestions
on a four-point scale: excellent (O, good (G), worth
Doil &e report. Think of suitable headings for considering (WC) and not worth considering (NWC).
tlre sections and note them down in the report. Study the results on page 162. Then write the repor!
Cbnpare your headings with other students. recommending three actions to reduce cultural itress
at the university.
dre survey items according to how much
stress the students experienced.

krnational students' experience of cultural stress at a U.5. university

,#usum'ev of undergraduate and postgraduate students' Responses to the questionnaires showed that the
qmrience of culture shock was conducted by the most significant reason for cultural stress was that
team, led by Anna Porter. Students completed international students found it hard to be away from
survey examining their feelings of cultural their culture and way of life. just over ni4ety percent
The student sample was fifty percent male and felt distress because of that feeling.
mercent female. The majority (sixty-eight percent) They also had a strong impression that they did not
UI-24 years old. Seventy percent were engaged in really belong to the university (almost sixty percent).
k or research in postgraduate programs. All Furthermore, they perceived that people treated them
rrere represented. A wide range of countries differently because of their nationality (56.7 percent).
,m'r'ered, with Asian countries predominating.
Some cultural items caused less concern than
t$-enfy-eight percent of the students came from
might have been expected. A majority of students
Thailand and Malaysia.
(seventy-five percent) reported that they were
reasonably satisfied with their academic progress.
Twenty-five percent expressed anxiety about their
was sent to 300 overseas students.
performance.
*ess was assessed by six items. These
students' perceptions of the difficulties they Perhaps the most surprising result was that over
iencing living and studying in their new eighty-eight percent of international students were
Ttr students rated how six statements applied reasonably comfortable about living in the USA.
ur a four-point scale from 0 (not at all) to 3 (very Moreover, a large number of the students stated that
wmt of the time). Figures refer to percentages. they had achieved a satisfactory balance between
$rltrA = not at all, TSD = to a small degree, study and other activities.
ba cnnsiderable degree, VM = very much
5
It is clear that cultural stress #fects a large number
o{ international students to a greater or lesser degree.
They greatly miss their familiar way of life at home. It
is a cause for concern that a majority of international
students think that they do not belong to the university
and that they are treated differently because of their
nationality. The study has revealed that cultural stress
is a problem at the university. Action needs to be taken
to remedy the situation.

happv about
 !,lv
-
rEeryrtl
-iE{

reIffi
-liLrl

People and'ideas
7.1 CREATIVITY

[rt;i',lvlit' fiiii?i:].t Il**; ,; llr;rJlrr::i r.;i i#i:.t:" i.].l:r:,iir.:!r.:. '\/i::.t.,..,..: .::

r r t. i l.- i"'" , :r,, t,.

'
I]-'r ".'\tr(Ii'''i,
"3 work
with a partner and discuss the questions. 3a You are going to listen to a Iecture about creativity.
'l Do you think creative-people are born or made? How do you think the speaker will answer these
2 What do you understand by the terms blue sky questions?
thinker, lateral thinker and someone who thinks 1 How would you define creativity?
outside the boxl 2 How can you recognise a creative person?
3 How creative do you consider yourself to be? What 3 ln which areas of work do you thinl< creativity is a
makes you think so? useful quality to have?
?a Answer the questions in the quiz below.
4 How is creativity different to innovation?

3h ffi Listen to the first part of the lecture and

check your answers.
Are you a lateral thinker?
4u ffi Listen to the second part of the lecture and
l:v.:.*.rY.-f:.P.:9: put the stages of the model of the creative process in
Where are all men equally attractive? the correct order (1-5).
On which side of a cup is it best to have
the handle?
a illumination
b preparation
How might someone be severely injured by c verification
being hit by some tomatoes? d intimation
Where do the biggest carrots grow? e incubation
What living thing has onlY one foot?
How many birthdays does a typical woman 6h Listen again and make notes on what the stages in
have? Exercise 4a mean.
A cowboy rode into town on Friday' He
spent one night there and left on Friday'
How do you exPlain this?

?B* Work with a partner and discuss your ideas. Then

check your answers on page 162.

66
 CREAT!VITY

; :: lr \C VOCABULARY
IDIOMS WITH F/AI{D
Sa Lnok at the photos on page 66 and answer the
rwurrusilibns.
8a Complete the sentences with the idioms in the box.
'll[ lrUr,: are the creative people in the photographs?
3 do vou know about them?
iu\ "r,ai a safe pair of hands give me a hand got my hands full
3l u{u:ai do t,ou think they have in common? hand in hand hands are tied on hand
time on my hands turn her hand to anything
ir, Uort with a partner and discuss the statements.
'illl 'r,rr:r'e L "S. presidents have been left-handed than 1 I have so much work to do. l,ve really _!
rrri-handed. 2 lt's amazing how multitalented she is. She can _.
f -e:-nanded people are*.better at foreign/second 3 You can trust him with any task. He,s _.
ii-riiiaqe learning than right-handed people. 4 l'm bored. l've got nothing to do. l,ve got _.
I ;en-handed people are likely to win at tennis, 5 I'd love to help, but l'm afraid l'm not allowed.
:i:\ ng and baseball My
4 .ert-handed people are generally healthier and 6 lf you need anything just call. l,m always to help.
,llue,aiihier. 7 l'm really finding this problem very difficult to solve.
-.
' -en-handed people are more likely to be women. Do you think you could _?
fit { eh:-handed people are better at doing more than 8 Some people say that genius goes _ with madness.
:re ihing at the same time.
tr r iie pasf left-handedness was considered undesirable Bb Work with a partner. Use the idioms in Exercise Ba
to give an example of a situation which applies to you.
l$usad the article. Are the statements in.Exercise 5b
thke or not given? SPTAKINIC
".: " , ig ideas {rtrn'l the text Work with a partner 9a Work with a partner. Choose one of the objects
indl dmuss the questions. from the box and think of new uses for it. you have two
lllll', r"il:,,,q many left-handed people do you know? Are minutes to come up with ideas.
i|l,rrr',, inale or female?
O' illlrr(* rh ideas in the article do you think are true?
book coffee cup paperclip pen spoon
S Ir; ,ou think you can 'spot'a left-handed person?
t.llLiuuq uru they 'different,? 9b Repeat the process with a different object.
,m .l
-,rrrjir at page 83. Which, it any, ol the authors of
'lhrs r:,ook do you think are Ieft*anded? Why? 9c Join up with another pair. Turn to page 162 and
discuss your results.

yisa
n €Krew ffimffitr fumm#
instaftnent in our series up to a third wider. This is perhaps why pieces and analysing them one at a time.
hd 1rcople, Jane Frank takes there are more left-handers in creative Left-handers use synthesis, which means
.t e. very special group. professions such as music, art and writing. they solve a problem by looking at it as
$il nt a quick insight into However, interestingly, one in four ofthe a whole.
mr-s abilities, throw a ball and see Apollo astronauts were Ieft handed. So- In spite of all their talents and skills,
e and
*n, 'rr*.d they catch it with. Left- called 'lefiies' are also ofien better at sporr.
ess in historically, left-handed people have
relatively uncommon)
is Left-handed college gra&uates in the USe
often faced prejudice and discrimination.
mug for around ten percent ofthe have also been found to be twenty-six
The origins of the word lefi,havenegative
iimr- Hou,ever, Chris McManus, percent richer. Perhaps surprisingly, left-
connotations in many languages. For
nr lflmrn&. Rrgit l{and, lzft Hand, argues handedness is three times more comron
example, gauche, sinistu and arulat)ard are
tflr-handers as a group have up in males than in females.
among translations from French, Latin
pn"oduced an above-average So, what differentiates them? Left- and German. In English, the word
,f
hrgh achievers. Interestingly, handers'brains are said to be structured sinisterbecame identified with evil or bad
imm,o$the last seven U.S. presidents differently. One theory is that they luck. Schools in many societies forced
fies in hmrm left-handed. process information via 'visual children to use their right hands, which
hr-DrAlan Searleman of St simultaneous' methods, where several seriously affected their development. In
L-nivenity has shown that threads ofthought can be processed at tontrast, ightis a synon),rn ksr cotrect or
people are more intellectually the same time, making it easier for them proper and can stand lor authority and
un'frfimore of them having IQs of to multi-task and solve problems than justice in English and in many European
Ifl]#ilIt cmnpared to their right-handed for right-handers. The latter, aicording languages.
ns- They are also more creative, to the theory, process inlormation using In the final analysis, however, it may be
and eloquent, with vocabularies analysis, breaking problems down into
that left is, in fact, better than right!
 CREAT THIi\KFRS

SPEAKIN C 4 Read the texts again. Who:

"l Work in groups. Think of five great thinkers whose '1 lived the longest?
ideas have influenced people's lives and rank them in 2 lived the earliest in history?
order of importance. Then compare your ideas with 3 covered the greatest variety of topics in his writings?
another group. 4 had his works studied at tertiary level in Europe?
5 gave a talk asking for acceptance of all religions?
2 What do you know about Confucius, Swami
Vivekananda, Sir lsaac Newton and lbn Sind? 5 Work with a partner and discuss the questions.
1 Which of the people in rhe texrs did you find the
READ'NC most interesting? Why?
3 Read the texts quickly and note down key 2 Who, in your opinion, islwas the most important
l
I
information abouf'each person. thinker in your country?
I

i
i

*ernfueiu* was a Chinese

thinker and social
l
l philosopher, whbse
I

I teachings and philosophy

I
deeply influenced thought
and life in a variety of
coun t ries, including China,
Korea, Japan and Vietnam.
He was born in Lu State in
551 BC and died in497 BC.
In China he was better
known as'Master Kong'.
A number of academics have compared Confucius' moving. His concept of inertia stated that an object
influence on Chinese history with that of Socrates in the with a large amount of inertia will have a large mass
West. His social philosophy, recordedinThe Analects, and an object with a small amount of inertia will
largely revolved around the concept of rdn, 'compassion' have a small mass. Modern physics really started with
or'loving others'. Confucius believed that the rrler lived Newton because he produced the first fundamental
to serve the people and should have a range of qualities, theory of mechanics and gravitation in his book
namely Ii (obserwing ritual, propriety and etiquette), )? Principia Mathematica. He modestly said, 'If I have ,
(righteousness) and Xn (honesty and trrrstworthiness). seen further than others, it is by standing upon the
He also believed in ancestral worship, strong family shoulders of giants.' He was born in 1642 inEngland :.:.i
.::

loyalty and respect to elders. and died in 1727.

.. ..:.- f:li:i;.:.rr :.ri. r'.,r1rl:l

$wami Vivekananda, also known as Narendra Nath trhn i*infr, often known by his Latin name of
Datta, was born in Kolkata, India, in 1863 and died in Avicenna, was a physician and the most famous of
1902. Vivekananda was one of India's most influential the philosopher-scientists of Islam. He was born in
spiritual teachers and helped introduce eastern Uzbekistan in 980 and died in 1037. He wrote around
philosophy, yoga and meditation to the West. He spent 450 works on a wide range of subjects, including
a considerable amount of time meditating and tauglrJ a philosophy, astronomy, psychology, Islamic theology,
philosophy of traditional meditation and selfless service. mathematics and poetry. He was the greatest writer
In 1893 he was invited to speak at the World Parliament of medicine in the Middle Ages and his bookThe
of Religions in Chicago, where he called for tolerance Canon of Medicine was required reading throughout
and the end of religious fanat European universities until the seventeenth century.
freedom for Indian women He was a pioneer in the area of mental health, believing
and an end to the worst of that a significant proportion of
the caste system. His books illnesses were psychosomatic.
on the four yogas (Raja, The Avicenna Directories, a
Karma, Bhakti and Jnana) global database of medical
remain very influential. His schools andhealth institutions,
letters were of great literary was named after lbn Sina,
and spiritual value and he
fl emonstrating his lasting
was also considered an
li outstanding singer and poet.
influence on the development of
medicine and health sciences in
the East and the West.

i, 6B
ili
L. Ll-
 w
ffi!

@
:ffiffiEffiX;

CRTAT THINKERS

1.8. LARY '10 Answer the questions.

lr\s oF QUANTTTY 1 Read these sentences. How does ofthe before a
plural or uncountable noun change the meaning?
ilie expressions of quantity in the box. Then I need some information. I need some of the
erqressions in the texts.
information.
a couple of a great deal of 2 What is the difference between:
of a pair of a everyt all, each?.
ummmrflu+lritv of a tiny proportion of b little/a little, few, a few?
3 What is the difference between these statements?

ilp correct words to complete the sentences.

a She had seen neither Aristotle nor Plato at Plato's
academy.
"s ruork attract8d a considerable amount of I b She had not seen either Aristotle or Plato at
,mmr,@rity of critici sm.
Plato's academy.
flearnt a great deal of /.a couple-of Arab poetry.
books made up a pair of I a significant
4 What is the difference between these statements?

oi Newton's personal library.

a I like all classical music.
travelled widely in the USA lecturing
b I don't like some classical music.
r:ange of / a tiny proportlon of subjects.
c I don't like any classical music.
cius lnstitute offers a wide variety of I one 'l 1 Complete the text with quantifiers. Sometimes
proSrammes. more than one answer is possible.

\C
l&n to a radio programme about the ideas
Nearly '- of the problems of philosophy were
67eat thinkers, Keynes and Aristotle, and
defined by Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. However,
two most interesting things about them.
Aristotle is known for being one of the '_figures in
Eua,uating a summary Listen to the first part history who studied almost 3 subject possible at
again and choose the best summary
the time. He wrote a texts on the sciences and the
Kotov said.
arts. He also wrote s
texts on ethics, the major
one being Nichomqchean Ethics. His most famous work
,fl(ol'ov thinks it i9 fiyv\e to re-eualvale
was 6 Nichomocheon Ethics or Politics.
6conomi;t.) ohn Ma1no,rd Yeynes
'n
r.c.@now\ic dayS, v,he^ he wpvld ln Politics, Aristotle says: 'Democracy is when those
wrare goveryrrzrr€nt 9?e^Ai^g o^ who do not own '_ property, but are poor, have
,m**d fra^:7 orl f o l",el? tha- econow'y gro\N authority in the system of government. 8_ men
are rich, but s_ are free. Democracy is when
*_ free citizen has authority. lt is democracy when
bfort said fhaf John l{aYnard
#gareramenfr rhould rPen.d more in
"- the citizens can deliberate about everything.'
Very "- information exists about what Aristotle
Mafv2a in ordet to tfimulafe fhe
said fhaf Keynet' ideaf were ouf of looked like, but he was known to be a kind-hearted man
ll,ey are back. devoted to his family and his friends. He liked to spend
a 13- of time walking with his students discussing
philosophical problems.
to the second part of the programme
i'our own summary (about 40 words)
b said.

SPEAKIN C
'12 Work in small groups. Take it in turns to give a
in bold in Audio script 7.3 on short talk about one of the great thinkers you thought
ilsn in the correct place in the table. of in Exercise '1.

drer quantifiers as you can think of.

Watch an interview with Mairi Ryan

from the Royal Society of Arts, about
their public events programme.
Turn to page 152 for video activities.
qnd extra practice,. pages 138-139

69
 COOD IN[45

5$TTAKI Nf;
"l
a lr*entifying outcon:es Work in
small groups and discuss these ideas.
Think of as many positive, negative and
interesting outcomes as possible.
1 making all countries drive on the right
rather than the left
2 in hot countries, painting all roofs in
cities white to save energy
arranging all products in supermarkets
alphabetically ldF

making all young p6ople join the army

for a year

;SHARING GOOD IDEAS

5 making chewing gum illegal
6 wearing facemasks when you have a
cold

1 ideas in Exercise 'ta are

b wnicn of the S s*,rit"hing to LED butbs
good? Which are bad? Why? PeopLe choose eLectronic LEDs (Light
emitting diodes) because they Last for ages,
READ !N.JC never break and reduce your energy biLL.
TraditionaL Light buLbs haven't changed
2 Scan the texts and find:
much since Thomas Edison invented them
1 the most common type of book on the
in the Late I 870s. You flip a switch and the
book-swappi ng website.
buLbs give you Light. They are simple, but
2 the writer's criteria for a personal trainer. they are fragile and dont Last very Long.
3 the inventor of the light bulb.
LEDs Light up almost immediately and can
3 nead the texts again and answer the take a knock, given their solid construction.
questions. They are used in flashlights and miner-style head torches. They are being
1 Which text mentions something that: used more and more in homes due to their faLLing prices. OriginaLLy, there
a once was only for the elite? was a problem with their bLue-white colour, which was a side effect of
b has improved since its first a chemicaL used in their manufacture. Now they give off a warm, yellow
appearance? Light. Conversion to LED Lighting wouLd reduce our energy consumption by
c is fundamentally the same as approximately one third, cut our energy biLLs and reduce carbon emissions.
when it first appeared?
d can be recycled via the internet?
2 Which idea appeals to you the most? @ R".ronat training
l'd have paid for a personal trainer ages ago if l'd realised how
4a Find words in the texts with these motivating they were. Mine is quaLified and meets aLL the criteria
meanings. I required (fit, passionate about heaLth and fitness, patient,
1 the amount of electricity, gas, oil or motivationaL, flexible, good at setting attainabLe goaLs and a
energy that is used (text A) good communicator). PersonaL training used to be an exclusive
2 substances that are sent out into the air service to the rich, but it is now accessible to millions of people
(text A)
with many choosing one-to-one fitness advice, more taiLored
3 within reach and not too difficult to personaL programmes and group training sessions over gym
achieve (text B)
workouts. The fitness industry
limited to particular people or groups
is constantLy evolving with new
(text B)
too fat in a way that is dangerous to your
training techniques emerging, 1- !.

health (text B) such as high-intensrtr iqtenla! Ei

works well and is the result of clever training and bodyweight training.
thinking and new ideas (text C) With haLf of the Western world's
popuLation predicted to be obese
4b Write sentences using the words in by 2050, there wiLL be no shortage
Exercise 4a.
of customers. l've definiteLy been
convinced - if l'hadn't signed up for
personaL training, there's no way l'd
be as fit as I am now.

70
 ww

COOD IDTAS

- OCABULARY CRAMMAR
; ?ECULAR PLUIiALS CONDITIONALS

5a Complete the table. Then check your answers 6a Look at these examples from the texts. Which
nr a dictionary. type of conditional (first, second, third, zero or
mixed) are they?
Plural
.[ 1 l'd have paid for a personal trainer ages ago if l'd
criterion realised how motivating they were.
I chenomenon 2 l{ I had a euro for every book I had read once and
then dumped on a shelf, I would be a rich woman.
3 nvpothesis
3 lf you find a book you like, you email its owner.
analyses 4 lf you look hard enough, you'll find something
theses you like.
If I hadn't signed up for personal training, there's
no way l'd be as fit as I am now.
5,h fict the correct sentences. Correct the mistakes
m the incorrect sentences. 6b Which conditional do we use to talk about:
1 He wrote an excellent doctoral theses. 1 likely conditions (things which are very likely
I There is a strange phenomena that occurs every year in to happen)?
*is part of the world. unlikely conditions (things which might happen,
I \ou still haven't proved this hypothesis. but probably won't)?
.[ '',\
hat are the criteria for selecting the best idea? 3 impossible conditions (things which are unreal
! 'rrr e are carrying out a detailed analyses of the test resu lts. and did not happen)?
4 general conditions (things which cai occur at
any time and often occur more than once, and
their results)?
( Book swapping
tlfr 'a:euro for every book I had read once and
a
7a Match 1-B with a pair of clauses (a-h) to make
sentences.
filter :lmped on a shelf, I would be a rich woman.
being lMlm-r', :f us own hundreds of books that wiLL never 1 lf they'd brought a map,
there ure -t;,l again. Up tiLL now, the only book sharing
2 lf you solve the problem,
of -flimnj€
:3ne has been with friends and my book club.
I

3 lf I were you,
4 lf I had my own car,
sl:l' :':uld try www.readitswapifcom. This is a 5 lf l'd worked harder,
n&Efis,--e that Lets you exchange the books you 6 lf you don't leave right now,
'mrcil-'
[ :ead agairl for books that you do want to 7 l'll phone the hospital
rrmsnid ALL users of this ingenious website provide a B lf the ball touches the line,
uumf :lr:neir unwanted books. lf you find a book you a l'll phone the police./you'll regret it.
.tillfi,ie, ,l'cu email its owner. The owner then Looks b it's in, not out./don't blow your whistle.
,& ,ytrr-' List. HopefuLly, they wiLL see a book they c I could have gone to college./l'd have passed the exam.
,llulirme. Tnen you both send each otheryour books. d l'll buy everyone dinner./you'll feel a lot better.
i$iinr',F-e- Currently, there are a Lot of thriLLers and e l'd listen to her very carefully./l wouldn't tell her.
mmrus'rel'ies such as The Do Vinci Code, but if you f l'd go away every weekend./you wouldn't have to
L*m,,n* fiard enough, you'Ll find something you Like.
take me to work.
!o
b if you don't have time./if you want.
h they wouldn't be lost now./they would have arrived
on time.

7b matcfr the sentences in Exercise 7a with their

functions.
a advice
b offer
c promise
d instructions/rules
e criticism
f regretting
g threats
h imagining, wishing

9 Language reference and exlra practice, pages 138-139

71
 .::. lir..rt { } &l! ll { l;

',r:1-1.;iiAtiru LANiliJAilT
Camomila is a city in South America. It is situated '{[Y
AT}ITR{]VINC IDTA5, [XItrRESSINC If,OLJI]T/
on flat land and surrounded by mountains. Several OBI[t,TlOh\ib
rivers and streams run through the city. At times there 3a ffi Carl and Christina from JBUP have joined the
is heavy rainfall and the summers tend to be very group. Listen to the second part of the conversation
hot and humid. The population has grown rapidly and answer the questions.
over the years to almost two million because of
immigration and its appeal to eco-tourists (it is not far
1 What does the Mayor propose to make the city
'greener'?
from the Amazon rainfurest). There is now a thriving
industrial area, with many multinational companies, a
2 What advantages of his proposal does he mention?
growing number of electronics enterprises, and Iarge 3k Uatch the extracts from the conversation (1-12)
commerce and service sectois. with their functions (a-c).
The new Mayor of the city, Eduardo Alves, is
determined that Camomila will become a model city
1 Sounds like a great idea.

in South America. However, at present the city has a

2 I'm not too keen on this one.
number of serious problems. As a result, the Mayor has
3 I think there'll be some real problems.

hired a firm of international consultants, JBUP, to come

4 lt would be a very expensive option.
up with ideas for improving the city. He has specified
5 But looking after the trees might not be such a
big problem.
that he wants practical, inexpensive solutions which
will involve the participation of the local community
6 I think it's a really good suggestion.
as much as possible. As consultants of JBUP, you must
7 Some of the projects must be fol the Iong term.
B Will it really work?
find the solutions the Mayor is looking for.
9 I just don't think it's feasible.
10 You have to trust local people and give them
'* nead the situation. What problems do you think responsibility.
have arisen because of: 11 lt's a good project, in my opinion.

I
'l the climate? 12 lt may not cost as much money as you think.
t 2 the rapid increase in population? a approving ideas
b expressing doubt/objections
? ffi The Mayor, Eduardo Alves, accompanied by c offering counter-arguments
:
the councillor responsible forenvironmental affairs,
Manuela Lopes, is meeting the director of JBUP. Listen
to the first part of their conversation and make notes
*
I on the problems which have arisen concerning:
! 1 green spaces. 4 trains and stations.
2 the downtown shopping district. 5 flooding.
3 l-luses. 6 children

I
t
:

I
t
I
I
f
)
I
 CAM{},\,4Xi-A re
) l{, 5a ln your groups/ try to agree on a plan for the future
,:\.1/ PLAI\- FOR CAMCMILA development of Camomila.

- \\'ork in groups. You are consultants at JBUP. 5h Decide which solutions should be given priority
; and which could be delayed until a later date.
=td JBUP's report and choose 4-6 problems.
: '. nstorm ideas for solving the problems and 5c Compare your group/s plan with the plans of other
.e down your solutions.
Sroups.

I tr-\
JB tt?
t
\-/t r
)fl? Prioritising
2t Solving the probrlem of ... is a priority.
We need to give this matter priority.
Report
We need to find a solution urgently.
The federal government has given the ciq'a latge The most urgenL problem is ...
grant to finance its urban plan. Hov-ever, the
\Iar,or and city council will welcome solutions Delaying action
'r'hich represent value for money, are relativeh- It could be put offlput back.
irexpensive and involve the local communitt-'
It could be put on the backburner.
Problems We could Iook at this later.
' uafficjams in the dou/fltown shopping district We needn't take any immediate action. .

' tiequent flooding in the citY Making alternative suggestions

' iack of green sPaces in the citY
' smal1, overcrowded buses Another possibility might be ...
' -ncreased ctime on the buses It might also be worth ... (+ verb in -ing form)
' not enough places for young and old to meet An alternative solution could hre to ...
' ro reliable system of dealing with rubbish; Another approach could be ...
.:suallv left outside houses and buildings
' -::suff,cient hotels fot tourists; poot quality
,.:id serwice
' -:ck of courtesy towatds 'tourists; many
: -.;nplain about bad behaviour of young
:.ople at night
' '.-ercro.n'ded housing; shabby, run-down
.-,.'jses and apartments, especially in the highly
:. :lrlated, new-town areas
' - -::ge numbet of 'street children'
" ,:::ltects do not cfeate gfeen spaces when
:,- -'.' burld schools, office blocks, aPartr::ent
: ''rdings, etc.
' , :.: oi facilities in the city: not enough hospitals,

--'-:::les, cinemas, at galleries, museums

 STUDY SK{LLS 4 find words or phrases in the essay with these
CRITICAL THINKINC meanings.
'l start to use something (paragraph 1)
I a Work with a partner and discuss the questions.
2 give, communicate (paragraph 2)
1 Why is critical thinking such an important skill? 3 questioned (paragraph 2)
2 What other skills are important for success in the 4 tasks requiring people to work together (paragraph
twenty-first century? 5 emphasised (paragraph 4)
6 presented a point of view (paragraph 5)
1b W Listen to a teacher talking about critical
7 the most basic and important part (paragraph 6)
thinking. What key points does he make? Make notes.
B cannot be challenged or debated (paragraph 7)
Are they the same points as the ones you discussed in
Exercise 1a? a t having a strong effect on something or someone
(paragraph 7)
2 Read this essay question and the essay on page 75 10 better than (paragraph 7)
and answer the questions. '
5 Read the last paragraph of the essay again. Summaris
in one sentence the difference between the child-centred
How relevant are the ideas ofJean-Jacques Rousseau
and teacher-centred approaches to education.
to today's educators? Discuss the question and state
your opinion on the toPic. 6 Read the essay again. ln groups, make a list of
questions you have about the essay and discuss them.
7 Work with a partner and try to persuade each other
'l What is the writer's opinion concerning the topic? that your approach gets the best results.
2 ln what part(s) of the essay can the reader find the
Student A: Prepare an argument in Tavour of the
writer's opinion?
child-centred approach to educating children.
What area of education does the essav focus on?
Student B: Prepare an argument in favour of the
teacher-centred approach to educating children.

Ba Tick the ideas that you think Rousseau would have

agreed with. Then read the essay again and check your
answers.
1 educating children to develop their character and
moral sense
using education to teach children self-control and to
be good human beings
o
J including physical training in the curriculum
4 giving children a lot of books to read
5 ensuring the child does not learn anything that he or
she is not ready to understand
6 educating children's emotions before their reasoning
7 getting students to memorise facts
B recommending teachers to do more talking in the
classroom than their students
paying careful attention to the environment in which
children study
10 encouraging children to draw conclusions from their
experience
11 teaching young adults a manual skill, such as
3 Work with a partner and discuss the questions. carpentry, as a means of making a living
1 Which two of Rousseau's ideas does the writer 12 seeing the role of the teacher as facilitating
present in the essay? opportunities for learning
What evidence does the writer give in each case 13 allowing questions only at the end of a class
to show that Rousseau's ideas are still relevant to 14 setting frequent continuous assessment tests of
today's educators? students' knowledge of a subject
What do you think are the strongest pieces of evidence
he or she offers? Cive reasons for your answers. 8b Wtrictr of the ideas in Exercise Ba do you think
Has the writer presented his or her arguments in a should be the aims of educators?
logical, coherent form? Cive reasons for your answer.

74
,flm'Jacques Rousseau was a French philosopher WRITII\fi SKIL[-S
'urlrult educationalist writing in the eighteenth century.
AN OPII!ION-LTD ESSAY
iffhlfu *,et out his ideas on education in a novel entitled

J&mirir. published in 77G2, which describes the ideal I Complete the text with the words in the box.
ruurlil,turir'ndon of the book's main character, Emile.

ffiuaru$;$eari s ideas have undoubtedly infl uenced evidence ideas overall persuade
fl$umr'r-ations of teachers, and his approach to reasons summarised
:ng young children, in particular, has been put
practice in primary schools all over the world. An opinion-led essay gives an opinion and supports it
lng to Rousseau, the main purpose of education withl . The aim of the writer is to 2 the
mr[ to impart information, but to bring out what was reader to agree with the opinion and to show 3
ruJh rerson. He did noi%eheve that children should for a particular opinion. The introduction gives a(n)
sith facts, but rather that they should be able view of the essay. ln the main body of the essay,
rrr themselves and forrntheir own opinions. evidence is presented that supports the thesis. The most
therefore, should consist of allowing the child important u_ usually come first. ln the conclusion,
ffeedom as possible. Surely, this idea would not no new evidence is given. The main idea is 6 and
rged by modern, progressive teachers. And isn't the argument is restated.
m:mpre valid now that young people can obtain

easilv from the internet?

I0 Read the statements. Do you agree or disagree?
ln the opening paragraph of an opinion-led essay, you
u'* no doubt that Rousseau's ideas, which
should:
mhi*l up by later educationalists, have greatly
-.}re modern approach to a style of education 1 introduce the subject of the essay.
lcfiluL.d<entred learning'. This focuses on the 2 refer to the main point(s) in the question.
lud *l::ildren rather than on those of teachers 3 copy several phrases from the question.
tors. The child-centred teacher creates 4 try to paraphrase the question.
:ment s'hich will encourage children to 5 state clearly your opinion on the topic.
re"n skills and knowledge. Such teachers 6 indicate the scope of the essay.
iiutr{:'n r:rr centres in the classroom, encourage "l
I a Read the essay again. Analyse the structure the
q and get children to work together on
writer has used to present his or her ideas in the essay.
TS
What information is included in each paragraph?
rce of Rousseau's ideas to contemporary 'l'l b Work with a partner and discuss your analysis.
wrln-* highlighted in John Darling's 1994,book
Education and its Critics (too+:tz). 'l2a Essay planning Work in groups. Think of some
e-rEi-les that the history of modern arguments for and against the opinion expressed in the
*ri..rr] is a series of footnotes to Rousseau. essay. Try to support each argument with reasons and
flf Frr!1r-isseatr's important ideas was that things evidence.
n,erole should be used to train a child. He 'l2h Choose one of the essay questions and plan your
a rieacher or parent should never lecture or essay using the structure below.
r, ,u:hLlid. and that experience and interaction
"mmi&sa more effective teacher. For example, 1 Write an opinion-led essay strongly agreeing or
hmeahs a u'indow, he finds that he gets disagreeing with the writer of the essay opposite.
mre r:indo$, is not repaired. I would 2 Choose an influential thinker and write an
ls a perfect example of what modern
iltrnus

raU'discovery learning'
, opinion-led essay on whether you agree or
disagree with his/her ideas.
nli!*rr, ar the r-ery heart of the world-famous
m mm,t*vr{i of teaching children. In Montessori r introduction (general statement, introduce the
dln aan he foLrnd all over the world, the subject)
filled r-ith games and equipment which . body (arguments + evidence, most important ideas
ruttu*n tt,r learn skills and gain knowledge. The
come first)
i teaching is that children learn by . conclusion (summary, restatement of your opinion)
ihan being told things by a teacher.
char Rousseau has been very influential 13 fssay writing Write your essay.
nr.ut$,rLrld<-entred approach to learning, in
u+ a:l a,.-tir-e, responsible participant
Ieamhg. This approach is surely
rnliEacLler-centred approach, which
unt au: acive role and the students in
nr[e- \[odern teachers owe arl
fimm R,rru;seau's rer-olutionary approach.
 ::
l
,:.

Jou al
B..I BREAKINC
!'
I
li

tI

ilt

i
*
ii
*;,
i

5'.r:

f,cr nr*st fi:lks, lro news rs gr:od nelvs; for the press, gcerd cews is y;*i r;ews. C Icria Borger (b"'l 952),,&i-yrerican jcr"r rnal i s

I
I
\lrFAi< I \t{ ,
3a What are these people's roles in the media? Work
"X with a partner and discuss your ideas.
Work in small groups and discuss the questions.
1 'Newspapers will soon be a thing of the past.'
a reporter

Do you agree? Why?A//hy not?

b paparazzo

2 Where.do you get the news from (e.9. TV,

c editor
newspapers, radio, the internet - traditional sites and
d producer
social media)? Why?
e blogger

3 What are the advantages and disadvantages of each?

f correspondent
Think about speed, convenience, cost, reliability and
g anchor
any other considerations.
h moderator
i columnist
2a Complete the statements with the words in the box.
3b Oo you think working in the news media is an
bias deadline privacy record scoop attractive profession? Why?/Why not?
sources specu lation
LlSTIfdlh\1C
A good news journalist: 4 ftr Justifying ch*ices Listen to six people who
1 never misses a _. work in the media talking about their jobs. Which part
2 respects the _of public figures. of the news media do you think each speaker works
3 deals in facts rather than in? Why?
4 will do almost anything for a to break a
a print media
story. b broadcast media (TV/radio)
5 alwavs identifies their -or c online media
6 allows people to speak off the to protect
themselves. 5a Listen again. Match each speaker (1-6) with one of
7 reports honestly, objectively and without the job titles (a-i) in Exercise 3a.

?tr Work with a partner and discuss the statements 5h Wtrat difficulties with their job does each speaker
in Exercise 2a.Do you agree? Which are the most mention?
important? 6 wnicn job would you most like to do? Why?

76
 r
:

BREAKINC NEWS -=!=

FEu I-ARY 8b Wtrich headlines refer to:

rih l[] tr 1 losing a job?

at some words and phrases from the listening.

2 a rescue?

rou think they mean?

3 new rules/controls?
4 an investigation?
h*me blogosphere broadsheets
5 a planned reduction in something?
lhmmnr lirE;res citizen journalism go viral 6 death?
lllffiml a'r'.s the tabloids trending 7 a romance?
,,M0rPdtu,:,q
Itgures 8 anargument/fighting?
9 an embarrassing situation?

!{our answers. Match the words and phrases 9 Answer the questions.
7a with their meanings. '1 Which tenses/verb forms are used in the headlines?
mnuurrber of newspapers sold 2 Which time do they refer to?
nrnirumber of people who watch a broadcast 3 What do 1,ou notice about the language used?
..rles governing what you may say about
rn print
10 Rewrite the headlines as full sentences.
a positiveview of something to influence people A The government is going to take strong actian
short part of a speech or statement against crime on the internet.
p*rmular press'
rewspapers, the 'quality press' SPEAKIN C
rmrurnber of visits to a website 1 1 Work in groups. You are producers of a
t,.om person to person on the internet
thirty-minute news programme with ah audience
at the moment (especially on social media)
demographic of 18-35-year-olds. The headlines in
ardinary people gather and spread news
Exercise 8a are the possible stories for today's edition
I rr,ebsites and blogs
6f the programme. Follow these steps.
'1 Discuss the possible content of each ston, and decide
'rC how interesting they would be for t,our viervers.
I

lffi the headlines. What do you think the stories 2 Choose five stories for your programme. You may
also include one extra item of 'breaking nervs' (vour
own idea).
f,r 3 Decide a running order for the stories.
\TTO ffi T.V STAR$
4 Decide how much time will be spent on each storv.
Will it contain an interview? lf so, who will vou
m{CK DOWI.J
; \TT CRIME SPL{Y Tffi 5
interview?
Present your ideas to another group.
Vfh,m ffi
u', fI
+* t+ 't
M INISTE.R i+
NATIONAL
r DAI{CER BACKS
IN VOTE QUITS OVE,R SPEED
G ROW
PRTVACY LASTS
COVER.UP LIMITS SET
]E,EE t,l.l:j:,i:.r',:r*
rt TO CHANGE
*ft
v
#+ MURDER +ffi

FOOTBAL L PROBE:
N&,W silAl'rnAt lI
POLICE QUIZ HITS mih,-r- G{J{{LJ MOVE TO CURB
BOSS AXE D MODEL JUNK FOOD
t SALE,S
&;s

CAT SAVES
irEd
FREAK # OWNER T'N URGED TO
PM PLEDGES FROM BLAZE
drtr FLOODS ACT OVER NEW
TAX CUT DRAMA CLASHES E
'r@ TOLL RISES ffi

77
 A WAY WITH WORDS

I{EAD IN{C 2b Read the article again and answer the questions"
1a Predicting You are going to read an article by 1 What does Jenkins find upsetting in written English
Simon Jenkins, an experienced journalist. Predict the these days?
skills and qualities you think he will say are needed for What does Jenkins compare learning the techniqtrc
a career in journalism. of writing clear English to?
"l Which parts of speech did Jenkins' sub-editor Iike
b Read the article quickly to find out how many of and which did he not like?
your predictions were correct.
4 Where did Jenkins learn how to write clear
2a Read the article again and choose the best 5 What do the best journalists do when they meet an
introductory paragraph. exciting person or visit a beautiful place?
6 What are the most important qualities for journali
it Rccording to Simo* Jenkins, the best journalists are 7 What is more important: a story or journalism?
i *i""1 *.il"rs with an.exteTl".: F?:-t:1r-t^-".1:L*.,
ilnglish language and a solid trai4ing in how to write' 3 Wnicfr of the sub-editor's rules does this paragraph
break?
\
i2 Arejournalists born or made? According to Simon It is interesting to see that the three key problems were
{ Jenkins, while the basics can be taught, first there has punctuality, truancy and bad behaviour. Unfortunately,
j to b. an intense curiosity about the world and h love the police had to be called to the run-down state school
of the written word. on several occasions.

HOT
acquired, as must a skill at playing ac c o mmo dat e and int ere s ting,
the piano. Like many ing6nue and try to dse concrete, not
journalists, I acquired it first in abstract nouns. The best

OFF THE the trial and error of a student

newsroom and then went on to a
punctuation is a full stop.
E That training was a privilege
PRE,SS more formal training, in my case
w ith The Time s new spapers.
greater than anything I acquired
at school or university. It was
C The latter's educational the toolkit for a career, always
supplement, then integrated with to be kept oiled and polished. I
A Journalists are creatures the main paper, possessed two watched colleagues floundering
of nature, not nurturelThe invaluable bits of equipment. as they sought to fashion stories
profession develops from One was a source of stories, the in ignorance of its framework.
instirict, from a peculiar way of politics of education, to which
little harm could be done by F I used to ask aspiring journalists
seeing and describing the world.
my reporting. The other was a whether they kept a diary. What
It may be objective in practice,
ferocious Irish sub-editor. He was their instinctive response to
but it is subjective in motivation.
would score through superfluous meeting an exciting person or
B Journalism is expressed in the
words, underline bad grammar visiting a beautiful place, to any
written or spoken word, but I highly charged emotion? Did
and mercilessly spike articles,
have never regarded that as its they crave to communicate their
leaning back in his chaic
essence. The technical skill is that experience through the written
removing his glasses and asking
of creating clear and succinct
the classic question of any word? It is the best indicator I
sentences, which any profession journalism teacher: 'Now, what is know of a natural reporter.
should inculcate. This can be
it you are really trying to tell me?' G The qualities essential to
taught and should be part of any
journalism thus extend far beyond
core curriculum. Its absence D I absorbed his maxims like
mother's milk. Never begin a an ability to write. They are those
from so much of written English
paragraph with if. Make every of curiosity, an uninhibited mind,
nowadays, from users' manuals
paragraph a single idea. Nouns native cunning and an eagerness
to student exam questions to
and verbs are the workhorses to communicate, summed up in
government white papers, is
of a sentence, never qualifiers. the gift to narrate. Such is the
deplorable. I sometimes think a
Delete every adjective and raw material onwhich the story
well-produced newspaper is that
depends and without which there
last redoubt of clear English. adverb from yourptory and
reinsert only those that appear is nothing to say. There can be.a
There is no talent for such
essential. Never use sloppy story without journalism, but no
technique. While some people
journalism without a story.
pick it up quickly, it must be words such as supply, problem,
 WORDS

4 End adjectives in the article with CRA,\/lMAR

ililrme meanings. VERB PATTERNS
lf,i has€d on opinions and feelings rather
*han on facts (paragraph A) 7a Look at the phrases in bold in Audio script 8.2 on page 174 and
S rJearly expressed, with no wasted words match them with these patterns.
paragraph B) 1 verb + to-infinitive
3 uafl.bad (paragraph B) 2 verb (+ object) + to-infinitive
S ,etfremely useful (paragraph C) 3 verb (+ object) + infinitive without to
$ u.rnnecessary (paragraph C) 4 verb + -ing
flr rrarelessly expressed (paragraph D) 5 verbr+ preposition + -ing
1l tinroping to be successful at something 6 verb + object + preposition + -ing
maragraph F)
a
ti rrmm restrained in any way (paragraph G)
7b Look at Audio script 8.2 again and find other examples of the
patterns in Exercise 7a.
frrraphrase the following sentences
the article in simple English. B What is the difference in meaning between these sentences?
l&sorbed his maxims Iike mother's milk. 1 You don't want them to stop reading.
i u*atched colleagues floundering as
2 You don't want them to stop to read.
dfm sought to fashion stories.
9 Choose the correct form to complete the sentences.
1 I really want work / to work for a national newspaper.
2 He doesn't mind to work /workinglate.
f tisten to an experienced 3 My teacher persuaded me study / to studyjournalism at college.
talking to a group of students 4 My boss wouldn't let me write / to write the story ebout the police
the questions. and the politician.
tWMlllmat
advice is given to those who My boss encourages us to take / taking tea breaks during the
,ffiimmt to go into journalism by: working day.
il ffoseph Pulitzer? 6 Do you remember to go / going lor your first job interview?
lh ffiirc speaker? 7 She promised to file / filing the story before midnight.
8 I can't stand read I reading about celebrity gossip.
current topic in journalism is the
'Wffiifimau
9 She blamed me for delete / deleting the file, but it wasn't me!
Wpaiker going to look at towards the
|r) tanguage reference and extra practice, pages 140-141
runrmd ot the talk?
lllllim extent does the spea[1gr agree
'mlhat
'l0 Complete the sentences with your own ideas. Use the correct
Simon Jenkins?
verb patterns. Then work with a partner and compare your answers.
again'and complete the 1 I don't mind _.
Then look at Audio script 8.2 2 My parents persuaded
174 and check your answers.
3 I promised
to congratulate you on 4 Next year I really *ant
ing the 'Best _. 5 My parents always encouraged
,mltt all, l'm not going to apologise 6 I can't stand _.
heiirng a journalist, even though we 7 Once I blamed my friend
|]r]lm 8 I remember when I was a child.
'lt stand listening to complaints 9 When you go out, you must remember

illt herore them briefly _t SPEAKINC

so they will
y so _
t
and above all,
'l'l Work in groups and discuss the statements.
so they will _. 1 Journalists invade people's personal lives and publicise things that
people want to keep private.
2 There is no higher claim to journalistic integrity than going to jail
to protect a source.

q-"J t

1rI'i &

f,;.*:e:
 coNQUrR'Ne SOCIAL ri]:A

\ OC,{BULARY Ah{D
SPEAKINfi watch read parlcipate about
1a Which social media sites can you
think of? Which ones do you use?
1b How many news stories can you
I ranscn0t I
Well, the two are actually very
closely connected. Chris Hadfield
think of that started through social Chris Hadfield is of course the Canadian
media? Conquering social media who spent five months on the
lnternational Space Station in
2u E Listen to the introduction to a
2012 and 2013. He became what many have called the most
conference talk. What is the talk about?
famous spaceman since Neil Armstrong due to his hugely popular
social media campaign, culminating in his zero-gravity version of
David Bowie's Space Oddity.
Sadly, although Hadfield's Major Tom is no longer available via
official channels, his popularity keeps on growing and he now has
-
well over a million Twitter followers, substantially-more than the
20,000 or so he had when he left Earth. His ,"ii, *n,",..,
was largely run by his sons, focused on using youTube,"r*pr'gr,
Twitter,
Facebook, Google+, Tumblr and Reddit - remember his AMA.I_ as
well as more traditional media ouflets, and it offers lasting lessons
in understanding how to engender public interest in a subject that
could appear dry and boring. And this is why r am tarking lnoril.,imr
So what did he do? lt wasn't just that he was online, anyone can
2h Listen again and complete the
do that. ln my opinion, there were three impoftant aspects of
phrases 1-6.
Hadfield's approach. Firsfly, he targeted a specific audience _
1 l'd like to focus social media tech-savvy young peopre - and captured and kept their attention
2 to allow time _ questions by posting multiple tweets, photos and videos every day. He didn,t
* 3 please feel free interrupt
bore us with details of scientific data he was colleciing, but instead
I 4 There won't be any handouts going
shared stories about day-to-day life in space.
5 l'd like to begin telling you secondly, because he is a naturar and enthusiastic stofieiler, these
6 you thought you were sigriing anecdotes * from how to make a sandwich to what happens if you cry
for a conference in space - succeeded in enterrtaining as well as informing his audience,
3 Work in pairs. Brainstorm ideas for Ah, I see one of you has just tweeted a great question: yes, let me
a talk on social media. Prepare a short answer thatl 'How did he let us know about crying in space?, Weli,
introduction and present it to each other he uploaded videos of himserf on youTube squirting water into
using some of the phrases in Exercise 2b.
his own eye to show that the water stays in place it doesn,t roir
-
down your facel His ?oswer:\Mas:aimed, at,everyone and it's a good
RTAMINC example of how he never took himself too seriously. lt also made
4 Scan the transcript of the rest of the him appear human: he's a spaceman who knows what happens if
talk opposite and answer the questions. you cry in space, and we can all connect with that.
'l How did Chris Hadfield become So to come back to the third and final point I wanted to make, I
famous?
believe Hadfield had a clear message that he wanted to share. He
2 Which forms of social media did he
didn't say it explicitly, but he demonstrated it persistenfly in his
use?
posts and videos throughout the months he was in space that
-
5a Read the transcript again and answer is, the idea that space exploration is cool, fascinating and worth
the questions. spending money on.
1 What do you think Hadfield wanted so what can we take away from all this? well, I think the three factors
to achieve by communicating through
l've described can be uppii"o to all communication via social *"o*
social media?
whether you're writing your own blog or planning a corporate socia/
2 What three things does the speaker
media campaign. lf you want to know more, read my Oiog: ,to get a
believe made his campaign a success?
memorable message across, stay on message and stay humanl,
5b Wtrat do you think are the most -AMA
= ask me anything
important elements of a successful social
media campaign? Compare your ideas.
 c*i\QU!-;{} NC SOCtAL MrDtA

We can put adverbs of degree and manner between

the verb and preposition, but not between the
Ery preposition and object.
Hfield He dealt mostly with compelling stories. /
He dealt with mostly compelling stories. x
ilE
It it $ Language reference and extra practice. pages 140-141
t
DPrrar 7 Complete the text with prepositional verbs from
Exercise 6c.
trroff
. Journalists need to be familiarwith technical
h developments in the media. They shouldn't just
has social networl<ing sites; they need to use
B them because familiarity with the tools is important.
rtrich They need to 2 their sources from Facebool<,
u, MySpace and Twitter and any other type of social
!-as media as carefully as they would veri! traditional
lns sources. They need to restrict access to private
[rd profile information that they don't want the general
f lfrn! i\4AR public to '_ by chance. They need to manage
i.]-SITIONALVERBS
their time and their social media efficiently so that
DilT
rli -rck at the highlighted prepositional verb in the .4
they are aware of new stories as soon as they
,rnl]''ll'nr::e and complete the rule. . Although blogging and tweets may
:' 5
conversation, journalists must be mindful
lim 'r:r-s :ional verbs are the combination of a(n)
that they represent more than just themselves.
d*lr r,,i i -
Eilead nr Soes the verb lookhave the same meaning in
"'illurse sentences? lf not what changes the meaning?
' i_l5Tirl.'i I N {, Ahi m sprAKN h"l {;
E -ar en't had time to look at the news on the internet.
u cry * :: ice are looking into the disippearance of two &a lvaiua{!ng eff*ctivencss How effective are different
EDe. -- ldren. forms of media for gathering and reporting news?
ll * s dad left him here to look after the business while Think about social media, blogs and traditional media
I rne -= s away. such as newspapers and TV.
irfle{f.
D fir: Rervrite the sentences replacing the words in bold Sb M Listen to five people talking about different
forms of media and answer the questions.
nrrtn the correct form of the prepositional verbs in the
IoI 1 Which forms does each speaker mention?
gpod hmnc-
2 Which forms does each speaker prefer? Why?
fre ifi-fr across come up get on get over
llsir &c Compare what the speakers said with your own
' rr i: Iook into look like look round
ideas from Exercise 8a.
r -\'one who doubts the power of social networking
,l WRNTiJ\C
r" He -.lv needs to observe the activity on Twitter.
--i,f\\/ are you progressing at work?
B
s iree micro-blogging service that started in 2006,
I Write a short paragraph on one of these statements.
d -.r,itter resembles an on-screen bulletin. 1 lt is more important to get news fast than to get it
fi {: opportunity has arisen for a Twitter accurately.
::rrespondent at Sky News.
2 Social media is replacing mainstream mass media.

furs :m resisting an urge to investigate Twitter in case it

ila, . as addictive as Facebook.
*i 'Trvitter ever suffers a catastrophic failure it cannot
recover from, you will still be protected from any Watch an interview with Dr Nell
la - -.^ I^^^
tu55- Haynes, an anthropologist, about the
-iLd
,',*e inspected the new office to see if the building impact of social media.
,,, as suitable. Turn to page 153 for video activities.
',e seen a really interesting anecdote on Twitter. I
:ound it by chance. .

B1
 lj Ii ir (j {.;\ U l-i{. }Lj-{
The Daily Chronicle is a daily newspaper in Chicago.
Its feature articles focus on scandals in government 3;: ffi Listen to the Sports Editor discussing
departments or on misconduct by prominent the dilemma with the Chief Editor and answer the
personalities. The newspaper often sails close to the questions.
wind to get its stories and its journalists have been
accused of invading people's privacy and showing
1 What reason does the Sports Editor give for wanting
to buy the emails?
bias in their reporting. When chasing stories, the
newspaper's ed itor,and reporters i nevitab y face I
2 What are the Chief Editor's reasons for not wanting
to buy the emails?
li ethical dilemmas.
3 What is the Sports Editor going to do now?

"B :ur Listen again and complete the

Read the situation. What do you think the phrase
often sails close to the wind means?
1 We need to this one , Dan. ... If you
? Read about a dilemma the newspaper must resolve. don't get your facts right, he could and get
Then work with a partner or in small groups and
discuss the questions. There's u p.bt". with this material. We have no
idea how our source got the information. Maybe
rlaijt::,r:ir..':i.fjl:i i:::::,:i:::jjl.t'j:i:i ,-t:::.,]i':,::.]i,'!t:'t:. :.::r:,:::l:r:r;:i:':.:,.i:::1'1'tl.-::
he did something and if that's the case, we
The Editor of the sports section of the Daily Chronicle
could be in very
has been offered copies of confidential emails sent by
I don't thinl< our readers will thank us for running
the Head Coach of a top baseball team to the ou'ner of
the story. It's a very issue. lf we get our facts
a rival team. The source of the emails wishes to be paid
Head wrong, it'll have a(n) _. on our reputation.
$200,000 for the copies' The emails reveal that the
We wouldn't be able to say where we got our
Coach is considering leaving his present job to coach the
information from, so it would look Iike pure
rival team. This rvould be a bombshell in the sporting
on our part.
world and a report in the neu'spaper about the coach's
No, sorry, we need to _ on this one. l've got a
plans r,r,ould greatly lncrease its circulation'
bad feeling about it. It could Iand us in
emails are not genuine.
What are the advantage5 and disadvantages of
running a story about the Head Coach based on the
information in the emails?
Should the Sports Editor publish a story about the
Head Coach based on what he/she has learnt?

\
 5A![_'NC CLOST TO TI{E WIND
r
:m
=!-

re
IASK THE FASHION SHOW
I:SOLVINC ETHICAL DILEMMAS Following the launch of his revolutionary autumn fashions, Emilio
Conti gave a present to each journalist that he had invited to the
1
4 Work with a partner and read the event. They received a bag containing a press kit and a box that the
descriptions of the ethical dilemmas journalists opened after they left the restaurant. Each box contained
i
I
opposite. Then choose one and discuss
a Rolex watch worth $30,000, with the journalist's name inscribed
t

Lnting $e questions.
on the back. The next day Emilio Conti emailed each journalist,
I
I
I
i .loin up with another pair and thanking them for attending the launch and ending his message with
ng ;urnmarise briefly the dilq5nma you the words I look forward to reading your report of owr trail-blazing
:nose. Tell them what decision you lawnch. Articles by influential fashion journalists often determine the
made, with your reasons. Ask them if 'V7hat
success or failure of a fashion collection. should the journalists
agree with your decision. .
.lt1l,aev
do? Accept the gift graciously or take some other action? Consider the
6 ts a group, discuss what guidelines implications of your recommended action. Give your reasons.
you 'umru could give journalists faced with the
get rum,ds of dilemmas described.
THE FOREIGN CORRESPONDENT
lno The foreign correspondent of the Daily Chronicle has won many
prizes for his outstanding reports from war zones. He is well known
F"
Iwe for taking high risks in such areas. He is sent to report on a conflict in
ul ir-ruld be too risky.
a very dangerous country. The Chief Editor warns hiin that he must
6' lrl qht damage our reputation.
not take any risks at all to gather information because of the extremely
illilrme', [g illegal.
unstable situation in the country. The correspondent ignores the
llit"tlis-.5,lhe could take us to court.

lill"tM5ne might take legal action. editor's warning because he has heard of a mass killing of citizens near
]lilflmw,* mighVcould sue us.
the front line. He goes there to investigate and is kidnapped by some
anti-government forces. The kidnappers have threatened to kill the
solutions journalist unless the newspaper pays a huge ransom to free him. 'S7hat
hest thing to do is ... should the Chief Editor do? Give vour reasons.
to this is to ...
tufllsr!,er
fuest rr.ay to deal with it is to*,,..
n.ay forward is to ...
A DRAMATIC PHOTO
The Sunday edition of the Daily Chronicle is planning to feature an
in-depth article on the wars between two rival gangs. The newspaper's
photographer has a horrific photo of a police officer walking down a
street carrying a young gang member who has been severely wounded
by gunshots. Behind them, lying near the pavement, are the dead
bodies of two other gang members. There is a lively debate going on
in the newsroom as to whether the photo should be put on the front
'V7hat
page of the newspaper to accompany the article. do you think?
Should the newspaper use the photo? Give your reasons.

A QUESTION OF CONFTDENTTALTTY
A reporter on the Daily Chroniclehas been contacted by an
employee who works for a wealthy businessman. The businessman
is well known and highly respected for the huge donations he
makes to charities. The employee says that he has knowledge of a
dark secret about the businessman's past. He will reveal it to the
journalist in return for a suitable payment. He hints that the story
will be a huge scoop for the Daily Chronicle and that revealing the
secret will destroy the reputation of the businessman. Should the
reporter agree to meet the employee? If he does, should he pay the
contact for his story? Give your reasons.
 !1"i.-tlltr, I1{.;1 i !,
5lYi [: .,qND itf].{,ISTFF{ i.::&s
l,' 1:
NEW I,1EsSAGE

'Ba Subject Articl*feedhaclc

What is style and register? Why is it
important?
This is to inform you that your article has been
3 *: look at the genres in the box. Which: rejected by our editorial team as its style is
1 tend to be formal? inappropriate and you have failed to support your
2 tend to be informal? point of view with facts and research. lf you would
3 can be both? like us to reconsider it, we would suggest that you
academicessay a*flvertisement edit it, write it in a more accessible style and refer to
business letter dissertation email previous studies of obesity.
personal diary

"i
c Look at the emails. Decide whether
each one is formal or informal. How do
you know?

2* Look at these language features. Are You know that article, the one I've been slaving away at?
they formal (fl, informal (/) or can they Yeah, well, you're not going to believe this: I sent it to a
be both (BX newspaper and you know what? They don't want to use it.
1 contractions (e.g. he's, l'd, we'll, Thought it was rubbish. Hey, I did my best,it's not the end of
they're)
the world, but there's no way I'm going to edit it or rewrite it.
using single verbs rather than phrasal
verbs (e.9. eliminate rather than
That's what they suggested. Must be joking! I don't know if
wipe out) I'11 send it to anyone else. Guess I'll wait and see.
3 linkers like neverthe less, moreover
4 starting sentences with linkers like and,
but, so, talking about, another thing
5 personal pronouns (e.g. l, you, we')
6 vague language (e.g. stuff , things, nice)
7 using tentative, hedging language (e.9.
it is likely to, there is a tendency for)
o frequent use of lhe passive
9 short phrases instead of sentences (e.g.
Cot your message. No tlme to reply.)
10 dramatic punctuation (e.g. frequent
use of question and exclamation
marks, dashes and bullet points)
11 complex sentence structures
12 technical Ianguage connected with
ri one particular subject
llii
3tp Work in groups and discuss what
#! other differences you can think of
ffi between formal and informal writing.
i 3a ffiffi Listen to the first part of
a lecture about formal and informal
I
,i

ti
writing. What key points does the
speaker make? Make notes. Then
compare them with your answers to
Exercises 2aand2b.
3*u ffi Listen to the second part of the
lecture and answer the questions.
1 What is the neutral style of English,
according to the speaker?
2 ln what situations is it commonly
used?

B4
 "* 'm,,i,n{rin groups. Look at these sentences from WRITINC SKILLS
br Journalism students. ln five minutes, write
{0illffiiiimldis
FORMAL, \EUTRAL AND INFORMAI. EMAILS
,dlu'mlr"r as many formal alternatives as you can for each

rt*ruilrrt ,f,{" phrase in bold. The group with the most 5 Work with a partner. A student at a school of
tlrllrtmrmal lnords is the winner. Journalism has missed the deadline for submitting an
essay. Think of some reasons he can give to ask for a
. - cl of journallsm has changed a lot in deadline extension.
'' :--.PJIS.
6a Read the email the student sent to his college
tutor, Professor Barbara Friedman. Professor Friedman
lll , ,,.--: sts are becoming more and more aware of the expects students to write fairly formally when they
:vur'- :1r high ethical staa.dards. communicate with her. Work in pairs and analyse the
good and bad points of the student's email. Comment

J on both the content and stvle of the email.

-r rlri , r -*:
'"1rll ,- - 1g
ists have come up
neWS.
with innovative methods of
From
To
CharIie.5miih@my:emaits. uk
Friedman.B@coItege.ner,vork.uk

Hi Barbara. Well, as you knoyJ by nor,v, I didn't

get my essay in on time. So sorry, please
u -::nalists must weigh up information from forgive me. Anyway, I guess you \/ant to know
, ".--rs to decide if it reliable. why. You see, it was like thls: i had a huge
is
exam on Wednesday in another subject. So
I worked day and night to prepare for it. I
-
''- -'ists rely on the idea that they are well trained, seemed to spend my whole time drinking cups
,r --ls is not always of black coffee! Anyway, i was totally wiped
1o
out after it - couldn't get down to studying
the next two days. Like I said, I had zero
---alists are often accused of making up information' energy. Hope you understand. Not like me to
miss deadlines, is it? How about this? Can you
give me more time - say, a rareek? Like I said,
,:-^'lt: research
, ,:-_JUKUSCIS. has been dofle into the attitudes of I was tired out, but now I'm raring to go. A
week more would be great. It'd give me time
to write some really good stuff for the essay.
rrr r,- - es handed in by journalists are frequently edited. I promise you, you won't be disappointed if
you could do that for me. Thanks so much for
reading my email. Enjoy your weekend - fab
''1 - -. bad effects of the internet are discussed weather at the moment, isn't it? Have fun!
- -^e report. Charlie.

--:re have not been enough academic studies of

&h Rewrite the email in a more formal style.
- *- al networking language.
6c Compare your email with the possible answers on
page 163.

--. rndustry must get rid of phone hacking

as a 7 Do one of the following tasks.
--,tars of getting informallon, 1 Write an email to a Chief Editor of a quality
newspaper pitching your own idea for an article.

^
2 Write a formal email to a professor in your subject
- ndividual's right to privacy is a thing lhal is often area at your college or university, asking the
--
',:ussed
in thl press professor if yoq could work with his research team
during your holiday.
- rrnalists often find it difficult to be fair when
"=corting events.

B5
 Low and societ
9.1 HIDDEN RULES

lawag;pifedfojls*xfrerr,eiqiheqrc.rtr:-\llrryu"lflre. Cicr:ro{1fi6*43!3C),Korxanlawl,er,poiitieianarrriphiio**pher

STTAKINil 3 Read paragraphs 3-6 again and discuss

"tr4 Complete the the questions.
statements with the words in the box.
1 Which three phrases describe the
class culture econofiic laws policy public types of rules under investigation?
2 Which definitions of the word rule do
1 these examples match?
2 People's friends and relationships are determined by their a I generally go swimming in the morning.
_.
social b You must not eat in the classroom.
3 Covernment directly reflects social attitudes.
4 protest is futile as it never achieves its aims. 1,5T!:Nlh{il
5 Youth _ has little impact on mainstream society.
6 Relatively few affect the public's general social behaviour.
4a Wffi Listen to five extracts from
a radio serialisation of the book and
"$
h Work in groups and discuss your opinion of each of the answer the questions.
statements in Exercise 1a. 1 What social contexts are discussed?
2 What is the underlying principle or rule
Kf ,&,9,]li"iil that she draws out of each example?

?a Read the extract from Watching the English on page 87. What 4b Listen again and answer the questions.
are the book's key topics? Describe the style and register of the
I
a
Ianguage in the extract giving examples.
1 What are the specific examples in
I each case?
I
t ?b i<i*ritlfuing ciaims Read paragraphs 1 and 2 again and discuss the 2 What is the author's view of the role
I privacy plays in social rules?
Itr questions.
What is the author's opinion of the
+ 1 ldentify all the points the author makes in the first two paragraphs.
reputation that drivers have?
t ls each point a proven fact or an informed claim? How can some
Why does the author describe the
of the claims be questioned?
publican or restaurateur as 'poor'?
2 Look at the claims you identified again. Which are main topic
What is the author's claim about
sentences? Which support or illustrate the main claim?
humour in other cultures?
3 What is your personal evaluation of the claims the author makes?
Which fact do some foreigners think
What are your thoughts on the overall topic?
the English are relatively unaware of?
B6
 H

VOCAMU'-AKY
IMDTN RU tTS r
wryq

--t

IDIOMATIC VERB PHRASES

5a Match 1-B with a-h to make verb phrases.

1 mind a something for granted
2 make b attention to yourself
3 draw c something is amiss
4 wash d your own business
5 take e something to a halt
6 bring f your dirty linen in public
7 know g your responsibilities
B shirk h ascene

5b Work with a partner. Look at Audio script 9.1 on

page 175 and find the verb phrases from Exercise 5a.
Then discuss their meanings.
5c Complete the sentences with the correct form of
verb phrases from Exercise 5a.
rl -:an species is addicted to rule making. Every
1 She keeps asking me where I got the money from. I

acdriry without exception, is hedged about with wish she would just _.
rirn iets of rules and regulations, dictating precisely 2 lf you decide to become team captain, you can,t be
rhere, with whom and in what manner the activity lazy and
".
:.,::erformed. Animals just do these things; human I know you/re angry, but please don{t _ - not
sl; nake an almighty sons and dance about it. This is
here in the library.
llffiil,,r, :- rs'civilisation'
4 You have to work at a relationship; you can't just
love
*' ,' :ink about it. we all use difference in
rules as a
illlllrlurlllL 1;l
means of distinguishing one culture from another.
5 I_, but l'm not sure exactly what. Let's ask
lllli'1, :':r:.; thing
Sarah if she knows about any problems.
we notice when we go on holiday or business
,u: : *rat other cultures have 'different ways of doing
ftm ,tLtttttrn,r

lirttuLur-,,'. irr-u,hich we usually mean that they have rules

5TIAKINfi
,utttLi ,rr- !a): food, mealtimes, dress, greetings, hygiene, trade,

t rr i,irNrriiu;jn'. joking, status-differentiation, etc., which are

6 fnint about your society and answer the questions.
nt 'ltiittuf,-r':::-l fiom our or,r.n rules about thlse practices. 1 Discuss any /unwritten rules'that apply to these
dedo 'll"':,. ,:,iect (of my contexts:
observational research) was to identily
llr,n mmonalities in rules governing English behaviour
. work/business
rrfrrr$. iil r .,r-,-rltrcial codes of conduct that cut across class, age,
. public transporVcars
m- rrttt'r1." :;1i61, sub-cultures and
other social boundaries.
. restau rants/food
. homes/domestic life
u :rople obey the unr,tritten rules of their society
lL,rl,Jr
. social/leisure time
ut ulu:, -ir ely without being conscious of doing so. For example,
o shopping/street life
: rr ,,.,
"
i16p21i6ally get dressed in the morning without
2 What happens when people break the rules?
I I ilt "--1ru5ly reminding yourself there is an unspoken rule ol
3 Are there any written or explicitly spoken rules
'|t'r i ,r:re that prohibits going to work in one's pyjamas. But
, - had an anthropologist staying with -you, she would be concerning social behaviour (e.g. train companies ask
Ed passengers to let people off a train before boarding)?
rm!!ik ,rulu,lr:* '\\hy are you changing your clothes?,
4 Are there any rules that should bre written to improve
lel fi---.. using a rather broad interpretation ol a rule, based
social behaviour?
r i :r -r of the definitions allowed by the OxJord Englxsh
tu" ,llt t, ;,1,; 17
ry:, namely:
n ' I ::inciple, regulation or maxim governing individual
: . irduct
mle ' , -:andard of discriminalion or esrimation; a crirerion, a Watch an interview with Nik Peachey,
-aa:. an educational consultanf about body
a measure
IE ' lr- ,:xemplary person or thing; a guiding example language in different cultures.
" .ii -ct. or the statement ol a fact, which holds generally Turrrto page 153 for video activities.
I r.,,rd: the normal or usual state of things
I r:. my quest to identily the ruies of Englishness is not
r-ned to a search lor specific codes of conduct, but will
tit 't -,je rules in their wider sense of standards, norms,
il ,trl,;. guiding principles and 'facts' about 'normal or usual'
!d 'i,rrr:sh behaviour.
utltdvtuul, :

87
 I
t
I
JUVENILE JUSTICE

SPE,{KI\C Youth crime and punishment a global

n".rp""O"" J
Absrract: Despite frequenr statistical .*rid.n..^"nd
1 Work with a partner and discuss the questions. o..t rm I
1 Which o{ these examples o{ crimina( or antisocia(
due to political and media claims, the public
t__- p....iu. 'I
)uvenile to be increasing. This papeidescriber
behaviour are commonly associated with teenagers global approaches to juvenile jusiice, *iilr'. d".-;;;"h.
I
in your country? balance berween rehabilitation and 2=--
I
when dealing I
. vandalism . graffiti with convicted young r=--. Mo.i*ri., hrrr"-----o I
. car theft . online bullying dedicated youth o and juvenile detention cenrres. I
r shop\\it\ng r
{\nanc\a\ {raud A cognuies, such as Japan, deal with young .tr;"J;;,
. . !e1,
solely within the 5_
-I
hrank robbery street robbery iyrt * rather than.(. i".ir.. |
. p\ay\ng \oud mus\c \n pub\ic p\aces system. Vithrn justice systems there are two types of I
2 Do you think yo$r country has a problem with sentence: non-custodial and 6_ . The former includes
,
I

juvenile crime? curfew and control orders, nrr.r . f" .o"aori- l

".ra
to adult justice sysrems, there is oft.r, . ,trorrg.r emphasis
2 Most countries have a minimum age of criminal on 8-- than on simple punishment, alth"ough there is
responsibility. What do you think are the minimum a recent trend in some countries, such as the USA, towards
ages for these countries? Add the countries to the harsher punishment, which is justified as being a srronger
table. Then check your ideas on page 163. '_ to potential young criminals. Critics-of thi, tr"..rd
o the USA (most states) claim that imprisonment does not ,o as it does
. lran (girls only) not rake into account the difficult b".kg.ourrd, of many
. China criminal adolescents.
o the UK
. Turkey 4b Work with a partner and discuss the questions.
o the Democratic Republic of the Congo
1 What do you know about the juvenile justice system in
your society?
2 Is there a current trend in your country that is similar
to that in the USA?
3 Where do you stand on the rehabilitation,
punishment and deterrence debate?
2
Ethiopia,

Thailand, Ukraine, 3 READINC AND I-ISTENI I.']C

a 5 Read the brochures opposite and compare two
Japan, Belize, the N&herlands, approaches to the treatment of juvenile delinquents
Germany, ltaly, Russia, 5 in the USA. ln what ways do the approaches act as
punishment, rehabilitation and deterrence?
lran (boys only)
6u p| Listen to the first part of a talk on teenagers
by forensic psychologist Diana Kott. What is her
argument and what is your opinion of it?
6b E Listen to the second part of the talk and
make notes on these psychologicaltraits.
3 Work with a partner and discuss the questions. . fairness
1 How does the age of criminal responsibility in your
. respect
country compare to other countries?
. encouragement, not punishment
2 Do we need an age of criminal responsibility?
. reject imposed structure
3 What is a suitable minimum age?
. need guidance
4 How does it compare to other legal ages (e.9. age for
. feel competent and successful
marriage/driving)?
. need to belong
. family
VCCAB I.] LARY 7 Evatruating with criteria Work with a partner and
JUSTICE SYSTEMS evaluate the two juvenile punishment programmes
with regardto the key teenage psychological traits.
4a Complete the abstract for a paper on youth crime Which programme is more appropriate for teenagers?
with the words in the box. Use a dictionary to help you.
I Iilil Listen to Diana Kott's evaluation of the two
care service courts
community custodial programmes. How similar are her points to yours?
delinquency deter deterrent offenders Make notes and compare with your partner.
punishment rehabilitation
 J Lj 1,1[ i -\.],'- f I L' 5T, C f

P€ctirE 9c Look at Audio script 9.4 on page 176 and find more
Fff:1
. ]ECR[[ examples of adverbs. Then answer the questions.

Complete the sentences with adverbs. Then

1 What is the effect of these adverbs?
ibe:
check your answers.
2 Can you think of any more similar adverbs?
3 You can say something is absolutely excellent, but
J:,-.- - .anrps address juveniles'psychological nol absolutely good. Why? Which of the other
^ts. adverbs are similar?
:'. as the teenagers lack the chance to
@ ,[irneuagl" r,'iett'rrrc anrlerlr.: Ilt'lrtirc,
t-d
-e the structure... p,r13t's f -iI-i-].t
--:-_ -:. ilre certain to see things as unfair.
rl _ complex range of tasks and skills required SrrAl{rNil
tartess camps ... ,*.
trc-:;:: 'fr
$ Work in groups and discuss the questions.
nl;ii
-,r er the questions. '1 Look at the different types of punishments. What are
-l ,.
r-'*- .:res of words do the adverbs in Exercise 9a modify? their advantages and disadvantages when dealing with
juvenile crime? ls the seriousness of the crime relevant?
Ct'*l"L-frl -,f the adverbs amplify or intensify the meaning
'. orcl they modify? a imprisonment in a youth detention centre
! ltr- 1- -,f the adverbs decrease or soften the meanino b corporal punishment
es
'crd they modify? c community service, e.g. cleaning streets
Li.::i d psychologicaltherapy
e electronic tagging, curfews and movement
restriction
rE-
f fines
ls there a difference between the reality of juvenile
fiTI crime and the public perception of juvenile crime in
your country?
S* What is your general view of your country's legal
and justice system?

Aspen Forest:- ,'j'

4l il/*notr,t t il,;frf ? ?Mrf
{f
Our camp offers a character-development program for
lnts troubled teens that promotes personal growth through
a5
Iiving and surviving in the wilderness. The remote setting
removes urban distractions and our program's nurturing
approach heips students address personal issues, achieve
success and develop their leadership potential.
The two-month program consists of two integrated
dimensions. One involves learning camp-craft, hiking
trips, nature education and physical activity. In order
to overcome the challenges that nature presents,
communication, teamr,r,ork, self-discipline and self-
reliance are keys to success and students gain an
understanding of actions and consequences.
The other dimension involves counselling, group therapy
and reflective writing. The spiritual dimension oflife in the
wildemess, as a teen watches the sun set over the mountains,
can encourage greater insight and personal change than a
psychologist's omce ever could.
d
5 During the final stage, each
student takes on lea.dership
s
El
tgrc) responsibilities and assists ffi
in teaching new participants. T
I :lli:i::'llii!-l:'
'tO i,nvolvemtin?isI.l, ij:,".i}!l
imporianr pareiiii ai6 in rigli?s,fii
contact with their child's
counselloi axd engage in letter
writing to their child.
 LANDS OF HCPE

SPEAKINC CRAMMAR
1 Work with a partner and discuss. REPORTINC USINC NOUNS

How do you think a person who has to leave their home 4a Look at the examples of nouns used for
country - perhaps for ever - may feel? What do you Then look at Audio script 9.6 on page 126 and find
think he/she would miss most? Think of two possessions other examples.
he/she might want to take with him/her.
Claims that migrants are taking our jobs are easY
2 Work with a partner and complete the quiz. to find ...
A very frequent comment people make is that ..,
4b Look at the sentences you found in Audio
and match them with these structures.
1 Their claim is (that) migrants take our jobs. This is
2 Their claim that migrants take our jobs is false.
9 Language re{erence and extra practice, pages 142-'l

5 rttake nouns from the verbs in the box. Then use

them to report the comments.

answer claim declare observe

HOW MUCH DO YOU KNOW ABOUT
INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION ? 'l told you before: l've got dual nationality.' 'But
1 What percentage of the world's population are we've discovered you havenit.'
international migrants ?
His _ that he had dual nationality turned out
a 9.4 b 3.2 c 0.9 bre false.
'We want to stay in this country.' 'l'm afraid you
2 What is the median age of international
They asked for asylum, but the
migrants? was no.
a 38.4 b 32.7 'They're real ly backward.'
Her _ about the immigrants' customs was
3 What percentage are women?
offensive.
a48 b36 c27
'A lot of them have got really good skills.'
4 Look at this list of the ten countries which have The _ that many of the migrants were highly
received the largest number of international skilled was made by several politicians.
migrants. Which do y6u think are the top three?
'lt's nonsense to say that border security is lax.'
Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Russia,
The government issued a(n) that border
Saudi Arabia, Spain, the UAE, the UK, the USA
security was not lax.
5 The vast majority of migrants move from 6 'You entered the country illegally.'
developing countries to developed countries. True The _ was levelled against him that he had
or false? entered the country illegally.
6 What is the world's largest 'corridor' of migration?
a from India to the UAE
VOCAB U LARY
b from Bangladesh to India
c from Mexico to the USA NOUN CONVERSION
7 What percentage of migrants are refugees? 6a Which of the verbs and adjectives in the box can
used as nouns without adding an affix?

complain complex do hopeful

LISTEN INC local mention must responsible trust

3u EC Do you think these statements are true or

false? Work in groups and discuss. Then listen and 6b Complete the sentences with nouns from Exercise 6a.
check your answers. 1 He passed the citizenship test, so we're having a li
1 International migration is increasing. to celebrate.
2 The majority of international migrants are legal. She arrived in the country aged five and is now a
3 Migrants can create economic growth in the host presideritial
country. 3 Learning the language is an absolute for new
4 Migrants are heavy users of public services in the , migrants.
host country. 4 He was a very talented footballer and the first

3tr Listen again and make notes on the points in Exercise

3a. Then work wifh a partner and compare your notes.
 M
LAi\m5 {)i: r*,(}rr M
\C
,- are going
to read two poems
,ilx,rrdorrri[ migration. Work in groups and
iliiiu* .Ls; ttre questions.
-:- \\'as the last time you read a
" -tr-')
I " -; know any poems or lines of
,'.'-, bi heart?
ll ^ * :r situations in life do people
,, ,*.:i:res turn to poetry?
1r{* -.
I Co vou understangl by the terms
::1or and simile?
E15
e- flh fl**;d the poems and the texts about
Fleur Adcock is a New Zealander by birth,
lllillllllltrrrl lu:et:. \Vhat is your first response to
but spent part of her childhood in England,
lullirns?
returning to live in London in 1963. The
'r -eting poetic language Work
, influence of her migratory childhood can be
! :.artner and discuss the questions. traced in her work's exploration of identity.
Several of the poems examine roots and
'll i * *'grant, what is the function of rootlessness. Her characteristic tone is
:', ' -:. line of the poem? restrained, rational, conversational.
Lll"
-"i,. -,n-native
&rm pelicans are trying
i .:-- dte the native swans. How
Immigrant
d fluf rir -:r:ful are they in doing this?
)lil ,' ::es the poet focus on the
li,, November '63: eight months in London.

(ru ) t ..-S? I pause on the 1ow bridge to watch the peiicans:

"1*: 3661 Spencer is a very popular they float swanlike, arching tleir white necks
llr 'ir11*1

t* -; store in the UK. Why is over only slightly ruffled bundles of 'uvings,
,, ir,"' ,xearing a 'Marks and Spencer's burying awkward beaks in the lake's water.
... ,
ilt, ,,: l I clench cold flsts in my Marks and Spencer's jacket
iir i r'
toes she test her accent and secretly test my accenr once again:
*1.,:-:i f '? StJames's Park; StJames's Park; StJames's park.
i$$tlfii'd
n, '.. io 'London'
and 'home'_
F'LEUR ADCOCK (b. ie34)
L 'in"-ent for the poet in like a
er ;i*,.,--?
-' ', :rg about the overall shape of Graee NichoNs was born in Guyana and
i",: -,-r:rn Like a Beacon, what is the moved to live in the UKin !977. Her work
:r- - :ance of Iine B? has been central to our understanding of
r : :r example of a metaphor and a the important cultural Caribbean-British
* = in the poems. connection. The poems are influenced by
- - " rLr see one or two similarities the history and culture of her homeland and
rr : I fi€reoces between the poems? are characterised by an acute attention to
r' ' :- poem do you like best? Why? the language.
Like a Beacon
"\C In London
every now and then
ili(lntrlr:,se one of the following writing I get this craving
for my mother's food
* i: . lUt' country experienced I leave art galleries
f' -lr'::lon recently or in the past? in search ofplantains
Itl r 'r: three or four paragraphs sa1tfl sh/sweet potatoes
Ee rirT ,, -dt people in your country
-, I need this link
in :bout migration. Read your
m'a ,i ,-:r.aphs to another student. Do you I need this touch
'.,. : :te same ideas? of home
m ' ":: a 5il(Jtr
rrrrr
short PUUiltUt
poem of your own du(
yuur uwil about swinging my bag
* like a beacon
"'::lon. Choose any aspect of the
: - .ou ike lf necessary,
. or r like. Inp.Aqq2 r\/ use f hp
r rce the against rhe cold
,.'-s in Exercise Ba to help you. GRACE NICHOLS (b. 1950)
liil:$gT$ffi &'ffii#4ffii.:{,--}i&iiffif #tt;,;:1,';;d:i;,,'.l
H#i.ffi+ l.#,i.e Ei

${l-{-1,,'\1"}(}l'l 3 nead these current law proposals. Which .",

,.r..,1
commitments have not been addressed?
I
There is a new government which intends to unify 1 There will be a complete ban on the sale of I
many of the currently separate state laws. The policy chocolate and salty snacl<s to children aged Lrr - .-
'l

department is currently drafting new laws to fulfil sixteen, and children will not be allowed to
consume more than one sugary fizzy drink per
I

the party's manifesto pledges. The initial proposals

Shopkeepers and parents will be liable to finec.
I

have had a poor reception as they were perceived as

I

being too strong and as failing to take into account 2 There will be a complete ban on the use of plast - i

important exceptions. The policy department has shopping bags, enforceable with fines r-rpto g'10 -.

to redraft the laws, maintaining their efficacy whilst 3 There will be a complete ban on the carrying oi
eliminati ng their drawbacks. knives in public places.
4 All drivers entering city centres must pay a charE=
per visit of $75.
"X
nead the situation and the extracts from the 5 Parents of children who are absent from school
manifesto and discuss the questions. without permission will be punished with fines o:
1 What laws could be made to meet these manifesto imprisonment.
commitments?
2 ln your country, which laws relate to these particular
i ss ues?

We can only have a safe society if we have

strong laws that address the current problems. At times, the government has to bring in laws
We will introduce new laws to deai with the that will promote a healthier society for the
recent rises in knife crime, aggressive antisocial good of everyone. We will introduce legislation
behaviour and racial intolerance. concerning smoking and unhealthy food.

In this information age, we need to ensure

The time to act is now, and we are the party that the educition of our youth is at the
that will take that action. We will reduce the forefront of government policy. We will
introduce new laws to reduce truancy and
also raise the minimum school-leaving age
to seventeen across the nation.

()3
 ffi
.4

LAw&,{AKrK5 -ffi1
I

me$o ,h, E Listen to a discussion about the re-drafting 4h fne phrases you wrote in Exercise 4a are used
'rrtttl
ln'ne :i the laws in Exercise 2 and make notes on to balance an argument in particular, to show that
'llllltmrrtli'* :*:r imts. we accept the validity of one point and also accept-|a
xder
contrasting or conflicting point. Answer the questions.
- ;,.. - t:hs 1 Can you remember the arguments that surrounded
r dar i ! :jr -esses the phrases in Exercise 4a? Look at Audio script 9.7
;" on page 177 and check.
tic
l}l ,u rnk rvith a partner and discuss how you would 2 ln each case, can you say which argument the
mrlrlllrr.,e to amend this law. speaker favours?
),OCr-
N Ir @ Listen to the finafldecisions and answer the
llllru*rii:,1 nE.
rqe - . '. do the decisions comparb to your ideas? AMENDINC AND \'IODIFYINC THE LA\&/
- i -.- is vour oprnion of the amended law?
{ , '-,=:e anything similar in your country? 5 You work in the policy department and have to
;01' modify the four remaining laws from Exercise 2. Work
in two groups and follow the instructions.
. i\CU,&f,I:
Group A: You are responsible for laws 'l and 2.
. -i\C AN ARCU,\4[NT
Croup B: You are responsible for laws 3 and 4.
*i IEI Listen to extracts from the discussion in . Discuss the larvs ),ou are responsible for and identify
:: e-:rSes 3a and 3c and complete the sentences. their strengths and u,eaknesses.
:rvest achievers. this law is not solely
. As you criticise the larvs, propose amendments.
, .'- rt children.
o As a group, decide rvhich amendments to make and,
- ^- , _ we're here to amend this law, finally, rephrase the larv.
.'u
-,
I

- -k that ...
-l:'s , but it's
too inflexible...
* =li., it's important that the law sends out a Managing a discussion
::-, ng message, think there must be some ...
.=,1 So, what are your thoughts on this first one?
that as a fair principle, we mustn't
--:xe
---1,^ it ... Look, we've got to make a decision on this. Which do
, about fines? imprisenment would be a you prefer?
:::errent, but, overall, l'm not sure ... Surely, it's time to move on, isn't it?
:ee _ one thing I like about the current Shall we leave this one for a while and come back to
:-:posal is
-,
that... it later?
Any other last points to make?

6 Work with a student from the other group. Present

your amended laws and the thinking behind the
amendments. Evaluate the other student's amended
Iaws. Should further changes be made to any of the laws?

!.,1)i:il

l'l:r::ii:i

,iliria::i

Affi..*r rr
 b:i::r'-:,

5l-t"ltr,r 5(,t-1-$ \l\l|;.lTl :'{{: 5l{, { {.1 i;

SYi'rT I { [SI5I h'{, I N i'CR.,\4ATiCl\ A SYn-l il[5i5
"! Work in groups 5
and discuss the questions. Make ffi Hassan is going to write a dissertation on the
notes on your ideas and report the main points of your effects of unemployment on young people. He has
discussion to another group. downloaded a podcast on writing a literature review. Listemr
1 To what extent is unemployment a problem in your to the podcast and take notes to answer these questions.
country? Is it a particular problem for young people? 1 What is a literature review?
2 What are the causes and effects of unemployment? 2 What purposes does it serve?
What are the solutions?
3 How much should governments help unemployed 6 Look at the six steps we follow when we write anr.
people? kind of synthesis. Number them in the correct order.
4 Martti Ahtisaari, the Finnish winner of the 2008 a Write your synthesis using your own words and
Nobel Peace Prize, said that youth unemployment is citing relevant authors.
perhaps the greatest challenge in the world. Do you b Read material from different sources that will help
agree? you do the tasl<.
c Check the synthesis against the original texts to makr
X Choose the correct definition for the word synthesrs. sure it is accurate.
1 a short statement that gives the main information d Find relationships between the points in your notes.
about something, without giving all the details Look for patterns and categories of information,
2 something that has been made by combining common ideas, similarities, differences, contrasts,
different things, or the process of combining things contradictions. Mark or highlight links between
3 a statement that expresses in a different (or clearer) points using colours, letters or numbers.
way what someone has said or written e Make notes of key, relevant points for each text in
your own words.
3 tt is sometimes argued that there are two main f Decide on the best order for the points you will use for
types of synthesis: background synthesis and
your synthesis and write them all on one piece of paper.
thesis-driven synthesis. Match each type with a
description (1 or 2) and an example (a or b).
1 lnformation is brought together from a variety of
sources and organised by topic. Aim: to inform.
2 Information from different sources is used to develop
and strengthen an argument. Aim: to persuade
a a lawyer in a court presenting a case for the
prosecution or defence
b a website listing flights available with different airlines

4 fhink of one or two activities

you often do as a
student and how they involve synthesis.

94
 0!o* at Hassan's notes for part of his I nead Hassan's synthesis. How is the information organised?
review. What kinds of categories,
etc. can you see? Decide how A number of recent investigations into youth unemployment find the
rurld synthesise this information, but effects to be overwhelmingly negative.
write a synthesis yet. Patel (2010) and McShane (2012) study the damaging psychological
effects. McShane's argument is that unemployment causes low
self-esteem and depression in young people, and makes it more
difficult for them to find work later.
Patel and Wilson (2013) point out that unemployment early in life is
often a predictor of unemployment later on. Patel's explanatlon is that
young people fail to gain experience or be sent on training courses
while out of work, reducing their subsequent chances of securing a job.
A fufther effect noted by Wilson and McShane is the increase in
government expenditure on public services such as health and policing. The
latter is the result of a rise in crimes committed by unemployed youths.

r,-;ro,l\a (y.1al1 The only glimmer of hope is that mentioned by Blanc (2009, in Wilson),
with the observation that unemployment sometimes encourages young
oz'zchv^emt f "ow' \abovr warVet' people to do additional training and 'increase their economic value',
.ao i.e5 AeS\"e to w orV; s\acVer although this is disputed by Wilson.
f r.Aow\e^on (7.211)
9a Read Hassan's synthesis again and find words that are used to
r" -:. \.(. (2011) V^ew\?lotw,enl report information.
m*,':, ?sl lhe ovng j^ the early 21s! point out
f
th Which of the words you found in Exercise 9a could be replaced
-2...r5 cla,wt w'ade by y>lanc (2OoD by these words? Try to match the meanings as closely as you can
{
- - -'- .: e^covrages ov^g and use your knowledge of grammar to help you.
*: ,: {u"ther f 7eo7le :

lraintnq +'\^c"eate i 'l observed 4 touched on

*r. r ecolow\\c valve, (y.\l)
2 According to X, 5 examine
3
L
'-:-2^5e5 crtw\e > \nCrg6525 cOStS of ln X's view,
.:3 -'^ services,
7ol\cing (7.121)
-irayloyme^t ea"ly in life > lower ; 9c Does Hassan use a direct quote anywhere? lf so, where?
at-r.n95, u^Ae"-er^?loyr-e^i +
)
,
"l0a Describe the photo below. When do you think it was taken?
. 'ann?loyr^enl laler;5carrinq Who do you think the people are?
:
------'--;'widesTr2ad yovlln
.
10b Write part of a literature review on lhe Creat Depression..
Consequences. Look at the notes on page 163 and synthesise the
information. Write between 150 and 180 words.

:. . t ^e, ). (20\2) \N asled, *,-

,,i,t.t

- j ,?,vaq\ng e{{ecfs o{ lovlh

-r"*,,yre€^t
- : A .<€lf-€steev^, Ae?Yet|\o^ >
'. ;*.aer lo ente" lob w'arVel
(7.1-l)
- 'r .r€a5€5 go*. s7e^Ai^g on 7vb'
-<ri CtS (7. Al;
-:,- .^'5 eco^ov^\. growtV, trTedeA
;", t.alle of 1ovn9 taler't + energj
; 'itl)

95
 r,fainfunt

5*lr:rf;rn;:;*i?i wrr;fs fi; g*'r: yr.:ry ryf;*l yorr r'*nl. ,4rl w;nLs i* glv* yr,i* i.,rrfx{ y*r r**r'l &n*w yr:ii w",lnl
I )atirl t runrnitt'rg rh, 3 li4.3), ex;tacliar: {ilmra:a}<er

STTAKiNL, X A*aiyri*g and rcspr;ndi*g t* daia Work in sn"'all

-t Look at the information about arts and entertainment
groups and discuss the questions.
t in Scotland. Read the titles of tlie tables. Where do you 1 What do the tables reveal? Put the activities -
think these missing percentages go in each table? of popularity and identify the most and leas: :, :
Table 1: 9, 19,31 , 54 Table 2: 3,23,30, 69
2 What parallels and connections can you finc
between the two tables? How do participatic - . r,r,d
Table 1 attendance relate for each activity?
3 Which of the activities have you and your qr_ - -
members attended or participated in during .-: c,ilfiti
twelve months? What are your class's overal '
4 How do you think your country would como.'
classical mus
dance (incl. ballet) H [A*i]1il
itera rv events/festival s
I
3a What arts and cultural events have you been t;
live music recently? Did you choose any of the events for these
reasons?
. recommendations from friends
Table 2 . reviews in the media
. previously enjoyed similar events or performe-.
. the chance to see something new and differer.
actins and oerformance 3l: Read the reviews from the listings magazine trrr,me
Out, London on page 97. Match the types of events
creative work on computer, etc. (1-6) with the reviews (A-H). Sometimes more tha:
one answer is possible. Some types of events do n:r:
film/video have'a match.
Iavins a musical instrument 1 theatre 4 comedy
readine books 2 music 5 dance
3 film 6 art
 PE'{FOI{MANCE

again and answer the questions. VOCABULARY

plrtner and compare your answers. PERFORMANCE REVIEWS

an explicitly positive review?

5 fina words and phrases in the reviews with these
meanings.
tral location?
Pelrlriorrnance in Britain of someone's 1 when a story from one medium is produced in another
2 a performance group of two people
as visual ly i nteresti ng? 3 the list of performers appearing during a night at a
irnacludes singing? single place
from the USA? 4 the place where a performance occurs
man ipu lati ng inani mate 5 an incredibly talented person, a genius
jitr.
6 a story
7 a creator of dances
mould,,u'ouldn't you Iike to go to?
o a group of actors or performers who work together
on different projects

6a Complete the compound adjectives with the

LIKE I COMMTNT
words in the box. Then check your answers in the
reviews. What do the adjectives mean?
rciums to the stage in a new
lihe Academy Award-winning film award awe British laughter live music
urho takes on the mob. out-of Rambert R&B sample star
of the Opera LIKE I COI4MENT
a -rnsprfln8 f -enhanced
sf,age musical call it tired, but its lavish b -winning o -heavy
b
design is still awe-inspiring and it's a C -packed h -born
ffiry of love and desire. d -the-wav
e -studded -inf luenced

soundscapes are this excellent 6b Wtrictr three adjectives in Exercise 6a do you think
's stock-in-trade. Using live guitar and
the writer might have created specifically for these
snetimes piano and banjo, they create reviews and are unlikely to be in dictionaries?
instrumentals with vocal tracks
mdic broadcasts, publie information films
lrue speeches.
LISTEI\INC
7a ffi Listen to interviews done after the events in
Ioose LIKE I COMMENT Exercise 3b. Match the speakers (1-5) with the event
out at this award-winning comedy club (A-H) they attended.
-packed bill. 7b Wtrat did the speakers think of the events? Listen
again and complete the sentences.
*ll-eler LIKE 1 COMMENT
1 Well, the music is rather
venue keeps the quality sky
2 the cost of the ticket.
another star-studded show featuring
3 Experimental music isn't really my
UK trumpeter Wheeler and guitar virtuoso
4 Well, it Iived up
Gatch this if you can, it should be a
5 But that's to say it's worth seeing, just
that it's the best.

rides the unicorn L|KE i

present this live music-enhanced tale of SPEAKINC AND WRIT!NC

fi tasked with setting a unicorn free. I Work with a partner and describe and review a few
performance-based events that you have been to.
LIKE i COMT,,{ENT

Haim sisters bring their brilliant and breezy

9 Write short reviews for your events from Exercise 8
in the style of the reviews on this page ('10-50 words
Goast harmonies and epic R&B-influenced pop
per review).
UK Book now, this will sell out.

"fuS NoOne LIKE i COMMENT

rUffi debut of British-born, Rambert-trained

odllmrcographer Thomas Noone and his company
prfornring two pieces based on the complexities of
tgolsonal relationsh ps i

97
 THF POWER CF &4U5[C

VOCABULARY ANM SPEAKI hIL

1u IEE Listen to the musical extracts and identify
the kinds of music. What instruments can you hear?
What other kinds of music do you know?
1b Work in small groups and discuss the questions.
1 What kind(s) of music do you like/dislike?
2 Do you play, or have you ever played, an
instrument? If not, which would you like to play?
3 Have your musical tastes changed over the years? lf
so, how?
4 ls there any musi't/song you associate with particular
events or people in your life?
5 Has music changed your.life in any way?

READII!C
2 Read the press release quickly and find this . PHOENIX, .lune 25
information. Paraguay's Recycled Orchestra set to make
1 when the press release appeared the Musical lnstrument Museum 9 and ro
2 where the Recycled Orchestra will be performing 'The world sends us garbage. We send back music-'
3 when the Orchestra was set uP Chdvez
4 where the Orchestra comes from in Paraguay
5 the name of the founder of the Orchestra Founded in zoo8, La Orchestra de lnstrumentos
de Cateura (the Recycled Orchestra) is already inspi
6 when MIM first put the eight instruments on display people around the world with their life-changing
7 where MIM is located astonishing musical instruments made from landfill
B Dr Daniel Piper's job and heart-warming performances. Never before seem
9 what will be on the menu at Caf6 Allegro United States, this youth orchestra will make their
10 when the Family Day will take place with two concerts at the MIM Music Theatre as part
weeklong artist residency.
3 Read the press release again. ln which paragraph(s) do
we read about these things? Amid a massive landfill in Cateura, Paraguay, children
hope by making music on instruments built from
the relative value of things where the Orchestra trash. ln a shantytown constructed on the landfill,
comes from survive by collecting and reselling garbage. Here,
the regsons why MIM has invited the Orchestra to violin can cost more than a house, visionary music
perform there Fabio Ch5vez gathered a small team to plunder the
3 the truths that the Orchestra demonstrates for usable materials and create an ensemble of '
4 the effect the Orchestra has on people instruments.

4a Understancling and respomding to vocabulary

choices How many times does the word story appear
in the text? Why do You think this is?
6 trrtatch the three main types of non-finite clause
4b Underline all the positive words and phrases in the (a-c) with the sentences in Exercise 5 (1-3).
text. Why are there so manY? a infinitive clauses b past participle clauses
4c Would you like to attend this event or visit the c -ingclauses
museum?
7 Read the explanation of a non-finite clause and
answer the questions.
CRAMMAR
NON.FINITE CLAUSES A non-finite clause has a lexical verb, but this verb
does not indicate tense. We have to understand its
5 Read the sentences from the press release. Look reference to time (and person and number) from the
at the underlined non-finite clause in sentence 1 and context or surrounding clauses. Non-finite clauses are
underline the non-finite clauses in sentences 2 and 3' typically srbordinate and are usually combined with
1 Founded in 2008, the Recycled Orchestra is '.. finite clauses in sentences.
inspiring people around the world . '.
Its members value greatly how music impacts their 1 ln the sentences in Exercise 5, what are the lexical
lives, helping them express creativity, ... verbs that do not indicate tense?
The museum is bringing the group's memtrers to 2 What time does the non-finite clause refer to in
Phoenix, to share their incredible stories each case?
 THT ItrOWER OF MUSIC

Non-finite clauses can occur in a variety of positions

within the sentence: at the beginning or. or.
embedded in the sentence. "ni,

I f ind other examples of the different types of

non-finite clause in the press release.
tt Language reference anci extra practice, pages144-145

9 Complete the sentences (1-6) with the non-finite

clauses (a-f). Choose the correct form of the verb in
italics and use appropriate punctuation.
'1 Certain kinds of music are played in shops
2 The '1985 Live Aid concerts for famine relief in
Ethiopia took place in London, Philadelphia and
turfl i.{ in51311"6 an exhibit featuring eight of the Recycled olher cit.ies
': nnovative instruments, along with video and 3 _ the rapper was vilified by the media.
r' shot in their hometown. In its short time on display, 4 Tailor-made music programmes have a remarkable
:edicated to the group has quickly become a favourite effect on some medical patients
guests. Now, because the Recycled Orchestra's 5 Cows appreciate calming music _.
so strongly with MIM's global mission, the 6 ln 2013 _ they formed a band.
s lnnging the group's members to Phoenix to share
a blamed / blaming for an increase in itreet violence
stories, their passion and theirjoyful music in an
b to reduce / reducing the need for painkilling drugs
',veekend of activities.
m rrc ed Orchestra is an extraordinary example of a reality
by fifty percent
C to escape / escaped the monotony of subrurban life
UT ;ee around the world and throughout the galleries of
d producing / produced more milk
us- rnaaenal poverty need not be an obstacle to a life rich
ts members value greatly how music impacts their e to watch / watched by over 400 million people
tda around the world
tmf r tg them express creativity, build self-confidence
;then community. Dr Daniel Piper, MIM's Curator for
f to stimulate / stimulated greater spending by
ca and the Caribbean, and the driving force behind customers
::e orchestra to MlM, says:'Thercxhibit and August
n s MIM's way of recognising their achievements as 5I}TAK}N fi
:ne community to celebrate youth, social and musical
'l 0a Look at some
r, and the stJstaining value of the arts.' ways music can change people,s
Iives. Discuss the effect they could have on people.
sees strong parallels between the Recycled Orchestra
stories of hope and resilience told in MIM's galleries 1 learning to play a musical instrument as a child
fi../ represents the intrinsic need by people around 2 becoming a pop star at the age of eighteen
to make music. For thousands of years, this need 3 organising a benefit concert
musical innovation and creativity, leading to the
'tr
cre variety of instruments we see at MlM, many of which 0b Work in groups. lmagine you are going to
ace urith repurposed materials from everyday life.' organise a benefit concert in your town or city with the
T-'ss
the opportunity to see the Recycled Orchestra and aim of raising as much money as possible. Decide:
: :f their unfolding storyl a which charity/cause/relief effort you would Iike to
yan-inspired menu of white fish stew, grilled beefsteak support.
rudding will be available for lunch at Cafe AIlegro. b which venue you would use.
- :; i to learn about Family Day with the Recycled c which four bands/performers you would invite.
on Saturday ro August. 'l0c Present your ideas to other groups.

WK}TINC
'l1 Write a short press release (about 100 words) for
the benefit concert-in Exercise 10b.

99
 DICITAL WCNDERLAND

SPEAKINC
1 Work in small groups and discuss
the questions.
1 a Over the years, how has the
internet and digital technologY
changed entertainment?
b How do you use the internet {or
entertainment?
2 What developments might occur
in the future regarding digital
' entertainment? a The traditional living room the people now also sPend
is now a multi-media sPace online. streaming videos, P
photographs, messaging and
READINC in which households sit together
media posting.
to watch TV, while also using
2 Read the extracts quickly and answer computers, tablets and smartphones, The report identified 25"/" oI
to the new research report '*.ih.r.', using mobile ter
"..oiditlg
'State of ihe Nation', bY Ofcom'
",
and social media to discuss a
Which extracts are about:
a producing entertainment to show The research reveals that families show that theY are watching"il'
or share? have returned to sitting around
further 507o were categorise'd
'media stackers', using Phone
b consuming entertainment? a single television set to watch a
tablets when watching a shoq
show together - as was common
Match the extracts with their sources. performing unrelated activiti
in much earlier decades. However,
i the abstract of an academic when watching the show, half of
the variou's devices.
research paper
ii a publisher's descriPtion of an
academic book This time [ast year I went down to Los Angetes to do a [ive
a journalist's blog about the merits of user-generated content with a kid caLted
a newspaper article Kan. lt was a surreaI experience. Kan, a freshty graduated Yate
student, had affixed an atways-on video camera on his head.
3 Read the extracts again. ln which in his tife - absotutety everything - is streamed in grainy video onto
extract are these ideas mentioned? website. Back then, Kan was iust starting a business catted Justin-w
lnternet entertainment and communities user-generated content portaI that enabted other se[f-broadcasting
may be harmful for a nation. kids tike himse[f to distribute their unedited lives on the internet-
2 Pre,sent behaviour is reminiscent of the another ephemeral web 2.0 thing, I conctuded. After at[, how many
past: woutd be shametess enough to broadcast their entire lives to a
3 Many online sites and phenomena are wortd? I was totatty wrong. The venture capita[-backed Justin.tv is
short-lived. signifi cant commerciaI success.
4 Digital technology prompts innovation
in other areas. The main results of this study about young Shanghainese
5 Being familiar with the internet indicate that the main motivation behind internet caf6 use
enhances personal credibi I itY.
entertainment and that internet use in the caf6s was ritualistic,
4a ideniifying and evaluating main points and pleasure-seeking. For the urban youth culture, internet cafes
Read each extract carefully, identifying provided a space where youngsters could reinforce their identities
and making notes on the various main as trendy, technology-savr,y urbanites. The government and
l: topics, key ideas and points in each. concerns were reflected in the phenomenon as internet caf6s hal'e
I
4b Work with a partner and comPare been accused of eroding public morality.
your notes. Then answer the questions.
1 Do you have knowledge or examPles
I
which support ideas in the extracts? , x The Dost decode hos seen on extroordinorily intense
2 Do you have anY Points to make that l9I period of experimentotion with computer technology
may contradict the extracts? :within the performing orts. Digitolmedio hos been
3 Are the developments discussed in the increosingly incorporQted into live theotre ond donce, ond
extracts positive, negative or neither? new forms of interoctive performonce hove emerged in
4 What variations in these situations
r porticipotory instollotions, on CD-ROM ond on the web.ln
might there be globallY?
Digitol Perf6rmance, Steve Dixon troces the evolution of
5 How do the situations in the extracts prociices. presents detoiled occounts of key proctitioners
compare to your country and your life? ond performonces ond onolyses the theoreticol, ortistic ond
technologicol contexts of this form of new medio ort.
 DICITAL WONDERLAND

OCABULARY Bb I ook at tbese leatures ol cott yersahotta)

^W
Engtish. Listen to (our more extracts from the
qsrsersatrsrrand.sra\qkr\krerrrts\\re\ea\utqsbe\sru.
thee:NaGs.sr'r\\\\esesrreasirs,rgs.
4 Speakers use fillers \well, you know) and vague
something exists or is true (extract A) language (sort of , things like that) to maintain and
the means for something to occur (extract B) organise their speech.
rupply something or spread something over an area 5 Listeners make short supportive comments, without
(Extract B)
fully interrupting.
sholv that something exists or is true (extract C) 6 Sentences are incomplete because the speaker
r+port or make stronger (extract C) rephrases their idea.
or reduce in importance (extract C) 7 Speakers use direct quotes, as if playing a character.
perhaps developing over time (extract D)
critically and in detail at something (extract D) Bc Listen to and read Audio script 10.3 on page 1ZB.
Find more examples of the features of conversational
the sentences with the corrrict form of English in Exercises Ba and b.
Exercise 6a.
\:) Language reference and extra practice, pages 14&145
the broadcast industry undervalued
pblic interest in user-generated content. 9a Rewrite the following to appear more similar to
was made to global copyright laws conversational English. Use the features in Exercises ga
to protect commercial content more strongly. and b to help you. Compare your ideas with a partner.
t to _ the possible factors carefully 'l I asked my mother to use social media; however, she
'ertain why children deceive parents about
said it was too complicated. She also said that she
hrcls of internet use.
would keep phoning me. However, I don,t like using
music sharing sites tend to _
the phone.
Eryect for the rights of media producers.
rf,irng sites enable users to rapidly Itold, erm, t asked my mum to use social media, you
ilreir peers. " know, Facebook and things like that, and ...
that privacy is now a primary
9b Work in pairs. One student rewrites text 1 below,
the other rewrites text 2. Check your partner,s ideas.
us to draw clear conclusions
ftrture of entertai n ment.
'l I don't think that parents should stop their children
artoften after both minor and
using the internet. One reason is that the children
in technology. won't learn skills like information searching and
deciding which websites to trust. ln additio;, the
internet can help you learn things such as languages
iltISTEN INC and other practical skills. Therefore it is a shame i-f
'r @ Listen to parts of a conversation between children can't use it.
people about how we use the internet. Number 2 I used to use social media, such as Facebook, a lot
topics (a-0 in the order you hear them. more when I lived abroad in order to keep in touch
il targeted advertising with people brack home and for other similar reasons.
b distraction However, now that I am back in this country, I would
misi nterpreti ng information much rather call or text people, or do someihing
identity security similar. Alternatively, I,d rather go and see theml
friviality
dependence SPEAKINC
Listen again and make notes on topics a-f. To I0 Work in small groups to discuss the statements
extent do you agree with what the speakers say? below. During each discussion, one student should not
your ideas with a partner. speak, but should note the features of conversational
English used.
RAMMAR There's nothing wrong with parents banning their
ERSATIONAL ENCLISH children from watching TV and/or using the"internet.
Using the internet for entertainment will remain the
@ look at these features of conversational preserve of young people.
Listen to three extracts from the conversation Young people ar'e ignorant of the dangers of
rd match them to the features below. revealing their personal data and privite Iives online.
I Speakers repeat words, especially when restarting a Dowploading.movies and music for free, without
sentence. permission, is a criminal act deserving prosecution.
\. Simple clause structure - a chain of ideas, linked
simply with and, but, so, then, because.
3 Speakers interrupt, or,talk over, each other.
 ir::+iiij;S:*_ifffi

Ii ff {:,t1, Ml }i t. i

T Work in groups and discuss the questions.

1 What formats of reality show are there in your
country? Do you watch any of them? Why?Atuhy not?
2 -Why do you think people appear on these shows?

i!,r
,,.,:t II Ir,,,-,
i..i I i{ 1ii-l:
I I !1,_-,i'

I A production company is making a new reality

documentary show, The Clobal Village, for online
international broadcast. This infotainment show
Selection guidelines
Although o good mix of people is
offers interest and fun, as well as revealing and required, the ideol condidotes should:
analysi ng cu ltural differences i n commu nication . be interesting, hove opinions ond something to soy;
and collaboration styles. lt will feature twenty-four be quick-witted ond hove q bright personolity; hove
contestants, all from different countries, who will live good communicotion ond colloborotion skills.
on a small, deserted, tropical island for three months. . hove useful procticol skills - they will fend for
They will work together to build a community - a themselves, build their homes, cook ond improve life
global village - and survive without any modern on the islond.
conveniences, performing tasks to win food and Iri
. O. fit ond heolthy. We must ovoid ony moior heolth
points. The international public will vote each week nroblems during the show, ond they will be living in

I to give points to different participants. The contestant

with the most points at the end will win a round-the-
world trip. There is full online interactivity for the
!i
1{{
'ii '
i,'ii
bosic conditions ond not eoiing well.
U" entertoining or reody to contribute to the fun.
Remember: television is entertoinmeni ond some
audience, with social media and education resources ;:, chollenges will not be of the survivol type, e.g. there
related to the sociological research of the show. The .' will be Tropicol Korqoke.
production company is currently accepting video . hove on open mind with regord to this new experience
auditions from the potential participants. ond believe it will be o leorning experience.
Also, good TV often involves o degree of conflict.
Selecting ossertive personolities thot might closh with
? Read the situation. What do you think the producers other strong personolities would be good, but we don'i
will be looking for in contestants for The Clobal wont complete idiots who con't chonge. The oudience
Village? Consider: wonts to see the iourney thot these chorocters moke,
. personality traits. . physical appearance. to see how they leorn to live together, how ihey
. hobbies and interests. . singing/acting skills. communicote ond colloborote. The porticiponts should
. practical skills. . age and health. be oged twenty-one ond obove, ond on interesting
voriety of bockgrounds would be positive.
3 Read the producer's selection guidelines. Are they
similar to your ideas?
4 ffi Listen to two auditions. Which attributes
do the candidates claim? Who would/wouldn't
you choose to be in the show? Why?
 :\,LANICIJACE
cLor3A[- VILLACE -
u
:=

TASK
.," ]\FORMAL T,{LI( I N FORMAL PRESEI\TATION -
5a Listen again and complete the sentences. Ba You are going to make an audition video for Ihe
" _, all my life l've come top in everything. Clobal Village. Firs! prepare a short talk for your
: _- surviving on the island, well, I reckon that audition by creating a new character for yourself. Use
r,,,on't be an issue. these questions to help you.
I _, that doesn't mean that I'm perfect. 1 What is your nationality? (Choose an
4 _,trying to win Ihe ClobalVillage will be a Engl ish-speaki ng country.)
challenge. 2 How old are you? (over twenty-one)
i I'm a builder, which is why I _ l,d be good to 3 What is your family, education and employment
have on the island. background?
I guess you could say that, _t l'm pretty 4 What interests do you have?
back. 5 How would you describe your personality? (Think
So, _, I reckon l'd be a great choice for The about strengths and weaknesses.)
ClobalVillage. 6 , What special skills, abilities and qualities do you have?
the island needs a builder. 7 Why should the producers choose you for the show?
Sib find the sentences in Exercise 5a in Audio script
B What do you want to get from the experience?
ilflt.6on page 178. Then match the phrases in each
9 What will you say to end your audition?
iiieritence with these formal expressions. Bb Compare your ideas with a partner. Which of the
l believe criteria in the selection guidelines do your talks refer
t however to or demonstrate? Make further notes. practise giving
: moving on your short talk.
u ,,r'ith regard to
8c Work with a partner and make an audio or video
* taking everything into consideration
recording of your talks (if you have a recording device).
l qenerally speaking
q as I explained earlier 9 Form a group with another pair. Each pair shares
t to illustrate that their recordings with the other or they audition Iive.
Take notes on each one.
qu,
Look at Audio script 10.6 on page 128 again. Find
ltrrre examples of language that would be useful in an 10a Of the four characters, decide individually which
rmrirormal talk. two you think the producers would choose. Refer to
the criteria in the selection guidelines.
-E Listen to the producers discussing the two
rmmdidates from Exercise 4. Who do they select? Why? 10b es a group/ can you agree on two strong
candidates for selection for the show? Take notes of
your discussion, reasoning and decision.

Can you remember what he said about ... ?

She said that she ... , didn,t she?
What was it he said about ... ?

Iet's go for ...

1
'l
Using your notes, write a short report about the
I: selection process and results for the senior management.

103
 STU EY SKII-15 4c Work with a partner. Tell him/her what you can
SEMINAi?/DISCUSSION SKILLS remember about the points from Exercise 4b.
"l Discuss the questions. 4d €trM Watch the second part of the seminar and
make notes on the main points.
1 What are the differences between a lecture, a
seminar and a tutorial? 4e Work with a partner and compare your notes.
2 What are the advantages of seminars for students?
5 Look at the phrases in bold in the first paragraph of
Are there any disadvantages?
Video scipt 10.1 on page 179. Decide which of these
2 fict the skills you think could be developed by functions they perform.
attending seminars. Then work with a partner and 1 checking everyone has understood
compare your ansWers. 2 stating the topic of the seminar
1 listening actively 3 identifying your role in the seminar
2 working with a wide range of different people 4 making sure the scope of the topic is understood
3 solving problems
6 Work with a partner and choose ten more phrases
4 communicating effectively by speaking
in bold from Video script 10.1 on page 179. Decide
5 managing differences of opinion and conflict
what their function is.
6 training other people
7 leading a team 7a Which of these phrases would probably be said by
the chair/seminar leader, but not by other participants?
3 You are going to watch part of a seminar on the 'l I see what you're getting at, but ...
difference between real conversation and conversation 2 Sorry,l didn't catch that.
in plays, radio and TV drama and films. Work with a 3 On balance, we thought thet ...
partner and discuss the questions. 4 Lia, we haven't heard from you yet.
1 Which plays, films and TV dramas have you seen 5 Miles put it well when he said that ...
recently? 6 We're running out of time, so ...
2 Think about the Ianguage used in the types of
drama you've seen. How does it compare with the 7b What is the function of each phrase in Exercise 7a?
language of real life? B What can students do to prepare for a seminar?
Make a list. Then check your answers on page 163.
9 Work in groups and choose one of these seminar
topics or think of your own topic. Prepare for the
seminar and practise what you want to say in pairs. ,

1 Why aren't more young people interested in theatre?

2 Soap operas: a powerful educational tool
3 The predictable nature of TV drama
4 Remakes of films: what's the point?

wRrTlh,JC SKrLL5
CRITICAL REFLECTIVE WIi.ITI NC

10 Wnat do you think this quote means? Work

partner and discuss.
The unexamined life is not worth /iving. Socrates,
4a GIEI Watch the first part of the seminar and
Plato's Apology
irn

answer the questions.

1 Do you think the seminar leader leads the discussion 1 1a Writing about experienceq events, situatiorn
well? Why? is an important basis for critical reflection and is
2 How do the students use body language to 'take the both academic and work contexts. There is no si
floor' (i.e. to get the next turn to speak)? to do critical reflection, but a number of three-way
exist. Look at the model on page 105 and match
4b Watch the first part of the seminar again and 1-3 with each pad of the model.
number these points in the order you hear them.
1 What are you going to do nexf using the insi
a The way men and women speak is different. have developed from thinking about the expem
b Conversation is cooperative.
,2 How was this experience similar/different to
c Shared background information helps participants
experiences? What is important about it, and
understand each other.
d Conversation has a lot of pauses, hesitations, etc.
What do you understand now more than besr
e Utterances are repetitive and short. 3 What happened during this experience? \\tm
involved? What did they say? What did rou
104
 : 7*3 Tuesdoy I5 Morch €#
Serninalr: the language of dranno,
The previous few days had not been easy for me as I had
had to spend a lot of time helping a friend of mine who was
experiencing some difficulties. I felt I could not let him down.
As a result, I was only able to do the conversation analysis task
very quickly the evening before the seminar.
I recorded my sister on my mobile, in the living room. It took me
a long time (about two hours) to do the transcription _ perhaps
\ because it was myfirst time. It was verylate when I finished the

@
transcription, so I did not have time to analyse it properly. It was
also too late to do more than skim through the reading.
These things put me at a distinct disadvantage during the seminar.
I was forced to make notes about other students, observations,
rather than coming ready with my o\4ryr notes, and there were
terms I was not familiar with. consequentry, I could not contribute
model in Reach, Touch and Teach by very much to the discussion. Overall, I think my preparation was
Borton, McGraw Hill, lnc.197O poor. I must organise my time in a more effective way, which
allows for unexpected events or emergencies.
During the seminar itself, I was really impressed by the way
ilildch the following to each part of the model. Shanice chaired for the first time. Earlier in the semester, it
2 description 3 evaluation seemed that she was reluctant to take on this role, but we
saw a completely new side to her much more confident. On
hed on the model, what do you think is the aim -
the other hand, I felt quite irritated and upset by the way Ben
reflection? Choose the correct answer.
disagreed with my point about how women speak. I spoke
lflmhlame other people for something that went wrong about this with Shanice afterwards and she pointed out that
M r,anderstand yourself better challenging ideas is an important aspect of critical discussion;
flm ctrrange something about yourself and possibly the this made me think that I should try not to take disagreement
mmrld around you and criticism so personally.
m, frnd out why something went wrong on a
The most successful part of the seminar for me was when
mmrticular occasion we were talking about the language of Harold pinter. My
llave you ever done this kind'of critical reflective extensive experience of theatre-going is very useful for
How might it help you? making connections with the ideas of literary critics, and I feel
comfortable with these kinds of discussions. Some critics argue
took at the"blog and find one example of writing that Pinter's very oblique, spare language makes it difficult to
foa) descriptive, b) analytical and c) evaluative. read the characters' intentions and understand their motives.
[xercises 11a and 11b to help you. I can see what a linguistic debt modern playr,vrights owe pinter
in this respect. Thinking more about this, I wonder if this is
Look at this list of things you can do in critical
because theywant to break down that sense of .theatricality,,
writing. Find examples of four of them in
the barrier between the stage and ,real life,?
lilog.
ffirinking about what happened before the experience
tor event) that may have had an impact on it -16
Comment on the style of language used in the blog.
! tthinking about how you feel or felt
S frrinking about the reasons for your actions 17 Write an entry for your own critical reflective blog.
4 asking critical questions about the experience Consider these points.
5 drinking about how you interacted with others involved 'l You could think and write about:
iln dre experience a the subject you are studying.
fi thinking about the consequences of your actions b an event such as a presentation or seminar.
7 drinking about the relationship between your own c something you've done outside the course/job that
o<perience and theory has relevance to it.
I drinking about your strengths and weaknesses 2 You could include pictures, diagrams, etc.
? *rinking about your overall contribution to the 3 Think about how much you *ant to ,expose,
experience or event yourself and others.
drinking about whether your assumptions or 4 Try,to get a good balance between description, analysis
preconceptions have changed andevaluation.
thinking about what action you are going to take as 5 Find a balance between writing in a personal and an
a result of this experience objective style.
 .SI.,.fi B$$..,r...fl .fi eCO:[1O,lJ],,i CS
'

,,,UPS,,AN.D,.DOWNS

A lrusines.q f&at maj<es nnt&ii:g &i;t money rs a poor l.rusrn*ss. I'ienrv Ford (1e63-1947), t-].5. !ndustrialist ancl business--.r

I i ',4.
\/I !I AKI II APY
3Pi:AKI f',lC V L/L1 \UUL/ 1!\ !

BUSiNISS An-D EC{}N0,\,11C I FRMS

'$
businesses. Why do you think
a List three successful
the businesses are successful? Work with a partner and ?a Match words from box A with words from box B
compare your ideas. make common business and economic terms. Use
"$h fict the practices you think apply to the to connect the words.
businesses you mentioned in Exercise 1a.
A assets boom creditors iffip€rts inc
A successiul business: mergers mortgages profit supply
1 constantly innovates, diversifies and takes risks.
2 pays fixed salaries without bonuses or other fringe B acquisitions debtors demand expenc
benefits. ex"ofts liabilities loans loss slunrc
3 makes redundancies to cut costs.
4 keeps overheads down by manufacturing/ irnports and exporfs
outsourcing abroad.
5 makes as much money for shareholders as possible. 2b tvtatch seven of the terms from Exercise 2a rtith
6 invests heavily in PR and advertising to create brand their meanings.
awareness. 1 the relationship between the goods and sen ic=:
7 eliminates the competition to gain market share. available and what consumers want to buv
8 uses creative accounting to pay less tax. 2 periods when an economy or business is doir.
9 gets customers to pay in advance but pays suppliers or badly
as late as possible. 3 things owned by a business and things owed : ' a

busi ness
i c Whichof the practices in Exercise 1b do you think 4 the money earned and spent by a governmer-: -r
are common in business? business -
i d Wnicn practices are the least acceptable to you? 5 changes in the ownership and running of bu.
why? 6 financial products on which interest is charse:
7', people or organisations owed money by otl'er .mrrr'

owing money to others

?c Write definitions for the other two terms in E

106
 UPS AND DOWNS

: {DIIVC 4b Uatch the headings (1-7) with the

3, tVhat sort
stories (A-G).
of information do you expect to find in the business
;naqes of a newspaper/on a news website? 1 Black market boom
2 lnvestment fears
4'a Read the stories. Which are 'business bites' and which are
J Paradise lost?
ffionomic bites'? 4 Opti m istic trade outlook
r Paradise Place. the struggling luxury travel
5 Takeover follows growth
group. is seeking a substantial cash injection to avoid almost 6 Economy suffers downturn
certain bankruptcy after recording further plunging profits this
7 Cosmetics firm expands
year. Any potential investor would be taking on $56 million of
4c Read the stories again and answer the
debt. According to a spokpperson. the company could go into
-administrllio-l wfthrn weeks unless a buy91 is found.
questions.
1 Which companies are doing well/badly?
UK has 2 Which economies are doing well/badly?
I Trade in counterfeit gobds in the
in pirate DVDs' fake
escalated. N"* ng"'"t thow that the
trade
economy
5 find words or phrases in the stories
underground
Je.igne, goods and other aspects ofthe with these meanings.
to f'1'5 billion in lost tax
;;"h"r;""st the government up
decreasing due to the
1 the iailure o[ a business
revenue in the pasiyear' With tax revenues 2 not genuine/original products
public spending' a
*.r"rri.slump, ,f,"tt it a real threat to future 3 money earned from sales during a
sPokesPerson announced' particular period of time
4 shops
Still Beautiful, the make-up and beauty products 5 a period of negative growth
g:iant, continues to go from strength to strength in a fiercely 6 companies owned or controlled by a
competitive market. Tumover and profits are well up on this time Iarger company
nnst year, partieularly for its War Paint range. It has just announced 7 when one company buys another
a further expansion of its work lorce with the creation of 2,000 new company (or part of one)
jobs and the opening o1350 new retail outlets across Europe over B the general rise in prices
tk next two r.urr, 9 the difference between the value of a
,
country's imports and exports
D The Japanese stock market remains volatile. 10 a negative balance of trade
Yesterday was another day of heavy trading with share prices falling
CIgain. Although there was a slight recovery towards the end of the
6a Find words and phrases in the stories
which refer to trends. Do they refer to an
d4. the lorecast is bleak as market confidence remains Iow due to
upward trend (4), a downward trend (l)
ffie effects of tfie global recession.
or another type of trend?
piunglng t
G .-- Business is booming for leading intemer
{flmpany Bubble and its subsidiaries in Australia and Southeast 6b Wfrat other phrases referring to trends
tsia. Pre-tax profits rose by 23 percent. according to interim results can you add to the list?
rcleased this week. and sustained growth is forecast for the rest of
ffie 1'ear, which will please shareholders. The reported acquisition
SPEAK'N C
+f rhe poorly performing instant messaging app Chat Up could be
cmpleted by the end of next month. More good news is that the 7a Deciding and justifying priorities
,company's tax liability issues in the UK have now been resol'yed. You are responsible for the distribution
of the public spending budget for your
m Another surge in Spanish unemployment figures country (i.e. the income from taxes, Ioans,
has been announced today. Predictions are that they will reach a etc.). Think about the different areas of
paak rn the next three months. There are further gloomy forecasts spending in the table on page 164 and
ffia industry will be hit hard by the economic slump. Manulacturing follow these steps.
,tumput will drop sharply in the next quarter, say analysts, while Fill in the budget for this year to show
cryfual investment by firms will plummet. Meanwhile the inflarion what you imagine the current situation is.
n-me continues to climb. edging towards 2.5 percent. 2 Decide on your priorities for next year.
- 3 Fill in the budget for next year.

7b Work in groups and present your ideas.

In the USA, falls in the exchange rate have
hd to a much more positive balance of trade. The trade defieit has
'orucnreduced significantly and the government hopes that this will
WRITINC
mmnlate growth and lead to a small surplus by early next year. There S Write a short summary of the main
ll@s bffn further speculation about the introduction of import tariffs points of your budget.
md quotas to hetp the badly hit car indusny.
 SilHA i{: hi {: ll,lui [] H.[A tll t,jL
3 what can be done to help developing countries
grow their economies? Do you know any organisations
that aim to do this? What do you know about them?
Xa Work with a partner. Student A, read the text
below and note down the arguments in favour of
Fairtrade. Student B, turn to page 164 and note down
the arguments against Fairtrade.
?h Work with a partner. Using your notes only, tell
each other the arguments for and against Fairtrade.
?c l',ialut{.}lg ,::virJenlt Work with a partner and discuss.
Which side of the argument do you think is stronger?
Give reasons for your answer.

By,Horriet tcn rb.: Fofutrqde Inlafn{}Licndl

Fairtrade does what it says on the tin: it is about better

prices for smallholder farmers and workers in developing
countries. Fairtrade addresses the injustices of conventional
trade, which too often leaves the poorest, weakest
producers earning less than it costs them to grow their
crops. lt's a bit like a national minimum wage for global
trade. Not perfect, not a magic wand, not a panacea for all
the problems of poverty, but a step in the right direction.
Free-market economists complain that Fairtrade benefits
only a small number of farmers, penalising those outside.
This is plain wrong. ln fact, the evidence suggests that the
opposite is true. Research in Bolivia, for example, found that
coffee producers outside Fairtrade were able to negotiate
higher prices: Fairtrade had become a price setter. Fairtrade
farmers also share their knowledge in trading. For those
inside the system, our research shows that through the
minimum price guarantee, farmers have more secure and
stable incomes. A group of rice farmers in lndia invested
their premium in buying a tractor and a land leveller;
productivity increased by 30 percent.
Other critics ask why we are working with retailers or big
brands like Cadbury's and Starbucks. Our answer is that
only by mainstreaming Fairtrade will we be able to reach
more producers. So we are unapologetic in our commitment
to scale up. By doing so, moreover, we begin to affect all
business behaviour.
A favouriie question is why don't we work with UK farmers.
We recognise that many farmers in the UK face similar
issues to farmers elsewhere, but Fairtrade was established
specifically to support the most disadvantaged producers
in the world - like the tea-growers of Malawi, who don't
even have drinking water in their villages. I always buy my
cheese, pears and carrots from my local farmers' market -
and enjoy Fairtrade bananas, tea and coffee. lt's two sides
of the same movement to put people back at the heart of
trade. Surely, you.cannot say fairer than that'

I*8
 CHANCINC LIVES
_E\INC
6 What, if any, is the difference in meaning between
Listen to the first part of a radio programme the sentences in each pair?
at the pros and cons of microfinance. Note 'la lf we do not learn lessons from the past, small-scale
a[ the pros of microfinance. farmers will Iose their jobs.
b Unless we learn lessons from the past, small-scale
f List"n to the second part of the programme
down all the cons of microfinance. -
farmers will Iose their jobs.
lme
2a They were.happy only if they were taking home
mich speaker did you find easier to follow? Why? enormous bonuses.
iltlhat impact do you think the microfinance b They were hrppy as long as they were taking
rnt has had on supporting development in home enormous bonuses.
the world's poorest countries? Work with a 3a I'll attend the conference in case the Chairman
and discuss.- a is going.
b I'll attend the conference if the Chairman is going.
*{B U LARY 4 a You can get a loan if you are self_employed.
SINC WORDS b You can get a loan even if you are seliemployed.
atAudio script 11.1 on pages 179-180. Find
\.| Language reference and extra practice, pages.146-147
are often confused with debt, borrow, 7 Rewrite the sentences using the words in brackets.
and effect.
/ /{ you hadn'( been so generoust the charity would
with one of the words in have closed down. (but for)
l'm happy to give you a loan, brut I need you to make
to pay for our your monthly repayments. (as long as)
frlnanri What would you do if you won the lottery?
lrrre ten dollars (supposing)
tomorrow?
4 I will agree to those conditions if you increase my
r@on for the farm's failure was the comm ission. (provided that)
mfrmmiple. principal) 5 lf we don't win this contract, we,ll all lose our jobs.
to get their money back. (un less)
6 He willonly sign the contract if we give him a pay
Itbrld Bank, the rise. (unJess)
financial crisis on rural and 7 Use a lawyer when you negotiate a new contract as
frnas been dramatic, (affect, effect) you might get bullied. (in case)
B The search can tell us about his outstanding debts, if
xith the words you did nof use in he has any. (whether or not)
to help you. 9 Fairtrade allows documents to be photocopied for
personal use, but insists that copyright and sources
are also copied. (on the condition tf,at)
10 How are you going to finance your studies if you get
a place at university? (assuming)
11.1 and 11.2 on pages 179-180.
ffand add them to the correct WRITINC
8a Work with a partner and brainstorm ideas for the
firsf paragraphs of this essay.
Evaluate the impact that the microfinance and Fairtrade
movements can have in supporting development in
some of the world's poorest countries.

Bb Write the first paragraph.

Bc Work with a partner. Share your paragraphs with
each other and make constructive suggesiions about
how you can improve them.

109
 TVTRYOF{ E' 5 A WI I'.J T{ ER

SPEAK!f.ie AND READINC V(}CAB [-JI-ARY

1a Work in groups and give some SUFFIXES (NOUN5 2)
examples of times when you have had to 4 rttake nouns from the verbs in the box using the suffixes -tion and
negotiate (e.9. with noisy neighbours). -sion and making any other necessary changes. Check the spelling
'l b Discuss the questions. and meaning of any words you do not know in a dictionary.
1 Are you afraid of negotiating?.Whyz./ abstain admit clari{y collide confuse decide discriminate
Why not? eliminate extend indicate instigate negotiate permit
2 When you negotiate, do you usually
concede more than you should?
3 Do you get caught up in arguments .5 Complete the sentences with nouns from Exercise 4.
when negotiating? i* 1 Rising house prices are a(n) of confidence in the econom\:
4 Do you think of negotiating in terms of 2 She was sure that _ was the reason she was not getting
winners and losers? promoted as quickly as her male colleagues.
2a You are going to read some advice on
3 The CEO's that she had lied shocked the shareholders.
negotiating. Think of five pieces of advice
4 The union has entered into _ with the management.
that might appear in the text.
5 Alicia's been given a(n)_ to finish her report.
6 Some further of your position is needed.
2b Read the advice sheet and check which 7 No final _ has been taken, but a merger between the hvo
of your predictions were mentioned. companies seems Iikely.
3 Read the advice sheet again. Which do
B The inquiry was set up at the of the chairman.
you think are the five most useful pieces
of advice? Why?
o Create the right ambience for a win-win negotiation. Try
put yourself in the other party's shoes. Think about whd
th6y really need. Stress the need for agreement from ttp
outset and only engage in constructive arguments.
o lf you are negotiating in a foreign country, be prepared
with their style of negotiating. Planning is crucial. Leam
the customs, values and practices of the people you €ue
to negotiate with.
. i#ffi.S$ffi.,i 1$#so there won't be time
on anyone. lf the other party try to Htiffiffia
new issue, then call for an adjournment. Also, if you
making no progress on a very difficult point, sugged
tdffiSi*. liffit+ to it later.
o ldentify who the decision-maker is. Make sure you
who you're talking to. But don't be intimidated by
o Control your emotions when negotiating. Don'tfl
ffiffiffi@. Hide short tempers and frustration
never walk out in a rage. Never show fear or
of intimidation. Remember, it's not personal. As
emotion enters into the negotiation you are likely
o Be assertive, not aggressive. Focus on issues, nd
o Be the best listener you can be. Wait for the
finish their proposal before responding. Listen b
of voice as well as the words.

First of all, .ffi$;Ss1 everything you can about

o +trffiffiiijlilfli$for body tanguage that might give
indication of how the other side is feeling or
the other party. Preparation is vital. Clarify your
priorities and be ready to concede less important in position.
points. Keep your negotiating strategy simple o When you've made an important concession"
and flexible. ri:tffi.H#f$:' ,t and emphasise that each concessi
Plan ahead forwhat you are willing tor$$ffi4p,. serious loss for you. Don't concede ground
Know your bottom line or BATNA (Best receive something in return.
Alternative To A Negotiated Agreement). This o After you've closed the deal, don't+*iii6
represents the point you luni down their offer iffiBfiffi Shake hands. And teave.
and stop negotiating. Be polite, be persistent and keep your focus.

110
 ;1
Sfi* Look at the other highlighted phrasal
q
\ ER35 verbs in
the advice sheet. Whichire-transiiiu" und
*hi.h are
.::h the highlighted phrasal verbs in the advice intransitive in this context?
, - ,,, ith their meanings.
- -.ronlintroduce a topic
. ,- ^;ormation With transitive phrasal verbs:
' ,. \'our
feelings
. we cannot put an adverb between the verb
and
' . _,, lose particle or between the particle and object.
-.;n, highlight I turned reluctantly down the offer.
X
. - 3e, organ ise I turned down reluctantly the offer.
. _-
:3
X
I turned the offer down reluctantly. /
-,_.t-
.-.., Reluctantly, I turned the offer down. ,/
a
'. rrell with others in a group o We cannot put
" lue a relative pronoun immediately before
or after the particle.
, :-. iet
.: o \/ouf feet That's the offer which turned t down.
X
- _lreful because of danger That's the offer which I turned down.
/
; . . d the grammar tip
above. Then look at these 9 Put the rvords in brackets in the correct
"',, r'erbs and answer the questions. order to
complete the sentences.
-:-) .. .

,^ould point it out ... 1 lrvas in a hr-rrn.. so I/the/out/problem/quickly/

- --'esenfs the point you turn down their offer
pointed .

r&L
... 2 The Chairman uants the nreeting in
the morning, so
icL
:h phrasal verbs are transitive and which are
(l've / ten il set ,or rr[) o..l6ck,.
": ns itive? 3 That's the colleaqlre gcl\ e last smoking
ir€'
-:t ,, rvho ull
is the difference in the structures of the phrasal / week).
:':lSl 4
rn The topic was contro\ ersial. so I it
broughl.
up careiLrllr
m.rll oose the best answer to complete the rule.
-r
plns - =rimes more than one answer
5 Unfortunately, it rras the secr.ei rr hich ioLrncl
out,
ii possible. I/ had).
r transitive phrasal verbs, if the object is a noun, 6 Golf was too expensive, so I
res
qa\, e inrnedtaielr ,

= _an put it: up / iu.

A'i$ . iretween the verb and the particle. Z
rf'ts : after the particle. .She
made me a good oifer, bu: I ,, e r;:recl cJorr n /
it).
l,Ellil , itefore the verb.
.r transitive phrasal verbs, if the object
"$
$ Work with a partner and take it in turns to ans\ver
is a pronoun, the questions.
$$, -' _an put it:
. iretween the verb and the particle. 1 Have you ever turned a jolt cior,, n?
: atier the particle. 2 Have you ever filled in .t fornr ancl then reqrettecl
it?
. before the verh. 3 What is the best thine r ou h.l e set up?
,
4 Have you ever founcl out an inrportant secret?
as 5 Did you fit in well rr ith r our classnrates rvhen
vou
:G, were younger?
Do you like to hare \our mistakes pointed
ETTIN out to
you?
ll l@ 7 Have you ever gir en anr thing up?
m,B o Do you knorv u.hen to shut up or do you
tend to go
on talking?
f-ariguage reference anci exira practice,
srrtrfrl ?aq,es 146_147

p.artner and prepare for a negotiation.

Think about the
situation from the other person,s point of view.
Student A: turn to page 155.
Student B: turn to page .156.

"111
 qq
?.ii i: ;;i!r:f-:. :: :,,.;; ?.-'.. $;\V i hl L, f- I V [: 5 A.-l' L ,r".&

!l'ri.iATlrlN
Kenneth and lngrid Carter own a company called
Marine lnstruments. They have recently developed
a marine product, an alarm device which helps The MLSffi {Mari*te &*i{e-$mwictg ffiev*ee}
sailors to locate a member of their crew who has helps to locate and search for crew members
fallen overboard. They need finance to launch the
product and to cover their initial marketing costs.
who have fallen overboard from a boat or
They have contacted two investment firms who may yacht.The device is attached to the clothing of
be able to help them: Ndptune lnvestments and Ariel crew members. lf someone falls into the sea, it
Capital. Both firms provide capital and advice for automatically emits a signal which gives the exact
start-up companies and in return expect to share in
location of the person who has gone overboard
the profits of the company. This is usually in the form
of a percentage stake (shareholding) in the company. to someone on the boat. lt also sends a signal
Neptune and Ariel like to invest in companies run to other boats in the area.As a result, crew
by enthusiastic, motivated people who have exciting members who fall into the water can be quickly
products to develoP.
recovered either by their own boat or other
Kenneth and lngrid have arranged to meet Neptune
lnvestments first. Neptune directors will question ii,'boats which are nearby.
Kenneth and lngrid about their product and if all goes
well, will negotiate a deal with them.
Details of the marine product are given opposite.

3 Read the situation and the description of the product'

Work with a partner and discuss the questions'
1 What l<ind of companies do the investment firms finance?
2 How do the investment firms get a return on their money?
3 How does the MLSD save lives?
4 Do you think the MLSD is a marketable product? Cive
reasons for your answer.

t tf you were directors of one of the investment

companies, what questions would you ask the inventors
of the device? Make a list.
3W Kenneth and Ingrid meet directors from
Nepiune lnvestments. Listen to the first part of their
conversation and make notes on these points'
. unique features of the MLSD . patents
. tests . production
. target consumer . plans for the future

#
,ft

I
 SAVI Nil [-$VfS Af 3lA
t' l. .' .''\ t'.r i.
- 5a The extracts in Exercise 4b demonstrate four
-iHI A{,Ir\"1]A,
RESi]{}NtilNC Til fi;:f-[RS different ways of responding to proposals. Match the
extracts (1-5) with the functions (a-d).
''' EEI Listen to the second part of the discussion and
',r .r the questions.
a accepting a proposal c rejecting a proposal
-.,. financial terms do Kenneth and lngrid offer
b using persuasive arguments d bargaining
:.JIle? 5b Whictr sentence in the extracts refers to the points
-, do the two sides fail to make a deal? that will be negotiated?
d
,il '' - - mplete the extracts'from the discussion. Then
TASK
,, , : - 3Bdin and check your answers.
xrar r ICCTIAT| 1\{l A CiLl'.lTi{A.CT
,', -.i's talk about the agenda for this afternoon. I propose .v

Erd
d
e cliscuss three specific : the amount 6
Having failed to make a dealwith Neptune
-
our in your business, the _
you can lnvestments, the two inventors have now set up a
rmer us and other you're working on. How meeting with two directors from Ariel Capital. They
idy about that? are ready to negotiate a contrac! providing they can
. Sounds OK to me. agree on the terms.
eah, that's Group A: turn to page 155.
' '.:li l'm sorry, butthat's not . Investing half a Group B: turn to page 157.
- - - : iitteen-percentstakewouldn't us.
- ,r--e in here, let me remind you of the
7 Begin the negotiation. Try to make a deal that will
satisfy both parties.
, - ll get from investing in our device.
- -.e: it's a(n) _
: -.:sociations have
product and several
it and found that it
I Now work as a class and discuss the questions.
I :il it's got an international 1 What strategy and tactics did you use in your
negotiation? How successful were they?
l;l rve're not about the terms vou How do you feel about the outcome of the
= re not to invest in the project negotiation? Was everyone happy with the result? lf
-; inrprove your offer. not, what went wrong?
,:t ii rve you a bigger stake? Would
to give us $500,000?
.', e give you a twenty-percent stake for the
llliiiir
Making concessions
tr--:runt, what do you say?
'lMLr :. --. . \\'e were
_ for a much higher stake. We're prepared to ... if you'll ...
i{fi" -at's our final offer. lt looks as if we can't We'll increase our offer provided/as long as you ...
_ a deal. Suppose W€ ... , would you be willing to ... ?

Accepting an offer

to us.

Rejecting an offer

I'm afraid it's not acceptable.

Sorry, but we can't agree to that.
We were hoping/expecting ...
 i- it 't !v L;-a l I \.
3b Work with a partner and practise delivering the
,\,14 K i it {; A. il u 5 ! i r- [ 5$ P !{ i:s t i'i tAT I c i.i introduction.

X Work in groups and discuss the questions.

3a ffiwatch the second part of the presentation
and answer the questions.
1 What makes a good presentation? Make a list of
guidel ines for presenters. 1 Where was most of the research carried out?
2 'A, presentation is a performance.'Do you agree?
2 What are the racket's unique selling points?
Cive reasons for your answer. 3 Who is the new racket aimed at?
3 What kinds of presentations are common in business? 4 What promotional support will the salespeople
receive?
Xa ffi !*trllejurt!*r: ln an introduction, you
3h Presenters use signalling language to structure
welcome your audience'5nd explain the structure of the
talk. Watch the first part of a presentation and complete their information. Watch the second part of the
the introduction with the words and phrases in the box. presentation again and number these phrases in the
order you hear them.
after that by the end of the talk finally purpose a l'll come back to this point later.
first, l'll comment we'll be happy to answer b First of all, I'll talk briefly about the research we
carried out to develop the Winner-100.
What does this mean for our marketing and sales
,l :a': Good aftemoon, everyone, l thirk most of you approach? It means you'll be promoting a new
already krow me, but ior those who don't, my name's racket that gives players what they want.
Rachel Park ald I'm Busrness Marager of First Serv.rce, d Moving on now to the product's unique features.
and I'm slrre you've a]l met our Marketing Marager, e To sum up, the Winner-l00 is an.exciting,
John Emerson. The of our presentation today
r
innovative product.
rs to famrlanse youwrth or-r excitingnewproduct, our For instance, they reported increased power ani
Winner-I00 tennis racket, ard to oufline our marketing control when testing the new racket.
strategDi, I'll show you the video clip of the players using i-:
racket.
bnefly on the results olsome research we've
h But first, are there any questions?
done, Next, I'll descnbe the umque feahres of the
i Back to you, Rachel.
product, Then, I'll hand over to John. He'1i grve you a
profr1e ol our target consumer, t-,
:

he'll talk about

n ,I'11 summariseor-rkeypointsand u_,you

i

should have enough mforrnation to stafi plann:ng how

you'Il sell rhe new rackel, ' any questions when I

we've finished our talk, ;::i;

',

114
 ffir the functions (1-9) with the 7 Read the feedback on a presentation by
hnSuage used in the sentences
!g fxercise KarlMeyer, a new Sales
Manager. Rank the complaints
3b. u..oraing to how serious they are.
an example Here are some typical comments
mtllu,frmg from the feedback forms:
inur:ducing your first point
,&rrflilq,sing a point ' .x,T,',l [3J:lir]"
was verv nervous' I don't think
he'd prepared
mrning to a visual aid 2 'r was sitting at the back of the room.
None of the back row courd
mumnnmmarising hear what he said.,
ffininB-another subject 3 ',what a broring. voice! r switched
off after a coupre of minutes.
nffi{rng tor a response
from the audience I wasn't the on"ly one., And
irmMrahng you will give further 4 'He didn,t seem to have any plan
for his talk. lt was Iike an
Itl'ilsnnation about a poiret improvised monologue _ no
Iater ,trr.trre at all.,
ilmErnng to a co_presenter 5 'He forgot to mentioin the most irfrr,rr,
thing: the unique selling
points of the new producl., ' -'
qf with a partner and practise 6 'He read most of his presentation.
ilre signalling language. There wasn,t much eye contact.
H: had no rapporr wlth his audien.e.l
(i{n(lus'on Look _
/ 'flts powerpoint didn,t work
at these descriptions properly. He got his slides mixed
mb conclude a presentation. ilfni.f,
up and looked rea,y embarrrrrui.
riu k"pf ;p;i;;;r#,'*ni.r-,
presenter use in her talk? annoyed me.,
Mte rhe main point, but say it a little 8 'l asked some straightforward questions,
but he couldn,t answer
them. How can t sell the produci,f
mfinerently.
queries?,
i.rn,, answer my customers,
Fm sfrr rvith an impressive
It.Lr:x
quotation.
up, make a recommendation,
9 'He ran out of time, so he raced through
" " ""t the rast ten minutes
the aud ience.
llttlnrumrk
talk.' of his
hr telling a.human_interest story.
10 'lt was one of the worst presentations l,ve
ever attended!,
P1m
hm, something that reminds the
td'T.: of your original objecive. !a nylnhlasirrg
complaints
Match these paraphrases (a_f)
of some of the
in Exercise Z to the origi"ri...pf"ints
ru;r',5{g6ls (1_6).
with a positive stalement a A member of the audience mentioned
,uu',tilmnch
encourages the audience to take that your voice was rather
quiet.
&L1[r3n.
b suggested that you arrived late
54," something inspiring
n :re audience,s mind.
which will stick c ll*r.r
Varying the tone and pitch of you,
and seemed a rittre nervous.
uole would improve the
delivery of your presentation.
llrite an alternative conclusion to d. Unfortunately, you failed to mention the
unique selling points of
using one of the ideas in the product.
4a. Several participants fert.that your
.e
t lt's probabry not a good idea.to
talk Iacked a crear structure.
-"trse making a presentation ,.urJ u prur"ntation because
about a need to keep eye contact with vou
pece ot sports or fitness equipment your urji"n.".
vour company has just launched. w9rd1 ,, p^hfr-": ,n:1.h paraphrase
rcr any questions your colleagues !b.11trat
participants'opinions hetp to express the
in a tactful *;yt iit to explain
b ask- phrases do this. how the words/

; =tr\C SKII-LS l:-tlll',n:ase.complaints

expressed in a tactful way.
7-10 from Exercise 7 so the opinions
are
*rl-iUL BUSTNESS EMAil
I As KarlMeyei,s boss, write a tactfulemailto
Itn'is it necessary to take on his presentation and advising;i;;;';;* him, giving feedback
extra care ro improve his
use when sending performance.
}.trnty1q:.yo.u
at work? Work in small groups Dear Karl,
arid
l've received sctme feedback fram
members of the aucJience
who attended yaur recent presentation
ta aur loca! distributors.
Unfartunately, there were some negative
comments about your
presentation. -..
'l
CI Compare your answer with
the-model answer on page 164.

115
 ' -.1}"*ltritile
llorfijl;r ir lrfe is l* ,&* f*:ared. /f is *nly i* f:e u;rrJe;"sfo*d. Merie {ir,:r,r'' ( lutr;'* l9l I j, l'triirir gcie ntis{

SrLAK'lt{,
3 a Work with a partner and discuss the questions. X- *"O an" article and choose the best
1 How important is it for hurnans to explore space? heading for paragraphs A-F. You do not
2 Do you know any current or future projects to explore space? need four of the headings.
3 Which planet in our solar system most interests you? Why? 1 Characteristics shared with Earth
2 The possibility of life on Mars
1 {r Compare Earth and Mars. Which planet do you think: 3 More thrilling discoveries to come
'l is bigger? 4 A common history
2 is warmer? 5 Rethinking our ideas about Mars
3 orbits the Sun faster? 6 The view from our spacecraft
4 has a longer day? 7 The method of investigation
5 has more gravity? 8 Early images of the planet
6 has more moons? 9 What water means for Iife on Earth
7 has more nitrogen in its atmosphere? 10 Evidence of a different past

Xc Check your answers on page 164. 3fu *;st;ng*ishir:g fact ir*m r;pir:ir:n Read
the information in the box below. Then
V*CAi3U LANY look at the highlighted parts of the artic*-
CL(}LilCICAL i[RMS Are they fact opinion or a combinatiorn
of both?
2a Work with a partner. Take turns to choose a word you know
from the box and explain its meaning to your partner, without saying To increase our understanding of texts. ii's
the word. Your partner tries to guess the word. important to distinguish fact from opinio-
. This is not always straightforward as sor,,.
canyon crater erosion flash flood geyser rce cap
statements may be a combination of borl"
meteor reservoir subsurface tsunami
Euery time ue feel close to understandir;:
?h when you have explained allthe words you know, look up any Mars, ... (opinion)
unknown words in a dictionary or check with your teacher.r ... nelu discoueries send us straight back
to lhe drawing board lo reuise exisling
?c Which of the words have a strong connection with water?
theories. (fact\

1"t 6

h
 - : i,,,,o more tacts and opinions
" , ". iIe.
!, rt paragraphs A-C of the
- F nd some phrases that are
r ntroduce information as
,fact,
. , -ru think there is life on Mars or
-::e else in the universe?

@[ Listen to three people who

- =rested in joining a project
: ;,r create a human colony on A Since our first close-up picture of
. -rtmplete both tasks as you Mars in L965, spacecraft voyages to the Red planet
- i.-hoose one of the options for have revealed a world strangely familiar, yet different
enough to
..p. You do not need six of the challenge our perceptions of what makes a planet
work. Every time we feel
close to understanding Mars, new discoveries sehd
us straighi u..t irir,',"
drawing board to revise existing t,he6ries.
Background and skills B You'd think Mars wourd be easier to understand. Like
Earth, Mars has porar
ice caps and clouds in its atmosphere, seasonarweather
1
patterns, vorcanoes,
canyons and other recognisabre features. However,
1
conditiohs on Mars vary
wildly from what we know on our own planet.
a
J
c over the past three decades, spacecraft have shown us that Mars is rocky,
.lilot cold and sterile beneath its hazy, pink sky. we've discovered
that today's
,'redrcal skills Marh'an wasteland hints at a formerry voiatire worrd
where vorcanoes once
. t astronaut raged, meteors ploughed deep craters and flash floods
rushed ou"rii. rr.c
, ell travelled And Mars continues to throw out new enticements with
each randing or
rgle orbital pass made by orr. ,pr.".raft.
r good physical condition D Among our discoveries about Mars, one stands out above all others:
the possible presence of liquid water on-n/larr e'ither in its
ancient past cr
.". l: preserved in the subsurface today. water is key
Views on the Mars proiect because armost everyi,,,iere
we find water on Earth, we find life, lf Mars once had
Iiquid water o,. ,t or=,
1 talks about _. today, it's compelling to ask whether any microscopic rife
forms cc.i,o -3,,€
2 talks about _. developed on its surface. Is there any evidence of rife in
the pranet,s pa:-r--
3 talks about _. lf so, could any of these tiny living creatures still exist today?
lmagine -0,,,
.,qes in the colony's development exciting it would be to answer, .yes!,
:bris in space E To discover the possibiriries for past or present rife
on Mars, NAS.A -< r.1a-s
-e history of the galaxy Exploration Progra mme is currently following an explorahon
strates , (- : ,,. - ::
e need for good machinery 'seek signs of Life'. This science theme markla transition
in Mars exoic.;:c..
re importance of money It reflects a long-term process of discovery on the red ptanet
u"i:-:: -
:-ir ing over rough lerrain to understand Mars' potential as a habitat for past or preseni -nic-.. '-=,;. .=. = =,
Searching for this answer means delving into the planet's
Eec c: . ;^:
=:__i.
- Listen again and check your
history to find out how, when and why Mars underwent
dr-amaric cha:ges .:o
-:\\'efS. become the forbidding, yet promising, planet we observe
. today.
" , F Even if Mars is devoid of past or present Iife, horver.rer, there's str'r1 much
If you had to select just one
-: people in Exercise 4a for the of
excitement on the horizon. we ourserves might'become
the ,ri.e on r,ia.s.
Mars should humans choose to traver there one day. Meanwhire, i,ve
"rject, who would it be? Why? stiI have a rot
to learn about this amazing planet and its extreme env,rcnn
enrs.
- . What kind of training do you think
-'e \..,.i11 need for this project?

. .r r "!,,,1tr{}'l-lj!{.,;
- dIou joinaone-way
-- : ln to establish a human
' _ - \1ars? Why?/Why not?
' :. a paragraph summarising
:=:s in Exercise 6a.
 F,4NTASTIC PLASTIC
t,
LISTFNINC
ffiffi ffiffiruTIF;CR 1 Work
1
with a partner and discuss the questions.
What do you have with you today that is made
of plastic?
Comments 2 There are claims that plastic is a blight upon our
A l've had it up to here with all the rubbish that tree- Iives. Why?
huggers like you spout about plastic, particularly on as
informed a site as this one. Anyone would imagine that the ?* IEH Listen to a podcast and make notes on
discovery of this wonder material marks the lowest point the speaker's main points.
in human civilisation. Well, it doesn't. Thankfully, we're no
longer living in the Stone Age, so let's make the most of the 2b Wnicn of these points did/didn't you know
plastic one. r&
before?
B There's no point denying that plastic is a miracle material
that's more versatile, more durable and-more effective than READII\C
any other substance. We've mide more advances thanks to
its invention than we ever did before - too many for me to
3 Read the text quickly and answer the questions.
bother listing here. You'd have to be bonkers to deny that. 1 What is the subject of the text? What is the writer's
It would be nearly impossible to Iive without it. Try doing so; basic opinion?
you won't manage to for long. 2 How would you describe his attitude?
C Wnat about the materials plastic has taken the place of? 3 Where do you think the text comes from?
They're hardly eco-neutral, and extracting and producing
them is just as bad. How much energy goes into making glass? 4a Evaluating argurnents Read the text again and
Mining releases all kinds of poisonous substances into the identify the key points in each paragraph. How do
environment - chemicals like mercury. All told, do plastic- they relate to the points in the podcast?
based materials cause any more problems than any others? I
4b Wnicn of these points would undermine the
reckon not, and they're a whole lot more useful.
scientisfls argument?
D fhe oil argument is often wheeled out by the anti-plastic '
brigade, turning a blind eye to the fact that we get most
1 The production of plastic from oil requires large
plastic from a by-product of oil refining. So, plastic is actually amounts of energy.
made from what would otherwise go to waste. How green 2 Toxic chemicals leach from plastic into the
is that? environment.
E As for the claims that not all plastic can be recycled, well, 3 lts comparatively low weight reduces fuel
point of fact: all types of plastic can be. The problem isn't the consumption during transportation.
stuff itself, it's how we deal with it. lf we wanted to recycle 4 The decomposition of biodegradable plastic
every last bit of it, we could. Will we in the future? I hope so. produces COr.
Anyway, biodegradable plastic (from corn, not oill) is coming
on in leaps and bounds, so, soon the waste issue may be a 4c Look atAudio script12.2on page 181. Ev
non-issue. On top of that, plastic makes up little more than the argument and claims. What do you think are
five percent of the rubbish in your bin; that's the same as the strengths and weaknesses of this argument?
glass.
5 Witfr whom do you most agree, the writer of
F So, why does plastic get all this bad press? Quite simply, the podcast or the scientist? Why?
you can see it and it's unsightly. Well, l'm sorry, but of all
the types of pollution, the visual sort doesn't figure too
highly on my list of threats to us. There are many dangerous VOCABULARY
invisible pollutants going into the sea that we should worry INFORMAL PHRASES
about, but don't because we can't see them. And besides,
does it matter if a seagull builds its nest out of bits of plastic? 6 find informal words or phrases in the text
I think not. which have the same meaning as the neutral
( Now, while this may be a bit of a rant, it's not an phrases below.
ill-informed one as l'm a polymer scientist working in 1 unable to tolerate more (paragraph A)
environmental technology. So, let's all sing Happy Birthday 2 environmentally concerned people
to our flexible friend, polythene. (paragraph A)
3 talk incessantly (paragraph A)
4 to expend time and effort doing something
(paragraph B)
5 insane(paragraflh e1
6 referred to and presented (paragraph D)
7 a group of people against synthetic materiah
(paragraph D)
an uncontrolled or aggressive argumenl
(paragraph C)

118
 FANTASTIC PLASTIC

,iii rLmmnp[ete the sentences with informal

language
f,rercise 6. Make any necessary changes.
Ilillrmmr
10 Rewrite the sentences using substitution techniques.
Sometimes more than one answe, is possible.
ffr I iL .'r''rust
be ._- to want to stay here with the 1 ls plastic a wonder material? I thought
T,t"r-,[ane coming. it was a
wonder material until I Iistened to ihe podcast.
ne =_- with that racket. Turn that music down!
t'l .":o! to have a
2 Poor heat resistance is a weakness
of biodlgradable
every now and again; it plastic and its lack of strength is anotherweakness
of it.
mm.ul:s c{ear the air.
:,i: : -._._- to do the washing-up.
3 lt is important to reuse plastic bags. lf you
reuse
- Let,s do it when th.em, you are actively ieducing ,irrrtul
,u,lllt ie{ {rack. o leaching may be a piobtem caused by
,ffilrmd otfier examples of colloquial vocabulary in the
!,!:Il.ll
ptastrc, but l,m not sure it is a serious
problem.
t&1 runrd rnake those exampJes
more formal.
5 We manufacture so many things out of plastic.
We
manufacture carpets ancl clothEs. We manufacture
- .'\1.{R components for cars and computers. How
live without
could we
it?
_ \ ] .SUBSTITUTION)
filead- the explanation and match the types of
flfrfimdrtflon (1-5) with the examples (a_e).'

to_avoid unnecessary repetition in text and

substitution, whereby words and phrases are
rcrd by,others or even omitted, can be used. This
*ads to greater cohesion, or inter-connectedness,
a text.

.rrlltrr.:i substitution: replace a word

with a synonym or
11l1l[;itl--_-. nOny m.
iltiurr'idl substitution:
replace a noun/noun phrase
wi rF : ruord such
as one, ones, the sort.
,rl,t--,. -ubst'tution: replace a verb/verb
phrase with
dlll :r :'O SO.
lrl-'61*ar1 substitution: replace a whole clause with so
i|lllr -l:ri.
i[] i
zero substitution): completely omit the
ms
'p"Ifre.;td item. This often happens
aft,er words like
,U,lttllrr'-"' a//, SOme, nOt, enOUgh. 5 FEA K'f.JC
'l'N Work in
urm : ,a:.tic-based materials any worse than small groups and discuss the questions.
any others
'mil: rff, induskially? 1 Wh.at do you and your country do to limit
the use
l're-= s.no point denying that plastic is a miracle and consumption of plastic? Fiow effective
are these
ttr,mnnral that's more versatile, more durable and more measures?
,-re-:- .e than
any other substance. 2 Ho.w would you have to change your
Iifestyle in
lunro:s : rnatter if a seagull builds
its nest out of bits of order to live for a month withJut'buying
anything
lmuirqfrtii.? think not.
I ,made of plastic?
\ilry:r,irii ,,rihile this
may be a bit of a rant, an
3 What other materials have caused great
change in
rmr:r-ed one. the world?
rirtlhr.l
-,u made more advances
thanks to its
illlh,,d,r* ,!,e ever
did before. WR}T'F"]C
lluunrilr at the words and phrases in bold in the '12 Choose one
text. of the questions in Exercise -11
iulltr ,u,ords have a few.paragraphs on the topic.
been replaced or omitted? y.ti1: i.y to ,r"
1",9
substitution
jdllTl{'-age reference techniques in your writing.
and extra practice, pages 14g*14g

Watch an interview with professors

Richard Kitney and paul Freemon!
about synthetic biology.
Turn to page .154 for video activities.

"119
 BUSY BEES

SPEAKINC The mountains of southern Sichuan In China

are covered in pear trees. Every ApriI they are
1a Which insects and similar creatures do you like/
home to a rare sight: thousands of peop[e
dislike? Why? Work with a partner and discuss. Are
hotding bamboo sticks with chicken feathers
there more that you like or dislike? Which do you think
are the most/least important to humans? attached to the end, ciambering among the
blossom-taden branches. Ctoser inspection
1b what do you think this quote means? reveats that chitdren, parents and even
ide grandparents are at[ pottinating the trees by
If the bee disappeared off the sudace of the globe, i*ffi1l;
hand. lt is a rituat they have been foltowing for
then man would only have four years of life left. more than twenty years, ever since pesticides
Attribured to Albert Einstein ( 1879-1955 ). German physicist kit[ed their honeybees.
s

Apis mellifera, or the western honeybee as

!
she is more commonty known, has been
2a Understanding persuasive teclrniques Read this revered for thousands of years for her abitity
blurb from a book cover. How does it try to interest to make a sweet substance that detights the
you in the book? human patate. The eartiest record of humans'
use of honey is a cave painting in Vatencia,
From London to Los Angetes, from Stovenia to Spain, depicting a man ctimbing a cliff to rob
Taiwan, honeybees are dying. ln America one in a swarm of witd bees. lt dates back at least
three hives was [eft lifeless at the beginning of 10,000 years, to just after the lgst lce Age,
2008. ln France the death rate might be sixty and the love affair has continued ever since.
t

percent. ln Britain a government minister warns

that honeybees cou[d be extinct within a decade.
lf or when the world loses its btack-and-yeltow ls this what the honeybees are tetting us? That
workers, agricuttu re wit[ coU.apse. Civitisation our industrialised farming with its monocuttures,
itsetf might be the next victim. A third of atL pesticides and i ncreasingly unreasonable
we eat and much of what we wear reties on demands on honeybees themsetves is not
po[tination by honeybees. sustainabte? With their [imited resistance to
poisons and pottutants, are they the canary in
What is behind the caLilstrophe? Viruses,
the coaI mine warning us that if our [ifestyles are
parasites, pesticides and ctimate change have
kitting them, we are not far behind?
at[ b.een btamed. Some accuse beekeepers
themse[ves of working their charges to death by
shipping their hives thousands of mites every year
to different monoculture sites, a[[ in the name of
agribusiness profits. ln this fascinating book, two
keen amateur apiarists investigate the ctaims and
counterclaims with the scientists and beekeepers
in Europe, America and beyond. And they ask the
By the earty nineteenth century, honey was no
question that wiU. soon be on everyone's [ips: is
[onger the standard sweetening agent in Britain.
there any possible way of saving the honeybees . - The arrivaI of cheap sugar meant there was no
and with them, the wortd as we know it?
need for every househotd in the [and to have a hive
in the garden. But as industria[isation expanded,

2b wnicn of these words describe the blurb? the beehive, symbol of both hard work and the
acceptance ofthe sociaI order, stit[ featured in
apocalyptic apocryphal apologetic apoplectic Victorian society. Many buitdings of the time had
bees in their decoration, [ike Manchester's
3a Read the extracts. Which parts of the book do you t
t
neo-gothic town hatt.
think they come from? Choose from this list. I

1 ln the beginning was thebuzz (introduction/chapter 1)

2 The enemy within (chapter 7)
'10)
3 A world without bees (chapter

*i' ""?' ,I
leirs',:
-j-:,-:ii?Ia'r;
,,
,:*.4#i1:{
:1 ':,;i,'i:i! i. i
 BUSY BEES

section (A-E) do we read about these .5b fina other examples in the extracts where a
more than one answer is possible. nominalised form is used instead of a verb. \
:ftrrtion of honeybees as an early warning system How could you express the same ideas
aample of bees no longer performing thJir role using the equivalent verbs or adjectives?
pollinators
;ible contribrution of beekeepers to the
$ Language reference and extra practice,
pages 148*149
crisis
illEname entomologists use for the western honeybee 5c Put the words in the correct order to make
ndrange in diet sentences using nominalisation.
an example of the way bees provide us with more
ffinn food
1 diseases / by America / failed / many / the attempt /
life-threatening / to keep out
f d.nng" in the way of llbeping bees railway / honeybees / be responsible for / could /
ilrefact that the authors ol iheLook do not keep
the Trans-Siberian /the disappearance of many
hes for a living
ffie use of bees in art of / is / Argentina / world,s /'exporter / honey /
ffiie metaphorical meanings we attribute to bees
major / the
of embankments, / and nesting sites / roadsides /
Uhat do you think about the argument of this th_e loss / and public areas / is"the result
/ of flowers /
E tlo you know of any similar p-roblems? of excessive mowing

AB U LARY
CTIVE NOUNS We often use nominalisation in more formal
situations, e.g. in formal writing. r
CgmpleJg the phrases about groups of people, ln nominalisation, make a note of which prepositions
rnb or things with the collective nouns in the box.
'.afe USed.
.tfu',t;anV,at of the abitity to an increase in
f lock group herd pack l,Waqometimes form a nominalisation from a verb with
shoal stffarffi ,arsimiiaijrneanrng.
Palice.S;.{ ,,ui EVelry week.
dswarm of wild bees T-heie'rs,'ah:ii:ld.i€esi',fn prices every week.
a of grapes/flowers/keys
--- of wolves/hounds/ca rds
r of elephants/cattle/cows/deer 5d Complete the pairs of sentences with a noun and
--
a =-- of fish any other necessary words.
a
--- of sheep/goats/birds/geese 1 The weather was getting better.
of asstrmptions/conditions/values/problems/ There _
Ibols/chairs
_ the weather.
She got over her illness very quickly.
a _-- She made
'
of chem icars/islands/hotels/ch i ldren/adm i rers her illness.
He'll go into all the details
C-omplete the sentences with the correct form of later.
from Exercise 4a. He'll give the details
One of the things we really wanted to see on our later.
safari was 4 The bombs went off all night.
While diving around the reef we saw some beautiful There all night.
People were selling by the roadside. SPEAKINC
RAMMAR 6 Work in small groups and discuss the questions.
ALISATION 1 Bees can symbolise hard work and the acceptance
of the social order. What do other insects/animals
took at the sentences and complete the rule. symbolise?
The arrival of cheap sugar meant that there was no 2 Do you think that the way we farm is changing now
need for every household to have a hive. or will change in the future? :
When cheap suigar arrived, it meant that there was
I
4 .?: you eat organig food? Why?/Why not?
no need for every household to have a hive. Which other insects/animals could be extinct within
a decade? What kind of impact would this have
on
humane ?

5 What could you do to protect insect or animal Iife

where you live?
- denial, argue - argumentt fair * fairness

121
ffiffiffiffiffiffi Alt{{ l"L-lil f}&hi L:l-

5!1il,&? i{_ii'l 2h ffi The first question posed to the panel is

'Should genetic engineering, in particular the genetic
Ask the Panel is a current affairs and social issues modification of plants and animals that we eat, be
discussion television programme in which a mixed halted due to the potential for unforeseen future
panel of experts, commentators and members of dangers that it might cause for us and the planet?'Who
the public discuss questions posed by the audience. do you think might make these following points? Listen
Recent programmes have covered topics of law, the and check your answers.
media and healthcare. This week the topic is 'science 1 We can't trust the companies engaged in CM food
and society'. research.
id:

2 CM crops hold out the prospect of being able to

"$ Work in groups and look at the topics under feed the world's population.
discussion on this edition of Ask the Panel. What do 3 We can trust the scientists and the companies
you know about these subjects? concerned.
. nuclear energy . animal conservation 4 Research should continue, but with the correct
. genetic engineering safeguards and controls.
climate change
. cloning . illegal poaching of animals
5 The problem is that the dangers cannot be predic.:-
. animal vivisection . through research.
the moral duty of science
6 lt is currently possible to feed the world, but poli. -.
2a Read the profiles of the members of the panel on and business prevent this.
this week's show.
3 Do you agree or disagree with the speakers?
Indira Patel: the former chair of the National
Academy of Science, and a frequent media
expert on science matters

Bill Patterson: a high-profile member of

MWfl'
Earthwatch, an environmental pressure group

Molly Chang: an investigative journalist who

recently exposed malpractice in the chicken
farming industry

David Perez: a.school Science teacher for

twenty years
 A \;{ I1! l ii-.
ii-, fAf if l-
-o..cl-JA{:il
Edc . rC TO wI.{AT oTH[R PECI]LI HAVE SAID r,&$K
TA!{INT, PART II,] A PAI!EL DISL-USSION
* - : -rplete the sentences from the panel discussion
f0jfijui rL ,r"rd:he pairs of words below (a-f). Then listen again 6a Work in groups of five. you are guests on Ask the
Panel. Read your roleplay cards.
iillf rl :5eck yOUr anSWerS.

StudentA: turn to page 15G.

= _ lndira _ , this research certainly Student B: turn to page 1 57.
xadl " :- dn't be halted.
:, Student C: turn to page 158.
_ David _ about current safeguards might
Student D: turn to page 158.
- - J reasonable.
Student E: turn to page 1 58.
you _, you're saying that science-
, ;=i businesses can't be trusted. 6b take it in turns to be the chair of the panel. Discuss
- : I just on something that Indira the questions in the order indicated on the producer,s
:irout feeding the world's population? notes below.
that genetic engineering will enable us to
ffid ::e rvorld, that that wasn't currently possible.
' - IDS \ve should Producer" nofet - querfion
to _ the original running_
ll?,
fll,m '.s' cn said, which was that there are unforeseen 1 Ir nuclear eoelgy fhe solufion fo fhe energy crisir
in the t,torld and should all eounfrier be able fo
."- u,hat d pick, up
:: d d evel op n t,cl eo r powe r?
e understand, correctly
. said t claimed, suggesting 2 Ir if righf fo confinue ferfing bofh medicinet and
, t" at different versions of the sentences in cofnefiet on animalr?
"
'r i' , ir i. Choose the correct sentence in each pair. 1 Do fhe dangerr o{ cloning oulweigh fhe
, ell, as Indira mentioned, this research certainly ... ,dvanfager? 1{ ro, rhould all reteareh info fhir
I ", ell,
"', as lndira's words, this research certainly ... arca be halted?
, -c things that David made about current
;,teguards... 1 Ar animalr have alwayr beco-e erfincl
I -e points David made about current safeguards ... fhroughouf fhe hirfory o{ fhe world, do hu,"tan,
. ' see you correctly, you're riyirg that science- really have a r*rponribilify fo rave ani,na! species
- .sed businesses ... {rom fhat danger?
I - iollow you correctly,
lou're saying that f Skould rcienfirfr ignore fhe moral aad rocial
,- ence-based businesses ...
implicationg o{ fhe;r research ro thaf,fhey can
. ' could just comment on something that lndira
.= d about feeding ... caneenfrafe on pushing fhe bo.rndarie, o{ hu-on
kn o wl e d g e wifh o uf re rfri cfi o n?
, ',ll feeding...
, :-e stated that genetic engineering will enable us
-, :eed the world, implying that ...
: :-e claimed that genetic engineering will enable Ghairing a discussion
-
' .o feed the world, of the suggestion that ...
i :erhaps we should go back to what the original Right, Iet's get the discussion under way. The
question is ...
iuestion said...
h Ferhaps we Let's see what someone else thinks. David?
What's your view?
Do you have an opinion on that?
Anything to say to that?
What's your response to that?
lf I could just bring David in here.
I think we're going round in circles here. Shall we
move on to the next question?
It's time to move on, I think. Let,s look at the next
question.'
 STUDY SKILLS 4 flreparation Here are some vital questions you
EXAMII\ATION SKit"LS should ask yourself if you,re preparing to take
"l [xam vocabulary an English language exam. Add one or two more
Complete the sentences with the questions.
words in the box.
1 How many marks are there for each section or
candidates cheat compulsory CTOSS OUt question?
invigilator Iegibly revision 2 How long can I spend on each of the reading
passages/texts?
1 lt is crucial to start your _ for the exam early.
3 ln the Iistening exam, how many times will I hear
2 Your handwrlting doesn't have to be perfect, but you the recording?
are expected to write lf you make a mistake, 5u ft!| Listen to a discussion between a student and
the wrong answer neatly and write the a teacher. What kind of exam is Th6rbse going to take?
correct one. What kind of tasks will it involve?
ln section A there is a choice of questions, but the
questions in section B are _. .5b Listen again and write down the advice the teacher
The _ will be lookingout for _ who try gives Th6rEse.
to .5c Write your own top five tips for taking exams.
2 Developin$ self-awareness Work with a partner and
discuss the questions. WR}TINC 5KII.LS
1 Think about exams you have done in the past. What A PERSONAL STATEMENT
went well? What could you have done better?
2 Do you find exams stressful? lf so, how do you try to
6 Wnat do you understand by a personalstatement?
When might you need to write one?
manage the stress?
7a You are completing an application form for an
3 Cornparing exam cultune These points are all Advanced Communication Skills course at a London
generally true of international English language university. One section of the application form asks
examinations. Are they true or false for most you for more information about yourself. Make brief
examinations in your country? notes on these points.
'l Once the exam has started, if you need any help, 1 the reasons why you want to do the course
you have to put up your hand and ask an invigilator. 2 your background, including previous studies
But they cannot tell you the answers to any 3 what you are currently doing
questions! 4 your English level and details of any English
2 You cannot talk to any other student; this will be language exams you have taken
viewed as cheating. Cheating is an extremely serious 5 any work experience you have
offence. lf you cheat, your exam will not be marked. 6 your interests, hobbies, etc.
3 In an essay question, you must answer the question 7 your future plans
that has been set. You cannot write everything you
know about a topic or discuss a vaguely related 7h Work with a partner and compare your notes.
topic. 7c dead the personal statement. What topics from
4 If there is a word limit, you must keep to it.
Exercise 7a does the writer cover in each paragraph?
5 At the end of the exam you must stop writlng the Do you think this structure is effective?
moment the invigilator tells you to do so.

124
 I These statements are otten true of
good personal statements. Are thev true
\ame: Monica Paganin of Monica's? lf so, why?
\ationality: Itals.an 1 lt is convincing and suggests the s,riter
is committed and enthusiastic.
Lr applying for this course because, 2 lt shows that the writer is prepared to
ri-,:rugh I feel I have a good level of offer something, not merely take n,hat
:::en English, I need to improve they want for their own ends.
r .peaking skills. I am interested 3 There are no contradictory pieces of
:: .;erning how to give good presentations and to participate information. lt does not get itself into a
,-:,
=.dvely in group discussic,ns. My pronunciation is very heavily tangle.
i ,:enced by Italian and I would like to be more like a native 4 There are no obvious gaps in terms oi
r'::ker. I know this will be difficult, but itls my dream! One of coverage. No important parts of the
-r :ousins studied at youf univeriity tu,,o years ago; he had a writer's lile are missing.
,:- positive experience and recommended the course to me. 5 The statement has a personal
",-.-e studied English for ten years at a private language school dimension and the writer's voice comes
" ::-. ciq,. About three vears ago, I took the Cambridge First through.
j::icate Exam and passed with an A grade. I believe I am now 6 A lot of time and care has been taken
over the writing.
i:-;anced level and I aim to take the CAE or IELTS exam
7 The language makes the writer sound
' , ::. Can you advise me about that? intelligent, without being pretentious.
r-:erning my background, I was actually born in India (my B There is a strong conclu.sion.
: -:::::is were working there fot an NGO*), but I have l_ived in
.L since the age of three. I grew up in a small town on the I Conelusions These conclusions to
r, :'i this was a very significant experience for me, first
CoaSt and personal statements were written by
rL:,: ating my love of the sea. international students who wanted to
study in a UK university. Choose the
i "r ::: I \\,as ten, we moved to Padova (Paduain EngJish), an correct word/words to complete them.
,rir' ::::'ti: university city near Venice, and I went to high school and
,,,"i.' ::sin- here. At school I did well in science subiects and went
1 If my application is successful /
,i - rewarding / acknowledged, I aim to
srudl Marine Biology at university, graduating last summer.
snatch / clutch / seize the opportunin.
' '"ssertation was on the ecological effects of the tidal barner to take an active part in a medlev I
, ,lr:.. built to pfotect
Venice and it was well received. I strongly variety / miscellany of academic,
,:r li:-'- that our future l-ies in the seas
and .v/e must do everything cultural and social activities during mr.
LLi : -j:r to understand and protect them. After all, Eath isn't called university Iife.
-"r :r-e planet for nothingl I very much want to make my own
2 In the future I want to play / panake i
: ' i.-.-- contribution to that goal. Next year I hope to start work participate a role in the development of
LlrL r :;searcher in the Marine Environment Research
Centre. If I my country of origin rvhich, over the last
illn -- .. successful, I may go abroad to do a Master's, for which many / few / plen\, years, has been in a
r-lri:r s-ill be very important. difficult situation and now needs good
ur .:. iualified divrng instructor and in my summer vacations I administrators. I could give back rvhat I
trirLr,: :",ped in seaside holiday camps for disadvantaged children, will gain / aftain / reap irom the UK and
wide range of responsibilities, from planning activities
ilrirliiii:-{ ,i1 a help my country develop its economy,
,l ; ,,ling homesick children! This has taught me soft skills Juch
r:-. and struggle/ clash /frihr corruption.
rfltl -,ri:::ig to others attentively, teamwork and leadership.
10 You are going to apply for a course
lr lrr ::ee time, as well as diving, I enjoy many other water in an English-speaking country. Decide
,tl:il *: ..9. swimming, water polo). I also like reading, which type of course you are applying for,
especiallv
rttttr 1 : :ri- Paulo Coelho and Haruki Murakami. My greatest lor-e, then write the personal statement that will
ititttr r..:.-=:. is travelling and accompany your application. Write about
experiencing foreign cultures and
rJlt'in'
-ri ' - ,,ns. \Xlhile I am attending the course, I would also like to 400 words.
tlflutlrllir -;;
',pportunity to visit museums and galleries and generallr-
iirl,,Iri.il *r =e rich cultural life of a greatcrq.
,: r "r:'- j:: mi-self an enthusiastic and conscientious student,
,ltt{lr'l, ,;,1 'cenefit from and participate actively in the classes.
- -
iiifi , v; 1; sar s English is important because it is the
global
i;,rhflr,rr[rL-u,. ,,f communication, but for me it is also a beautiful

i,,turmrr**r-"u: -; hich I love learningl

''r r' _:-:.:nral orgarusadon

12s
 IANCUACE REFERENCE

CRAMMAR PAST PERFECT

lil rHr coNTtNUous AspECT The past perfect looks back from a time in the past to
another time before that.
Use the continuous aspect to talk about:
o an action or situation which is/was in progress at a She'd applied for ten jobs before she got this one.
particular time. The past perfect continuous focuses on duration.
He was researching into gene therapy at the time. She'd been applying for jobs for months before she
. an unfinished action or situation.
got this one.
He had been working in the lab when I met him. FUTURE PERFECT
. a temporary action. The future perfect looks back from a time in the
l'm using Jo's laptop grhile mine is being repaired. future to another time before that.
Lucas will have finished the job by 6.00 p.m.
. a trend, changing action or situation.
Scientists say the weather is getting hotter.
The future perfect continuous focuses on duration.
Lucas will have been working on it for three hours
Use the present continuous to talk about actions or by then.
situations currently in progress.
They're conducting a series of experiments into OTHER FORMS
genetic mutation at the moment. The perfect has an infinitive form: to + have + past
participle.
Also use the present continuous to describe future I expected you to have completed the questionnaires
arrangements. by now.
l'm giving the lecture on Thursday.
The -lng form is having + past participle.
Use the past continuous to talk about an ongoing Having arrived at the laboratory, il,e were shown to
action in the past, often unfinished. Professor Dalton's off ice.
I was working on the genome project the whole of
last year. (The project hadn't finished by the end of KEY LANCUACE
the year.)
ffiK srarruc R[eutRrMENTS, sAy!NG wF{Ar lS
Use the present perfect continuous to talk about ESSENITIAL AT{ D DESI R.ABLT
an ongoing action or situation in the past that is still
continuing into the present or has just finished but ESSENTIAI
has a result in the present. It's absolutely essentialthat ...
The doctor has been waitingfor you for ages. They/The candidate must have (done) ...
l've been running to get here on time. That's why l'm They'll have to have (done) ...
out of breath. Candidates have to be able to ...
That's/X is a pre-requisite/an essential requirement.
Use the past perfect continuous to talk about an
ongoing action or situation in the past that is still DESIRABLE
continuing up to another time in the past. (l imagine) it would be helpfulto have (done) ...
The researchers had been focusing too narrowly - It'd be a good thing if he/she had (done) ...
that's why we stopped them. It would be an advantage if he/she had (done) ...
ThatiX would probably give them an edge.
Use the future continuous to talk about temporary
actions in progress at a particular time in the future.
VOCAE IJ LARY
We'll be working on the project all next week.
KK tssurs rN EDLicATToN
W mrr TIERFECT Asp[cr assessment, critical thinking, curriculum, dumbing
down, elitism, informed decisions, interpersonal skills,
Use the perfect aspect to look back from one time to knowledge base, plagiarism, rote learning, streaming,
another.
traditional teaching
PRESENT PERFECT
This looks back from now to a time before now. It &X nrponnNc wl-tAT orHERs s,qy
often focuses on completed actions or situations. argue, claim, comment, conclude, deny, point out, suggest
We've already interviewed ten people for this post.
W surmxrs (ADJECIvIs) \
The present perfect continuous focuses on the affectionate, al lergic, ambitious, ana lytica I, educational,
duration of the action. empathetic, famous, fictional, infectious, influential,
We've been interviewing all morning. logical, passionate, persuasive, powerful, speculative,
succOssful, toxic

MX eagnrvtATtclt"{s
BA, BULATS, CV, IELTS, MBA, MSc, PhD, TOEFL
 EXTRA PRACTICE
I Complete the sentences with the correct NM a Complete the sentences with words or phrases
form of the verbs in brackets. from V1.
rllfl#eil'cdes _ (work) as a teaching assistant since she 1 The subjects studied in a school/college are called
nmni,'.,ed here two years ago.
lillr_ {try) to finish my assignment all through the If you reproduce other people,s work and claim it as
@mne journey, but it was too turbulent. your own/ you are guilty of
llllli'lhe rearranged lecture
_ (take) place next Friday at TV broadcasters are often accused of _ because
5100 p.m. programmes aren't intellectual enough.
W"'brking conditions in the factory _ (improve) is often criticised because it does not
hdore the new management started. encourage i ndependent th i nki ng.
lllltrc rvhole family _ (stay) with Ralph,s parents 5 It is necessary in a Ianguage course to have frequent
urummtilthe building work is completed. to measure students, progress.
llhe security guard _ (lock) the office when the 6
h'rrglars forced their way past him.
Some schools practise _, that is, they have
groups of different abilities for some subjects.
llh.norv I failed the test because I _ (not
,mncentrate) in Professor Williams, lectures.
N&X q Replace the underlined phrases with reporting
verbs from V2 in the correct form.
2 Choose the correct forms to complete the 1 The teacher put forward the idea that we might want
to review the perfect aspect for the test.
ffi'n'the time the strike at the car plant was over,
cm'eral of the workers already found / had already
They were about to leave when Nikki brought to our
rlnrund new jobs.
attention that we still had ten minutes left.
4,l.an will have negotrated / been negotiating deals
,un,idr the
USA for 40 years when he retires.
Ithat office block has been /ryas empty since 2012. In this presentation I'll make the point strongly that
"we need to invest more in education.
llhey have closed / been closing the production
department for five days already this month.
tf't'e really wanted to have The president says it is not true that he was involved
/ having finished all the
rr,'ork by now. in any arms deals.
The company had recruited / been recruiting
graduate trainees for over 20 years when the scheme After studying your application, we have decided
r,t'as ended.
after consideration that you would be the best person
for the position.
[I : Read the advert and complete the sentences
mrilfi phrases from KL.
Scientists in France state that it is true that they have
found a cure for cancer.
br--*ityof West HamPton I
klanzuages Department currentlv has
Em
ffi;tdr a leiturer in English Language studies' E 0 Complete the definitions with an adjective
formed from a word in the box.
ffie successful candidate must:
* U". native or bilingual speaker of English' affection ambition
* have a first degree in English or Linguistics' persuade speculate
- h";;;;;;G.ia"u," qu"alification in a related
subiect.
1 Someone who shows you in a gentle way that they
Ilhe following are also desirable: care about you is _.
- howledge of at least-one other language' 2 A theory which is based on guesswork rather than
' experience in the higher education sector' facts is
' i"i;;i;;m"'au.ro[-ent of the English language' 3 Someone who is determined to be successful in
IS
Ihrms and conditions on application'
4 An illness which is spread easily is
5 Someone who is able to understand other people,s
-.
! the applicant speaks English fluently. feelings and problems is _.
) studied English or linguistics. An argument which can make you think differently
3 completed a postgraduate degree. about something is
{ could speak another language.
) worked in higher education.
6 were interested in the development of the
English language.
 LANCUAGE REFERENCE
CRAMMAR I But don't use couldn't to talk about a general
I possibility in the future; use might not.
@ nnrrclrs I +he-w€ather could not @oo+temorrew. ,.
Use the indefinite article (a/an):
. I the weather might not be good tomorrow. /
to introduce something for the first time.
Madagascar is an island off the coast of southern Africa. Use rnusf (but not mustn't) and can't (but not can) to
express a logical deduction, for something you are
fi a/an and one
certain about.
I A/An and one are not usually interchangeable.
Antonia must be here. Her coat's here.
I One + noun means'not more than one/one only'.
Jamie can't be here. He went out two minutes ago.
t One egg is not enough to make a cake. (= I need
I two or three.) ADVICE/OB L CATIO N/PRO H I B ITI O N
I

I nn is not enough td make a cake. (= I also need Use should or ought fo for advice.
I "ggingredients.)
other You should/ought to go to bed earlier.
Use the definite article (the): I Use should, must or have to for obligation.
. to refer to something mentioned before. We should arrange our visas soon.
Madagascar is an island off the coast of Africa. The
Must and have to are stronger than should. Have to is
island is well known for ...
used for rules and obligation from'outside'.
. to refer to something obvious from the context You have to pay this fine within two weeks.
(common knowledge).
Use dont have to or don't need to when there is no
Can you pass me the pepper?
obligation.
. to refer to something unique. We don't have to wear smart clothes to the party.
Doesn't the moon Iook beautiful tonight?
Prohibition is negative obligation. UsL can't or
. with a superlative phrase. mustn't for this.
It's the best holiday we've ever had! . We can't go in there - it's for staff only.
. with the names of some countries and
You mustn't speak to the driver when the bus is moving.
geograph ical featu res.
The islands are in the Pacific Ocean.
KEY LANCUACE
Use the zero article (no article):
llE srarrruc YouR PosrrloN
l'd like to make my position very clear (about this).
o with general plural and uncountable nouns, and
X is an absolute priority/is not negotiable.
abstract nouns. It's vital to have X if you want to ...
lslands often attract tourists because of the number of
It simply isn't possible to ...
beaches in a small area.
Conservation'is an important issue now. 8tK cmntrvlxc
. with people's names and continents, countries, lf I understand you correctly, (you're saying) ...
cities, mountains and lakes. It seems you will/won't ...
Turkey is the only country to straddle two continents: What exactly do you mean?
Europe and Asia. I understand where you're coming from ...
OK, you've been very clear about ...
M naooal vEri.BS: pREsEhtr AND FUTURE
VOCABUI-ARY
ABILITY/POSSIBILITY
Use canlbe able to for ability/possibility. ffi rmnvrl collocATroNrs
People can swim from this beach. ancient monument, baking temperatures, boutique hotel,
We won't be able to save Balandra Beach. budget airline, carbon footprint, Iast-minute deal,
local del icacy, organ ised excursion
PERMISSION/REQU ESTS/REFUSAL
Use can, could or may for permission and can or MX rutr.:lrr-w0RD vn{ES
could for requests. Use won't for refusal. avoid getting ripped off, get away from it all,
'Can I borrow the car tonight?' 'Yes, you can.' get back to nature, go off the beaten track, let your hair
Could you hold my bags for a moment? down, live it up, lounge around by the pool, soak up the
I won't give up. atmosphere, steer clear of the tourist traps, take in the
sights
LIKELIHOOD/DEDUCTION
Use can, could, may or might to express a Iikelihood KW TNT NATURAL WORLD
in the present or future. archipdago, biodiversity, ecosystem, endemic, feral,
The country may/might/could be moving towards Iava, reserve, tectonic plate

Antonia might be in her office.

 EXTRA PRACTICE

XM S Complete the advert with collocations formed

from the words in the boxes. Use one word from
each
box in each gap.

1n:iTt baking boutique tocJ - ;;t;;i;;,

temperatures
[rcf,oast in the afternoon, or just relaxed.
mmmffiuctor who took us for yoga was fantastic
ffifimiilil{iedgeable. 1r_- holiday was onlv a week
ffilh hodr calm and invi$rated when I goiback. It,s
'-- most relaxing holiday l've ever had!,

end correct one mistake in each sentence.

,ffi lkft ot people are becoming more interested in the
,ffitxrrism these days.
lflmmrn sure if Karen,s here at the moment. Hold on a
anot
mrmrrmu.lrte, and l'll check if she,s in
a kitchen.
llilldidln't realise you wanted to go on the excursion
ltum" ionly booked a ticket.
It[Me
stal.ed in a great hotel in Florida. While a hotel
ly* il a built-up area, it was very quiet.
lflEmple are travelling less because a lot of the
e*o$Sg holidays are more expensive this year as a
mw;ulh of the rise in fuel costs.
i$'N[e're.been saving up for
years to go on a really
-Calapagos
mecial holiday - we want to go to lilands.
Land of 1--, such as the pyramids and the Sphinx
3Choose fwo correct options in each sentence. Two weeks in Egypt this summer from as little as 400
{s we become more aware of climate change, more euros - one week in a(n) ,_-- on the Mediterranean
oeople can / may / might choose not to fiy i"cuur" coa.st.and. another sampling thincient
history of Cairo
:,r dre environmental damage. and the delicious , _ in its restaurants. Oi, if you
l[-me play has started. you can,t / mustn,t
/ prefer, a three-duy l_ down the Nile with one of
,,tiuu't't have to g6 in until there,s our tour guides - what better way to escape the
a break.
hh'pen's run out of ink. Can /Witt / Coutd I borrow t _- in July and August?
,mrc of yours?
S;ki's on holiday this week., ,That isn,t / can,t be /
llnnustnt be true
- she,s got an interview on Friday., XK e Find phrases in V2 with these meanings.
very Iikely that he will win a major tennis
Xllis 1 avoid places where there are a lot of visitors:
r,mumament soon but it may / could / might notbe g" to a place which doesn,t attract a lot of people:
lli.,riirs v'ear.
?
3 relax at the hotel, sunbathing and swimming:
4 visit famous places:
I 4 Complete the conversation with phrases from KL. 5 _not pay extortionate prices:
lhooked a holiday with you last month, but l,m 6 have a good time and lose your inhibitions:
ariiraid I can't go now. l,d like a refund.
Tlhat's a shame. When is the holiday for?
llhe flight leaves on Tuesday.
W f choose the correct words to comptete the
sentences.
Oh. I see. lf , _ correctly, you want your money
1 One day I'd love to buy a boat and go island_
3ck tol a holiday deparring in five days? lgnninS across the lndonesi an archipelago / reserve.
/ffi Ttat's right. ^
2 Shortly after Mount Etna started erupting, tectonic
m 'Urirrell" l'm afraid that isn,t possible.
plates / lava could be seen flowing dow"n the
,ffir don't understand. What ) side of
?
the volcano.
-n saying that it r
1ffir
_ at th[ stage. 3
it *_ give me a refund. Is Ihat correct?
Lime disease is feral / endemic to the local area.
1l'r,

can't give you a refund. you,ll have to go to your

4 The government created a nature reserve / ecosystem

rrs,urance company. _
5 fl" last year to protect the local bird population.
,ffi1 tt'ns,r.rrance? /
This area is a thriving ecosystem rese,rve, with
hundreds of species of animal and plant Iife.
lffir 'tlqrr.r don't have insurance? But it,s s insurance 6- There are lots of endemic / feral do'gs on the island
de-!en vou book a holiday. which have been abandoned.
 LANCUACE REFERENCE

C RAMN4AR Use shouldlought to have + past participle to express

past necessity or criticism.
M susonDrNATI cLAUSES
You really shouldn't have missed the exam.
A sentence consists of one or more clauses. These may
We ought to have called your family in advance -
simply be two main clauses, joined by and, but or or .
they might not be in.
The contract was signed by all parties and the
meeting ended. This can also express regret.
The contract was signed and the meeting ended I should have taken the job they offered me; l'd be a
are two main clauses. director by now.
A sentence often consists of a main clause and Use needn't have + past participle to say that we did
a subordinate clause, joined by a subordinating something, but it turned out not to be necessary or
conjunction such as wh&, because, although, if . there was no obligation.
Many people couldn't get to the conference because I booked the tickets in advance but I needn't have
the train drivers were on strike. done so as there were lots of empty seats.
'l've brought an umbrella for you too.' 'Oh, you
When subordinate clauses begin sentences, they are
needn't have done that. I've got my own.'
often separated by commas.
lf you're ever in Ceneva, let's visit CERN. I Compare with didn't need to + infinitive. When
Let's visit Cern if you're ever in Ceneva. I we use this, we don't know whether the action
I happened or not.
Commas are not used before 'that' clauses.
I W" didn't need to book tickets as the concert wasn,t
It's quite natural that you should be concerned I very popular.
about the LHC experiments.
A main clause can stand by itself. ln the second
KEY I-ANCUACE
example above, Many people couldn't get to the &M srxnNC 08.!rcrrvrs
conference makes sense on its own. Our main objective is to ...
One of our main goals will be to ...
A subordinate clause can't stand by itself: because
Your priority is to ...
the train drivers were on strike only makes sense
Your target must be to ...
when the main clause completes the meaning.
We aim (also)to ...
Subordinate clauses are dependent on a main We would like to ...
clause; they often express a notion that explains ThaVX should be a key objective.
or completes something in the main clause, e.g. a
reason or a condition. IIE crvlNc srRoNc ADVTcE
. cause/reason (because, as, since) It would be advisable for you to ...
. result (so) I think you ought to ...
. condition (if , unless, provided) It's essential to .../lt's vital that you ...
. purpose (to, so that) l'd strongly advise you to ...
. time (before, when, while) Istrongly recommend you to...
. relative (who, which) I urge you to ...
. reported speech (that)
VOCABU LARY
M n,1onal pERFECT M orprNDENT IIREpo'tTtoNlS
A modal perfect is a modalverb + have + past ability to, fascination with, great at, love of, obsession
participle. 'with, passion for, proud of, reluctance to
Use mustlcan'tlcouldn't have + past participle to
express certainty about something in the past. E eplrcnvEs oF cHARACTER
He must have been really happy when he found out aloof, charismatic, cultured, devious, dogmatic, emotional,
his exam result. hospitable, meticulous, pragmatic, self-effacing
She can't have arrived - her coat isn't here.
Marcel couldn't have written this - his English isn't
M rrcrrnxATrohtAL RELATToNS
cultural awareness
good enough.
diplomatic meeting/immunity/posti ng/crisis/negotiations/
I fhe opposite of must have done is can't/couldn't incident
I have done.lt expresses impossibility. i nternati o na I meetin g/conf I i ctlawareness/posti n g/

comm u n ity/crisis/negoti ations/i ncident

Use maylmightlcould have + past participle to
overseas conf i ctlposti n g/com m u n itylcri s s/i nc i dent
I i
express a degree of possibility in the past.
su m m it meeti ng/negotiations
They might have cancelled the class - there was no

I could have finished my degree but I was too lazy.

 EXTRA PRACTICE
I
;oin the sentences using the words in brackets. Oh yes. We 3
to read a lot about it over the
eny other changes necessary. summer.
ffirlh joined the diplomatic service. She wanted to And l'd o_- advise you to tread carefully _
lllue in different countries. (so that) people get upset about this kind of thing.
We know. One of our main r wiil be to
reduce people's over-sensitivlty.\//" want to get
Tlfllne people were very disillusioned. The election
some good guesl lecturers in.
lilurmnout was extremely low. (because)
Yes, that should be a key u_. Well, good luck!
ltrllflllp most successful candidate was the young &B C Complete the sentences with the words in the
'wmrrnan. She had the best qualifications. (who) boxes. Use one word from each box in each gap.
!&

l[ ]lelt university last June. I didn,t get a permanent job cultural fascination international overseas
proud rel uctance

awareness of relations with

iililhe police searched for some conclusive evidence.
I[#ne suspect was questioned. (while)
1 My father was in the diplomatic service and had lots
lf,lltlme people in this city are very welcoming. you of to interestingc places.
tlttltlmflr.ustrespect their desire for privacy. (provided)
2
z tI've
ve always had a great
atways fiad great insects.
3 Many American people have a(n) travel
outside their own country.
2 Aead the situations and complete the 4 Living in a multicultural environment,'it,s important
(a-e) using modal verbs. to have good _.
ffinhert has never had very much money. He doesn,t
5 lt's fine to be _one,s country and its
achievements, without being jingoistic.
lM1" very good job and' he hasn,t got many
-,
rry,urlifications. Suddenly he started s[ending a lot
6 In today's globalised world, _- are more
important than ever.
mf rnoney and buying expensive things, anjthen it
mpped.
Sft S Complete the puzzle with adjectives. Use the
tiifle _--got a better job because he isn,t well clues to help you.
ryalified and because the spending stopped.'
h*e come into money someho*.
hfie --
-_- won
rfrlfie=--
the lottery.
inhefited money from a relative.
NFh
--- spent it all so fast - he
smr-ne for the future.
saved

You are going to a concert with some friends and

ry u want to eat first. Your friend Jo is late, so you
ffinnd a restaurant but don,t have time to eat
much
[lecause you're late for the concert. you rush to get
dilfrere, only to find that the concert is cancelled.
rflb _-- arrived late - she knew we wantecl to eat.
'Wttie
rushed to get to the concert after all.
--
\lulle _- spent more time over the meal and
emjoved ourselves more.
llffrc concert hall sent a message to our
mnmobile phones.
Sorneone in the band
fallen ill suddenly to
1 cold and distan! not friendly
cancel the concert at short notice.
2 friendly, welcoming and generous
3 Complete the conversation. Write one word in 3 someone who is sensible and practical
4 someone who is self- _ does not push
tap-
themselves forward.
M!'e want to run a new course on cultural awareness.
5 interested in art, music, literature, etc.
ollr main '_- is to get the students to appreciate
,d&fterences.
6 having a natural ability to attract, interest and
impress'other people
"llllfrrat's
very laudable. I think you 2_ to consider
dtre content carefully though.
 LANCUACE REFERENCE

CRAMMAR Use be due to when you expect something to

happen at a particular time.
E coHrsroN 1 (LTNKERs)
The plane is due to land at half past six.
There are two different types of linkers: the
conjunctions we use to link two sentences or clauses Use be about to when you know that something is
(e.g. and, when,lf) and the adverbs we use to make imminent.
a link across two sentences (e.9. in addition, then, Lucy is over nine months pregnant - she's about to
however). have the baby.

These conjunctions and adverbs perform a number Bf ON + NOUN + OF + -/NC FORM

of different functions.
be on + noun + of + -ing f orm
Use be on the point oflon the verge of + -lng when
something is imminenU it is similar to be about to.
as well as (this), We can't stop the procedure now - the surgeon is on
furthermore, the point of operating.
in addition,
moreover/
BE+ INFINITIVE
Use be + infinitive in a formal context to talk about
similarly
decisions, obligations and requirements.
although, but, even so/ The meeting is to be held in the boardroom and
even though, however,
Janine is to take the minutes.
while, whilst, in contrast,
whereas, yet nevertheless, This can be used for prohibitions in the negative.
nonetheless, on The patient is not to be given anything by mouth.
the other hand, It can also be used for events that are fixed.
otherwise lnterest rates are to come down to two percent.
as a result,
This structure is not used in informal conversation.
!i:ir!1;1ri*-i:liiin::i::;:;:iil:lii::ll
i::iailf i;:lLi:ii:Iln:::ii:.ii.li:t;::i:: consequently,
for this reason,
KEY LANICI.]ACE
therefore

llt vl-f'- :..r after, as, as soon after that, III JusrrrYrNG oPrNror!s
as, before, since, meanwhile, One reason I favour )Udoing X is ...
rrlt*::;r.i.{rir:tnra::: until, when, subsequently So you can see that this ..., can't you?
while/whilst Bythis, I mean that ...
That is exactly the kind of thing ...
lf we do X, people will inevitably ...
Notice the diffelence between the use of the
The fact that X happens means that Y is fully justified.
conjunctions and the adverbs:
While I accept that X would be ..., it'd also be ...
Sonja was rarely ill even though she ate junk food
You maywellask...
and took Iittle exercise.
Sonja ate junk foods and took little exercise.
However, she was rarely ill.
VOCAB U LARY
Linking adverbs are often used in more formal
E srnlrH coLLocATtoNS
blood pressure, chest pain, flu virus, heart attack, heart
situations than conj unctions.
surgery/ high salt intake, immune system,
We decided to have a meeting to get to know one
lhfant mortality, life expectancy, maternity ward,
another while they were putting up the exhibition.
omega-3 oils, premature ageing, tanning salon
The exhibition was being constructed when we
arrived. Meanwhile, we held an introductory meeting. E nrnlrHCARE
alternative medicine, conventional medicine, consultan!
GI rurunE FoRMS wrrH BE
doctor, doctor's surgery, general practitioner (GP),
BE + ADJECTIVE/ADVERB + INFINITIVE have a check-up, have an operation, have a scan/an
X-ray, hospice, hospital, Iack of funding, Iong waiting
Use the following phrases to suggest certainty that
Iists, outdated equipment, palliative care, paramedic,
something will happen: be bound to, be certain to, pharmacist, pharmacy, post-operative infection,
be sure to.
preventive medicine, see the doctor, surgeon
Sunita is bound/certain/sure to pass her exams -
she's studied so hard. EIHI rxr LANCUA6E 0F EMoloN
lf you are less certain, use be likely to . antagonlsed, d i si I usioned, d isorientati ng, elated,
I

Ryan is likely to specialise in heart surgery, but he exasperati ng, exh i larati n g, i nspi ri ng, i nvi gorati ng,
isn't sure yet. rejuvenated, relieved
 EXTRA PRACTICE

1 Join the sentences using the words in brackets. Iil * Match the sentence halves.
Iamie called for an ambulance. The ambulance 1 The fact that your CP refers you
arrived ten minutes later. (after) 2 That is exactly the kind of thing
3 One reason I favour putting this to the vote
Sarah qualified as a doctor. She never worked in 4 While I accept that a high salt intake is unhealthy,
medicine. (although) 5 So, you can see that
6 lf we change the rules again,
l'm on holiday the first week of June. I can't attend a it's something I enjoy.
the conference. (as) b l've told you to avoid on numerous occasions.
C we can't be of any more assistance, can,t you?
illy classmates got jobs v&y quickly. It took me six d is a sign that he is prepared to admit he doesn,t know.
months to get a job. (whereas) e the people will inevitably call us indecisive.
f is that we need to know that our members agree.

lhe met Maria three months ago. He has been very

h"ppy for three months. (since)
@ S Complete the sentences with the words in the
boxes. Use one word from each box in each gap.

There aren't enough people at the meeting. We can't blood chest immune infant
trake any votes. (since) Premature

agerng expectancy mortality

Oornplete the sentences to make them more formal. pressure system
a linking adverbial.
@ family all came to my graduation and my tutor 1 _ is higher now in developed countries
came too. than it has ever been.
lll[y family attended 2 " Constant exposure to the sun can result in
of the skin.
The doctors won't operate on Mr Jacobs because he 3 You shouldn't take your reading
ls hugely overweight. when you are under stress.
iltdr lacobs is extremely 4 Taking a vitamin C tablet every day helps to boost
the _
We were delayed for a n hour onthe bus while the
5 Older people need to take _ seriously
as it could indicate heart problems.
procession went past.
ill[re process i on. passed
6 Simple treatments like rehydrating children with
stomach upsets can reduce

firlthough l'm interested in alternative medicine,

prefer to visit my CP for serious problems.
I
M e Find the foltowing in V2.
lllhur interested in alternative medicine.
1 six practitioners:

2 four places:
3 Replace the underlined parts of the sentences
frfure forms. Make any other changes necessary. 3 three diagnostic treatments:
TIrcse painkillers should not be taken by children.
4 three problems with a health service:
Tfftrrr father will definitely like your present. He's
fucinated by vintage cars.
M Z Find an adjective from V3 for each situation.
expecting our first guests to arrive at the
WUre're How mightyou feel ...
dnnrch at about 3.30 p.m. 1 after a day at a luxury spa? _
2 if your blood test shows no serious problems?
plane wil I land at any moment
3 if you pass all your exams with an A grade?
tlffis - look, you can
w it in the skyl How would you describe ...
4 a lecture by someone who is successful field
you're interested in? _
h's probable that Paul will bring the baby over at the 5 a coldshower on a really hot day?
urrcekend.
6 a city you don't know where all the streets look the
same?
[ffisitors should report to reception upon arrival.
 LANGUACE REFERENCE
CRAMMAR CLEFT SENTENCES
A cleft sentence means splitting one clause into two.
@ rurunE rN THE PAST
We do this to emphasise part of the sentence. There
We sometimes need to talk about the future but from
are two types of cleft sentences:
a point in the past, e.g.:
two days ago: l'm going to buy a laptop tomorrow. /t clefts emphasise the object of the clause. So, to
today: I was going to buy a laptop yesterday. emphasise her dreadful behaviour in this sentence:
I really object to her dreadful behaviour.
WAS/WERE COINC TO
Use waslwere going to when the future action we can make her dreadful behaviour into a separate
happened. It clause:
When I last saw Cinny, she was going to start her It's her dreadful behaviour (that) I really object to.
new job the next day. s Wh- clefts emphasise the verb of the clause. To
But we often use it with actions that did not happen. emphasise would like in the following sentence, we
Michael was going to study IaW at Oxford before he can make it into a separate wh- clause.
had the car accident. We'd like to inspect your kitchens.
What we'd like is to inspect your kitchens.
We can also use it to make excuses.
We were going to get in touch but we've been so , ' With wh- clefts, we use to be to link the two clauses.
busy. lf the verb in the original sentence is in the present
WAS/WERE TO or past simple, we form the wh- cleft with doldid .
Use waslwe re to in formal contexts to talk about The companies maximise their profits.
decisions, obligations and requirements (see be to What the companies do is maximise_their profits.
+ infinitive, Unit 4), usually for actions that were not
fulfilled. KEY LANCUACE
The ministers were to meet at the Paris Fashion Show
but it was cancelled after the bombs.
W urscussrN6 F{ypor}-rFTrcAl N DEAS
Suppose we did (have a caf6), wouldn't that ...?
It'd mean that we'd have to ...
WOULD
l'm not sure how (feasible) that'd be.
Use would when the action definitely happened.
lf we were to ..., we'd ...
Madonna's childhood was quite poor brut she would
I was wondering if we might ...
become one of the richest women on the planet.
We'd need to ..., otherwise we'd ...
We can also use phrases with no,uns and adjectives (Surely,) lt'd be better to ...
that express the future (see Unit 4) with waslwere . If we (had a special range), but still ..., we'd ...
They were due to catch the 11.20 train. I don't know There'd be a chance to ...
if they did. Admittedly, that'd mean ...
Marcus was bound to be chosen for the job.
VCCABU L,qRY
ffiW rnarr*xrc srn.t JCTUtlrs
There are different ways of changing the word order M coxsul,4rn coLLocAT,oNs
confidence, demand, goods,
of a sentence in English to make it more emphatic' advice, boom, choice,
issues, price index, products, society, spending, trends,
INVERSION watchdog
lnversion means changing the position of the subject
and verb to put the verb first. This is common with a 'W conxr'ouND ADjECT[vrs FoR&,tED wrr]-l
number of negative adverbs, e.g. not only, no soonerl NOUNS
nevert scarcely, at no time, little- eye-catch i n g, hand-made, h i gh-qual ity, I ife-l on g,
No sooner had the doors opened than the customers present-day, smoke-free, time-consuming,
flooded in the shop. world-renowned
Never in my life have I been so offendedl
Little did Val know that Colin had already planned KM surnxrs (NouNs l)
the holiday. activist, consciousness, convenience/ emergence/
obsession, popularity, sustainability, violation
Note that when we use inversion with the present or
past simple, we have to use the do auxiliary'
 EXTRA PRACTICE
1 Choose the correct forms to complete the IE S Read the definitions and complete the
ln three sentences both forms are possible. collocations.
lfrf'fire letter said that all new recruits were going to /
1 the level of satisfaction with the economy, demonstrated
ufimre to report to reception on arrival. in how much is spent consumer
1il|fl1rc guard shouted at us to hurry as the train was
2 a Iist of prices of products to show increase/decrease
ffimund to / was about to depart. in the cost of living: consumer
][flxire Minister was to / was due to address the 3 questions/topics which concern consumers:
mnmittee first thing in the morning. consumer
;fifrfice was going to / would join the Dior fashion 4 the kind of things that consumers buy: consumer
flilnmrse but she decided against moving to paris. 5 the range and variety of products available for
_
ffi w:rs clear from the outgpt that Noel would / was to CONSUMETS: CONSUMCT
lhec-orne the Presi dent's successor.
@mce Nadal had been knocked out, everyone felt E 0 Replace the underlined words with compound
lffihai Federer would probably / was likely-to win the adjectives. Make any other changes necessary.
mrmament. 1 Don't complete new forms for every student; it takes
too long.
ffi0rk in pairs and discuss your answers to Exercise
is the difference in meaning between the
in the sentences where both options are correct? Famous Formula 1 driver Felipe Massa announced
his pa(icipation in the Monaco Crand Prix today.
3 Complete the second sentence so that it has a
meaning to the first. 3 He has a very noticeable tattoo on his left shoulder.
'flffire
staff had no idea that the company was going to
,dbse. This hotel is an environment where cigarettes can,t
[i,tde be consumed.
kroe ran the London Marathon in a rabbit costume.
tfthat Tissane chocolates are crafted by our own
ffity accountant alerted me to the tax problems. chocolatier, Pierre Didier
lflt was
ilfr,Jk$ody has ever been that rude to me before.
illtcr,.er
[H Z Complete the sentences with a word formed
from a word in the box.
lll$rc humidity is really difficult to-bear.
Wtr lat active conscious convenient emerge
popular violate
lfitre humidity ii really difficult to bear.
[h

1 The,investigation showed that the company,s

{ Use the prompts to write sentences expressing working practices caused several of
ideas. employees' human rights.
fil fr,,ri mt sure / profitable / that / be 2 The President's was confirmed when the
election results came in.
! fficre/ be / chance / attract new customers 3 After the fall, Ben lost for a few seconds, but
he wasn't seriously injured.

fll il/uonder/ l/
4 ' A lot of people like the of shopping online
redesign /window display instead of going to the supermarket.
5 The last few decades have seen the of China
uue/ employ / only graduates / we still
frfl / need / as a major world power.
ilrain them 6 During the protest, several _ were arrested for
vandalism.
$llrypose we / have / weekly meetings / that / create /
sense of involvement?

me/need / clear / ideas with Head Office /they /

ffi approve / funding
 LANGUAGE REFERENCE
CRAMMAR Form compound adjectives by using a hyphen
E THT PASSIVE: between each word used to describe the'noun.
Form the passive with a form of be + past participle. She has a six-month-old baby.
Use the passive in the present and past continuous, Nouns can also be used as pre_modifiers. Form
but avoid other continuous forms. ' compound nouns by joining two nouns, either
His behaviour is being monitored. as one
word, with a hyphen, or as two words.
Form the infinitive of the passive with to be + past pseudoscience ex-president address book
participle. Use adverb + adjective collocations to give more
We expect the work to be finished next week. information about the noun.
Form the passive after modals with be (without fo) + Scientrsts have announced a newly developed
vaccine.
past participle. s A phrase introduced by a preposition can be used
A cure for cancer might be discovered in our lifetime. as
a post-modifier.
There is a perfect form of the passive infinitive: to l'll meet you at the caf6 on the corner
ol 42ndStreet.
have been + past participle. Full and reduced relative clauses can also be
The students were hoping to have been awarded used in
this way.
their degrees by now. That's the woman (who is) responsible for our
Form the passive of -ing forms with being + past European sector.
participle (e.9. after prepositions). Similar to these are clauses formed with a present
We congratulated her on being promoted. participle or a past participle.
Jntransitive verbs cannot be maiJe passive. Who's the man giving a speech at the moment?
II@ime=r Football is a popular sport played all around the world.

The passive is often used because the agent is Use fhat to introduce a whole clause (subject + verb
+
obvious or unknown or unimportant. lt is also object) after the noun.
sometimes used to avoid naming the agent, perhaps What do you think of the idea that we could all be
to avoid blame or responsibility. living on another planet some day?
The keys seem to have been mislaid. To introduce the purpose of a noun/ use a fo_ infinitive.
tf we want to give the agent, we use by: They brought in an expert to examine the damage.
II You will be contacted by customer services.
KEY LANCUACE
We can also use the passivg to manipulate the order
of information in a text. (ln English we prefer to start [B cnrrrcrsrNC
a new sentence with something that has already been But what about ... ?
mentioned). It's a major disadvantage.
This new software is revolutionary. Apex Solutions Since when have ... ?
designed it. x
This new software is revolutionary. lt was designed
MX accrpnNC cRrr[cts&,4
That's a fair point.
by Apex Solutions. r'
I have to agree with you there.
We can choose to put longer subjects at the end of a OK, I'm not going to argue against you (on that one).
sentence by using the passive. It's true that...
The new software was designed by a developer at
Apex Solutions who had worked for Microsoft. MK c rrrnt F{c co [-J NTER-ARG u,q,{ENITS
But really, it's up to ...
The passive is also used to describe processes. That's a fact of life, you just have to ...
The mixture was heated to 100 degiees. You're absolutely right, but...
M conaplrx Not;N pHRASrs
VCCABUI_,A.RY
Complex noun phrases are used to describe the noun
in a sentence. They either appear before the noun M prscnr EING TEC,-{NoLocy
(pre-modifiers) or after the noun (post-modifiers). 3 Tuseum
piece, behind the times, cutting_edge,
had its.day, innovative, new-fangled, obsJlete, outdated,
The most common pre-modifiers are ad.iectives. red u n dant, retro, revo I utio nary, itate-of-the_art,
When more than one adjective is used, they appear superseded, the last word in
in a certain order: opinion + size * shape -+ age +
colour * origin + material -) purpose. &&X 6s116cAnclNs
The museum has a beautiful old French collection of a.c6demic assessment, code sequence, complex data,
antiques. diagnostic test, false results, health system,
quality control, research subject, test tube

136
 EXTRA PRACTICE
hnite the sentences in the passive. E + Complete the sentences. Write
iicians at our Milton Keynes factory assemble all the parts. one word in each gap.
1 Since have politicians been
ictreras are always monitoring us in this office. honest about their intentions?
2 OK, it's _ that the product is
equipped the building with cutting-edge technology. expensive, but I think people will still
want to buy it.
3 That's a fair _ - I have to accept
)/ou to include all relevant documents with the you're right about that.
form-
4 AII right, I'm not going to
against you on that point.
nloqJ mind our cameraman recording your presentation? 5 You're absolutely about that,
but I think you're missing the most
them to have mad-e the final decision by now. important point.

8K S Find words/phrases in Vl with

orrect options (a or b) to complete the text. these meanings.
iert,in the most incredible building yesterday. lt,s the 1 describes a person who is not aware
of Defence headquarters, and 1_. It's a high-rise of or using current ideas or technology:
On arrival, ,_ to the 'security suite,, where
against government records. Once that is done, 2 based on styles and fashion of the
rylt
appropriate level of security. From then on, when you recent past: _
departments, you just look into the camera as7_ something new which you don't like or
ar,ftomatically. lf a door is not security-sensitive, s trust: _
something so valuable or interesting
u'ho specialises in hi-tech systems designed it
it should be displayed to the public:
ed by an architect who specialises in hi-tech systems
over the surrounding office blocks
replaced by something new and more
office blocks are towered over by it
up-to-date:
meets visitors and takes them
completely new and leading to great
are met and taken
ranned their eyes
improvements: _
are scanned
dreck the images
$![ O Complete the sentences with the
words in the boxes. Use one word from
are checked
each box in each gap.
ilsmre a pass
lh krred academic complex diagnostic
a door health research test
h approached
lltmsm alone activates it assessment data subject
br, body heat alone svstem test tube
rulds in the correct order to make sentences.
/fuod/ it's/ is/which / used /an / most I fast / in'
1 The sample is placed in a(n)
where the reaction can be observed.
It was an interesting theory, but after
I the / new / side-effects / has / lethal proper _t it proved to be false.
The initial research threw up a lot of
lffihr,uur / it / give / this /to / some / soup which need to be analvsed
carefully.
ffilmisl t/ his/ liked / that / together / all / work / we / on
4 Ben agreed to be a(n) in trials of a
new medicine.

ffirey,{ rr- 7, / porcelain / gave /beautiful

Doctors carried out a(n) _ to try
and find out what was wrong with her.
The government was credited with
/ it's/ lovely / a / the / old / in making dramatic improvements to
the
/'rmodern / in / most / it's / of / a / lound/ homes

/ the / te / speaking / who's?

137
 LANCUACE REFERENCE

CRAMMAR SECOND CONDITIONAL

lf + past, wouldlcould/might + infinitive
@ euaNTtFlERS
Use quantifiers before a noun to indicate the amount Use the second conditional to talk about an unlikely
or quantity of the noun. A few quantifiers describe possibility in the future or an unreal situation in the
precise quantities, e.g. both, no. Most, however, present or future, and to give advice.
describe vague quantities, e.g. some, several, many, lf I got the job, l'd have to move away.
much, (a) few, (a) little. Note how they are used: lf we had more money, we might stop work.
lf I were you, l'd finish my degree.
THIRD CONDIT!ONAL
lf + past perfect, wouldlcouldlmight + have + past
no, either, every no, any,&oth, no, (a) Iittle,
participle
(a)few, a lot of, a lot of, some,
some, several, much, most, all Use the third conditionalto talk about unreal
many, most, alI situations in the past, i.e. situations that are contrary
to the facts, to express regrets and to criticise others.
To talk about things in general, use quantifier + noun.
lf I hadn't been talking on my mobile, the police
might not have stopped me.
We received several packages this morning
If you hadn't argued with my mother, we would have
To talk about something specific, use quantifier + of had a nice evening.
+ thelmylourltheseletc. + plural noun.
We received several of the packages you'd sent. MIXED CONDITIONALS
We use the clauses from the second and third
IJ With alland both,we do not need of : conditionals to talk about present or past results of
I We received both/allthe packages you'd sent. unreal situations.
JI Wu do not use no + of the. We have to use the
a if + past perfect, wouldlmightlcould + infinitive
I oronorn none; 'lf he hadn't left me, I'd still be happy now.
I Non" of the ietters arrived. b if + past, wouldlmight/could + have + past participle
Sometimes we use a quantifier + noun/pronoun as lf I loved him, I wouldn't have left him.
the subject of a sentence. Most are followed by a
pluralverb. KEY LANCUACE
Most of the volunteers are available. llil
eppBcvrNc IDEAS
All the books have been signed by the author. Sounds like a great idea!
I think it's a really good suggestion.
Note that everyt much and little are followed by a
It's a good project, in my opinion.
singular verb.
Every delegate is expected to attend.
8$K rxpnrsst r"lG Do{..,BTS
With no and none, we can use either a singular or a l'm not too keen on this one.
pluralverb. I can see some real problems.
None of the students was/were prepared. Will it really work?
I just don't think it's feasible.
@ conrorroNAls
These are the most common conditional forms: ffi orrrntNc couhrrrn ARGUMTF{Ts
It could be very expensive option.
a
ZERO CONDITIONAL But X might not be such a big problem.
lf + present, presenUimperative Some of the projects must be for the long term.
Use the zero conditional for actions that happen It may not cost as much (money) as you think.
every time a condition is fulfilled, and for
instruction s. VOCAB U LARY
lf you press F1, the help menu appears. &K rnro,us wtn-i H,4ND
lf the alarm sounds, Ieave the room at once. a safe pair of hands, give someone a hand, hand in
FIRST CONDITIONAL hand, have (got) my hands full, my hands are tied,
on hand, time on my hands, turn my hand to anything
if + present, willlcanlmaylmightlshould + infinitive
Use the first conditional to talk about real M rxpnrsstoNs br qunrurrrv
a bunch of, a couple of, a great deal of, a large quantity
possibilities and for promises, warnings, etc.
of, a pair of, a slight majority of, a tiny proportion of
lf it's raining tomorrow, we won't go to the beach.
lf you come here again, l'll call the police. rnnrcuLAR. pLURALs
Sffi
analysis - analyses, criterion - criteria, hypothesis-
hypotheses, phenomenon - phenomena, thesis - theses
 EXTRA PRACTICE
I Hnd and correct nine mistakes with quantifiers We _- (not sell) our old hi-fi if you
trport us that you wanted to keep itl
_- (tell)
It's about time for a career change, so if the hospital
writing cour,se - end:of-!€€tr repott (offer) me that job, I think I
presentation of the course has been the most _ (takej it.
so far.
llII + Complete the text with phrases a-f.
Thanks.for your presentation of the new organic
sfudents passed the course and exam -,
fnrn (33/40) achieved a grade 3 or better
cosmetic range. personally, I thinkl but I
have some reservations. First, ,
*ith the pricing
passed wilh a grade 1
structure. It ,_-
for our usual market, which doein,t
tutors agrees that the results reflect the aptitude
They agreed theat most of this yeafs group have
spend a huge amount on cosmetics. a
to expect
our customer base to switch to , prodtr.t thrt,s 20 per
hours and deserved their excellent,results.
cent more expensive, so we need to explore a different
fgg([ggj, ,',
market. But s--
:
such a big problem as we sell into
a little end-of-year.,,feedbact< forms have been
some very upmarket stores. yes, I Iike this idea and think
so far (furfher'information to follow). Of the
we should research it further. u _-. What do the rest
who have- ieSponded,'several has commented' that
of you think?
is the most rnter:esting,they have taken so far. ' .'
student who havo .iesp,onded'has praised the tutors a could be a very expensive option
knowled$e,an.d ienth usiAsm, for their subiect. No of b I can see some problems
repondents so far:feel"thatl,ihe' eourser iS,too difficuh. c. l!'s a good project, in my opinion
d that might not be
2 Choose the sentence (a or b) that best e it's a really good suggestion
the meaning of each conditional sentence. f I don't think it,s feaii6le
l[ ! were you, I wouldn't bother to read her latest novel.
a I think you should read the book. MI S Replace the underlined phrases with idioms
b I don't think you should read the book. with hand. Make any other changes necessary.
We.would have got you a ticket if they hadn,t all 1 Can you help me? I can,t do this alone.
sold out. 2 Cive that to Fiona to do. She,s someone we can trust
a We got you a ticket. to do a job without making mistaGi-
b We didn't get you a ticket. 3 Look, ll1n_nq11very_bqty. Let me finish that report.
4 Let's ask Gemma to help. She,s really versatiie.
The rubbish collectors don,t see;1he bin if you leave
it in the garden.
5 I'm afraid I can't I beca
position. You could talk to personnel.
a They never see the bin in these circumstances. 6 Yes, I've got one of the driving Iicence applications
b They someitimes don,t see the bin. quite near. Here we are.
4 lf the flight to Dubai was delayed, we,d have to wait
24 hours for our connection.
a We think the flight will be delayed. @ 0 complete the sentences with the words in
the box.
b We don,t think the flight will be delayed.
5 The course won't take place if we don,t have enough bunch great pair proportion quantity
enrolments.
a We need a certain number of students for the 'l There has been a _ deal of speculation about
course to take place. , who will get the manager,s job.
b We can run the course with any number of students. 2 When I opened the curtainithis morning there was a
6 She'd probably have a job by now if she,d finished of doves sitting on the window ledge.
her teach i ng qual ification.
a She has a job. Ied to flash floods.
b She doesn't have a job. 4 A tiny of the people interviewed said
they would be happier if their country became
3 Complete the conditional sentences with the independent.
correct form of the verbs in the brackets. 5 Look! I bought a lovely of grapes at the
1 I_ (join) an amateur operatic club if I supermarket.
(can) sing better, but my voice isn,t great. 6 Recent polls shovi the government is only supported
The personnel department _ (not overlook) you by u_ majority of voters.
if we _ (have) your details on file, but we don,t a

appear to have them.

It's quite easy. If you _ (pufl the coins in and
(press) the green button, the machine
(print) ths 1i.k.,.
 LANCUACE REFERENCE

CRAJVIMAR @X px.rrosrnoNAl vrmss

ffiffi vrmm pATTERNs Prepositional verbs always have an object (a noun,
When one verb follows another, it may appear in the a pronoun or an -ing form), and the object always
infinitive or -ing form. fol lows the preposition.
The child had broken into several houses before he
VERB (+ OBJECT) + INFINITIVE WITHOUT rO was caught.
without fo,
Few verbs are followed by the infinitive This is a tricky problem. Let me look into it.
mainly modal verbs, verbs of perception (e.g. see,
Barry can't get over being made redundant - he just
watch, hear), help, make and /et.
isn't coping at all.
We saw the president's plane land .
The police made the protestors move back . Adverbs of manner and degree can come between
My boss let me leave w*ork early today. the verb and preposition, but not immediately after
the preposition.
Note the passive of make and let
We need to deal quickly with this issue. /
The protestors were made to inove back.
I was allowed to leave work early today. @isissue.*
These adverbs, and most others, also can come at the
With verbs of perception, the -ing form can mean
end of the clause.
either the action is still ongoing or is complete. I'
We need to deal with this issue quickly.
watched him interviewing the film star. Please look into the problem immediately.
The infinitive means the action is complete' I I got through the course eventually, on my third attempt!
watched him interview the film star.'
KEY LANCUACE
VERB (+ OBJECT)+ rO-lNFlNlTlVE
Many verbs are followed by the to-infinitive, often ffisrlxc cA,urtous
We need to think this (one) through.
verbs of wants, desires, recommendations, (e'g' want, ' lf you don't (get the facts straight), he could (take us
need, agreet appear, promise).There are also many
to court).
that have an object (e.g. want, allow, advise, invite,
lf X is the case, we could be in hot water/trouble.
recomme nd, u rge, tel l).
X is a very sensitive issue.
The editor promised not to run the story'
If we get our facts wrong/ it'll have a bad effect on
We invited the minister to appear on the show'
our reputation.
VERB (+ OBJECT)+ -/NC It's just speculation on our Part.
Some verbs are followed by the -ing form, often We need to hold fire on this one.
verbs of liking/disliking (e.g. like, enioy) or verbs of It could land us in court.
thought (e.g. Lonsider, imagine). Most of these can
have an object. VCCABUI_ARY
I can't stand having to wait for people!
Can you imagine being trapped in a lift?
KK rsr MEDIA
bias, blogosphere, broadsheet, circulation figures,
The school doesn't mind students bringing their own
citizen journalism, deadline, go viral, hit, libel laws,
lunch.
off the record, privacy, scoop, sound bite, source,
VERB (+ OBIECT)+ PREPOSITION + -/NC speculation, spin, tabloid, trending, viewing figures
Many verbs are followed by a preposition' lf another
prorlr !N rl-tr MEDTA
verb is used after the preposition, it is in the -ing form' X&X
The director succeeded in raising the money for the
. anchor, blogger, columnist, correspondent, editor,
papar azzo I producer, rePorter
documentary.
They criticised the editor for printing lies'
ffi8X nrrrxDENT PREPoslrlor{s
VERB + -/NC OR ro-lNFlNlTlVE focus on, allow time for, feel free to, go around, begin
Some verbs can be followed by either the by, sign up for
to-infinitive or the -inglorm, with little change in
meaning (e.g. begin, continue, like).
I continued to work/working as though nothing was
wron8.
 EXTRA PRACTICE
I Complete the sentences with the correct
: Yerbs in brackets.
form 3il g Match the sentence halves.
lVorking on.a newspaper, I really enjoy y" don,t get our facts straight,
] lfLet's
the publication process from stait -- (see) 2 think about the implicaiions of this _
to iin;rf, 3 We need to hold fire on this
lhe.neyspaper
urged its readers (not vote) in is just speculation on our part
me torthcoming European election. 1 Lhir
5 Have you covered every possibilitv
The corporation will continue (broadcast) 6 We could be in very hoi water t here? - -'
controversial programmes.
tf,fith your health a it's a very sensitive issue.
firoblems, you really need to consider b We really need to think this one throush.
(not spend) seven days , *u"k
:.-- in the office. C the actor involved could sue us. --o"'
The travellers were maCe lemptyl iheir Uags d if what you say is really the case.
on the airport tarmac.
ls everything OK with Kyle? He appears
e so we'd better not pubiish it.
rather short-tempered today. ' ' ' =-- (be) f until we've heard from our lawvers.
The minister was criticised for
_-- (not reveal) the +. Complete the sentences
extent of the budget deficit. F
ooxes. Use one word from
with the words in the
Several paparazzi watched the two cars each box in each gap.
(crash) inro each other and
did nothing to help citizen circulation 8o libel off the
popular figures
D Z Rewrite the sentences using a suitable prepositional
nrb from the box and making uny lfrunj", ,"."rrrry. record journalism laws press viral
lmume across come up deal with get over
gst drrough look at look into Ifs not easy for newspapers to print
Iook like untrue stories
aoout people because of
2" The rise of social media hr. l"d
I The error in your account has been noted.
We will
t" an increase in
investigate it immediately. used in news broadcasts.
3 always sells more than the broadsheets.
4 T" _
rne Journalrst told me my remarks
2 Please observe the animal,s behaviour printed the whole interview.
were , then
very closely.
Harry never.expected his video to , reaching
We're back and we survived the week at over four million views.
Aunt Doreen,sl
6 Some broadsheets have increased
Your investigators need to handle this delicate
their
changing their format to a smallercir". -----
- by
mafter
carefully.
q.^S.Complete the text with suitable words from V1
and V2. Use one word only in each
Most healthy people recover from this illness S;p.-
with no
adverse ettects. I started life as a journalist on a
very low_quality
newspaper in the late 1 9gos. I hated
it because I
The editor's suggestion arose entirely felt it had no principles: the z--
unexpectedly _ cne.XeO ."port
fmm his journalists and f," *ot.rtO.hrnge
out of nowhere. them"L.y
to make
them more sensational if necessary.
Th"e artictes were
often based on i
lf you find my old reading glasses in the
you hang on to them?
study, can ,r it' ;;;*,',. *,.fiff; :lfiH[,'jt] "i
matter who they were. The important ff"
thing waialways to
get the 5 before the other newspap""o, ,no
Your sister really resembles Cameron a u_ to send
uncanny.
Diaz! It,s out with a camera to g"t tn"
photos possible. Weil, I did it
il*l rli..ious
foitwo y"uo_Lritt"n I was
lucky to get a job on a 7=--. t,m siitt ff,"r", una r,*
now a regular u---.-'-.-, writing in depth
about any medical
stories in the news-

3dI 0 Find and correct one mistake with prepositions

in each sentence.
with teilins you about the project.
]j i,9]:l: lr_besin
unl questions, feel free for interrupt with
r ll1._r-Fu:
t'm gotng to allow five minutes at
the end to questions.
them.

lln l'mtake
)1 rtease
going to fgcus at the backgrornJto tf,"
one of the handouts
situation.
going on.
6 You didn,t know you were signing"up
aia talk on physics.

141
 LANCUACE REFERENCE

CRAM&,44I{ M nrpom'rrNc usrNc NlouNS

W arvrmtss oF DrcREr It is possible to introduce reported speech with
noun/ e.g. claim . The'rules'of reported speech
a
Adverbs of degree can be used to either intensify or
soften the meaning of the word they qualify. They remain the same.
can qualify verbs, adjectives or adverbs. Patrick claimed he had come into the country
legally, but it wasn't true. (claim = verb)
They always come directly before the word they qualify. Patrick's claim that he had come into the country
The measures announced hardly address the problem legally wasn't true. (claim = noun)
at all.
There are many nouns that can introduce reported
Your suggestion is totally impractical.
This juvenile is quitelikely to offend again. speech, e.g. accusation, advice, answert argument, claim,
co m p I ai nt, d e n i al, excu se I exp I an ati o n, observati o n,
Common intensifying adverbs of degree are: veryl po i nt, re mark, re s po n se I state m e nt, su g;gesti on.
really, extremely, totally, utterly, entirgly and highly. I asked my tutor about my bad marks. His
Of these, only really, totally, utterly and entirely can explanation that my work showed Iittle independent
qualify verbs. research was fair, I suppose.
The director is extremely angry at the situation.
All the applicants were highly qualified. KEY I-AN]CUACE
Common softening adverbs of degree are quite, XKX snmrucrNc AN ARGUMENT
slightly and fairly. These do not qualify verbs. Having said that, ...
It's slightly inconvenient that you've changed the time Although we're here to ..., I think that ...
of the lecture. That's allfair enough but it's simply too ...
Certainly X is important, but I stillthink that ...
We do not use the same adverbs of degree to qualify
While accepting X, we mustn't / shouldn't ...
all adjectives. We use different adverbs with gradable
Admittedly, X would be ...
adjectives and ungradable adjectives.
I see what you're saying, but ...
Cradable adjectives represent points on a scale (e.g.
hot and cold). Ungradable adjectives represent the VCCAB U LARY
Iimits of the scale (e.g. boiling and freezing).
E rorouATtc vERE pHRASrs
The table shows common adverbs of degree used bring something to a halt, draw attention to yourself,
with the different types of adjective. know something is amiss, make a scene, mind your or"nn
business, shirk your responsibilities, take something for
granted, wash your dirty linen in public

very, extrem'ely, f airly, absol utely, enti rely, real ly, M ,usncr sYsrEh,{s
really, slightly totally, utterly care system, community service, (non-)custodial
sentence, deter, deterrent, juvenile delinquency,
punishment, rehabilitation, young offender, youth cor.rt
So we say very importantbut absolutely essential,
extremely flred but utterly exhausted, etc. M nouru coNVrRsNoN
Many adverb-adjective combinations are quite complex, do, hopeful, international, local, mention,
must, trust
fixed collocations, e.g. highly qualified, completely
differe nt, fu I ly convi nced.
The adverb qulte has different meanings according
to whether it is used with a gradable or ungradable
adjective.
It's quite important. = lt's fairly important.
It's quite essential. = It's absolutely essential.

142
 EXTRA PRACTICE
@ t Choose the correct words to complete the M[& * Complete the conversation with phrases from KL.
il&m'rfiences. ln one sentence both words are possible. A: Can we talk about the proposed detention centre
1l 3on't forget to send that court report. lt,s very / now? A lot of us are unhappy about that.
a,bsolutely important they receive it tomorrow. B: Well, 1_ to discuss general community issues,
!, I Tntirely / extremely agree with all your points. I think we should leave that until the relevant
I Trs dsfgnflant has admitted the assault so it,s planning officer is available.
'rlryhtlyt
/ highly Iikely he,ll get a custodial sentence. A:Mmm, l,_, but we really want to make our
ilt iu{le should look carefully at the final candidate - she views known and express our concerns.
was highly / very qualified. B: I understand, and 3_, but it,s simply too early
Ii r'norv the manager shouted at you, but don,t worryt to get into discussion.
"rE'rrr'as just slightly / extremely concerned about the A: Yes, it's early and that,s precisely why we want to
rreadline. discuss it now. o_ is important, but can,t we
rrlr ,r\hat do you think about the new project? I realty / register our misgivings now?
rle-, believe that we should sponsoi it. B: OK, what are your misgivings?
-' *. r rnedication must be taken for fourteen days and A: Well, we really don,t want criminals in our village.
r 5 quite important / essentialthat you finish the B: That's a valid view, and s_ opinions like th"ese,
: r,lrirs€ or they won,t be effective. l'm sure you'll understand we at the council mustn,t
ffil fet s not have an argument now. l,m really / utterly Iisten only to your views ...
sr:austed alter work.
'ril i,rff. ng those documents is fairly / extremely ffi S Complete the text with words from V1 and V2.
ilmnro.r'i6g, but we've got copies so it,s not really a
frt rtniem.
We've had a [ot of problems with r delinquency in
tl ii*r.i ie in serious trouble, so think very / totally our area. Young people hang around on street corners and
mirr:eriullrt before you answer this question. cause problems. Onty last week I saw two tads breaking
things in my neighbour's front garden. I didn,t want to
J Complete the reported statements.
make a '_but I equatly didn't want to 3_- my
I drircn't steal the brikel, responsibility to my neighbour. I complained to them
i,,nrn, denied that _, but it wasn,t true. about their behaviour, but they, ofcourse, told me to
n1i
:Lum music is really loud., o- my own business, so I catled the police. The officer
't|uur :.,eighbour complained that _,and she was said that even if he arrested them, a 5 would only
ryr me right. give a 6 sentence, such as , , which, in his
l'l'lll |reon time tomorrow, honestly., _ opinion, was no u_ at a[[ to other young people.
,,i;mm insisted that she _, but it was ill-founded.
tiiltrtue
snould close earlv todav.,
11:rlulurranager suggested that
irmliilil*:.-
, which was a M e Find words/phrases in V2 with these meanings.
'll]l,u*i"r s put on a lot of weight.,
1 imprisonment: _
2 a criminal under the age of 1B: _
i,$ntlrial:lri, rennarked that _, which was cruel.
3 punishment that prevents further crime:
li[rrmnrfue the reported statements in Exercise 2 using
4 punishment of working (unpaid), e.g. street
cleaning:
i,Cenial that
5 reforming offenders:
l$r,lmmtlttr
6 judicial process for young people:
ttlitLurum
nrei,Ehbou r,s &K Z Choose the correct words to complete the
sentences.
lllrluummuw q
1 The money left to Dean was held in a special rrust /
complex until he was I B.
l(ffitnuur nm,arnager's 2 If invited to dinner, talking a small present is a do /
must.
]ldlulunilr s
3 lf you want to know where to go out in the area, it,s
best to aska hopeful / local.
l've just joined the gym at my local leisure
international / complex.
The campaign did so well that we even got a
mention / doin the national news.

143
 LANCUACE REFERENCE

CRAMMAR WX coruvE R.sp,Tror.'rAL ENc Lrs r--l

lil Noru-nNtr[ cLAUsEs Conversational English differs from written English
in a number of ways and to the extent that we talk
A non-finite clause contains a non-finite verb, i.e. a
verb that has no indication of person or tense. about the grammar of conversational English. These
Arriving late, we failed to find a hotel. are the most common features of conversational
English:
ln this example, the non-finite clause is arriving late
and the non-finite verb is arriving. A non-finite verb
1 overlaps - two speakers talking at the same time,
usually when one interrupts another in order to say
usually relates to the subject of the main clause (we)
something
and we know the time/tense from the verb in the
main clause (past).
2 Iistener responses - supportive comments such as
$ Really? Co on, I know what you mean
Non-finite clauses express different relationships 3 hesitation and use of sounds such as er and um
with the main clause (e.g. time, reason, condition, 4 repetition of words and phrases
result). ln this case, it is reason. ' 5 discourse markers such as well, you know, I mean,
Because we arrived late, we failed to find a hotel. /ike, which give a speaker time to organise his/her
thoughts
There are three main types of non-finite clause.
6 simple clause structure, adding clauses to each
-/NC CLAUSES other, often independent clauses wilh and, but
In these clauses the non-finite verb is active. and or (also called 'the add-on strategy'), or simple
The company reduced its overheads, cutting 60 jobs. dependent clauses introduced by a coniunction such
(i.e. with the result that it cut 60 jobs) as because or if

Present participle clauses can also replace relative

7 using direct quotes, as if playing a character
clauses.
B reformulations - when a speaker starts a sentence
but then either can't finish it or changes to say
Did you hear the fox calling in the garden last night?
_ something else or express himself/herself in a
(i.e. the fox that was calling)
different way
PAST PARTICIPLE CLAUSES
ln these clauses the non-finite verb is passive. KTY LANCUACE
Handled carefully, this glassware should last a ffiM t ru roxfv{AL PriRASEs
lifetime. (i.e. if it is handled carefully) That is, ...
This type of clause can also replace a relative clause. And as for ...
The police have identified the driver killed in the But then again, ...
crash. (i.e. the driver who was killed) Oh, and before I forget, ...
Anyway,...
INFINITIVE CLAUSES I reckon (that) ...
An infinitive clause is formed with to + infinitive. lt You know, ...
usually expresses a purpose or result. By and large, ...
They installed dim Iighting to improve the ambience ... , that kind of thing.
in the shops. So, all in all, ...
We came home early (only) to find that everyone
had left. VOCABU LARY
This type of clause can also replace a relative clause. &K prm.rota,\,{A$rcE nEVtE\,vs: Noui\s
Walcott was the only player to score a goal. adaptation, bill, choreographer, company, duo, tale,
When an infinitive clause expresses purpose, it can venue, virtuoso
come before the main clause. prmronMAr',icF RrvI EWS; cCIMpou IJD
To improve the ambience in the shops, they installed
MK
AD,'ECT}1/E5
dim lighting.
award-winning, awe-inspiring, British-born,
[l Note that non-finite clauses are usually used in laughter-packed, live music-enhanced, out-of-the-wa/,
I formalwriting. R&B-i nfluenced, Rambert-trained, sample-heavy,
star-studded

WX scenr&,rlc vE&ES
analyse, distribute, emerge, enable, erode, indicate,
reinforce, reveal
 EXTRA PRACTICE
I Choose the correct form of the verbs. B: That's right. But I "reckon a lot of people watch
ffiffrr4g/ To play with the Berlin philharmonic was movies on their laptops and tablets, I mean, aif they
lifetime ambition. want to be ... it's just convenient.
ffih$,tusl Played his first performance with the Berlin C: Sure, but it's such a small screen, I definitely
prefer watching things on a big screen. bAnd as for
watching movies on MP3 players, well
A: sCo on.

of instruments. C: Well, 6(r-(! just ridiculous! They,re so small,

lrurried to get to the theatre on time, only found / 'that is, you can't get any nuances from the image
[mffirdthe performance had been cancelled. 'because it's too sma
trwllmd/ Finding by a nur6p on the hospital steps, the and the sound isn't great ...
il@was named Florence. Good point, dbut then again, surely the point of Mp3
iluru&e dropped the course on the technology of music, players is that the sound is very good.
C: Oh, I don't know. ulike I said, ljust know I prefer
the big screen! rAnyway, what,s on TV tonight
anything good?
-
*plece the underlined parts of the sentences with
clauses.
Tfre theatre raised its ticket prices so that it could fund IS! + Match the meaning of the phrases in bold (a-f)
in Exercise 3 with the more formal expressions below.
ffire renovation.
as I explained earlier which means that
When we arrived at the hotel, we discovered that moving on with regard to believe however
ufrey'd given us a suite.

f S Replace the underlined words in the text with

We bought the tickets online, then we found that the correct form of words with similar meanings from
had paid twice as much as our friends! V1"and V3.

The organisers will identify and destroy tickets that Last night's performance of the Maidenhead Youth
lsuppol! this
have been produced illegally. En."rntle ,ti, *nrrr.l and has served to
" that we need to invest more in the
newspaper's view
2g;faup consists of a
Do you remember the name of the actor who was arts movement for the young' The
3prsglamme included a superb
playing that role at the time? small orchestra and the
ag;eoius from Marlow, Adrian
solo by the young piano
sversion of
Mario was the only student who thanked me for the King. This *", folio*.d up by'a modern
extra tuition. Racimaninov, which was second to none'
made
The nplaee for the concert was a local church, which
Because the show proved to be a success, it was given for uErtmospheric evening, and the acoustics'!oadg-
an extended run at the Royal Theatre. it possible for us to appreciate"th" 'olos as much as the -
frt..rr.*Ut pieces. Tfith groups like this it is possible for
8co.me out as future stars and
lf you water these plants regularly, they will provide p.oph like young Addan to
tomatoes for several months. that-is why they need local arts council funding'

1 4 7
@ : Match the underlined parts of the conversation 2 5 B
(1-8) with the features of conversational English in the 3 6
box.
Dtr 0 Comptete the sentences with compound
overlap listener response hesitiation adjectives from V2.
repetition discourse marker add-on strategy 1 The bill for tonight at the comedy club promises a(n)
reformulation
evenrng.
2 With such a(n) _cast, the new show is certain
l've just been reading this article about the internet to be a sell-out.
changing entertainment completely, lyou know. like, 3 Don't miss the opportunity to see this
we download movies and that kind of thing.
_
it well deserved it3 six Oscars.
Mmm, l'm not sure what I think about that, really. I 4 The circus performer's abilities on the high wire are
mean, I download movies sometimes but I still watch truly and have to be seen.
them on 2TV ... 5 The singer, raised and educated in London,
C: Yeah, and at the cinema. At least I still watch them could perform with any of the soul greats.
at the cinema. lt's a better and, 3er, more complete 6 -
The performance is what we have come to expect
experience. from this spectacular ballet dancer.
 LANCUACE REFERENCE

CRAN4MAR TRANSITIVE PHRASAL VERBS

These have an object. A noun object can either
lffi almnNiATtvES To r,:
come between the verb and the particle or after the
There are several different expressions that we can
particle.
use in conditional sentences other than lf.
I feel obliged to turn down your offer.
uNrrss I feel obliged to turn your offer down.
Unless means if not, bul we can only use it in 'real'
However, a pronoun object has to come between the
conditions, not in imaginary conditions where the verb and the particle.
result is contrary to known facts:
I'm sorry that I had to point it out to you. /
I'll get you a ticket unless it's too expensive. y'
.t
.t<
'f'
Note where we can place adverbs.
Please fill this form in carefully. /
PROVTDED/ON (THE) CONDtTtON (TH-4T), A5 rONC Please fill in this form carefully. /
AS, ASSUMINC
We usually use these conjunctions with the first
@in.*
conditional. They suggest that a condition is
@.*
necessary.
@in.x
l'll lend you the car provided (that) you bring it back ln relative clauses, the adverb cannot come before
this evening. the relative pronoun/ unlike prepositional verbs.
It was your suggestion, which I took up. r'
We often use but forwith the third conditional. lt is a .x
preposition and so has to be followed by a noun.
But for her quick thinking, we would have had a KEY LANCUACE
serious accident. (= lf it hadn't been for ...)
ffiM srxrru6 TF{E AGENDA
SUPPOSINC, WHAT IF, IN CASE "Let's talk about ...
We use these mainly with the second conditional to I propose we discuss ...
speculate about imaginary conditions. They are quite
informal. @ nrspoNDrNc To oFFERS
Supposing you could take a month off work, where Sounds OK to me./Yeah, that's fine.
would you go? Well, l'm sorry, but that's not acceptable.
We're not happy about (the terms you offer).
We use in case to suggest a course of action in a We're not prepared to (invest in the project)
possible situation. It is differenllrom if: (you improve your offer).
l'll take an umbrella in case it rains. (= I don't know if l'm sorry, we were looking for (a much higher
it will rain, but l'll take an umbrella.)
l'll take an umbrella if it rains. (= In the situation VCCABULARY
where it is raining, I'll take an umbrella.)
&K susrxEss AND rcoNoMtc rERMS
We use even if to emphasise a condition or to assets and liabilities, boom and slump, creditors and
suggest that it's unexpected. debtors, imports and exports, income and ex
Even if I passed my exams, I still wouldn't go to mergers and acquisitions, mortgages and loans,
university. (l probably won't pass the exams.) profit and loss, supply and demand
Whether or not introduces two possible conditions.
We can use the phrase together or split it: XK corurus'NG woRns
l'm going to become an economist, whether or not
'affect - effect, creditor - debtor, debt - loan,
lend - borrow, principle - principal
you think it's a good idea.
l'm going to become an economist, whether you
think it's a good idea or not.
M surprxrs (NoN-iF,ts 2)
abstention, admission, clarification, collision,
decision, d iscri m i nation, el i m i nation, extension"
&EX pxnasAl vERBS
Phrasal verbs consist of verb + adverb/particle. They
indication, instigation, negotiation, permission
can be transitive or intransitive.
INTRANSITIVE PHRASAL VERBS
lntransitive phrasalverbs do not have an object (and
can therefore not be passive). They are often used in
instructions and commands.
Stand up.
Come back.
Watch out for the foxes.

146
 EXTRA PRACTICE
I C-omplete the conversations with alternatives XKX : Complete the conversation with phrases from KL.
imes more than one answer is possible.
A: Are we all here? Good. OK, first, I l the
ffiCan I leave early to pick up my son? budget for the new magazine.
3X'es, that you finish the urgent work. B: Yeah, 2_.
frA{e you going to apply for the job? C: Actually, we'd like to suggest a different order.
t Yes, it would mean that l,d have to move.
'_ about the schedule first, as in Design, we,re
I don't want to move again. o_the timescale you're proposing.
ft-'- you could invite anyone at all to dinner, OK, the schedule, then. We've piopoi"a a deadline
tttro would it be? for copy on the 15th of each month and then a disc
frOh. David Beckham, no question! to printer date of the 29th.
fr That agent hasn't callgJ, and I have to go now. C: Well, I'm sorry, s . We can't design a
fr Leave the details with me he calls later. 192-page magazine in two weeks.
/lc You can go to the club this evening you,re I realise it's tough, but it's a current affairs magazine,
back by 11.00 p.m. so we have to produce it quickly.
DOK, thanks, Dad. B: Well, we appreciate tha! but we were u_ a
fr How will you vote in the meeting? much longer turnaround, say 28 days. Can we look
* Against. I don't think we should sell, they . at getting closer to that ...
otter the full price.
ft lthink Smiths may offer you your old job back. frffi *Choose the correct word for each gap and
B: They needn't bother. I wouldn't go back there complete the sentences.
they offered to pay me double!
,ilr lt was Iucky that the airport official was there.
1 I check my personal accounts each month to ensure
my _ isn't higher than my (income,
8: Yes, _ his help, we might have missed the flight.
expenditure)
It's essential to reduce manufacturing output when
2 put the words in the correct order to make outstrips _t and spare output can,t be
'Grbrrces with phrasal verbs. Sometimes more than
sold. (supply, demand)
'xmE answer is possible.
A successful economy is likely to have higher levels
1ll smoking / my father / up / recently gave of _ than _. (imports, exports)
Some people say the secret to a successful business
is to demand payment from your within
30 days but pay your _ only after 60 days.
S the offer / down / you'd / turn lpolitely / better (creditors, debtors)
For every economic , there,s likely to be a
4 depressing round the corner. (boom, slump)
information / interesting / that's / found / out / who / itz.
The company has huge debts, both in the form of

5 when / played / up
on its properties and for purchasing
/ the national anthem / is / stand expensive equipment. (mortgages, loans)

6 very efficiently / the meeting / up / set/ assistant / your Ip| S Choose the correct words to complete the
sentences.
t the issue/bring/which /want/that's / I / up / to 1 I really need to pay off my credit card loans / debt.
2 l've forgotten to bring my calculator. Can you
E it / you / the agenda / fit / can / into?.
borrow //end me one?
3' ln case of failure to repay the loan, the creditor /
debtor could lose their home.
I'd advise you to be drscreet / discrete about this
project -
it's confidential.
5 The affects / effects of slavery lasted well beyond the
19th century.
6 We're pleased to announce the appointment of Mike
Richards as our new principle / principal.

[p e Read the defjnitions and complete the words.

1 the act of starting something: _ion
2 a crash between two vehicles: ion
3 makin! something bigger or longurlion
4 not voting for or against something: _ion
5 being officially allowed to do something: _ion
6 the removal or destruction of something: _ion
147
 LANGUAGE REFERENCE
CRAMMAR Nominalisation is common in formal writing. We use
@ coHrstoN 2 (suBsTlrur'oi!) it for a number of reasons:
When we construct a text/ whether spoken or It can combine two clauses so is more economical.
written, we use a number of devices to ensure The university decided to expand its physics
that we avoid repeating things too much and also department, which attracted greater funding.
to ensure the flow of the text. Two of these are The university,s decision to expand its science
substitution and ellipsis. department attracted greater funding.
Substitution means replacing one word or phrase It can be used to avoid mentioning who does an
with another. The most common form of substitution action.
is substituting a pronoun for a noun (nominal The government closed the mine and made 300
substitution). ,r miners redundant.
John's arrived. He's in the Iiving room. The closure of the mine resulted in 300
We take plastic completely for granted-The material redundancies.
has been with us for 75 years irow and it is here to
stay. This wonder stuff has so many uses ... It can be used to summarise a previous point.
Protestors have prevented traffic from moving through
We often use different nouns for the same thing in the centre again today. This situation cannoibe
order to avoid repetition (lexical substitution) . allowed to continue. (this situation = protestors
We can also use words like one, ones or the sorf to preventing traffic from moving through the centre)
substitute nouns. Nominalisations are often followed by a preposition
This course is too expensive. I need to find a (e.9. postpo nement of, arrival at, wait forj.
cheaper one.
lf we want to avoid repeating a verb or a verb phrase, KEY LAI{CUACF
we use the auxiliary do (verbal substitution). W nrrrnntrlc To wFrAror&*ER proplr }-{,{vr sAtD
I need to write up the experiment but I,ll do it As (Steven)said, ...
tomorrow. (do = write) What (Steven) said about ...
We can use so or not to replace whole clauses, with
lf I understand you correctly, you,re saying ...
do or with other verbs (clausal substitution).
lf I could just pick up on something that (Steven) said
They said we were required to complete the form, and
about...
(Steven) claimed that..., suggesting that...
we did so. (= ssrt;eted the form)
Can we afford to ignore this problem? I think not.
With regard to (Steven,s) argumenithat ...
(= I think we can't afford to ign6re this problem.) Perhaps we should return to what (Steven) said,
which was ...
Ellipsis (zero sulstitution) means omitting something
completely. We can omit nouns after words Iike VOC,{EL-,JLARY
some, the other and comparatives.
He wants to go to one lecture and I want to go to the
M crorocrcA'- TERMs
canyon/ crater, erosion, flash flood, geyser, ice cap,
other.
meteor, reservoir, subsurface, tsunami
We were offered two rooms and we chose the
bigger. WW lrurexMAl p$-tR,{sEs
ln repeated verb phrases we can usually omit the anti-plastic brigade, bonkers, bother, have something up
main verb rather than repeat it. to here (l've had it up to here) with, rant, spout (v),
'She shouldn't have apologised. lt wasn,t important., [ree-hugger, (be) wheeled out
'l disagree. I think she should (have).,
EEt t.ur-r-rcrvE NouNS
M uonuru,qltsATtoN a bunch of,. a group of, a flock of, a herd of, a pack of,
a set of, a shoal of, a swarm of
Nominalisation means using a noun rather than a
verb or an adjective.
The committee postponed the meeting ...
The postponement of the meeting (by the
committee) ...
The tiny baby was perfect. lt astounded him.
The perfection of the tiny baby astounded him.
 EXTRA PRACTICE
'E t Find eight examples of substitution and five
ffiffi * Complete the sentences. Write one word in
,urarmples of ellipsis (zero substitution) in
the text. each gap.
/n Questions Now, we discussed climate change. We,ve
--tr: salot of publicity about recycling these days and had a lot of phone calls on this topic.
,{/i-Er-€v€r I see some I wonder if it reaLLy does a [ot of 1 lf I could _- on Mr Davies said, it seems
Siiin. i'm a[L for heLping the environment - of course there have been no tests to check coastline erosion ...
2 Davies
I

ti- - :ut sometimes wonder whether Mr this was already happening,

I aLL the different
't*sr that he had reliable information.
5f1 and recycling collections are really usefuL. I mean,
.;ve 3 Perhaps we _- to _ the first speaker said,
llriE a bin for household waste and one for green;
connected with the warming climate.
M.r -ave a smatl bin for compost for our own garden
and 4 With the minister,s argument that we aren,t
;-l-::her that goes to counciLcompost. We've got a box prepared for the effects of climate change, ...
r: " gi-ass, another container for pLastig and a third for 5 ll
I you you're saying thit you don,t
:,;:e:. But
is alt this rubbish reaLLy separated out once it,s think climate change is a serious issue?
::r-erted2 Sometimes ldoubt it. Then of course there,s
Nffi S -,
Find words in V1 with these meanings.
:*E /,aste that we're supposed to take to the recycling
:*::-e.
1 the process by which something is gradually
destroyed by wind, rain or the sea: -
I do this
the time, but then each time I go to
aLL
-:i: :entre I wonder if I shoutd have, because I use
the car, 2 a deep valley with sleep sides of roclc
_
;-: :nat just causes pottution ... 3 a. very large wave caused by an earthquake
or other
disturbance: _
4 a natural spring which sends hot waterand steam
I _lrnprove the texts. Change repetitions using into the air from the ground:
m&stitution. 5 a piece of metal or rock that travels through space;
llll Our local council has proposed fitting microchips
in all our rubbish bins. The microchips detect if the
6 an artificial lake where water is stored before being
used:
lrrong type of rubbish is put in the bins. Residents
r'."ould be really angry if the council put microchips
in the bins, and residents have said they would &K 0 Replace the underlined words/phrases in the
conversation with informal ones.
refuse to comply with the proposal.
A: You know, 1l really can,t tolerate any more of these
"l {pparently, incinerators are the best way of getting 2agglq$ive arguments
you get in the press against
rid of non-recyclable rubbish so the council wanti taking the kids to school by car.
to install an incinerator here. The problem with B: I know what you mean. I hate these people who
incinerators is tl"iat incinerators can produce toxic 3talk incessantly
about parents causing congestion
rumes and obviously people living nearby don,t Iike in the streets morning and evening, uiif no one else
the fact they produce toxic fumes. goes out then.
A: Yeah, and they seem to think we,re ainsane driving
E : Rewrite the sentences using nouns formed the kids around. Don't these t"nuironr*ntrlly
rftrorn the underlined words. concerned people realise that we wouldn,t 6expend
T The images have been computer enhanced, which time and effort getting the car out if we didn,t have
makes them much sharper. to because of the distance?
1_- 3 5
\Ve were amazed that Selina recovered so fast from 20 4 6
the illness.
W&X Z Match the sentence halves and complete the
endings (a-fl with nouns.
The food here is excellent. making the restaurant
eood value for money. 1 Jonathan gave Sue a bunch of
2 We were lucky enough to see a herd of
The hijacker threatened the flight attendant, which
3 Can you bring a spare pack of
terrified the passengers.
4 That farmer has a large flock of
5 The cruise takes us around the whole group of
6 We need to get a new set of
Thefactory is capable of producing 1,000 cars per
neek, which makes it very profitable.
a _ to go with the new dining table.
b _ to the garnes evening?
c _ for her birthday.
The president arrived and he was greeted by crowds d _ in the mid-Aegean Sea.
at the airport. e _ and they're really vicious.
f _ on the safari.
 MEET THE EXPKKT

E rouc,qlory ANqlryqlqyryqNr fficu ntsryltN D coNSrRV,Arr oN

1You are going to watch an interview with Helen 1a Read the description of Lonely Planet and answer
Kempster, a careers consultant. Before you watch, the questions.
work with a partner and discuss the questions.
ln what ways do you think Helen helps people find
a job?
What do you think are the best ways of preparing for
a job interview?

2W Watch the interview and number the topics

Helen discusses in the ordtr she talks about them.
a what's important when writing a CV
b different ways she helps people find a job
C two main types of interview questions
d her most important advice for people looking for work
e how to prepare for an interview

3 Watch the interview again. Are the statements true

(T) or false (FX
What qualities do you think Lonely Planet looks for
1 The Careers Croup only finds jobs for people who in their writers?
have recently graduated. What type of information do you think Lonely Planet
2 Helen helps create specialised training programmes guidebooks offer?
with i n academic departments.
What do you think are the benefits of travel,
3 The most important thing for people with little according to Lonely Planet?
experience is how they look.
You should create just one CV with all your skills 1b Gm Watch an interview with Noirin Hegarty, the
and experience and use this for each job application. Managing Destination Editor for Lonely Plane! and
You should prepare how you are going to answer check your answers.
certain questions in an interview.
lnterview questions are based around what you can offer
2 Watch the interview again and choose the correct
answer (a, b, or c).
the company and your reasons for applying for the job.
Competency-based questions rise examp le situations What is Lonely Planet's target market?
to test your problem-solving abilities. a adventurous travellers on a budget
When preparing for an interview, you need to do b people going on short trips
more than just finding out what the company does. c all types of travellers
Which type of information is not mentioned as
4a Match the competency-based questions with the something Lonely Planet provides?
skills in the box that they are asking about. a planning your trip
creativity flexibility independence
b tips on finding work while travelling
leadership teamwork
c what to do if you have a problem
Researching a book involves

Tell us about a situation in which you developed

a one author and one editor.
new way of doing something.
a
b an author travelling for three to nine weeks.

Tell us about a time when you worked with a group

c using Lonely Planet's contacts to arrange
accommodation for authors.
of people to solve a problem.
Describe a situation in which you had to guide a What does Noirin say about collecting information?
group of people to success. What did you do to a They only look at new destinations.
motivate them? b They allocate more time and money to
Describe a situation in which you had to change Iesser-known desti nations.
the way you were doing something. What did you c lt's an ongoing, year-round process.
change and how did it improve the situation? How does Lonely Planet deal with the impact of
Tell us about a time when you went against the mass tourism? .
usual way of doing things. Why did you feel this was a lt won't provide information on some activities,
necessary? such as dolphin tours.

4h Choose one of the questions in Exercise 4a and

b lt aims to show both sides of the story and let the
reader decide.
prepare your own answer to it.
c lt avoids recommending places which are not
4c Work w'rth a partner and share your answers. current\y tour\st attractrons.

150
 ----

ffiltrrt in small groups and discuss the questions.

Br: 1'ou agree that travel is a force for good? W Nrnmry4h{D eARr
uru'tn.?A//hy not?
il-.l1o'n'canwe practise responsible tourism? Make a
I You are going to watch an interview with Neil Shah,
Director of the Stress Management Society. Before you
irst of things a responsible tourist does.
watch, discuss the questions with a partner.
1 What are some stressful aspects of modern-day life
I :.iTE RNAT! ONAL RE LA'r' O N 5 which weren't around 20 or 30 years ago?
2 What attitudes do people have towardistress in your
I f'ou are going to watch an interview with Brendan country?
ffillMdv, Head of Communications for the Disasters 3 What are some of the health issues which mav be
lffimergency Committee (DEC)SBefore you watch, work linked to stress?
lmnlfi.t a partner and discuss the questions. 4 What can you do to alleviate stress in your life?
1lfl luthat do you think the DEC does? 5 What can companies do to manage the stress their
,I| \\ hat do you think Brendan,s job involves? employees face?
I1 rul'hat difficulties do you think the DEC faces? 2 Wwatch the interview. How does Neilanswer
[ ;lf Watch the interview and tick the four topics the questions in Exercise 1?
ilnendan talks about. Were your ideas from Exercise 1 3a Without watching again, try to complete the notes.
,tmmrect?
'lllll \\'here he works
s 7eo7le. a"e^'t o,b1e lo
I \\'hat his job involves ' ot
!u.o*:'",
t^tarw\ation they {acg 2vgry day.
with the avnou^f
S Successful international collaboration , , of lhe y.obtev^ is lhal w€ hav€ to deat with
l$ Political problems ?:!
$ Common misconceptions about international aid "f lhe Savn2 !,y.s.
fi \\/hat he doesn't like about his job 7 lrr.wetter n covnlrte; Teoyle/ act y.oblewrswith ,stiff
a
r \\rhat he Iikes about his job They thei" vy and carry o^.
\ Lastern cvllvre5 hauel.adil\onally
3e Work in two groups. Watch the video again and -'' leave5 yov _
- oyen lo illnels aS il harwts
well-being.
mrrtra&e notes on the questions below.
5 SlreSS
\ovr
6*oup A
lll t
\\that's the most important thing for Brendan when _= . \s a gooA way io allev\ale 5lrer, ^, \f
communicating with the public? ?rodvces chevnicalS whtch w,ale yov f eel l",ayyte.
a^),
! \\fhat types of local organisations do their member
agencies work wjth? 1 LvvTloyee m.orale,
Trodvcl\vtly, =- and, ovlyvt
3 ln what situation is it especially important to involve are waf 5 of v^ea5u",^9 whal,s hayTening
tn an
Iocal people in the project? organ\5al\on.
* \Vhat two things make Brendan,s job difficult u
LU"7F,
worl{orcewill work harAer,which w\eay,
sometimes? lhe.e'5 a dt"ecl _ i^ w\^Li^g lheir lives less
Group B sl ressf vl.
il What channels of communication does Brendan use
rvhen communicating with the public?
f What's the most important starting point when 3b watch the interview again and check your answers.
deal i ng with cu ltural differences?
3 4a Which of these situations would you find most
What are the benefits of buying things locally rather
stressful? Why?
than shipping them from abroad, according to
Brendan? 1 You have important exams soon and you,re
.[ What impresses Brendan about people who have exhausted from staying up late every night studying.
been affected by tragedies? 2 You are constantly distracted by notifications on
social networks, emails and text messages. you find
3b Compare your notes with other students in your it difficult to focus on anything for very long and find
g0up. it hard to switch off.
3c Work with a partner from the other group and 3 You ma.nage a large team of people. Staff surveys
reveal that many employees in your team are
sfiare your information.
unhappy and feel they need more support.
.$ Work in small groups and discuss the questions.
1 How can other countries help those affected by
4b Work in groups and discuss the questions.
disasters, apart from by sending money?
1 What measures could you take to reduce the stress
caused by the situations in Exercise 4a?
Would you like to work for an international aid
agency? Why?Al/hy not?,
2 Have you been in any similar stressful situations?
How did you cope?

151
 MEET THE EXPERT
p rnsHroN AND coNSUMERrs,\,i
1 Work in smallgroups and discuss the questions. I Work in smatl groups and discuss the questions.
1 What types of technology can you think of that you
can wear? Do you use any of them?
1 Which of these methods do you use to learn, share
What types of wearable technology would you Iike or discuss knowledge and ideas?
to see in the future?
. watching talks/lectures/webinars online
. using Wikipedia
2a You are going to watch an interview with fashion . reading books, magazines and journals
designers Francesca Rosella and Ryan Genz, who . attending talks/lectures
create weara.ble technology integrated into clothes. . asking questions on social media
Before you watch, try to rAatch the words and phrases 2 Do you use any other ways of learning or sharing ideas?
from the interview with the descriptions.
1 WITCS
2 €Xm Watch an interview with Mairi Ryan,
Head of Public Events at the Royal Society for the
2 a conductor
encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce
3 seamless
(RSA). Tick the four topics Mairi talks
4 an evening gown with electro-luminescent thread about.
5 the Twitter dress
'l how they get involved with the local community
6 an interface between you and other people 2 the types of talks they organise
a what they didn't want to have in clothes
3 a current project
b what they designed for a celebrity to wear to a
4 taboo subjects
Iaunch party
5 how to measure the success of a talk
C how they want their clothes to look
6 a memorable speaker
d how they see the function of clothes in the future
7 the society's plans for the future
e what you need to make electricity move from one 3a Watch the interview again and make notes on
point to another Mairi's answers to these questions.
f the first dress Francesca designed
1 What's the main purpose of the RSA?
2b €Xtr Watch the interview and check your answers. 2 What other events do they organise, bresides lectures?
3 What three qualities do theyiook for in potential
3 Watch the interview again. Are the statements true, speakers?
false or not given? 4 Wfo d9 they have working on their current project?
1 Francesca and Ryan design their clothes to last for 5 What challenge do they hope to address wit'h their
5-1 0 years. current project?
They spent a lot of time in the beginning looking for What three ways do they use to measure the success
new materials which could conduct electricity. of a talk?
Francesca became interested in wearable technology 7 Why was Mairi nervous about meetingJodie Williams?
when she was at university: B What was the main message of Jodie,s talk?
When they graduated, they were told there were no
jobs for people researching wearable technology. 3b Work with a partner and compare your notes.
5 Nicole Scherzinger was amazed when she sa* ihe 4a You are going to talk about a subject you know well
dress functioning for the first time. or an issue you feel strongly about. First make notes
6 Most of their customers are female. about
what you are going to say. Use these ideas to help you.
7 It's more important for clothes with wearable ., Choose a subject (e.g. something you have studied)
technology to look cool than normal clothes.
or.,an issue. (e.g. reducing global poverty).
They believe that with wearable technology, the
o What are the current issueVmost'irporirnt things to
clothes of the future will make us feel safei.
know?
4a Work in pairs. Design your own piece of wearable
. What future challenges are there?
technology. Use these questions to help you. o What advice would.you give to someone studying/
o What type of clothing is it? getting involved in this area?
e What is its function? 4& Wo.rk in groups. Take turns to tell your group about
o What type of material will you use? your subject/issue. Answer any questions thiy hive.
. Who is it for?
. What special features does it have?
4h Present your designs to the class. Which design do
you like best?
 IOURNALISM AND MEDIA
tr_UUyD SocrEry
mtich of these things do you use social media for? 1 You are going to watch an interview with Nik
in groups and compare your answers. ls there
Peachey, an educational consultant talking about
else you use social media for? body
la.nguage. Before you watch, work with a partner
and
prting up photos o[ yourself having fun discuss the questions.
sharing links to music or videos
sharing memes
1 What kind of things do people communicate through
0 body language?
mratching TV programmes
I 2 What relevance, if any, do these gestures have in
6ossiping your culture?
n kreping in touch with friends and family
a shaking hands
Il IFEIWatch an interview with Dr Nell Haynes, an b tilting your head
frop6l6tist who studies how we use social media. c making eye contact
llfrilhnber the topics Nell discusses in the order she
talks
d standing in close proximity to someone
Soutthem. e kissing someone on the cheek
iD dfferent ways people use social media 2 €Ewatch the interview. What does Nik say about
h nfiy she uses social media each of the gestures in Exercise.l?
{ her current research project
d [he impact of social media on mainstream media 3 Watch the interview again and choose the correct
G the impact of social media on people,s lives answer (a, b or c).
-l What does Nik say about body language?
h Without watching again, try to complete the notes. a We think about it carefully and cbnsciously.
b lt's the most important part of communication.
c We don't think about it very often.
-t2 cvrr€nt projecl is a(n) slv),y o{ how Soctal 2 " Nik says that the rules of someone,s own culture
wedia \5 vSed arovnd the world. a are not easy for them to break.
They are ir'terviewir,'9 Teoyle anA how b sometimes mean you have to disrespect people.
li-hey vse social wedia. c are easy for them to follow.
Peoyle
"ov^A the
wo.ld vre soci^l wed\a diffe'enily 3 Nik thinks we communicate our attitude
os their a^), _inflvence the way in which a without thinking about it.
ineT vse it. b deliberately.
in 5owtx cov^+r\e' lov^g Teoyle v,e |oc\^l v^ed\ato c more through the things we say than the things we
siarl do.
Teoyle who live wrvndanel\ve5 v,e soc\al w'ed.tato 4 Nik doesn't like people standing too close to him
show a(n) of exyen|\ve carg an), howteS. because
Social med\a has wtade matngtreavn v^eA\a becor^e
a he finds it aggressive.
v^ore _.
b he thinks it,s rude.
c he feels uncomfortable.
NJowadays the defi^ition of what soc\al rnedia \s
(and isn'l) has becowre 5 What does Nik say you can teach people?
a how to listen
Read\nq an art\cle $e^^s
^ot
\vsl the b how to position their body
bvl also shar\ng it with f r\ends. c
, nothing at all about body language
The no|f covAv^on v|eS of |oc\al r^ed\a are lo 6 Nik explains some of the ways he,s taught body
and language. Which of these things does h"e not
l"ff in an anlhroyologtcal slvdy, ,l's \wrTorlanl to mention?
',vhal people a, well al lrrtervlew ther,r. a a TV programme
b a computer
c photos

3b Watch the interview again and check your answers. 4 Wolk in groups and discuss the questions.
4 Work in groups and discuss the questions.
1 What aspects of body language are most important
in your culture? -
1 What are the benefits of social media? Do you think 2 Have you ever experienced people from another
there are any negative effects?
using different body ianguuge to yours? How
2. How do you think the way people use social media :y1tyr:
dtd tt make vou teel?
will change in the future?

I53
 fu&ffiffiY Y&-&K KKffiffireK
3 Watch the interview again and complete the notes.
ffi scx *:Nex-,&N x3 hd,&ru ffi.x-

1 5ynthet',c b,ology ;o\ns togetl,er _ ),es\g^ a. ,

"fi tvtatch the words in the box with their meanings.
b,ology
arterialdisease biodegradable biomassfeedstock ? rof egsor Freevqonl covw?^re, synllnetic b,olog.
Iandfill microbe creat.tng {or yovr
Tlne a\wt of a b,oSe^Sor iS firsl to f,^d "(^) _
a condition in which a blockage forms in one of the \n ll"e bod,y.
main blood vessels in the body \5 re97on|.tble {o"
1a ?ercev\l of dea-
an extremely small living organism, only viewable A s\w'\lar d,eu,ce lo fl,al whtch V,ely; vnblocV
under a microscope arter\e5 covld be vseA { or ll,e l"eatw,e^l
J raw material to fuel an industrial process o{
4 plant and animal matter used to provide energy
6 Al lV'e wtotq€nl vwoSt clnewt\calt am), ?laSltc; a"e
5 a place where waste is buried under the ground
wra),e f rov^ Telrolevw, o,md
6 describes material which can be broken down by
natural processes 1 and lhe y"oblew' wtth this \s tVtat it's
I Al \OLM teo,v^5 haue lo des\q^ a(^) ^ol
2 ffi Watch an interview with professors Richard v^aclnine with a ?vr?o|e.
Kitney and Paul Freemon! Directors of the Centre
Lasl yea"'s leaw, ),ectAed to wor| with sow,eth,,-,
for Synthetic Biology and lnnovation, and answer the
which \s a(n) _-lif€ 7roblew,.
questions.
1O They wanted to c"eale organ\sw,s tLat
1 What is synthetic biologY?
land,{tll waste b1 brea|tng \l ),o,wi^ and yroAv c
a the modification of man-made substances at cell sowrethtng ne'tr.
level
b artificially modifying the DNA and cells of Iiving
things
c using patterns found in nature to create synthetic
materials
2 Which three processes below are mentioned as
applications of synthetic biology?
a creating artificial Iimbs for animals
b making something which detects a defect in the
body and repairs it
c creating microbes to produce artificial
alternatives to natural resources
d using petroleum and oil to create new
SUbSTANCES
e creating microbes which turn non-recyclable
waste into recyclable waste

4 Work in groups and discuss the questions.

'l What brenefits could each of these applications of
synthetic biology have? How important do you
think each one is?
. creating biofuels (fuels created from living matier
e.g. oil from sugar cane)
. making chemicals from agricultural waste
. making vaccines more efficient
. cloning plants
. -
creating synthetic cells
Do you think it's a good idea for humans to
genetically modify things? What are the ethical
issues which surround synthetic biology?

154
 OMMU N ICATION ACTIVITI ES
I.ESSON 2.4 EXERCISE 6 (PACE 23) LESSON 11"3 EXERCTSE 11 (PACE 111)
$TUDENTA STUDENT A
ffileyor You are a Sales Representative who has recently done
sitrmur,n lead the meeting. You should ask: very well. You recently became Salesperson of the year.
. Ricardo Hernandez to state his position regarding You think you should have:
*re project and to explain the advantages of the . a len percent salary raise.
p,roject to the local Granville inhabitants. . a top-of-the-range new company car to impress your
. the other members of the meeting to state their clients.
position and give their reasons. . to work two days a week from home (for phone
r if anyone has any questions they would like to put to sales).
Ricardo Hernandez. a . more time for training courses and staff
to have a full and frank discussion. At the end of the
llll,rlru development.
rmrmating, say whether or not you will recommend the Negotiate with each other and try to get a good
ffimruuncil to support Ricardo Hernandez's project. outcome. Begin by putting yourself in the other person's
shoes.
["6SON 4.4 EXERCISE 6 (PACE 43)
.S[U]DINT
A
LESSON 11.4 EXERCTSE 6 (PACE 113)
GROUPA
Skin cancer INVENTORS
Sikjn cancer is caused by too much exposur'e to the Read the information and prepare for the negotiation.
s*:n: UV radiation damages the skin cells, leading to Decide:
premature ageing, possibly cancer. lt can be fatal. . what your priorities are.
Fair-skinned people are most susceptible. o what concessions vou can make.
Skin cancer facts ." what strategy and iactics you will use in the
- second most common cancer amongst people negotiation.
aged 20-39
. skin cancer rates rising dramatically: increased
You want Ariel Capital:
number of foreign holidays, excessive use of sun beds Finance
. more male sufferers than female; men less likely to . to give you at least $500,000. ln return, you will
visit their doctor to check skin problems offer them a thirty-percent stake in your company.
ltrays to lessen the risk of getting Skin cancer You do not want to give up control of your
- arcid direct sun, especially between 1 1 a.m. and 3 p.m. company.
- avoid burning in the sun; use T-shirt and hat Support
. cfiildren need extra protection . to provide and pay for a managing director to run
. uee high factor sunscreen the company during the first year.
- report changes to your skin - such as moles that . to recommend an accountant who can look after the
drange shape - to your doctor financial affairs of the company.
o to offer ongoing advice on any problems which will
arise during the first year.
[.[ssoN s.4 EXERCTSE 4 (PACE s3) . to agree to your partner being in charge of all the
company's marketing.
$[IJ]DENT A
.. to pay for a course on international marketing for
'$ttunr,u All Seasons should target the under-30s.
Orink your partner.
rWMltrh*'?
How would you attract these people to the shops? You are prepared to offer Ariel Capital an additional five
rWtd[hat
new facilities would be good to have? What would percent stake in the business (thirty-five percent in total)
lrlfirwfte All Seasons a destinatiop store for them?
if they will provide ongoing management support and
,flhltrfl Seasons would have to sell more up-to-date fashion. advice after the first year.
lJflllkm*'could this be achieved? Would it be better to sell Facilities
dqposable fashion at low prices or quality clothes at . to help you find factory space to produce the device
lllttnffi$irer but reasonable prices? in large quantities and to hire a supervisor to manage
could you use the internet? Think about online services
fflllt[mru production of thp MLSD.
nmdonline presence. Would social media be of use? Long-term planning
lLnmgeneral,you think the shop should change direction . to help you build up your company so that
rather than offer special ranges aimed at
,mnndilaally, everftually you will become the chairman and
pmrslcular groups, but still serving a general market. managing director of a major international firm,
'lWffitLrtat would the disadvantages be of targeting the family offering a range of high-tech products.
rfiirl]lmlrk€t, or the over-40s?

155
COMMU N ICATION ACTIVITI ES

LESSON 12.4 EXERCISE 6a (PACE 123) LESSON 5.4 EXERCISE 4 (PACE 53) tI
(P
STUDINT A STUDENT B

A senior member of the National Academy of Science You think All Seasons should focus on G
You are intensely pro-science and believe that its purpose is to expand the family market and not worry about AI
human knowledge and to advance human society. teenagers and young adults. Why? Rr

Look at all the discussion questions and prepare your points of view.
How would you attract these people to the tx
shops? What new facilities would be good a
You are chair for the discussion of the first question. to have? What would make All Seasons a a
destination store for them? a
LESSON 2.4 EXERCTSE 6 (PACE 23) AII Seasons would have to sell more
s
STUDENT B up-to-date fashion. How could this be U
achieved? Would it be better to sell n
Ricardo Hernandez
disposable fashion at low prices or quality o
Try to persuade the people at the meeiing that your project will be
clothes at higher but reasonable prices?
good for the island.
r You will invest $1,000,000,000 in the project. You think it would be a good idea to have
. The investment will generate $200,000 annually for the'island. special ranges aimed at particular groups/
o lt will create 650 new jobs. e.B. younB mothers and small children,
. It will bring 400 percent more tourists to the island each year.
within the family market.
. lt will raise the profile of Cranville lsland internationally. How could the internet be used in your
strategy? Think about online services and
You can offer:
.100
. to build a primary school, shops and houses for local online presence. Would social media be
residents.
of use?
. to protect the environment where possible. You will have to cut down What would the disadvantages be of
mangrove trees to clear the area, but will replant mango trees in other targeting teenagers and young adults or
parts of the island. the over-4Os?
:

LrssoN 4.4 EXERCISE 6 (PACE 43) LESSON 11.3 EXERCISE 11

(PACE 111)
STUDTNT B
STUDENT B
You are the Sales Manager and boss of
Healthy eating
the salesperson. You want to keep your
. Healthy diet reduces the risk of heart disease and cancer' Salesperson of the Year, but the company
- 'superfoods' help fight serious illnesses, e.g' berries and as a whole has had a difficult year. You
tomatoes. think:
- Food that contains omega-3 oils, e.g. oily fish, helps maintain r the company can only afford a four
a healthy brain and memory. percent increase in salary.
Facts about healthy eating habits o the salesperson should have a
. Less than twenty-five percent of the population aged 12'64
o
standard model car like everyone else.
workin8 from home should be limited
eat the recommended five portions of fruit and vegetables
to one day.
per day.
. ' o there is no budget for training at the
Only twelve percent of children eat five or more portions
moment.
of fruit and vegetables per day.
. Less than half of the population eat oily fish at least once
Negotiate with each other and try to get a
good outcome. Begin by putting yourself
a week.
in the other person's shoes.
What is a healthy diet?
. at least five portions of fruit and vegetables each day
. plenty of fibre, such as cereals and wholemeal bread
. limited amounts of red and processed meats, e.g. ham, bacon
. food rich in omega 3 at least once a week
T."TSSON 11.4 EXERCISE 6 LESSON 2.4 EXERCISE 6 (PAGE 23)
(PACE 113) STUDENT C
GROUP B Head of the Wildlife Society
AMEL CAPITAL NEGOTIATORS You represent the conservationists, bird lovers, farmers and fishermen
mead the information and prepare for the in the area.
megotiation. Decide: You are totally against the project because:
e what your priorities are. . cutting down the mangrove trees and clearing the waterfront area
o what concessions you can make. will seriously affect fish stocks.
r what strategy and tactics you will use o the eighty different species of birds in the area will be threatened.
in the negotiation. The Cranville dove could become extinct.
You want:
a . a rare turtle will no longer come to White Sands beach to brreed.
Gltance Find out:
. to offer finance in the range of . what Ricardo Hernandez will do to protect the environment.
$300,000-$500,000 in return for a
. if the ramblers will have access to the beach.
stake of at least forty percent. ldeally,
you would like to have a controlling LESSON 4.4 EXERCISE 6 (PAGE 43)
interest in the company (over fifty
STUDENT C
percent).
Support
e to introduce a management structure Physicalfitness
in the firm by appointing a managing Regular exercise helps prevent obesity. Being overweight
director, financial director, marketing increases the risk of heart disease and some cancefs.
and production manager within the Physical fitness facts
first year. .
. Thirty-five percent of men and forty-one percent of women
to provide ongoing advice and
are inactive.
expertise to help the comPanY to
expand and become international.
. Obesity causes around 1 2,000 cases of cancer each year.
. Physical activity has declined in girls by forty-six percent and
fiacilities
in boys by twenty-three percent in the last five years.
. to outsource the production of the
device either to a local firm or to an How much exercise should you do?
overseas manufacturer in China or . Just thirty minutes of exercise, five days a week, will keep
lndia. This would reduce costs and you healthy.
increase profits on the product. . You must balance the energy you take in from food with the
long-term planning energy you burn through activity.
. to persuade the inventors to focus on
inventing new high-tech products to
add to the firm's product range.
. to grow the company until it is large
LESSON s.4 EXERCISE 4 (PACE s3)
and profitable enough to be sold - in STUDENT C
5-1 0 years' time. You think All Seasons should focus on the over-40s. Why?
How would you attract these people to the shops? What new facilities
I"ESSON 12.4 EXERCISE 5a would be go6d to have? What would make AII Seasons a destination
ffPACE 123) store for them?
STUDENT B All Seasons would have to sell more up-to-date fashion. Howmdd
,flmember of the public a taxi driver this be achieved? Would it be better to sell disposable fashion d low
- prices or quality clothes at higher but reasonable prices?
Sou are generally positive about science
mrd the improvements it makes to our
How could the internet be used in your strategy? Think abouol&te
flhnes.
services and online presence. Would social media be of use?

Vou are chair for the discussion of the In general, you think the store should change direction radcdh"
rather than offer special ranges aimed at particular 8roup6-
tcond question.
What would the disadvantages 6e of targeting the family mrhm
teenagers and young adults?
COMMU N ICATION ACTIVITI ES
LESSON 12.4 EXERCISE 6a (PACE 123) How could the clothes be more up-to-date?
STUDINT C What's the best way forward with the website? How
could the online presence be improved?
A journalist
You speak from a personal point of view, and you
always question people's arguments closely - you like
LESSON 12.4 EXERCISE 6a (PACE 123)
strong and healthy discussions. STUDENT D
Look at all the discussion questions and prepare your A member of the public - a shop manager
points of view. You are generally sceptical of the claims made
You are chair for the discussion of the third question. by scientists, particularly when they claim new
qF developments will be safe.
LESSON 2.4 EXERCISE 6 (PACE 23) Look at all the discussion questions and prepare your
points of view.
STUDENT D
You are chair for the discussion of the fourth question.
Journalist
You represent the opinions of your readers. You are
against the project.
LESSON 2.4 EXERCTSE 6 (PAGE 23)

Over sixty percent of your readers are against STUDENT E

Hernandez's project. Chamber of Commerce representative

They believe that the natural beauty of this part of the You represent business people on the island. You
island will be destroyed, resulting in fewer tourists support Hernandez's project.
visiting the area. Business people believe the project wil.l:
Ramblers are particularly worried as they think . help to rebuild the island's economy following the
Hernandez will stop them from exploring the area. damage done by Hurricane Barbara.
Readers fear that access to White Sands beach will be
L solve the unemployment problem for young people.
restricted or that Hernandez will make people pay to go
o completely rejuvenate this part of Granville, which
on some areas of the beach. has been an under-developed area on the island for
many years.
Readers fear that Hernandez will lose interest in the
resort once it has been built. Business people would Iike Hernandez to:
o invest more in local community projects, e.g. build a
library, a cinema or a youth club.
LESSON 5.4 EXERCISE 4 (PACE 53) o point out that human beings are more important
STUDINT D than birds!
You are the Chief Executive of AII Seasons.
lnitially, you would prefer to offer specialised ranges LESSON 12.4 EXERCISE 6a (PAGE 123)
of products and still cater for the general market, rather STUDENT E
than to completely change market.
A member of Earthwatch, an eco-pressure group
What would the advantages and disadvantages be of
You want science to work to benefit the world as a
targeting the under-30s, the over-40s and the family
whole, and think that it should not harm or exploit the
markets?
natural world.
What would make the shops more attractive to shoppers
in those different market segments? .Look at allthe discussion questions and prepare your
point of view.
You are chair for the discussion of the fifth question.
LrssoN 6.1 EXERCTSE 2 (PACE s6)

1 Score 'l for each item. You.a.re a.real technophilel However, you may be a slave to your
2 a:3 b=2 c= 1 1g+ machrnes!
3 a=2 b=3 c=1
4 Score 1 for each item.
5 a:1 b:2 c=0 d=3 10-17 You find technology useful, but it doesn't rule your life.
6 a=1 b = 3 c=2 d=0
1 a=3 b=2 c= 1

8 a:2 b:3 c=1 n_q

v {
You may be a bit of a technophobe. Some aspects of technology
I a=1 b=2 c=3 worry you, but you still get things done!
oio. s o I e
 NTARY INFORMATION

1.5 EXERCTSE 4 (PACE 14)

tfqr.r tend to jump in and have a go.

-If,,ou like to get things over with. You like to know the reasons behind things.
\flou like to see if things work. You are organised in your approach to study
'\ilou like to get onto the ne>1t thing quickly. You enjoytackling complex problems.

Vo,u think a lot about the subject. You find everything interesting.
fou like to research things thoroughly. You like to see the big picture.
Votl put off practical aspects such as writing. You have bits of information on lots of things.
You have no idea where time goes. You find it hard to select what is relevant.

4.1 EXERCISE 4b (PACE 36)

TO THE COUNTRYSIDE: charity organisation. Raise GOTNG ON HOLIDAYWITH A

rironment is a key factor funds for disadvantaged children GROUP OF YOUR BEST FRIENDS:
ining our happiness. in developing countries or Having a break will lower
pollution don't do it- work for world peace. But you your stress levels, but more
ar all. The rrral idvll - shouldn't set your sights too importantly, quality time with
; peace and quiet - will high all at once. Start small, with friends is essential for long-term
rour sense of well-being achievable short-terrn goals. happiness. But don't save it all
wMch out for the birds'
A RELAXING DAY FISHING: A up for a once-a-year jamboree.
day away from it all is great for The more the better.
MARRIED: It's a fact tackling stress. And to be really TIDYING UP YOUR ROOM, FLAT
i*sd people are happier, happy, we have to keep our OR HOUSE: Create some living
r married menl stress levels under control. space by getting rid of all the
no\\:.
BEING SLIM: Maintaining a
clutter. It's not sexy work, but
TO THE GYM: Yes, it's healthy weight is d key ingredient it'll be very satisfying and the
of health and happiness. But the sense of achievement is sure to
but physical activity can
road to happiness isn't lined with raise your happiness levels.
['boost your happiness
ffivou don't fancy crash diets. WINNING ONE MILLION EUROS:
rour muscles, at least TAKING AN EVENING CLASS The jury's out on this one. You'll
gume exercise into your definitely get rich quick. But
IN SOMETHING YOU REALLY
mmrtine - a long energetic
WANT TO LEARN: How to kill will it make you happy? Some
wudll do the trick. experts think no - full-stop.
two birds with one stone. You
can learn a new skill, such as Others argue it will, but not in
A GOOD CAUSE:
pottery, car maintenance or the shorl term - the impact on
m no doubt that, in life,
your well-being, they believe,
a sense of purpose and a foreign language; as well as
realising a personal ambition. takes one to two years to show
other people lead to
Both boost happiness. up. The verdict? True happiness
happiness. Join a
probably lies elsewhere.

159
CO&4&4 U N CATIONq ACTXVITI AS X

LESSON 4.5 EXERCISE 16 (PACE 45)

Year
100
Life expectancy in optimistic and pessimistic scenarios: history and
forecasts for selected country groupings

40
1960 1970 19B0 1990 2000 2010 2020

Southern ,A:ia Sub-Saharan Africa High-income countries

*Optimistic *
- Pessimistic
Optimistic
Pessimistic
-- - Optimistic
Pessimistic
The World Health Report, 2008

LESSON 6.1 EXERCISE 2 (PACE 56)

9.hl-!}i{.irl*B;t4

TECHNOLOGY OUIZ
rriii.Il.Ei:
o-
How many pieces of t4 Which of the following do you How do you feel about online
technology do you have with * have? shoppi ng/ban ki ng?
,r
you at the moment (on your o a a smartphone a lt's great.
person/in your bag)?
[3
E
b a GPS/sat nav b I do it sometimes, but the

How do you feel when you I c

d
a tablet computer
a social media page c
security worries me.
I don't do it.
have to use a new piece of
technology, e.g. a phone, a
e a blog
Do you read ebooks?
f your own website
camera, a machine, etc.?
g a Twitter account a Yes, now and again.
a excited b Yes, all the time.
b indifferent How do you prefer to consume c No, I prefer to hold a real
c anxious (buy)/listen to music?
book.

You have a new electronic

a onCD
Which of the following best
gadget. Do you:
b as downloads
describes you, technological ly
c on vinyl
a read the instructions
d streamed over the internet
speaking?
carefully before use? a set in your ways
b learn how to use it by trial On holiday, do you take b moving with the times
and error? photos with: c at the cutting edge
c get someone to show you a a digital camera?
how it works? b a tablet computer?
c a camera phone?
d a disposable camera?
 6.4 EXERCISE 5a (PACE 63)

tutthey are What it is

$D printers were invented in 1986 by Chuck HuItof Surveillance and identity technology is used by governments
3iD Systems. 3D printers have the abitity to construct and police forces to monitor peopte's movements and
solLiid objects by buitding them up, layer by layer, from communications. lt may also be used by companies,
phstic or metat. Larger machines are abte to print institutions and individuals.
adozen different materiats to make an object.3D Some of its uses
printing is an important technotogy which is having a The NSA (NationaI Security Agency) in the United States and
a
mig economlc impact. security and inteLligence services in many countries practise
Sorne of their uses globalsurveillance. They cotlect data on foreign nationats and
lfitne printers are being used in a wide range of citizens in their own countries and share the informatlon with
imdustries from industriaI design to jewellery and security organisations in other countries.
lfiashion. They are mainly used: Other uses include the fo[[owing:
' to make modets and quick prototypes of designs. . CCry cameras monitor and record behaviour in pubtic spaces.
' to make spare parts for domestic appliances. . Police forces keep records of an individuat's DNA in order
' to provide components in complex equipment. to match peopte to DNA found at crime scenes
. to make sma[[ batches of products such as . Mobile telephone companies and internet service providers
jewetlery.
are required to keep att communications data for several
Eramples: years so that the police can investigate whb someone has
been communicating with.
- NASA recently tested a rocket with a 3D-printed
. lD cards with key biometric information - for example,
fueI injector. Printing allowed it to be made wtth
fingerprints - are issued to citizens in order to identify
.iust 2 parts instead of 115.
iltegaI immigrants and prevent lD theft and fraud.
- Printed parts are used to make pharmaceutical
and papermaking equipment and aircraft turbines. Criticisms
- 3D printers are being used to make replacement . The NSA and other organisations practising gtobal
hips and knees in the medicat equipment industry. surveiltance are accused of infringing peopte's right
(riticisms to privacy.

- . Governments coutd store information and use surveiltance

Some people say that the potentiaI of 3D printing
in ways that go against the interests ofthe people.
to change our lives has been exaggerated. . CCry cameras mean that people have lost personal
' 3D printing is time-consuming and at present it is
privacy in public areas.
not a fast process.
. 3D-printed parts are not as strong as traditionatly Benefits
manufactured parts. . CCTV cameras hetp identify criminats and make people
Eenefits feeI safer.
. Camera networks provide real-time information which
3D printers have revotutionised industrial design.
increases the safety of transport networks.
They have made manufacturing cheaper and more
. Doors and locks activated by fingerprint or iris recognition
efficient.
' i ncrease peopte's secu rity.
They enabte spare parts to be made quickty.
COMMU N ICATION ACTIVITI ES
LESSON 6.s EXERCISE 10 (PACE 65)

What it is
Fracking is short for hydraulic fracturing.lt is a technique to recover
oitand gas from shate rock.lt is a process of drilling into the earth and
using a high-pressure mixture of water and chemicats to retease the gas Appoint a counsellor
inside. The rock is fractured (broken) apart by the high-pressure mixture. for each student.

Miltions of gattons of water are used to crack the underground rock so Provide each
that fossil fuets can flow out. student with a
second-year U.S.
Some of its uses student as a mentor.
. to produce gas and oi[ qb

. to produce uranium in the future

Recommend
students to share a
. to increase groundwater wetts room with a U.S.
. to prepare rock for mlning student in their first
Criticisms year.
. Fracking uses huge amounts of waterwhich decreases water suppties. Offer free, weekly
. lt produces harmfuI chemicats that may contaminate'the area English Ianguage
around the sites. classes for all
. lt is a threat to air quatity, causes noise poltution and has a harmfut
international
students.
effect on witdtife and peopte's heatth.
Arrange for students
Benefits to visit famllies in the
Fracking enabtes firms to access difficult-to-reach sources of oil and gas. city at weekends.
It has greatty boosted production of gas in the USA. Send counsellors
It wi[[ produce gas for many countries in the future. The USA tt4itt to places where
have secure supplies of gas for the next 100 years. students gather
after classes and
offer informal
free, confidential
What they are consultations on a
Electrlc cars use electric power from battery packs in vehictes. The packs
are rechargeable. Well-known makelinclude the Tesla Roadstar and
Reva, which is the top-setling etectric car in Europe. Other carmakers,
LESSON 7.1 EXERCISE 2b (PACE
such as GeneraI Motors and Toyota, are producing hybrid cars. These
combine petroI and dieseI with an electric motor. The market for electric in the dark
cars is expected to grow rapidly in the future. on the outside
Where they are used if they are tinned tomatoes
Atl overthe world.The top five countries for pure electric cars areJapan in the ground
(twenty-eight percent), the USA (twenty-six percent), China (sixteen
a leg (also: a snail)
percent), France (eleven percent) and Norway (seven percent).
one
Some of their uses
. ln Canada, they are allowed on city streets, but not on motorways.
His horse was called Friday.
. ln lsraeI and Portugat, French carmaker Renault and Nissan, ifs
Japanese partner, are instalting recharging and battery reptacement
I-ESSON 7.1 EXERCISE 9c (PACE
networks nationwide. Discuss your ideas using these criteria.
. The 5an Francisco Bay area (USA) wilt become one of the world's
. number (How many new uses did
leading centres for electric vehictes. The ptan is to switch the
think of?)
transport system from being powered by traditionaI fossiI fuels.
. originality (How unusual were the
you gave?)
Criticisms flexibility (How many uses did you
. Etectric cars are not as quick or practicalto recharge as other cars. of? (e.g. Paperclip earrings (jewellery)
. They are not really suitabte for long-distance driving. bookmark (reading) are two different
. There are problems of refuelling in remote locations. detail (How much information did
Benefits give about the new uses?)
. They have lower carbon dioxide emissions than traditionaI cars and
'
low fuel consumption.
. They are less noisy and smoother to drive than petrot-driven cars.
. They use renewable sources of power.

162
I-ISSON 8.s EXERCISE 6c (PACE 85) LESSON 9.5 EXERCISE 1Ob (PACE 95)

? o 5b e q, 5. (2 012) T V.e G r e al D ey r es 5\ o n, Ye1 { a cls

eharlie.Srnith,@my:emails. uk "
Friednran,B@coltege.network,uk
amd t\qvr€9

Dear Professor Friedman, O ct. 1121) stocV yr\ces {ell b1 80% over 1 1 rs
I'm sorry that I did not finish my essay on ' thovsa^ds o{ \nvestorS rvtmeA; sov^e (w'a\nl1
time. The reason is that I h6d an important l.ill€d th€r^ selves (7' 8)
^e^) abo"l rvral
exam for another subject on Wednesday and - ir., V5A, cro? ?r\cet {ell b0%;
^re^s
I had to do b lot of preparation for it. Because svf{eredb'ad\ - ^o alle"nalive;obs (7'12)
of this, I got behind wittfrny studies. Could I lO,OOO V.S. banVs wiTed ovl b11111 (7.21)
please have an extension of one week so that 1111 - 21% vnewrTloyr''aer"t \n Canada (7' 41)
the essay will be up to my usual standard? Newcattle, England, collay5e o{ shiybvtlding -
I hope you understand why I need the 1 O% v nev^?loymerat (y. 41)
extension and that you can give me more time
to get the essay to you. rNillie, ). (2001) TAe effecls o{
lhe 6real
Sincerely,
- 'vmoll ;er\ov| eco^ow\\c dey"255i6^ of 2Oth C,;
a{fecled rrcA amd yoor covnlrtes (y.5)
- collayse o{ tnternalional l"ade (y.11)

rht Chartie.Smith.@my: emails. uk

Friedman.B@co[[ege.network.uk
- loss o{ econov"tic cor\{ide^ce - redvced syendin.g
levels (y.11)
Chile and (terwrany badly Art; nearlf 1O%
Dear Professor Friedman, v n 6erw,any, 111 2 (?. 1Oq)
i
^ev^?loyv^erat
lsincerely apologise for not completing my ledjo yol.tlical vyheaval - g"o,,vfh o{ exl"ewre
essay assignment and failing to submit it before el l - a n d r ghl - w \ n g a
l \
? e s. (2 € r vw a vty : 1,.! 5a.,i9
ttre deadline. I should explain that I had a caw,e lo ?ow€r 1111
"l:,,
(y.121)
very important examination in another subject
on Wednesday. This required a great deal of
preparation. As a result, I could not complete my
essay for you and send it on time:l would greatly
appreciate it if you could grant me an extension - {^i^inr, vvt\n\mg andlogg\ng esy.badl| l^\t (?'12)
of one week to enable me to complete the - 25-10/; v^ew\?lolw\e rrt irT 1112; Teoyle losl
assignment to the required standard. lno*eg, car;, {vrnrlvre (7. 4b)
- lnigh sv\c\de rale Avr\ng lhis ye",od (7.1t2)
Thank you in advance for taking the time to
consider this request. - bi^Ver| '/erl u^yoTrlai - |ee^ ^5 re|?o^5ible .

{o" deyres5ron; b'anV "obbe"s (e'g'bo^n'e a^d

Yours sincerely, Cly Ae)' st alvt (7' 212)
^cqv\reA'l2ept
- er^'yrodvced al least o^e 7re^+ Yo'V o{
l\leratv"e', )ohn ite\nbecV's The 6ra7es of
l.EssoN 9.2 EXERCTSE 2 (PACE BB) wrafh (wq) (7 2a1)

Lrssot,l t0.s EXERCISE B (pAcE 104)

. Make sure you know what the topic of the seminar is
Pakistan, the USA (in most states) beforehand.
Ethiopia, lran (girls only)
. Think about what you know about the topic - and what
you don't know. Write down a few of the things you need
Thailand, Ukraine, the UK to know more about.
o Read any relevant lecture notes you have. Read any
Japan, Belize, the Netherlands, Tur material (articles, etc.) your teacher has given you or
Cermany, ltaly, Russia, China recommended. Research the topic in the library, on the
internet, etc. Make notes of important points.
lran (bovs only) . Work out a position on the topic. What's your opinion?
Belgium, the Democratic Republic of the C Are you for or against?
o Prepare some questions you can ask in the seminar.
. Consider working with another student from the same
seminar group to discuss your ideas together. Or meet
with other students to form a study group - you can
practise participating in seminars to give you more
confidence for the actual seminar.

163
 COMMU N ICATION ACTIVITI ES
LESSON 11.1 EXERCISE 7a (PACE 107) LESSON 11.2 EXERCISE 2a (PACE 10s)
STUDENT B
Your decisions
thi s year) (next year)
education and training o/o o/o

defence (army, air force, etc.) o/o o/o

law and order (police, Private certification schemes are the unsung heroes
prisons and the legal system) o/o o/o
of a market economy. They are far more effective
infrastructure (roads, state regulation. lt is therefore with a heavy heart that
railways, etc.) 6 o/o o/o have always had reservations about Fairtrade-labelled
o/o o/o
products. The foundation pounces on critics with its
healthcare
well-oiled publicity machine, always responding with
investment in industry anecdotes. But doubts remain.
(subsidies) o/o o/o
There are many ways in which poor farmers can get
environment (e.9. recycling, better prices" They can do so through speciality brands,
o/o
traffi c red uction, etc.) o/o.
via traditionaltrade channels and using other labelling
social services (for children/the initiatives. Does Fairtrade help? The evidence is limited,
elderly/the unemployed, etc.) o/o o/o but even proponents of Fairtrade would argue that only
about fifty percent of the extra money spent by
public service jobs o/o o/o
is available to spend on social projects, and others have
arts and culture o/o o/o
suggested a figure much closer to zero. No clear
has been produced to suggest that farmers themselves
international development
(reducing world poverty) o/o o/o actually receive higher prices under Fairtrade.
Fairtrade cannot help all farmers. Some poorer or
remote farmers cannot organise and join up, others
cannot afford the fees; still others will be working for
LESSON 11.5 EXERCISE 10 (PACE 115) larger producers who are excluded from many Fai
product lines. Against that background, 'Fairtrade
To Kart@my.emaits.uk
absolutism' does not sit well. Fairtrade schools have to
do everything possible to stock Fairtrade products, br.rt
what about speciality brands produced by individual
Dear Karl, farmers? What about Rainforest Alliance products?
l've received some feedback from members of the poor producers to be expected to pay the costs
audience who attended your recent presentation to join every labelling scheme?
to our local distributors. Unfortunately, there were Fairtrade is a brand that promotes itself the way il
some negative comments about your presentation. brands do. As noted, the brand is prominent in
In terms of your technique, some participants It is worrying that its PowerPoint presentation
mentioned that you arrived late and that you graphs of commodity prices that stop in 2001 and
seemed to lack confidence. They felt this was graphs of the coffee price relative to the Fairtrade
possibly because you had not fully prepared minimum price that stop in 2006. The picture
your talk. Also, some people in the back row had tells a different story. This is marketing, not
difficulty hearing you. One person complained Fairtrade may do some good in some
that you rushed your presentation towards the end; it does not deserve the unique status it claims for
another that you failed to make eye contact.
As far as the content of your talk is concerned,
some people felt they were not informed abrout the LESSON 12.1 EXERCISE 1c (PACE 116)
unique selling points of the new product. AIso, I 1 Earth is about twice as big as Mars. (diameter
understand that you had problems with the order Earth = 12,756 km; diameter of Mars = 6,792
of your slides. 2 Earth (average temp of Earth = 14 degrees
Finally, it seems that your answers to questions average temperature of Mars = -63 degrees
were not very convincing. 3 Earth (Earth: 107 218 km/h; Mars: 86,67
ln view of the comments, I think you might find 4 Mars (Earth: 24 hours; Mars:24 hours + 4O ni
it useful to follow one of our short courses on 5 Earth (Mars has 62.5Yo less gravity than Earthl
presentation techniques in the near future. 6 Mars (Mars: 2 moons; Earth: 1 moon)
7 Earlh (Earth: 78% nitrogen. Mars: 2"h ni

164
 AUDIO SCRIPTS
1.1 RECORDING 1"1 world of work. Certainly. BULATS is a business language
ffmsenter,J =Jim, N: Nancy, B = Bob
P: How do you mean, Bob? Can you testing service, er, for people who need to
t@K thank you, Miranda and the rest of the
elaborate? use a foreign language in their work.
a: Well, yes. Education at all levels should be Ah, thank you. OK, could you tell us about
pumel, for those opening remarks. And now
much more practical, er, Iess theoretical. the internship?
ldinink we can go to our first caller, who is
As an employer, l'm not looking for Well, my internship was actually at the
l,lfrnrn'.n- a salesman from Brighton. Hello, Jim.
academics and eggheads. I want good place I did my work experience - the Bank
Ututut do you think?
'lllf,eah team players who can write a decent letter of Foreign Trade - and, Iuckily, they
... good morning. Well, I think all
or email - you know, people who have invited me back to work for them after I
ilirrrnal education is a waste of time and
practical skills like meeting deadlines and finished my PhD.
mmney. It's the ... it's the'university of life'
the ability to prioritise tasks, people who Does that mean all your work experience,
important - you know, learning
iltirnar's
are competent and who can be trained up. including your internship, has been in one
ffimfings the hard way by doing them and
It's amazing the sort of stuff I see on place? Have you done any other work?
nuking mistakes. Experience, thalis whal
application forms. I must say, I see very Well, I've had a number of holiday jobs.
mrnts; that's how you learn to mike
little of the er, the critical thinking skills l've been a waiter and l've also worked as
:rnntformed decisions, not by reading books.
which people like, er, Nancy talk about. I a shop assistant.
lnrrcan. obviously, you need to be able to
think we need to go back to more Right. l'd probably include that in your CV
mmeed and write. Numeracy and literacy and
traditional teaching methods. I don't think in future,
allilthat are important, but all those subjects
any of these modern techniques actually Sure, thank for that advice. l'd applied for
lii[,e Chemistry and er... Geography, how
work. a number of work placements before I got
usd.ftrl are they in the modern world? They
e: Right. Thank you. Bob. Well, plenty to the one in the bank. l'd just like to add that
fui't really help anyone's career think about there. Let's Bet some l'm quite proud that I was offered a job
pospects. Life skills, the things that really
comments from the panel about what after my work placement and I really
mnnater, can't be taught in schools.
'Yes, I they've heard. Cristina, let me come to you enjoyed working at the Bank of Foreign
take your poin! Jim.
first, because... Trade. I was very happy there. But after my
All that learning stuff by heart which I had
PhD l'm looking for a new challenge and
b do at school, rote learning, just like LESSON 1.3 RECORDINC 1.2 the opportunity to use my English in
m6rrots. what a waste of timel School is full :
mf show-offs and smart alecs who want to
I lnterviewer, V: Vadim Britain-

frorv how many facts they know in exams, Thank you, Vadim. That was an excellent t: Mm. righq yes- Now, before we go into
presentation and I was particularly your current job responsibilities in detail, I
hrrm,vou really learn by being out there in
interested in the marketirrg surveys and need to check one last thing. l'm sorry, but
dne world and making your own way.
other marketing activities you were I seem to have lost your references. ls it
Eueryone has the same chance in life - or
involved with in your job. Now, I know OK if we phone your referees?
,M least they should.
you're flying back to Russia this evening. V: Yes, no problem- I have their phone
0X, thank you, Jim. And now I think we
Hopefully, we will have finished the numhrs.
ran go to Nancy in Cambridge . . . er, who
m a university Iecturer, I believe. Co interview by 3 o'clock, so you should have t: OK, so why do you think you are suitable
lots of time to catch your flight. l'd just like for this job?
,drcad, Nancy.
ffi nlhank you. I have to say that I totally to start by checking some of the details on
LESSON 1.4 RECORDINC 1.3
ffisagree with the previous caller. your CV. Can you tell us what you've been
fiducation is about accumulating a body of doing since you left your job as a financial L:[isa,H:Howard
krowledge which contributes to an analyst? L: We've got three possible candidates for the
ilroldividual's developinent and helps create Well, since December 2013, erm I've been internship at UNESCO. They all have
a sense of identity. It's really the most writing my doctoral thesis and studying at slightly different strengtis, so I think it may
important thing: a broad education with a St Petersburg State University of Economics come down to who's best at interview.
sffiong knowledge base. Also, if you think and Finance. Shall we run through UNESCO's
about it, a high-quality education system OK. l'd like to come back to that in more requirements for this internship?
cDntributes to the economy as a whole. detail later. Having read your CV, we'd H: Yeah, let's do that.
"Xlhe
better educated the population is, the like to know more about your internship t-: OK, well, the first thing is academic
nnre people go to university, the more it and exchange programmes, especially as qualifications. lt's absolutely essential that
henefits the whole country. you haven't had a Iot of actual work candidates are doing a postgraduate
Itt tmm, I think many people would agree experience in marketing. degree. In other words, a second university
urith you there, Nancy. So a university Sure. l've been on two exchange degree or higher.
education is important, then? programmes: one in Finland and one in H: OK, so having an undergraduate degree
niilh Yes. certainly. For me, subject knowledge Cermany. I studied mainly business definitsly isn't enough.
ard the ability to use it, er, self-awareness subjects and also some Finnish, although r: Exactly. They'll have to be enrolled in a
and mental agility are all very important the programme was in English. One of the master's degree or already have one.
qralities which are developed at subjects I studied was Marketing. The H: OK. What about languages?
university. The experience of campus life is programme in Cermany also included L: Well, they must have an excellent
ff fre heart of creating all-rounders who lnternational Marketing, but it was taught knowledge of one of the working
fllave the capacity for independent study in Cerman, so, if l'm honest, that was quite languages of the organisation - that means
and can think for themselves. That's what difficult for me. I studied Cerman at really good English or French, oral and
education is all about. school, but I dropped it before I had taken written.
m OK, Nancy, thank you for your any exams. Luckily, my English is fairly H: Righl, so that's a prerequisite.
' eontribution. And now, er/ we can go to advanced, erm and I have an B in IELTS, L: Yes.
Bob, a company director in London. Hello, which is a really good score. I really H: How about work experience?
Bob. What's your view? enjoyed the exchange programme and my L: Well, they don't mention that specifically,
ft, Good morning. I have to say I have a quite only regret is that I didn't study more but it's obviously an advantage to have
different view to the previous callers. Erm, Cerman. some work experience, preferably with an
for me, the problem with education in this You mentioned your IELTS score. We international organ isation.
country is that it just doesn't teach the right know about that, but can you tell me what H: Yes, that's true. You haven't mentioned
stuff- that which is actually useful for the BULATS is? computer skills.
 AUDIO SCRIPTS
L lti'ell- candidates are expected to be able
that you do this.
to use otiice-related software. That,s fairly it's the way.l grew up and that attracted
Make sure you include all your ,selling me to,
sandard. erm/ my field; and as a result of that, I went
points'. They're the things you can offe"r which to
H: Anything else? the Universily of Oxford to sludy Zoolopv.
u No, but we'll be looking for some will really impress the employer. For examole. I finished my first degree there. lr, afteritiat,
you could say, ,l've had three vears I was Iucky enough to become a guide
evidence of a special cultural or scienlific in the
experience in the newspaper industry and was Calapagos lslands. I did that for aiour
interest. It is UNESCO, after all.
voted Financial Journalist of the year in 2006. eighteen months and as a result of that
H: Yes, quite. By the way, how long is the I speak Spanish and English and can take experience, which was really quite a
internship?
notes quickly in shorthand., ln other words,
L It must be between one and four months.
highlight your strengths and what you can
life-changing experience, I went to the
So they're not that long. Univ_ersity of Pennsylvania to study Ecology
offer the employer. and Evolution.
H: OK. Shall we take a look at the candidates
now? Now, be careful about the length of the Er, that took me about six years to finish
that
covering letter. lf you make it too short, you,ll and once I had finished that, I embarked on
a
!6 probably leave out important information ancl
LESSON 1.5 RECORDING 1.5 not 'sell yourself, properly. But if you make it
career almost immediately, moving straight
A=Anna,H=Hayato rnto conservation biology and lhen
too long, the reader may gel bored and mieht subsequently inlo things like park
* l'm learning English because I love the . nol r'ead it properly. Remember that some management and research management;
Ianguage and l'm fascinated by the culture. and
employers have to read thousands of letters that's basically how I became a
When I was at school, I learnt about every year, so the letter needs to be concise conservation ist.
Shakespeare and the eueen and the Tower
and persuasive
of London, and I dreamt of coming to LTSSON 2.2 RECORDINC 2.3
And don't put the same things in every
England. Now l,m in London and I want to
covering lefler you write. Customise each I = Interviewer, C = Dr Graham Watkins
improve my English so I can understand
letter.so that the qualities and skills you t: What are the key threats from tourism to
English books, like pride and prejudice and
mention your slrong points _ are targetecl at conservation areas?
Sherlock Holmes, the classics, and follow _-
the specific job you've applied for. yoJ mav G: I think the first thing to say about tourism
all the English films and relevision. I go to is
include different points, depending on lhe that in many situations it,s a very positive
the theatre here twice a month. lt,s
job.
wonderful to see a play by Shakespeare at thing. lt can help conservation quite
lhe National Theatre. I want to become And finally, sign your letter and print your substantially, but there are also many
name under lhe signature. examples in the world, for example in the
really fluent and speak like an English
person. I enjoy learning languages and Well, everyone, that's about all ld like to sav Caribbean, where tourism also causes
travel a lot. I've visited seveial foreign about covering letters. Cooj luck in your jot other ... causes problems and has direct
countries. hunting. I hope you,ve found this talk impacts on the environment. Er, many of
I think I'm a good traveller because I trv to interesting and useful. the reefs in the Caribbean have serious
fit in wherever I go. I,ve developed good problems as a result of pollution from the
LESSON 2.1 RECORDING 2.1 large hotels. So, when you have massive
cross-cultural skills and because of this, .
I always manage to integrate into the 1 A holiday is all about gening away from it development of lourism, it can create
culture of the country I'm visiling. all. substantial problems, er, for the wildlife in
H: Whal's motivating me to learn English? 2 I just want time away from work when I the particular area. There are other areas
Simple. I work in the export department of " feel I can really let my hair down. where tourism can also cause what are,
an international clothing company. l,m 3 I just love going somewhere new and you could say, are more hidden ... have
attending an English cpurse in my soaking up the atmosphere. more hidden consequences. For example,
company to improve all my skills, so I can 4 We live in a big city, although I grew up in in the Calapagos lslands, where you have
pass an English language proficiency test. lf the country, so getting back to niture is a growth in tourism, an explosion in
I pass the test, I,ll get promoted and earn important. tourism that has basically resulted in more
more money. That's my main motivation. 5 I love to really live it up on holiday. I like planes and more cargo ships arriving in the
l've never been good at learning languages to blow what money I have in a short time. islands and bringing with them what we
and l'm not particularly interested in I save all year and then have a really good call invasive species. These are species
English or its culture, but l,m ambitious time. that are not from the Calapagos that cause
and very career-minded. I have to travel a 6 We're keen on finding unusual places serious problems for the Calapagos
lot in my job to visit suppliers, and I often species. It's one of the major realons why
- going off the beaten track. the Calapagos is in so much trouble at the
need to communicate with customers in 7 Steering clear of the tourist traps is our
English- So l'm also trying to improve the main priority when bookjng a holiday. moment. So, in summary, l,d say that
level of my English to become more fluent. 8 I don't really like to do very much on tourism can be positive, but needs to be
lf ll help me to do my job better. So, to holiday. Just lounging around by the pool managed effectively to make sure that it
answer your question, my main goal is to is enough. remains positive, er, for the conservation of
pass the language test and get a 6igher 9 The main thing is to avoid getring ripped the areas to which people go.
salary, but ofl so I try not to look like a tourist. '
I also need to improve my English 10 l.love seeing new things and taking in the !E!!ON 2.2 RECORDtNO 2.4
Ianguage skills to perform better in my sights. I= Interviewer, C = Dr Craham Watkins
work- t: Should we stay away from conservation
TESSON 2.2 RECORDINC 2.2 areas?
LISSON 1.5 RTCQRDINC 1.6 G: No, I don't think so. I think, as l,ve
Er, I became a conservationist in part because
OK then, l've told you how to organise a of my family background. My father was an mentioned, many of, er, tourism can be
covering letter and what to include in it. Now agricu ltural scientist and travel led throughout
- very positive for conservation areas. I think
let me give you some advice. the world. One of my brothers was born"in it's more an issue of how we visit those
Africa. I was born in, er, British Cuiana ancl areas.
First, focus on the employer's needs and show
throughout our young life we, er, wer6 I think it's important for people to see other
how your qualities and skills match whal
constantly exposed to my father,s pictures, parts of the world and also to see these
they're looking for. And try to avoid starting
particularly of Africa, which were ... a strong incredible sights that have become
every sentence with ,1,. I mean, you have to
effect on me. So the first reason, I think, is th"at conservation areas, but I also think, er, it,s
talk about yourself, but do try to vary the way
very important to make sure that when vou

166
 AUDIO SCRIPTS
qmnwfi tddimre areas, you minimise your impact course is central to your plans, but would Well, some people need to see what they
,nnd mm iust the direct impac! so you don't you be willing, if necessary, to scale down are thinking. And for them, 'visual
Mdlm au,ay anything from the island, well, this part of the project? thinking' is a good technique to use. lt
lliil@rllll places you visit, you don't cause
ffi,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,ie R: Scale down? What do you mean exactly? helps them to develop new ideas. This is
,nmn*r
Wnoblems for the wildlife and the L: Well, would you be prepared to reduce the how it works: in the centre of a bit of
*ilhrmq dut you visit, but you also become size of the course to a nine-hole course, paper, you put some kind of picture - an
illqmmed into the local society. instead of eighteen holes? Of course, we'd image representing the topic. Then from
,ffitmd so the best forms of tourism are those only ask you to do that if it was absolutely the central image, you draw, say, five or
fitlummrmm ot tourism that actually contribute to necessary. six branches which move away from the
rmllium u,e call sustainable development, I'd like to make my position very clear centre. At the narrow end of each branch,
,niliitrin$n rneans that you, er, about this, Miss Bradshaw. The size of the
contribute by you write a sub{opic of the main topic.
iMinng sure that the compan ies you're course isn't negotiable, l'm afraid. It simply Beneath each sub-topic, you can write
WmffiM,'ith are... tend to be locally isn't possible to shorten its length. lt's my data which supports your sub-topics. Er,
l0rmrilrrred" they tend to employ loca&people, dream to build the greatest golf course in this way, you build up a map to help you
tfltm*,imtend to purchase items locally and the world here on this island. But I can't go organise your essay.
lh@ rfuinh' integrated into Iocal society. ahead if S: Mmm, interesting. But I don't think the
lfll *ou visit under those circumstances, . I have to build a shorter course. You see, technique's good for me; I'm not really a
umltrere you're both contributing to it's vital to have a full-length, eighteen- very visual thinker. How about the third
sumainable development of the area and hole course if you want to attract the top approach?
mmrmibuting to conservation, I think you're golfers in the world to play here. Also, l've This approach is called 'question and
a positive impact. lf you're not
iiliim...........u,frng commissioned a famous golf course answer'. It's a relatively new technique
,wrmining
under those circumstances, then I architect to design the layout of the course. and it can help you to come up with good
wrund suggest that you rethink your, your He certainly won't want to design anything ideas quickly. Er, with this technique, you
filrnrp. that isn't championship length. I hope you think of as many questions as you can
see my point of view. about the topic, erm without worrying at
ruMN 2.4 RECORDING 2.5 L: .Mmm, I understand where you're coming this stage about the answers. The questions
\ffillflll t6nanville lsland have the finest golf from. So, it seems you won't compromise may help you to identify problems relating
,Mmurm u-rn the world in three years' time? That's on that point, right? to your topic. Youthen choose the best
,mllhM,erenone is talking about. n: Exactly. A full-length course is an absolute questions and then are ready to start
priority. I couldn't go ahead without your thinking about what the answers are.
iffiimmdo Hernandez, Chief Executive of
agreement on that. However, you may prefer to delay
llilliitmmmndezEnterprises, has an nou nced that
a provisional offer to buy the
llttuiU rrrmmde
L: OK, you've been very clear about that. I discussion of the answers to a later session.
just hope it won't prevent you from Erm one of your questions might be, 'What
lflh&mts Esate and to develop it as a sports
lommdkn- lhis will be subject to the usual realising your dream. is the relationship between the ideas I've
n: I hope not, too. But you know, there are noted down?'This question could help you
fllhrmriirmeapproval. Mr Hernandez plans to
lhtnlM a drampionsh ip eighteen-hole golf
other countries I can go to if l'm turned to work out a logical structure for the
qooumffr the site. ln addition, he intends to down here! I don't want to, but if I have to, essay. OK?
lhuMa mnnis complex, an Olympic-sized lwill. s: Well, thanks! l'll think about what you've
told me and decide which technique to
ffiulrmmninng pool, four blocks of timeshare
LESSON ?.5 RTCCIRDINC 2"7 use for my essay.
,tmmfffimlenb. forty villas and a twelve-storey
ilhtuud-Ihere would also be housing for L=Lecturer,S=Student L: That's it, Erika, choosea technique which
t-: OK, Erika, you have to write an essay works for you, one you're comfortable
lllhtmrndrreds of staff.
about lhe effects of tourism on with.
,ltl$litr lllrhmandez is certain to meet strong
qmposiifrion to his plans. The 3,000-acre estate conservation, but you don't know how to
LTSSON 2.5 RECORDINC 2.8
tmomldhols the sea and it's in a prime area of start, right?
lh idhrd- lfs ecologically sensitive because Yes, l've read the essay title, but I seem to As you know, many animals and plants face
iitidllh,,.a fiarourite area for ramblers and also one
be stuck at the moment. Just don't know extinction because their habitat is being
uili'dtm,furo. sites for the national emblem of our how to get started. destroyed or they're being hunted by human
tidlmtrd" frte Cranville dove, one of our most OK, I think the best way forward for you is beings. Take the example of the African
{fitruhurlleerd species. to do some trrainstorming about the topic. elephant, the world's largest land animal. The
Brainstorming. OK, how do you go about elephant population of Africa has suffered a
llffi,hluiiltrd the waterfront villas, Mr Hernandez
it? catastrophic decline in recent years. A century
1flfum&to remove a large number of mangroves,
wlimdin w"ill undoubtedly affect fish stocks.
Well, there are three approaches you ago, there were millions of elephants, twenty
Uilhrmmmres are vital for the ecosystems in the
could use. lt's up to you which one you years ago there were about one million, but
,mrm" ,fuiother problem is that the estate is
prefer. today there may be as few as 400,000. The
,{diimffieftoWhite Sands beach, which is a Right. Can you tell me a bit about them, African elephant is an endangered species
llhmodfrng ground for turtles. This beautiful
please? and will become extinct unless solutions are
lhmdll fttas always been a major attraction for Sure. The first way is a technique called found to protect it.
furuuurllHs- Environmentalists say the resort will
'free association'. It's really good for Why is the African elephant population
generating ideas about a topic and declining so rapidly? Well, most elephants
dliilmunge tourists from visiting the beach and
qr,,rlllll lilmate a negative impact developing supporting arguments. How have been killed for their ivory tusks, which
on the turtle
does it work? Well, you list everything you are made into jewellery or souvenirs. Also, the
lpmur,rlldtion-
tllffilflll h'nernandez's plan become reality? Who
can think about that relates to the topic - tusks and bones are often ground down to
things you've learnt in class or from your make medicines. And although the sale and
llkrmm*? Much will depend on discussions
reading, or simply ideas that come to you ' trade of ivory and other elephant products is
hwlurn interested groups and the Hernandez
when you think about the topic. Even if the
tffiqp'nusation. banned in a number of countries, many
ideas don't appear to be very practical or elephants are still shot illegally by poachers.
rum50\ realistic, you should still note tlfem down. Also - and this is a very important point -
2.4 REC0RDINC 2"6
Er, that's free association. increasing populations have meant that
llllil-illadcr Bradshaw. R = Ricardo Hernandez Right, l've got that. What about the other human beings are encroaching on land that
tllu talk about your plans for the golf
lllLM's approaches? used to be the natural habitat of the elephant.
,mmunse. I know that building this golf
 AUDIO SCRIPTS
LESSON 3.2 RECORDINC 3.1 went out there, but I didn't have time. I to mention. l'd strongly advise you to set h
Many international organisations are known
suppose I could have found a local Russian to up an Emergency Action Committee as I
give me lessons, but I just didn't have the soon as possible. Your top management I
by abbreviations, or shortened forms of
motivation at that point. should be involved, as well as the d
phrases. You usually say each letter separately,
It must have been at least a year before I felt Ministers of the Environment in the [i
with the main stress on the last letter. So the
International Olympic Committee, the happy in Moscow. I attended a cultural countries along the coastline. I know I
organisation which organises the modern awareness course and I gradually began to you've been very busy since the spill and 2
Olympic Cames, is known as the IOC, with understand Russian culture better, learnt more you haven't had much time to deal with t
Russian words and made some wonderful the public relations side of things. But, you
the stress on the final letter - C. Similarly, with
the lMF, the lnternational Monetary Fund, the friends. I created my own world and as soon ought to organise a press conference in
very near future. I mean/ as soon as
!
as l'd done that, we were sent to Canberra,
stress is on the F - the IMF being the
Australia, for a new postingl So, to be honest, devised a credible action plan. There are
i
international organisation that's meant to I
I guess I have mixed feelings about being an journalists from all over the world here
oversee the global financial system. Some !
ambassador's wife. they're crying out for information from
abbreviations use lhe first letter of eacf word I
you. Of course, I can understand why you
to form a new word. And this type of rd
LESSON 3"4 RTCORDINC 3.4 haven't made a statement yet.
abbreviation's called an acronym. Acronyms I
are pronounced as words rather than saying = O = UN Official, C = Chairperson of oil company Well, actually, l'm just about to issue a
!
o: You're worried about the image of your short statement. But I only want to talk to
each letter. So, the United Nations !
Educational, Scientific and Cultural company/ Ms Leiterman. I can understand the international press corps when l'm
i
tha! but at this time you need to be very briefed on what action we're taking. lt's
Organisation is known as UNESCO. UNESCO I
clear about your objectives and how to always a bad thing to hold a press
is a specialised agency of the United Nations
which tries to contribute to peace and security achieve them. conference before you have all the facts.
c: I understand that. Of course, our image as You can get into a lot of difficulties that
by promoting international collaboration
way.
through education, science and culture. a responsible company is important, but
CERN, the world's largest particle physics our main objective now is to develop a o: True! Look, I know you've uh, got a lotoo
laboratory, is another acronym. It originally strategy to prevent the expansion of the oil your plate, but all the same, I strongly
recommend you visit the parls of the
stood in French for Conseil Europ\en pour la flow.
coastllne that are mdst affected. lt'd be
Recherche Nucliaire, ot the European Council o: Of course, you're right. Your priority must
good for your public relations and you
for Nuclear Research. However, the name be to contain the oil spill, so you'll have to
might learn quite a lot from your visit.
changed in 1954 when the word council was act quickly and efficiently. lt's vital that
changed to organisation. However, this meant you have a realistic plan 6f action as soon C: Yes, that's a good idea. l'll try to organise
as possible. I know you're working on that.
visit as soon as possible.
the new acronym would've been OERN,
which seemed rather awkward. So they But there's something else you should be
LISSOI.J 3.5 RICORDINC 3.5
decided to keep the original acronym, CERN. doing.
c; Oh yes? How do you become an active listener?
LISSON 3.3 RECORDINC 3.2 o: Well, I appreciate it's a very difficult l'd say there are five things you have to do -
situation for you, Ms Leiterman. So I urge five ways to behave, if you like - when
Most people can't begin to understand how
you to get as much outside help as you can listening to someone.
you feel when you're sent from New York to
Tokyo, to Abu Dhabi, to Moscow without a . to deal with it. Firstly, pay careful attention to what they're
real break. You get a strange feeling of C: Of course, I realise that. l'm well aware we saying. You must focus on the person
helplessness, as ifyou're no longer in control haven't got the expertise or the resources and not be distracted in any way. Make eye
of your life. and labour to deal with the spill on our contact - that's very important. List"n ty
You see, when you arrive in each new place,
own. So one of our main goals will be to to get the message they're sending you."nd
involve the international community. Secondly, show the speaker that you are
you don't have any friends there. You feel
o: You're right. It's essential to bring in some listening. Use your body language to do this
insecure, isolated, not part of the local scene
international companies for the clean-up You can, you can nod occasionally, and er,
at all because you probably don't understand
tasks, even though it could be very show by your posture that you're being
the culture very well. So you gradually build
expensive. And it'd be advisable to get attentive. You should look relaxed and
up a life for yourself and then, just when
some help from UN organisations as well receptive to what the person's saying. You
you've done that, you're sent somewhere else,
as the governments of the countries that you cdn use verbal signals to show inleresf
where you have to start all over again.
are most affected. saying things like 'Yes,' 'Uh huh,' 'Really?'
Er, it's important to be positive when your
C: Yes, l'm counting on their support and so on_
partner gets a new overseas posting. It helps to
financial help. ' Next, give the speaker feedback. You're
remember that although you were unhappy
o: And there's another piece of advice l'd like focusing on the speaker rather than your
when you arrived in the Iast country where
to give you, Ms Leiterman. lt would be ideas, so you may need to reflect on whatis
your partner was posted, er, you were in tears
very helpful to involve the International being said and ask questions. For example,
by the time you left because you knew you
Maritime Organisation and MAP, the you may paraphrase what the speaker has
would miss so much of what you liked about Mediterranean Action Plan group. That using phrases like 'So what you're saying is
that country. should be a key objective as they'll have a or'lf
Our last posting was to Moscow - we'd lot of experience to offer you. And then I understand you, you're saying ...'. Or you
previously been in Saudi Arabia. It would've there's the European Union; you'll need may ask questions to check your
helped if l'd been to Russia before. My their help as well. understanding, for example, 'What exactly
husband had been there several times before C: Yes, we can't do without the support of the you mean ... ?' or'Have I got this right?
we got married, but l'd always spent my EU, that's for sure. We aim also to set up
.saying ...'. Now, having said tha! it's
holidays in France and ltaly, and l'd never meetings at regular intervals to monitor important not to interrupt too often. Wait
been to Eastern Europe before. Er, I found it progress - we're agreed that good he or she finishes. lt's really annoying if
really tough at first. lt wasn't just the freezing communications are an important trying to get across a message and someone
cold weather in January - fifteen degrees objective for us. We want to keepr keeps on interrupting you.
below zero and lots of ice on the pavements everyone in the company fully informed And finally, respond in a positive,
- I also felt, er, really lonely at first. I know
I
about what we're doing. way. Show that you value the information
should have learnt some Russian before we o: Absolutely. There's one other point l'd like you've received. Cive your opinions, but
 AUDIO SCRIPTS G
heaggressive when doing so. Don,t put down you are on the point of becoming members of c: Oh yes. The second point I want to make
tfirperson speaking, even if you don'tagree one of the most demanding of all professions. is that almost half of the population eat
lrmdtdfr him or her. Respond in an honest and A profession that makes a real difference to more than the daily recommended amount
,dincct way. people's Iives. You should treat this as a of salt, which is six grams a day. So you
I*hrr then, if you put into practice the advice tremendous opportunity, which not everybody can see that this affects a large number of
lliruegircn you, you'll show that you're an has. You do. people, can't you? Thirdly, changing salt
s'mirnrc listener and this will help you to you'll need to be adaptable and flexible,
So, consumption habits has a quick and
lhecwne a better communicator. and to think on your feet. You are going to tangible effect. By this I mean that within
learn that being a nurse is a full+ime job - just four weeks of reducing your salt
U.ESSON 4.2 RECORDINC 4.X literally. You are nurses whether or not you're consumption, your blood pressure will be
'Wk'ire always hearing cries for change to our in uniform. Your family, friends and lower. That's exactly the kind of thing that
flnMtk nal healthcare system, and right now the neighbours will call you for help in a crisis. people want to see - an immediate result
mftion are calling for a huge incJease in Erm, in the early years of your career, you,ll of their actions. Basically, a simple and
mmnditure on healtf,care, to 6e finFnced experience uncertainty, anxiety and fatigue. slight change to lifestyle can have a
dfirrmldr both increased taxation and For all that, these years are sure to be some of dramatic effect.
ummpulsory personal private insurance. These the most exciting in your Iife. Relish them. tl: Fair enough, and quite convincing. Have
mmulld be huge costs for us to bear New technologies are due to revolutionise the you had any thoughts about the shape that
- cosls
wlltirclh, in these difficult times, no one can way healthcare is delivered, but you mustn,t the campaign could take?
ffimd-They claim that building more lose sight of the human dimension. C: Yes, I have. So obviously, the main aim of
thmryi-ltals, buying the latest medical equipment the campaign is to get people to reduce
Although you'll face many challenges, you,re
,mrnd spending more on medicines will vastly
especially well placed to deal with them. No their salt intake. Firstly, we need to make
mmpole the health of the nation. Of course. sure that people can find out how much
previous generation of nursing professionals
tiliubseems to be a strong argument, but the salt they're consuming; and I think this
has had your level of training. You are the first
$trdrMics demand caution and I sav that there,s means that we have to lobby the food
generation of a new kind of nurse. with new
o lliffir and actually cheaper way to improve skills, for new roles.
industry for improved labelling on food
lffiE f|,rcahft of the nation. packaging and, secondly, we also need to
l've offered some advice, but l'd also Iike to
lllllfrrm, t*r{orld Hea th
press the food cor4panies to reduce the salt
I O rgan sati on h ea th repo rts
i I ask you some questions. Here's one: you'll be
u"eail drat the connection between content of processed foods - you know the
working with people who are in pain or who
rrcrilmerditure on health and key health kind of thing: microwave meals, crisps,
are grieving. Some of these people are bound
.ouremrnes is not as direct as the opposition etc. lf we do these two things, people will
to want you to come along"with them on their
{dittlCIrffies to claim. Spending more does not
inevitably be eating less salt and also
emotional roller coaster rides. Now, how do
rrn@m better health for the people. When we they'll be able to monitor their salt intake.
you intend to maintain a balance between
llfun at *re United States, we see a country Thirdly, we, of course, have to run a major
their needs and your own? How are you going
,milli*ft spends the most per person on publicity campaign to inform the public
to avoid burning out? Who's going to care for
llMllMincare and which has the most up-to-date about the effecs of salt. In this case, the
the carers?
fiftdtimrology and medici ne. However, fact that the problem's so widespread
Here's another question: the longer we work, means a TV advertising campaign,s fully
oumllpa!-ative studies rank the USA at only
the harder it is, sometimes, to keep up our justified. Whilst I accept that it'd be
t*,sirth in the world for healthcare success, early idealism. lf you're confronted with
a spend of $6,543 per citizen. expensive, it'd be the most direct way to
unsatisfactory working conditions and reach such a large target audience. A key
Mm-es ranked more highly include South bureaucracy, if you don't get the level of part of the strategy here would be to have
Chile, erm Venezuela and the UK. respect you think you deserve from your a humorous approach to make the
cotrntries spend significantly less per co-workers, if the media report that you have message memorable.
than the USA. Er, for example, Chile, lost your sense of vocation, how are you to P: OK, and I guess you'd have a poster
isranked much higher, at thirteenth in keep alive that idealism that prompted you to campaign as well, and an internet
spends $1,075 per person and do this work in the first place? presence of some sort, wouldn't you?
spends half this and is twenty-sixth
morld. Remember, that compares with
When the going gets tough, remember why c: Absolutely. And on the internet we,ll
you entered nursing. You have chosen this provide fact sheets and have some blogs
S*3 in the USA, forty-sixth in the world. profession because you wanted to heal the written by people who are reducing their
learn from this. Spending more sick and help the suffering. You are dedicated salt intake. You know the kind of thing:
while useful, l'm sure, does not to improving health and showing concern for weekly updates about the changes in their
bring the best health results. That's a others. You are committed to public service. diet, how their health is improving, etc.
5o lust what is it about these countries, These are some of the noblest aims it is Finally, the whole campaign would be tied
N of them in South America, and their possible to have. together by our main campaign tool - Sid
towards national healthcare? How
The qualification you're about to receive is the Slug!
produce good national health at much
richly deserved and a passport to a lifetime of N: Sid the Slug? Do you mean an animated
How should we change our own fulfilment. slug?
lVell, Iet me give you those answers. C: Exactly. You may well
Congratulations and best wishes for the future. ask why a slug, and
the answer is that salt kills slugs. And so
4.3 RECORDINC 4"2
t-8550r{ 4.4 RTCORDINC 4.3 Sid the SIug will highlight rhat direct link
rmu for inviting me to be with you here C = Charlie, N : Nishi, P: Peter between eating too much salt and the
as you celebrate what is certain increased risk of fatal heart attacks. And
of the most important days in your
c: Right. Well, my proposal is that we launch
also, this gives us the all-important humour
a major campaign to reduce people's
ffinst of all, let me 5ay that l'm going to that I talked about. We can have Sid being
currently high levels of salt consumption.
lo you, as l'm very likely to need your tempted by all those things which are high
dry
t: Salt consumption?
in salt, only to see him fall ill as a
C: That's right. One reason I favour this
worked hard to be where you are consequence. Or we could have him
campaign is that eating too mucl2 salt is a
,mfid I want to congratulate you on your turning his back on that kind of food,
significant risk factor in developing high
And it's fantastic to see many male telling us why he always goes for Iettuce
blood pressure, which causes nearly
among you today, a huge increase over a packet of crisps. Of course, we,ll
200,000 deaths each year.
of only a few years ago. Now need a slogan - perhaps'We're all Sid at
P: OK, so is this a big problem?
heart.' I like that because it makes the
 AUDIO SCRIPTS
connection with blood pressure. Oh, and describe young men who don,t want to get Surely, it's because these agreements are
on the website, Sid'll host the site and married or even have a girlfriend. lnstead, not worth the paper they're printed on. It,s
answer user enquiries and so on. So what they prefer to spend their money on the enforcement of these rules that fashion
do you think? personal grooming and manga. chains have to focus on and companies are
P: The consequence of all this is a population not doing enough on that front.
t[550N 5.1 RTC()RDtNC s.l that's ageing and shrinking. What are the o: ln defence of the industry, it,s not easy to
P = Presenter, M : Mika Ando, solutions? Some Japanese are suggesting a
C = Caroline lshikawa,.; = Jun Tanaka move away from this rampant materialism
check working conditions in small remote I
factories all over the world. (
e: Japan is one of the most highly developed to more traditional Japanese cultural S: Yet they seem to be able to check the
values, with a greater emphasis on the
(
consumer societies in the world. Some quality of their displays in their shops all
people even call it a hyper-consumer family. But others just want to get on with over the world! What the companies do h
culture. And for a long time brands, some more retail therapy. maximise their profits, not improve their
especially luxury brands, have been workers'lives.
important to the Japanese. Even in{*re LESSCIN 5.3 RTCORDINC 5.2 D: Yes, but remember, the suppliers are
current economic climate and after the N = Narrator, M: Mark Hambling independent companies who have a
devastating tsunami of 2011, Japan is still N: lq lndia, in a hot, airless factory and for the contract with the fashion house. We
responsible for nine percent of the world's' sixteenth hour today, Amitosh carefully be held so responsible for the way they
luxury purchases. Mika Ando has her own sews some tiny plastic beads onto the treat their staff; technically, they're not
advertising agency, TokyoMA, located in blouse he is making. No sooner has he workers.
the trendy Omotesando district of central attached one than he picks up the next M: OK, well, er, perhaps we should move
Tokyo. She explains why brands are so from the thousands in the bag. The blouse and deal with the whole size zero
important to the Japanese. bears the label of an internationally famous question. Sarah?
M: You have to look as if you come from a fashion chain. Amitosh, whose name s: lndeed, and not only is this about the
middle-class family. Erm, but one of the means happiness, is only ten years old. health of the models, but also about the
problems we have here, especially in large ln Paris, the shockingly skinny male model psychological health of young women -
cities like Tokyo, is that the value of land is walks moodily down the catwalk. and men, all over the world. The conti
astronomically high. So most people, even Little does he realise that he is about to use of verv thin models is harmful to
those with good jobs, Iive in very small spark a huge debate about fashion, peopte. lt leads to bith men and wor
apartments. So people want to show their models, men and anorexia. Not only has having a very poor body image and, I
status by means of clothes, shoes and bags. the use of thin models long been believe, directly leads to the ever-
This is really where brand value comes controversial, but it has also been revealed increasing prevalence of anorexia and
from. recently that men account for twenty-five unhealthy dieting.
P: Critics of this consumer society - many of percent of all eating disorder cases. o: Well, that has always been a hard
them Japanese - believe it's far too In London, the cash tills ring incessantly as prove. You mustn't forget that the
materialistic. But how did Japan get to this shoppers grab the latest bargain outfits to look is both attractive and popular.
point? Professor Futaba lshikawa is a replace the ones they bought only a month own research shows that people
historian from Ueno Cakuen University. ago. At no time are they aware of the effect positive towards clothes that are
C: After the devastation and defeat of the this fast fashion is having on the on such models rather than on
Second World War, Japan was determined* environment. fuller figures. Also, the clothes
to rebuild. By the 'l 980s, it had become M: Three different snapshots of the fashion better on a thin model - designers
extremely successful at developing industry and in each one you have a their work to be shown as well as
advanced manufacturing techniques in a victim. All of which begs the question, you know, and a thinner model is
wide range of industries. The growth rate does the fashion industry do enough to be for that. Many designers see
was phenomenal. The Japanese had socially responsible? To discuss this, I have artists and, you know, you
money to burn and consumerism became with me in the studio Sarah Maitland from to see a Picasso in a gallery with
a sport, a hobby. But it wasn't to last. The the campaign group Making Fashion Better turned off, would you?
'l
spending excesses of the 9B0s were and Diana Spooner from the Fashion s: That's just so irresponsible. Fashi
brought to a sudden halt when the bubble lndustry Association. art; it's a global industry and is
burst in the early 1 990s. directly affects people's health
P: From the mid-1990s, however, Japan LESSON 5.3 RECO${DtNC 5"3 of self and identity, and at the
began to recover and conspicuous i ndustry's creati ng unreasonabb
M = Mark Hambling, D = Diana Spooner,
consumption bounced back. But not all S = Sarah Maitland
dangerous expectations in both
consumers were equally influential. By the and men. What's even more
M; So Diana, that's a fairly damning
mid-noughties, one group in particular had the immediate effect this has
introduction to the workings of the fashion
emerged as the most important of all models. lt's widely recognised
industry. What's your response?
- young women aged between eighteen frequently ruin their health in
o: Well, it may have been damning, but it's
and thirty. They maintain their spending the whims of the designers and
the fairness of your introduction that I
power by living off their parents. Jun industry.
question. I think you'll find that the fashion
Tanaka is a sociologist who is concerned industry as a whole has been taking steps
o: Well, on that point, the
by this phenomenon. steps to help models look afu
to improve things.
;: Men's earnings have decreased, so these u: Such as?
For example, we make sure
days women don't want to get married. lt food is always available at
o: Well, to take the example of sweatshops,
would mean a lowering of their standard of shows and some agencies
almost all major fashion chains now make
living. This has profound implications for health check-ups, and I
their suppliers and manufacturers sign
family Iife in Japan. What we are seeing thin models are unhealthlq
agreements which detail the rules for fair
now is a situation in which consumerism girls are naturally just built
employment, concerning everything from
outweighs having children. It's actually S: But that's just missing the
child labour to working hours.
more attractive to be a consumer than to what's important is not
s: lf that's the case, how iome *"
rfill ku"p
carrots at a photoshoot I
have kids. A parallel phenomenon is hearing about the appalling conditions that
affecting men. ln recent years, people have that kind of shallow charge
workers face all over the world when
started using the term 'herbivores'to about. What vou need to
producing products for multinationals?
whole approach of the

170
 AUDIO SCRIPTS
body size. interesting idea, but surely, it,d be better to that country. I also want to point out how
tt Well, on that point about deeper changes, target one part of the market much more important mobile technologies are in business
perhaps we should now consider the effect aggressively. Admittedly, that,d mean and education. Just think about how much
fashion, particularly contemporary fast taking a big risk and possibly losing some salespeople use mobile technology. They
iashion, has on the environment. of our traditional customers. But then we,d make presentations from their laptops or
have to think about how we go about how tablets, or remotely using WebEx. They check
d;soN 5.4 RTCORDtNC s.6 we go about . .. stock levels and place orders from their phone
t[=CEO, M = Mandy, S = Sean c: OK, save those thoughts for later. l,ve got while they're on customer sites. They can even
f First of all, l'll run through the feedback just a couple more points to make. Firstly, make sure they get to appointments on time
.trom the consultant's repo(, which our website is extremely limited, with just using apps which help them avoid traffic
Sasically divides into four main areas: our basic store information, a limited selection delays en route. And as you all know, in
shops and their facilities, the product of items featured and a store locator. lt,s so education, mobile technology has greatly
iange, our key markets and our in$rnet outdated. We must focus on our web improved communication between students
presence. strategy and do much more with, and over, and teachers. What is certain is that in the
llt seems that our shops are seen as dull and the internet. You know, would social years to come, mobile technologies will play
Cated in appearance. Basically, they don,q media be useful? Whatever, we need to an increasingly important role in the
rr-er a pleasant shopping experience. For develop our online presence and services. economic growth of developing countries.
example, bookshops often have caf6s ln a way, that connects to the final point,
nside them nowadays, whereas we don,t which is about the shops, brand identity. LIs_SON 6.4 EECORqtNC 6"2
,elen have seating areas for people to rest As you know, we currently are ...
P : Presenter, K = Katherine, R = Ricardo,
m- AII of this is exacerbated by poor M = Marie
itandards of customer service. Overall, LESSON 6.4 RECORDINC 6.,I . p: Are there any questions? yes, Katherine?
shopping in our stores is not an uplifting or Cood afternoon. Today l'm going to talk about K: You've made a good case for mobile
re{axing experience. Now, any comments? mobile technologies. ln my opinion, they,re technology. But what about the bad effects
1lhat all has a ring of truth, but I think we the modern technologies that've brought the of the technology? you know, you just
*'eould be careful how we change things. most benefits to mankind. I'll start by can't get away from it. Lots of business
Stppose we did have a caf6, wouldn,t that mentioning some interesting statistics which I people check their einails late at night.
us reduce our sales space? And also, it,d think support my case. After that, l.ll take a Young people constantly check Facebook
li'lrean that we'd have to have food storage closer look at the impact of these technologies and other social media. lt,s a kind of social
;md preparation facilities. Most of our on developing countries and on business. pressure, I think.
rirlrops are in restricted high-street locations Finally, l'll answer any questions you may P: Mm, that's a fair point, Katherine. It,s
- l'"rn not sure how feasible that,d be. have. certainly the downside of mobile
ihrndeed, but we'll leave such discussion till OK, there's no doubt that mobile technologies technology.
aler in the meeling. Right ... erm moving have become widespread throughout the K: lt's a major disadvantage, l,d say. AIso, it,s
il'i to our product range, on the positive world. I mean, look at the facts - they great working on your laptop or tablet or
,rirde, our clothes
are seen as good quality. speak for themselves, dont they? The global whatever, but they're expensive to buy and
]]''he fabrics
are good and the clothes are population is roughly seven billion and the are often stolen. I lost my Iaptop a week
nrng-lasting. However, they're not seen as total number of mobile phone subscriptions after l'd bought it. Some guy stole it while
up+o-date in terms of look and design, and- globally is 5.4 billion. lmpressive? lncredibly I was in the cinema. That,s happened to a
ter're not cheap, although this is impressive, l'd say, and it's happened in a lot of my friends, you know.
talanced by the impression of quality. Oh. fairly short time period. And that,s not even P: Sorry to hear that. lt's true that mobile
mmd er. our accessoried and homeware counting all the pay-as-you-go phones in devices tend to attract thieves - that,s a
x rf'rrges are clearly limited. circu lation. fact of life, you just have to be super
'l[an Ijust say something here? Right ... here are some other amazing figures. careful. Any other questions? yes, Marie?
Slure-
Mobile phone penetration in low-income M: Well, you know, I think Katherine,s got a
lI|,We{1.
if we were to copy new designs by countries is almost forty-five percent; it,s over point about the bad effects. I don,t think i
nrmmfior designers rather than use our own seventy-six percent in lower middle class mobile devices are good for children and
innrel|muse designers, we'd certainly be more
countries and almost one hundred percent in teenagers. They spend far too much time
up'{udate. Mind you, we'd need to middle- and upper-income countries. on their mobile phones and tablets, they
lMmlndiuce the clothes quickly then, chatter away for hours when what they
And t'll finish with the words of one i
rrmtdnerrl,vise we'd still be behind the
times. commentator who said: 'No other technology should be doing is getting outdoors and
'tMilMtr, rve'd need to look into that carefullv_
has been in the hands of so grany people in so doing a sport or, I don,t know, going to a
r{ ti, nnoving on to our markets,
at the many countries in such a short space of time., gym, whatever.
TtoFrent we cater for everyone; we aim our li
That's food for thought, isnt it? And you can,t P: Mm, yeah, I have to agree with you there,
'r\furres at all ages and at a very general argue against it. I suppose. But really, it,s up to the parents II
wnmket. The consultants wonder if this
OK, let's look at some specific examples. to step in if their children are spending too
rmm/ket really exists anymore; exactly who
Mobile technology has brought countless much time on their phones.
mur customers? Yes, Mandy? tvt: You think so? Since when have teenagers
benefits to all of us, but for the purposes of -
{lllm#', rcn that point, I was wondering if we
this presentation I'm focusing on the benefits listened to their parents?
lnnrffi;n1,o6r.e an element of P: OK, l'm not going to argue against you on
tisation rather than make a total to developing countries and to business
people. ln developing countries mobile that one. Yes, Ricardo? you have a
tr'' technologies are now used to communicate question?
do you mean exactly? n: Yeah, l'd like to ask you about poor
information about healthcare, weather
if we had a special range, say one for - countries. You think the increased use of
conditions and natural disasters, like
hut still offered a wide general range cell phones - mobile phones - in those
hurricanes and flooding. People get this kind
we'd differentiate ourselves countries is a good thing - that,s what you
of information quickly nowadays thanks to
o*rer stores without losing our said. But is it truei I disagree with you on
mobile technology. Another example fs in
customer base. There'd be a that point. Surely, what most poor
Kenya, where there's a very successful system
to market the special range and use countries need is cleaner water, better
,ffi a way to get people into our shops
called M-Pesa for transferring money via
mobile phones. lt's incredibly useful because sanitation and more medical centres, more
,[tandy, I think a special range is an schools - that sort of thing, not more
lots of people don't have bank accounts in

171
 AUDIO SCRIPTS
mobile phones, laptops and iPads. five-stage model. So they argued that creative became the deciding factor, really.
You're absolutely right, Ricardo. They do thinking goes through five phases. l'd Iike to And I suppose all of this contributed to
need things like better sanitation very take a brief look at each stage. out-of-control banking and finance sectors
badly, but good communications are part The first stage they found is, perhaps not creating the credit crunch, as they were
of the infrastructure of a country and more surprisingly, the'preparation stage', which driven by the pursuit of profits for
mobile phones are a quick and cheap way means a person or individual does preparation shareholders - and without any
of building up lheir communication work which focuses their mind on the consideration of the wider impact on
networks. You know, some studies recently problem. They may also be exploring the communities and society as a whole. And
have suggested that there's a link between limits of the problem. this is where a re-evaluation of Keynesian
increased mobile phones and economic Secondly, they were able to find an policies, whereby society's needs are seen
growth. 'incubation stage'. What this means is that the as an organic whole, began. Keynes went
R: Really, I must say that surprises me. l'd like problem is brought into the unconscious out of fashion, but now he's back and it
some references to the studies later on. mind, but nothing seems to be happening. The will be interesting to see whether the
l'd be glad to give them to you. @(, thanks idea is that perhaps a break from the problem financial community will re-embrace
for your questions. I hope l've made a may, in fact, help to find a solution. of his ideas - and in some cases, I think
good case for mobile technologies! Please they will.
The next stage they identified is perhaps
vole for my technology! Thank you, Professor Kotov. And l'd now
difficult to imagine. This is the 'intimation
stage', where the creative person gets a feeling
like to bring in Dr Petrakis.
LESSON 7,1 RECORDINC 7.1 Well, Joanna, as I said last week, I think
that a solution is on the way.
Cood morning, everyone. Our topic today is the greatest thinker of all time was either
Following this - l hope you're still with me
creativity - a topic I know many of you have Aristotle or Karl Marx. And as Iast time
because it's about io get exciting - is the
been looking forward to. So what is creativity? I talked about Marx, today l'm going to
fourth, or'illumination stage', sometimes
Well, I think we can say that it is a mental about Aristotle. His works had largely
called 'insight', where the idea develops from
process connected with the generation of new Iost in the West and were rediscovered in
its preconscious processing into conscious
ideas or concepts. It's also a way of Arabic translation in the twelfth century.
awareness or the moment when the new idea
approaching issues, solving problems and Within a few years his ideas had spread
finhlly emerges. ln other contexts this might
exploiting opportunities. lt's been studied in a across Europe, con-tribuling to the
be known as the 'Eureka! moment'.
variety of disciplines, from business to intellectual renaissince. Aristotle spent his
The final step, or stage, lhey give is whole life trying to understand and ex
psychology, from design to philosophy.
'verification'. At this point the idea is the truth about the world around him.
However, there is no unified single definition
consciously verified, expaqded and then He was the student of Plato, and Plato was
of what it is or a standardised measurement
applied. Since ideas or solutions don't always interested in what peoples' lives ought to
technique. work out in practice, this final stage is crucial be, but Aristotle thought more about what
So, how do you spot a creative person? Well, to the success of any project; it's the they were actually like and about how to
creative people are constantly asking 'checking-it-out phase'. Now, are there any solve some of the problems that people
questions and challenging ideas and questions before we move on to look at some
assumptions. They're able to make Iinks easily
find in their lives. He Iooked at the facts
examples... the real world that he could see and then
and see relationships between things. They
tried to work out new ideas from those
explore possibilities, are flexible and open to LTSSON 7.2 RICORDINC 7.3
facts. You could say that logic began with
alternatives and they reflect critically on idear,
P = Presenter, K = Professor Kotov, Aristotle. What was really impressive
actions and consequences. Creativity has also D : Dr Petrakis him was his vast intellectual range
often been linked to genius, mental illness
P: Welcome to the last programme in the covering almost every science and many
and humour, and while'some argue it's a
series Extraordinary People and ldeas. Here of the arts. He wrote on many subjects,
character trait people are born with, others
with me again today are our regular including physics, poetry, theatre,
claim it can be taught using simple
panellists. Professor Kotov, would you like philosophy, music, public speaking,
techniques. Although the idea of creativity is,
to begin? politics, government, ethics, biology and
these days, generally associated with the arts
x: Certainly, Joanna. As an economist, l'm zoology. I think if s true to say he is one
- art and literature - it's also extremely biased, but I'm a great fan of John Maynard the most important founding figures in
important in innovation and invention, and
Keynes, and he's so topical at the moment. Western philosophy. lt's fascinating as so
therefore important in business, music, design,
Keynes was the first economist to come up much of Western civilisation was actually
er, engineering and science as well. lt seems
with an answer to what happened in the re-introduced to the West via Islamic
that sometimes the term creativity is preferred
Creat Depression of 1929. cultural thinkers, philosophers and
in the context of the arts, whereas the term
If the goal of many ecqnomists is to secure scientists. Fortunately, some of the
innovation is sometimes preferred in business,
full natural employment without inflation, knowledge of the Creeks was preserved
when, really, they're probably the same thing,
then Keynes' interventionist policies hold the Arabs in Alexandria and reintroduced
although the latter is considered to be both
up well. ln simple terms, Keynes said that to the West via Moorish Spain. Our
the generation and application of creative
government spending, on many things modern concepts of maths, science and
ideas. Within organisations, innovation is the
such as construction and transport, was the medicine were heavily influenced by
term used to describe a process where new
key to managing the economy. This means Islamic thinkers and they contributed
ideas are generated and then converted into
that in an economic downturn, massively to the expansion of classical
commercial products and services.
governments should spend a lot more, not Creek thought.
LESSON 7.X RECORDINC 7.2 cut, in order to stimulate the economy. P: Thank you, Dr Petrakis.
So, in general, by adjusting government
Finally, ld like to take a look at the work of spending properly, a government should LESSON 7.4 RECORDINC 7"6
'Craham
Wallas in psychology and his be able to set consumption and investment
pioneering theory which attempts to explain
D = Director, M: Mayor, C = Councillor
and government spending at just the right
the creative process. This model is often the
o: Well, we've done a thorough analysis of
level to produce full natural employment
the city's problems, Mr Alves, and also
basis for many creative thinking kaining without inflation. t conducted a survey to get the opinions d
programmes available today. Wallas, working Keynes' theories lost their popularity when
members of your community.
with Richard Smith, presented one of the first Monetarism became the flavour of the
,1,'t: Thank you for your hard work. Please go
models of the creative process in the 1926 nineties - when the state was cut back and
ahead and let me know what you've
book Art of Thought. Here, they outlined a most things were privatised. Competition
found.

172
 AUDIO SCRIPTS
lli[fltr. *rcre are quite a few things that need about you, Carl? Do you think it,s a good the form of statistics, the results of a survey,
d,litmrmging we think. Everyone seems to idea? erm, opinions of influential writers with,
,ryme that there are not enough green ca: I don't know. I'm not too keen on this references you can check or the findings of
urymres in the city, not enough trees, plants one. I think there'll be some real problems reports or experiments. When you look at the
,umd uegetation, and that,s one reason why with the scheme. evidence, it's essential to evaluate it and to
a pollution problem here.
ttitm-"e"s C: Oh? ln what way? decide whether it's weak or strong.
*re- Co on, please. CA: Well, for a star! it would be a very Now, after considering the evidence, study the
at*o got a problem with your expensive option - major investment. And writer's conclusions. Ask yourself if they,re
district. There are too I wonder who would look after the trees
supported by the evidence. Has the writer
constant traffic jams and - it'd cost a lot of money to take care of given good reasons for the position he or she
rvith pedestrians. The them. Also, the city wouldn,t see the has taken? ln some cases, you may feel there
s orrercrowded - someth i n g benefit of the tree planting for quite a long could be other explanations for the
about it. time. I'm not sure it's a good option. conclusions the writer has reached. For
oicor-rrse. lt's a nightmar$for M: Mm, you've raised some important issues, example, the writer may have been asked to
n{len they do their shopping Carl. But looking after the trees might not present a particular point of view in return for
irotr're worried about this, be such a big problem as you think. Our a payment. Really, the key to critical thinking
idea isthat each neighbourhood in the city is to read actively and ask yourself questioni
wunfred. The number of traffic would be responsible for planting the trees all the time about what you,re reading rather
has increased by almost and taking care of them. And the job could
than just accepting, without questioning, the
in the last three years. probably be done by unemployed opinions or ideas of the writer.
bansport problem: your youngsters, once they'd had a bit of
frflr,ilm$portsystem. There are too Critical thinking is certainly a skill that is
train ing.
highly valued in business nowadays. A major
0im.rses and taxis and they o: I must say, I think it's a really good
mpe with the number of study of business people in the USA has
suggestion, planting trees. It would involve
nmffiiinrg to come into the city or identified four skills that students need to
the local communities - something you
jrre Fains need modernising, learn if they want to succeed in today,s world.
believe in - and it could have a big impact
late and the stalions are, well, The skills are called ,the four Cs,: critical
on the environment of the city in the long
rcry well maintained. AIso, thi nki ng, creativity, coopera.tion and
rniloft run. You can't change everything quickly
mr ltlilfie survey told us it's dangerous
collaboration. The development of these skills
- some of the projects must be for the long is generally a ma.jor objective of courses in
m dre streets later in the evening. term. Carl, you're still shaking your head.
Also, there is a lot of petty business schools at tertiary level.
Ce: I don't know. Will it really work? I just
dlm br.rses because of the don't think it's feasible. I think it relies too LESSON 8.1 RECORDINC 8.1
We've got to find an answer much on cooperation from the local
community. And you can't depend on that. 1 Well, I have to make sure we hit the
Il]giEpffit is one of our greatest You could spend a lot of money and not deadlines. There's a lot of emphasis on hits
lilo doubt about it. get much in return. on the online version as well as circulation
drer things we could mention M: I can't agree. You know, you have to trust figures these days, what with all the
6atter heavy rain, especially at Iocal people and give them responsibility. competition. Although we do sometimes
ithe city, and the large number l'm certain it will work. People will pay for feature stories from reliable
u'ho live on the streets. They,re participate because they know it,ll make sources, we have to be verv careful
a social problem. We need to get their area more beautiful. It,ll create jobs because of the libel laws. li can cost a lot if
M,tp streeS and into schools or and get some people off the streets, and it someone decides to sue over something
ffiiere are other problems will have a good effect on pollution. we've written. The other big difference
ln our report. o: I like the idea, too. lt's a good project, in these days is people,s short attention span
tdltrmrnLs for highlighting some of the my opinion. I support it. And it may not - they want less reading and more
Could we talk first about the cost as much money as you think. you infographics. lt's extremely gratifying when
ffipwen space in our city? could probably get a grant from a United it all works and it's put to bed and we can
Nations environmental agency to help you start working on the next issue.
?-4 RECORDINC 7.7
finance it. 2 You really do have to be able to work
ill = Mayor, C = Christina, M: Mmm, that's an interesting thought. I will under pressure, especially when you
Iook into it. have some breaking news on the evening
in our council meetings
t ltailllked bulletin and someone is screaming in yo-ur
dire n€ed for green spaces and lack LESSON 7.s RECORpNqI.B _-.-_-......_-_-..* earpiece from the gallery. Sometimes I
arnd come up with an idea. I would have to interview politicians - they,re so
The first question l'm sure you'd Iike me to
what you think of it. evasive, beating around the bush. lt,s all
answer is: what is critical thinking? Well,
6P aliread. sound bites. They never give a straight
when you read, critical thinking involves not
unuethink the neighbourhoods in the answer to questions and are always
just taking things at their face value. When
be given trees to plant. There trying to put a spin on things. It,s very
you read critically, you should evaluate the
tor development where they competitive. We're constantly involved in
writer's ideas and think about the implications
this and it would be possible to ratings wars and we,re all expendable. lt
and conclusions of what the writer is saying.
lfirces at the side of the roads in many seems that more and more airtime is given
When you read an academic text, you need to
tt&h have estimated we,ll need to over to celebrity stories to get the best
approach the text critically. First, you should
at least half a million trees, viewing figures, which is a bit frustrating.
try to identify the argument and work out the
Bren more. They wbuld really writerb main line of reasoning. Next, try to 3 l_started out on my own and then ended up
ffle environment in so many ways. analyse and criticise lhe argument. Has the doing it for a big media organisation. lt,s
,do vou think?
writer given reasons for his or her views? Are great! I write more or less what I want,
like a great idea. What do you
the reasons valid? ls the argument presentgd although I have to do quite a Iot of updates
(hristina? as things move fast these days. We do get
in a logical and coherent fashion? ls the writer
tdmre idea a lot. It's a very creative being objective or trying to persuade you by some negative comments. There are a Iot
[o an environmental problem. using emotive language? Then look at the of internet trolls out there ready to attack
:iee why it wouldn't work. How evidence the writer gives you. That may be in you, and each other. Luckily, the
moderators are usually good and take

173
 AUDIO SCRIPTS
upsetting or offensive stuff down pretty to look at a traffic acciden! not journalists. I something to do in the ten minutes E
quickly. lt's great when what you write can't stand listening to complaints about between things. lt's become a crucial tool x
starts trending on social media or you start sensationalist reporting from people who buy for journalists and plays a central role in (I
something which then goes viral. I have a sensational ist papers. the way stories are sourced and distributed- t
lot of Twitter followers, so it happens quite I think the advice I can give those of you who Twitter's speed when it comes to breaking L
a lot. Or the other way round: I pick up on want to go into journalism is best summed up news is unrivalled. I think Twitter is the o
other stuff on social media, often through in the words of Joseph Pulitzer. He said, 'Put it most positive thing to have come out of the d
the hashtags people use. What's now before them briefly so they will read it, clearly i nternet. o
called 'citizen journalism' is becoming so they will appreciate it, picturesquely so I accept that social media such as @

more and more important to us. lt really they will remember it and above all, Facebook, YouTube and Twitter have a big T
helps us get stories first, which is very accurately so they will be guided by its light'. role to play, but I think that TV news and I
satisfying. TV is much slower these days. Many of you here today started writing stories newspapers still drive the news agenda D(
I Everyone's looking {or a scoop - you and poems when you were very young. The because it's only when they pick up on a G

know, that one really big story or a re$ crucial thing about a story is that other people Twitter story or a YouTube video that it frei
exclusive, but mostly it's quite mundane must want to read it - and you don't want reaches everyone. The news itself may a
stuff. When something new comes up, it's them to_stop reading. A well-written emerge first with Twitter, but it's the mass (
good to be able to get a feature out of it. : introduction will encourage the reader to stay media that picks it up and packages it for G
There's a lot more user-driven content with you. Always treat the reader with respect mass audience. Mainstream media c n
around these days because of social and don't make them feel inadequate. Try to is the lifeblood of topical social media I
media. You can get leads on stories from imagine who the reader is and put yourself in conversation and still provides the vast I
the blogosphere. There's also still a Iot of their place. majority of news links that are shared. I
chequebook journalism around though in After giving you a few hopefully interesting I think the internet is taking us back to the i
the tabloids, and there are so many stories from my career as a journalist, conversational culture of the coffee house i
so-called press conferences which are including my first attempts on our student in the seventeenth century, where news I}l
anythinB but. lt's just a prepared statement newspaper, l'll be happy to answer any was exchanged and discussed in a lively
with no opportunities for questions. I don't questions. Finally, I'll look at a current issue in atmosphere. For many people, Twitter and
know, maybe people want more journalism, namely invasion of privacy. Facebook have becomq the meeting places
infotainment rather than hard news. I think of the twenty-first century, new hubs for
media bias is much worse in the broadcast LESSON 8.3 RECORDINC 8.3 the creation and spreading of news. These
media, though. virtual coffee houses now have a global
For this session, l'd Iike to focus on social TE
i I've been posted all over the place. Last
media and why Chris Hadfield succeeded in
reach and individuals can create and
year I spent six weeks with the army. The information with a power to bring down GT
connecting with people. l'll speak for ten
conflict got a lot of media coverage. I was minutes, to allow time for questions. But
governments and shame big companies at tu
filing reports at all hours. There are tight please feel free to interrupt if you want to
a very high speed. Sometimes I prefer ir
deadlines and sometimes you have to file quality over quantity of information. I
make a comment ... or even better send me a
copy under some difficult conditions. l've
tweet from your tablets. There won't be any
Sometimes d
also had to do some Iive broadcasts, which
handouts going around as the transcript will
I prefer speed. But I cannot say whether h
can be a bit tricky sometimes - you know,
be posted online after the talk. l'd like to begin
I pre[er social media to mainstream *
problems hooking up with the satellites.
by telling you why l'm focusing on
I don't think social media is replacing q
On the whole, though, it's a terrific way to
Commander Had{ield, an astrondut, when you
mainstream media. I think they live in a fl
make a living. symbiotic or dependent relationship ,tr
thought you were signing up for a conference
6 We get a bad press - if y6u'll excuse the on social media.
feeding off and amplifying each other. r
pun. I usually sell my stuff to the popular
LESSON 8.4 RECORDINC 8.5
t
press, the red tops, the glossies, and there's LTSSOFI 8,3 RECORDlNC 8.4 r0
a lot of online stuff now. So, you know, D:Dan,M=Margare{
To be honest, I just don't trust information
even some of the broadsheets are now D: We'd really Iike to run this story,
in blogs and tweets as much as information
getting in on the act. Sometimes it's really I don't think the asking price is high.
in newspapers because the information
easy just to doorstep someone, but other What's two hundred thousand dollars
isn't always backed up by sources and
times I have to stake places out for days when you think of the increased
just to get one shot. The problem for us checked properly. Unfounded rumours
circulation we'll get if we publish the
such as the deaths of celebrities and
these days is everyone has a camera phone story? I mean, the coach is a household
political leaders can be spread in seconds
- they may get the best shots and we lose all around the world and the information is
name and no one's aware that he's
out. People will go mad for the right snap. unhappy at his present club. lt'll be a
simply unreliable.
People who go on and on about invasion story when we tell the readers that he's
of privacy make me sick. The celebs love l'm a newspaper journalist. For my
planning to join another team. We've
the exposure. Any media coverage is good newspaper columns I spend a lot of time
to go for it.
for them. I have a few good sources who rewriting them and getting them edited and
M: We need to think this one through, Dan-
let me know who's in town - and then off I checked. However, I enjoy writing my
You're right, it could be a great story, but
go. It's easy money. They're all fair game, blogs the most. I suppose I Iike the more
we've got to be very careful. lf you dont
these people. conversational style of writing blogs. It's
get your facts right, he could take us to
almost like writing an email to a family
court and get substantial damages. Andl
LISSON 8.2 RICORDTNC &.2 member. I write them quickly and
don't want another court case.
sometimes post them from stations or
I was delighted when you invited me to talk to D: OK, but we have to take risks. That's
airports without getting them edited. ln
you this afternoon about what I have learnt in
summary, I like the immediacy, the
. we've increased our circulation, you
thirty-five years as a journalist and l'd Iike to that. I suppose the emails could be fakq
connection with audiences and the style of
congratulate you on receiving the'Best but we could check them out. We can't
blogs.
Student Newspaper' award. miss this opportunity, Margaret - it'll
Twitter is more fun and more flexibl6 than a terrific feature article. lt's the kind of
First of all, l'm not going to apologise for
blogging, which is too time-consuming. lt's reporting our readers love.
being a journalist even though we're not
the fastest way you can interact with u: Hold on, Dan. There's a problem with
flavour of the month. Journalists report what
anybody. lt's very mobile and gives me material. We have no idea how our
people want to read. lt is the public who stop
 AUDIO SCRIPTS
#ff r:re information. Maybe he did It's an important point, the sophistication of
ir,irie:hing illegal and if that's the case, we the language. In written English the The economic situation has gotworse.
::*u d be in very hot water. I don't need to vocabulary tends to be more sophisticated The economic situation has become worse.
m rou, the coach is a popular guy; he's a and wider in range. For example, in an The economic situation has deteriorated.
usend in the sporting world. I don't think academic essay in this college, one of you Yes, the style of the first sentence is informal,
lur readers will thank us for running the might write The arguments support the view the last formal and the second sentence is
riifrn . lt's a very sensitive issue. lf we get that phone hacking is a serious problem.The written in a neutral style.
turr racts wrong, it'll have a bad effect on verb support is probably a more suitable verb Are there any questions you'd like to ask? Yes?
rur leputation. We wouldn't be able to say to use than the phrasal verb back up. Another
.uitrere lve got our information from, so it'd example: a sentence such as A considerable LESSON 9.1 RECORDINC S.1
turc like pure speculation on our part. amount of research has been conducted into
u :ll., so you won't approve payment for the attitudes to privacy is an example of using It's impossible to overstate the importance
vocabulary well. The student could have of privacy in English culture. Jeremy
-rrails?
lqi ,., no, sorry, we wrilten They've done a lot of research into Paxman points out that 'the importance of
rirhr need to hold fire on
'llr r one. l've got a bad feeling about it. lt attitudes to privacy. But the verb done is not as privacy informs the entire organisation of
:r:r-[d land us in court if the emails are not suitable as the word conducted. This verb is the country, from the assumptions on
more-formal and you should note that the which laws are based, to the buildings in
rn-rEryiew the coach. He might let slip that student used a passive form. Passive forms which the English live.'
'rre not happy with the performance of his rather than active forms are a feature of formal Hover above any English town and you
-<

eanr. Then you could sound him out, academic writing. will see that the residential areas consist
m-arbe suggest he'll be looking for a new almost entirely of rows and rows of small
So, there are many language features that
rrrn :f the team performance doesn't boxes, each with its tiny patch of green.
differentiate formal writing from informal
rirp!'ove. The English all want to live in their own
writing. However, l'd like to make the point
ln liK l'll do that, but I'm really private box with their own private little
that there are some informal language items
I
sappointed. I thought you'd support me. green bit.
that can be found sometimes in formal
ffi lr. I would add that a disproportionate
5611y about that. writing, depending on the context. For
im -,K. l'll try to get an interview with the number o{ our most influential social rules
example, phrasal verbs like come up with and
:::ach. It won't be easy, but I can probably and maxims are concerned with the
bring about do appear in formal writing, but
maintenance of privacy: we are taught to
""ieruade him to see me. they are Iess common than single verbs. So,
mind our own business, not to pry, to keep
for come up with, which sometimes appears in
,,:tiO\ 8.5 RECOS.DINC S.6 _ ._*_ formal writing, you will more.often find verbs
ourselves to ourselves, not to make a scene
or a fuss or draw attention to ourselves and
'1;Lm:r morning, today l'll be talking about ***, produce, develop, drscover and so never to wash our dirty Iinen in public.
,rtt[rnnnai and informal writing. OK, there are II:
English drivers are quite rightly renowned
nnru:r:d si gn if icant d ifferences between formal Similarly, if you're writing an opinion-led
for their orderly, sensible, courteous
umlm riormal writing. l'll consider these first of essay for an academic tutor, you might use the
conduct. My foreign informants noticed
.rril, -fnen in the second part of my talk l'll say a personal pronoun I lo express your opinion in
well-mannered customs and practices that
,ttr,,',, r,ords about a neutral style of writing and the first and last paragraphs of that essay. ln
most of us take for granted: that you ne'rer
rr*: about the language of social networks. that context, it's perfectly acceptable to use
have to wait too long before someone lets
friirgrrt. as you all know, l'm sure, there are the personal pronoun. Passive forms can be
you out of a side road or driveway and that
rlliinerent ways of using words in different found in both styles of writing, but they're
you are always thanked when you let
iNttr"rrirrions. The way we write for academic and particularly common in formal writing,
someone else out; that all drivers stop for
,l--'fic purposes, for instance, is very perhaps because formal texts, on the whole,
'. pedestrians at zebra crossings, even when
dlfltt*rent from how we write to a friend or close need to be more objective and to avoid an
the pedestrians are still standing waiting on
miL €aque. The tone, the vocabulary, the overly emotional tone.
the pavement and have not set foot on the
ffttrn'rrnar, all change according to the Right, so there are many differences between
crossing. I met one tourist who found this
irrr"LLrrion, the purpose of the communication the two styles, though some features appear in
so astonishing that he kept repeating the
llnn rrho's receiving the message. Basically, both.
experiment, marvelling at the fact that he
uL* rc talking about the difference between l'll move on now to the second part of my could single-handedly bring streams of
mrrnrrr*a! ity and i nformal ity, between formal talk: neutral English and the language of social traffic to a deferential halt without the aid
*11"rri'rg and informal writing. OK, what are websites. of red lights or stop signs.
ru'rrnre of the differences?
In restaurants, as elsewhere, the English
'1lfiir,ryi
one obvious difference is our choice of LISSON S.5 RECORDINC 8.7
may moan and grumble to each other
wrmr-a5ulary. ln informal written English, we
l'd like to say a few words ndw about a third about poor service or bad food, but our
mrr-- use colloquial words such as guy, kid, style of writing. In the first part of my talk, inhibitions make it difficult for us to
liil,,ls r:i. awesomet gonna and so on. tn formal
I discussed the differences between informal complain directly to the staff.
iliirE: rsh, instead of those words, we'd probably
and formal English. There's also a third style, Most English people, faced with
"urxi,*
rerms like man ot woman, child, a large which is called a neutral style of writing. This unappetising or even inedible food, are too
uurmser of remarkable, going to and so on. We style is not specifically formal or informal. It's embarrassed to complain at all.
tuu -+'ally avoid colloquial language in a
often used when a writer wants to present the Complaining would be 'making a fuss' or
,lmmrrral piece of writing.
facts of a topic in a non-emotional way. lt's 'drawing attention to oneself in public
rilil,e also avoid contractions if possible. For also a common style of communication when all forbidden by unwritten rules. They will
flrY,ample, we say cannoL nol can't, and we say people do not know each other very well. lt not go back to that establishment and will
,llirirrltr;C not instead of shouldn't. You get the might be used, for example, when someone is tell all their friends how awful it is, but the
p :n ni, communicating with a colleague on the same poor publican or restaurateur will never
4rn[]t:ner important difference between the two level in a company by email. Writing in a even know that there was anything amiss.
:fi1i, €s oi language
is that we prefer to use neutral style will often involve deciding which Some slightly braver souls will use method
iltnTg€r, more complex sentences ones with is the appropriate word or phrase to use in number two: the apologetic complaint, an
.n:u:qrrdinate clauses and Iinking words or order to express your idea simply and clearly. English speciality. 'Excuse me, l'm terribly
$tnr::(es - in formal written English. ln For example, here are three sentences. Which sorry, erm but, er, this soup seems to be
rn"'[{rmal Engl'sh sentences tend to be shorter sentence do you think is written in a neutral rather, well, not very hot - a bit cold.'
irnc :se simpler language. style? OK? 'They look at the floor and mumble, as

175
 AUDIO SCRIPTS
though they have done something wrongl' principles of adolescent development. lf they lack chances for people to make their own
an experienced waiter told me. do violate these principles, it can only Iead to choices.
The most noticeable and important'rule' an ever-deepening rejection of society and its
about humour in English conversation is its laws by the teenagers in question. Lr550t"J 9.3 RICORDtNG r].6
dominance and pervasiveness. P = Presenter, C = CarlosJimenez
ln other cultures, there is a 'time and a IESSON 9"2 RECORDINC 9.3
P: Our next speaker in tonight's debate on
place' for humour; it is a special, separate So, what are these particular psychological global migration is CarlosJimenez. Carlos
kind of talk. ln English conversation, there traits of the teenager? is Director of the lnternational Migration
is always an undercurrent of humour. Firstly, all teenagers, even lawbreakers, Trust and he's going to be looking at
It must be said that many of my foreign have a strong sense of fairness. They will be migralion myths. Cdrlos.
informants found this aspect of Englishness moralistic and intolerant of unfairness. C: Thank you very much. lnternational
frustrating rather than amusing: 'the Secondly, they are Iooking for respect from migrants are very much in the news these
problem with the English,' complained one the world and their peers. days and often generate quite a Iot of
American visitor, 'is that you nevel*know Thirdly, they respond best to encouragement negative press. Claims that migrants are
when they are joking - you never know rather than punishment. Harsh punishment taking our jobs, pushing up the crime rate
whether they are being serious or not'. This may-temporarily alter behaviour, but their and taking advantage of our public
was a businessman, travelling with a : attitudes and deeper behaviour seldom services are easy to find in the media.
female colleague from Holland. She change. Some political parties are using this for
considered the issue frowningly for a Fourthly, they reject imposed structure and their own ends. So, is any of this really
moment and then concluded, somewhat outside control. Teenagers do benefit from true? Or are we just looking at a set of
tentatively, 'l think they are mostly joking, limits, like children,'but, unlike children, they migration myths? Tonight l'm going to
yes?' do need to have some kind of voice within attempt to debunk some myths about
The English may not always be joking, but that structure, or in the determination of that international migration. As we'll see, they
they are always in a state of readiness for structu re. just don't stand up to the evidence. So
humour. We do not always say the Also, whilst young people need help, advice we 80.
opposite of what we mean, but we are and guidance, they will reject it when it Mylh number one: a very frequenl
always alert to the possibility of irony. comes from people or institutions that are felt comment people make is that i
5 When asked to compare English working to be unfair, disrespectful, punishing or, or migration is on the increase. Well,
and business practices with those of other that impose limits and structure. actually, the number of international
cultures, all my foreign and immigrant Youths also have a need to feel competent migrants has grown, but only relatively
informants commented on the English at something and to achieve3uccess, and, slowly, from.l 54 million in 1990, to l15
sense of fair play and specifically on our alongside this, they need, at times, to be in million in 2000, and about 232 million
respect for the law and our relative charge and to make their own choices. today. However, the reason for this is
freedom from the corruption they felt was In addition, there is also a need to belong, on principally down to population growd+
endemic and tacitly accepted - albeit in equal terms, to groups and communities. the number of migrants as a
varying degrees - in other parts of the And finally, settled youths appreciate and the world's population has remained
world. Many felt that we were not value the strengths of their families. stable at around three percent.
sufficiently aware or appreciative of this Myth number two: another common
fact. 'You just take it for granted,' a Polish L[5S0N 9.2 R[CORptNC 9.4 complaint is that the majority of
immigrant complained. 'You assume that are illegal. Of course, ifs difficult to
While the wilderness camps are particularly
people will play fair and you are shocked reliable data on this, but it appears
strong with regard to counselling and therapy,
and upset when they do not. ln other the United States, for example, abor.t
the boot camps hardly address juveniles'
countries there is not that assumption.' twenty-five percent of migrants are
psychological problems.
Fair play, wiqh its sporting overtones, undocumented. The figure in E
Because the boot camps principally operate
suggests that everyone should be given an lower- perhaps around ten percent
on a punishment basis, the teenagers are quite
equal chance and that people should not forget, though, that some of these
likely to reject any advice or guidance that is
conduct themselves honourably, observe migrants will be fleeing persecutior
offered by the adults there.
the rules and not cheat or shirk their ln a sense, boot camps partly meet teenagers' they'll often be crossing borders
responsibilities. At the same time, 'fair any documentation. Actually, even ff
expectations of fairness, in that good
play'allows for differences in ability and behaviour is rewarded and bad behaviour is you're not a refugee or asylum
accepts that there will be winners and entering another country without tlrc
punished. However, as the teenagers utterly
losers - while maintaining that playing necessary documents is usually
lack the chance to determine the structure and
well and fairly is more important than limits, they are fairly certain"to see things as a civil rather than a criminal
winning. unfair. the frequently used term 'illegal
It is extremely important that families are is something o[ a misnomer,
LIS:ION 9.? &:C()RptNC 9.2
involved in the process, and this certainly media organisations - that were
lf we are to assess programmes aimed occurs at wilderness camps, while it seems to very fond of this term - have norm
at the punishment and, more positively, be entirely absent at boot camps. using it.
the rehabilitation of juveniles involved in The suggestion that boot camps don't respond Mylh number three: a furlher
antisocial behaviour, drug addiction and to the teenage desire for success is slightly that has gained some currency
crime, we must first accept that teenagers are unfair, as the physical military training offers migrants lake our lobs, jobs dra
psychological Iy d ifferent to ad u lts. Teenagers plenty of challenges. However, wilderness would go to local people. The
are not yet fully developed and, even when camps are extremely focused on success, from response to this is that the
lhey have committed very serious crimes, the building of a campfire to the taking on of between migration and labour
adolescents have different needs to adult a leadership role. complex, but in developed
criminals. From this we can conclude that the The highly complex range of tasks and skills especially in times of economilc
juvenile justice system needs to take these required at wilderness camps means Fenagers the kinds of jobs migrans do
differences into account if we are to provide are almost certain to feel that they belong to low-skilled and low-paid. john
effective punishment and rehabilitation. a group, get respect and to make their own local populace don't actually
The programmes that are most effective will choices. In contrast, the range of tasks at boot Also, immigration can help
surely be those which do not violate the basic camps is rather limited and they completely economic growth. For

176
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!'un by a migrant may employ local people. very clear that the punishment's LESSON 9,5 RICORDINC 9,10
Furthermore, these developed countries immediate and direct. I think we need to
have ageing populations which will create Thanks for downloading this podcast. l'm
show that there's built-in flexibility and
increasing demand for long-term care room for manoeuvre. going to be talking to you about literature
reviews, what they are and how you should
services - a gap migrants can fill. ot: Well, whilst accepting that as a fair
\{r,th number four: the accusation that go about doing them. University students,
principle, we mustn't make it too
rnigrants are a drain on public services is complicated. especially at the higher levels, are often
,rne of the most forcefully argued points by required to write a Iiterature review. The term
03: Er, Can I just point out that there's another
iirose who are against immigration. In fact, is potentially confusing, as it suggests reading
aspect we need to consider.
Shakespeare orTolstoy. ln fact, a literature
nr a lot of countries, migrants can't access ot: Oh yes? What's that?
gervices like healthcare, housing and review is a survey of what has been published
o:: Well, the punishmen! particularly the
education. And where they can, they're in a particular field - your field - be it
fines, may not be the best thing. I mean, I
ess likely to use these services than local
Astrophysics or Business Studies. lt's a
think that many truants come from poorer
eeople because many ofthem ard{young synthesis of what's known about a subject.
families and many of these behavioural
To carry out such a review obviously involves
adults without significant health problems problems stem from this poverty. Surely,
nr educational needs. A recent study in the fines will only increase the level of extensive reading, and by doing this you'll
learn a great deal about the subject, and
ll K found that migrants were, and I quote; poverty. And then, will wealthier families
5orty-five percent less likely to receive become - to some extent - an expert on that
be concerned about fines? Admittedly,
sa{e benefits or tax credits than natives.' imprisonment would be a deterrent, but, subject. As you prepare the literature review,
lilrc observation that migrants pay a great overall, l'm not sure that this particular you'll clarify your own ideas on the topics you
dreal more in taxes than they receive in
read aboul, and form your own opinions
punitive response is best. Perhaps parents
about what specialists in the field have
sD,cial benefits was also made. and children should do some kind of
h0rth number five: the suggestion that community service, in the field of written. You'll be able to see how the subject
mmf,grants are in some way responsible for education - they could help out at schools - and the research on that subject - has
am increase in antisocial or otherwise ... for children with special needs, for developed over time. When you finish your
reading, you'll be in a position to identify half
.example.
a dozen key pieces of research on the subject
I
01: I see what you're saying, but one thing
and see how each piece has influenced the
t0[ir = Official 1, 02 = Official 2, 03 = Official 3 I Iike about the current proposal is that it's
others.
'uttt 5o- lefs look at the law concerning easy to enforce. Community service
would require special organisation and Doing a literature review also helps to identify
ilm:.lancy. Obviously, we want to cut the
management. A fine's rnuch more existing gaps in the knowledge about the
mrels of truancy, partly to reduce juvenile
straightforward. subject, gaps that your research can fill. You
rime and also to improve the education
o:: Well, I think there's more to say on that, can see how your work will follow on from
m our country's lowest achievers. Having
but I think we should get some the work of others, and how it might answer
said that, this law is not solely about
amendments agreed now; we know we've some unanswered questions. It's a bit Iike a
n;nilldren. In a sense, it's more about
jigsaw puzzle with one or two missing pieces.
: rmaking parents take responsibility for their got to change this Iaw in some ways. First
When you've assembled it all, you can see
mjlnilldren's education. Too many parents of all, how can we address . ..
where there's a gap to be filled.
Strmre their role in education, and
LISSOhJ {}.4 RTCORDII\.IC 9.& As with any kind of synthesis, organisation is
prarticularly their role in discipline.
Itllmr,. although we're here to amend this 01 = Official 1, 02 = Official 2, 03 = Official 3 the key. Some students find it helpful to ...
lm,ur" I think that one of its current 03: First of all, how can we build some LESSON 18.1 RECORDINJC XO.1
smemgths is its clarity there's no room for flexibility into this law?
fuubt and confusion. Basically, if your 02: How about a three strikes and you're out It was OK, but, well, the music is rather
dhild doesn't go to school, and they don't kind of rule? You know, the first two times dated. I mean, the musical's over twenty
ilmm,r permission to be absent, then you there's a warning, and the third time leads years old now and it was always very
urtniil be punished. AIso, the law applies to to punishment of the parents. much of its time, wasn't it? But er, still, I
ffis'grlr'one, without exception. oa: And what about replacing imprisonment was pretty impressed by the sets and it's
lllillll1tnau"s all fair enough, but it's simply too with community service - I think that'd be such a lovely romantic story.
mrdlkxiible as it stands. lf a child's absent much more appropriate and would still Astounding! What more can I say? I

mm oxnilv one day, then the parents will be act as a deterrent. completely forgot that the characters
puumirehed. Surely, this kind of punishment 01: I think I can agree to those suggestions. weren't real animals and the tale was quite
$dfimirild be used only for serious repeat I think the law will still serve its original magical. Creat stuff. Well worth the cost of
rmflmmilers? purpose. So, how shalltrue phrase it for the ticket.
but wouldn't it then be unwieldy the minister to look at? Let's see ... What Experimental music isn't really my kind of
,&ldimuurmfiersome as a law? As I said, its about'Parents are responsible for ensuring thing, but I guess these guys created a
{0m|]llmrrrrrfistrength is its clarity and the strong their children's attendance at school. good atmosphere with their music. I liked
that it sends out. When a child has been absent three times the clips from the old movies, but, well, it
,mrtainly it's important that the Iaw without permission, the parents are liable probably went on a bit long for me, to be
,uuta strong message, but I still to a fine or a communitv service honest. Not quite my lhing.
ldmrere must be some built-in sentence./ Well, it Iived up to the hype, mainly
- People's lives are not oz: That's great. because those guys are so talented. You
03: Erm, hold on a minute. really can't go wrong when you're seeing
nhat if a child's being bullied at otlz: What?/Hmm? people like that - I mean, they're legends,
&ut can't tell anyone abrout it? In or: Well, when we say'three times', do we really. The venue's good as well - not too
missing a day in order to escape mean in their whole school career? In a big and a great atmosphere, although it
rvould then result in their year? ln a term? took ages to get there. Top marks all
ing punished, which would 01: Oh, good point. We'd better clarify that. round, l'd say.
the child's sense of shame. Any thoughts?
Well, it could've been better. Mind you,
, in that case the his performance is certainly up there with
wouldn't apply
the best, but, I don't know, in the end the
ill'lal but as it stands the Iaw's
 AUDIO SCRIPTS
production doesn't really hold up. perhaps 53: Yeah, have to play solitaire with actual gladly, so I guess I can seem rude or
l'm too much of a fan of the original cards. impatient - perhaps arrogant. But then
movie. They just didn't get the atmosphere 52: Well I actually, I actually left, I left again, is that really so bad? Well, anyway,
of the New York docks over very well. But, Facebook for about three years because I trying to win Ihe Clobal Village will be a
that's not to say it's not worth seeing, just got so irritated with people putting what challenge that'll fire me up to even greater
that it's not the best. And you can,t always they had for dinner, or ... efforts and it's a challenge I want tolake
have that, can you? S:: Food pictures are the worst, yes. on. And when I take something on, I come
Sz: Oh, what is the point? Erm, and just out on top. Always.
Lr55ON 10.3 RECORptNC 1q.3 moaning about their Iives when it was
: : 2 Hi. I'm Roberta. l'm from Australia and l,rn
51 Student 1, 52 Student 2, 53 = Student 3 something really minor, and they just put
a builder, which is why I reckon l,d be
s1: I think a lot of people do seem to be 'Oh, I feel really sad today., And then all good to have on the island. Need a rain
addicted to, to su.rfing the internet, and their friends go and comment ,Oh, what,s shelter? No problem - l'll knock one up in
I think, erm, er, I think in some ways it can wrong, what's wrong?' 'Oh, I can,t say on under an hour. Awesome. Seriously, a
be really good 'cause you can, y&r can, er, here.' And you just think what on earth builder is a must-have on the island,
I don't'know, you can find out loads of was the point in you saying, and it was all surely? One thing though, I,m totally
stuff that you weren't - you know, initially about getting attention from people. terrified of spiders. Euurgh, sends shivers
planning on finding out. You might have = s1: Erm, I think it's quite scary how, how
down my spine! Apart from that, I guess
gone on to look for information about one companies sort of get hold of your data on you could say that, by and large, l,m
thing and then you're like, oh, followed just through monitoring your sort of, your
laid back - you know, l'm a tolerant kind
the Iink to, to this next thing, and, and on internet usage. So you could be looking of a girl, l've got mates from all over the
like that. on, on a department store,s website for, world and I don't get wound up much by
But then the bad side of it is people who you know, you could be looking at sofas people. Mind you, l've got no time for
Iook up illnesses and symptoms and things and you log into Facebook and then er, on Iaziness, especially when everyone needs
like that ... the ad bar down the side it,s like oh,
to pull together to get things going. Oh
Sz: Yeah, Doctor Coogle. looking for a sofa? Well try this at - you yeah, and another thing is, I reckon my
Sl: Yeah, exactly. know, try this shop or whatever, I think hobby'll come in pretty useful: I love
S:: I do that. that's quite scary. fishing. l've done it.from boats and
51: Do you? Ss: It is scary but then I also think I would everything. So, all in all, I reckon l,d bea
s3: Yes. I buy all my medicine off the internet rather have something that's relevant to me
great choice for The Clobal Viltage and tfi
as well. than something that's completely
be a great chance for me, to be part ofaa
Sz: Do you? irrelevant.
awesome global community like this.
SE: Yeah. 52: That, that sort of thing doesn,t bother me I said, the island needs a builder.
51: Do you? too much. Erm, I'd be, I try to be quite
53: Yes. lt's much cheaper. careful about not having my full name with LTSSON 10.4 RTCCIREINC 10.7
51: But I mean 'cause the thing is, symptoms my date of birth together in the same
M:Mel,D=Danny,L=Lucy
are so, you know, symptoms could relate place, and that sort of thing. But it doesn,t
to anything, and the symptoms for you bother me if I get sent adverts for u: Right then, what do you think?
something, because Iike you say l,d rather D: Well, I reckon they're both pretty
know, like a brain tumour could be very 6ood"
have an advert that l'm actually, I might be but with weak points. Overall, l,d go fu
similar to symptoms for just headache or
something like that, so it can really sort of ' interested in rather than something Tony.
cause a lot of panic, I think. completely random, so ... r: Really? l'm not so sure. Tony seems
s3: And as long as it, it's automated and it,s too full of himself. I really don,t know
s2: Well I think I am one.of those people who
not/ say ... the way they read it, it,s ... not he'd be a good team player.
is actually addicted to the internet. Erm,
really a person looking into your browsing o: Ah, but Lucy, that's why I think he,dhe
history, it, it's just automated. But l, I guess good. It could be good to have
53: l've seen you at work, yes.
it is a fine Iine because you don,t always who might challenge the group. And.
52: Yeah, you can see my screen, erm. 'Cause,
know how much of your personal data know, perhaps the group will have an
erm, I'm one of those people who I get
they have. But then I don't have anything effect on him. We might see him
home from work, I put the TV on and I get
that's worth money so what are they going more collaborative - you know, Iess
my laptop out, so I sit watching a film or
to steal? competitive.
TV and l'm constantly surfing the internet
Think, you know, there's a healthy level of M: OK. Well, anyway, let's look back
at the same time. So if there's an actor or
paranoia but also shouldn't be too criteria before we go off track. All
someone that turns up on screen - ooh, I
paranoid about it. I don't reckon Tony meets that
wonder what else he was in, so ...
Sr: Yeah, yeah, yeah.
ffiteria points. He hasn't particularlp
52: Erm, yeah and it just means that you never, LE55()t{ 10.4 RECORDTNC "t0.6 shown collaboration skills, but tfieni
his job will involve some for sure.
you never really fully concentrate on any 1 Hi! l'm Tony and l'm from Scotland. I
practical skills, l'm not sure what
one thing because I'm constantly doing guess there's only one way to describe
several things at the same time, and l,m
r: Exactly. And he seems too
what I am and that's a natural-born
show as a competition. That is,
sure the internet is to blame for that. But I winner. That is, all my Iife l,ve come top in
show much interest in the cultural
wouldn't be without it, that's for sure. everything - you know, sports at school,
experience - about Iearning
51: Oh no, erm ... my studies at uni, in my banking career. I people and so on.
sz: lt's enriched our Iives, surely. I mean it,s work with people from all over the world,
not without its problems, but I certainly - |
o: Fair enough. Like I said, I did $i
clients and colleagues, and l,m good at both had some weak points. \fflre
mean, everything depends on it now, so at Ianguages, so l'd protrably be a bit of a
Roberta? She's obviously got gren
work we couldn't do a lot of our work leader on the island. And as for surviving
practical skills, what with the fiCil
without the internet now, because we use on the island, well, I reckon that won,t be
well as the building.
email. So ... an issue, as l'm fit, strong and healthy - I M: For sure. And she comes across
S:: Yes, if the internet goes down we, we'd play squash three times a week add I never smart.
stop working. take days off sick. But then again, that L: Sure, although not sure how
Sz: You'd have to actually talk to peoplel doesn't mean that l'm perfect. Just almost go to a deserted island when
perfect! What I mean is, I don't suffer fools
of spiders!
 AUDIO SCRIPTS
t guess that means she's People say the same stuff again and again. men and women talk in different ways.
up tor fun and stuff. But as well as the topic, they also repeat B: But how do you mean?
ilm aI[" sfrc has a positive the language, too. So you hear the same N: A Iot of research has been done by people
tfie concept of the show, words, the same phrases over and over. Iike Deborah Tannen. Men are always
AIso, in real conversation, the sentences trying to compete with each other, even in
,-\rd Danny, you talked are usually very short. Much shorter than conversation; you know, one guy tells a
lW'mmrq, rmielrt challenge the when we write - . - story, then another guy tries to tell a more
pmu krnril, so would Roberta if J: Sorry, but can we really call them interesting story, then the third bloke tries
lltaa'- That could be sentences, though? I mean, aren't to beat them all by telling the best story of
-*ou know, how people sentences something we only use in all.
,ulrldheures regard what is and writing - you know, capital letters at the S: Does Tannen actually say that?
beginning, full stops at the end? lsn't N: I don't know, but women don,t talk Iike
You're righ! cultural speech more of a continuum? that. The way they talk is much more
mrcinto plafthere F: OK. Maybe sentences is the wrong word. collaborative; they support each other.
ime to watch. Perhaps I should've said utterances. But it,s s: What? I don't think that's true at alll
decide. I reckon Roberta ,true they tend to be relatively short. N: lt is thoughl
s: Right. What else? s: Alright. Wait a moment ... hang on. I
fur this show. Maybe a: The language is pretty informal. In the one think Natasha has a point, but maybe we
ml that business show - you I analysed, I noticed a lot of idioms, can generalise, too.
n&ich is more about expressions, phrasal verbs, quite a bit of J: Yeah. You're right. A lot of conversation rs
Lucy, I think you swearing, too. There's also the speaker,s cooperative. Doesn't matter if you,re a
k that right? accent or dialect. I recorded a man or a woman. lf we didn,t cooperate,
I tdlnilmk it's a straightforward conversation with my Scottish flatmate. conversation couldn't happen. The way we
He's got a really strong accent. And he take turns, for example.
mt seerrs Tony doesn't meet uses words like /ass and fitba. B: Sorry, does anyone know why they,re
really, so let's go for N: . Fitba? What's that? called soap operas?
ffifirfi. who's next? s: Football. S: Sorry, what?
ilMmeone from lceland and N: Oh. a: Yeah, soap operas. Does anyone know
lMali- First up is this one, J: Well, everyone's got an accent of some why they're called that?
quite interesting because ... sort, haven't they? I mean, some people s: Right, OK ... We don,t want to get off
have got regional accents, some people track here, but does anyone know the
ITDEO RICORDINC 10.1 have got class accents. answer?
tsEe, f = telipe, N = Natasha, F: True. Something else we get in real ;: I heard it was because when they first
conversation is a lot of, um, hesitations, started in America, they were sponsored by
so l'm leading the seminar false starts, fillers, overlaps, pauses... soap manufacturers.
ffir.,-- ue're going to be looking at N: Can you repeat that, please? l'm taking a Right. Thanks. OK, let's try to stay
of drama and trying to few notes. focused. We were talking about how real
ouestion'How real is it?'To r: Yeah. Hesitations, overlaps, pauses, fillers, conversation is cooperative. Er, had you
false starts, I mean these are really finished what you were going to say?
rcshould confirm what we common. ): Ah, er, well, almost. Except maybe to
so that we're all clear s: Alright, is everyone happy with these mention Crice's maxims.
ItfCre thinking about drama terms? Do we need to clarify anything? N: Sorry, whose maxims?
sense. Obviously, we're N: What do we mean by fillers exactly? t: Crice. Paul Crice, a linguist. Crice called it
in the theatre, Pinter or F: Well words like er, well, you see -you the cooperative principle.
mftatever. But we're also know, those kinds of words and phrases. S: How many of us are familiar with this?
TV drama, stuff like C5/. Things we use when we don't know what F: lam.
Iike fastEnders, Co r on atio n to say and we're thinking - playing for S: OK. So not all of us. Jane, could you
,i{htd of course, screenplays of films time. explain?
and so on. So those are the N: OK. Thanks. l: Well, Crice claimed that there are four
of tfie discussion. ls that J: Um, I don't think it matters if conversation maxims or rules of conversation. Basically,
is like this, anyway. and l'm paraphrasing, we should be true,
radio drama? S: Sorry, what do you mean by that? be brief, be relevant and be clear.
, that's part of it, too. OK? J: Well, conversation is ooly really for those S: AIright. l'm going to try to summarise
erer,vone's done the reading. people who are involved in it. what we've said so far. We said that real
r@fm,ersation analysis task. Yeah? S: Yes, go on. conversation is repetitive, full of short
record a minute or two of ;: That's why we often can't understand other utterances, false starts, pauses, hesitations.
and try to transcribe it? people's conversations. lf we listen to them The speakers may have a particular accent
on the bus, for example. The participants or dialect. But perhaps this isn't important
Srit rne're going to look at the can often understand one another because if... ifthe speakers can understand each
real conversation and then we of shared background information or from other. We recognised that there may be
real conversation with the non-verbal behaviour. I think this has some differences between the way men
&ama and see how similar or implications for dramatic language. You and women speak, but that conversation is
are. So, what are the features see, when we look closely at dramatic basically a cooperative activity.
Ianguage, what we find is that...
What did you find
nesearch? Would anyone like to S: O( that's interesting. Let's come back to
. LESSON 11.2 RECORDINC 11.1
- No one wants to be first! that later when we look at the language of R:Rachel,S=Susan
drama.
R: Welcome to tonighfs programme. This
s{rur spent some time on the task. N: Sorry, can I cut in here? 1
week we'll be looking at the pros and cons
ront to kick off? s: Co ahead, please.
of microfinance. My guests tonight are Dr
lflinrmftuppy to do that. Well, in real N: Well, we're all talking about conversation
Susan Filer, who works for an MFI, or
!'ou get a Iot of repetition. as if it's all the same - you know, there's
Microfinance Institution, and Professor AIi
only one type - but it's well known that
 AUDIO SCRIPTS
Hadad, Professor of Economics at Stanford who wants to tell you about their business? ultra-light and easy to attach. Oh yes, er, i

lmagine how you feel then. one other very important Point: the I
Business School. Dr Filer, could we begin
product will be sold at a very competitive :
with you, please? Could you tell us what lcl
L[550N 11.2 RICORDINC 11.2 price. The whole package will cost
microfinance is? l:l
approximately $1,800 - that's less than
s: Thank you, Rachel. And please call me R= Rachel, A = Professor Ali Hadad \rE,
most other devices on the market.
Susan, OK? Well, according to Kiva, the n: Thank you, Susan. Can I turn to Professor
Mmm, interesting. What about patents? Is
world's first lending platform, microfinance Hadad: do you agree with Susan? tcr
the technology fully Protected?
is a general term to describe financial n: Well, Rachel -and you can call meAli Yes, it is. We've taken out worldwide
services to low-income individuals or to - yes, microfinance can play a role in the _
patents on the technology, the device and
those who do not have access to typical battle against poverty and I accept some of
the receiver.
banking services. I think the principle the points that Susan has made. But, Susan,
Cood, that's very reassuring. How many
behind it is that it is d sustainable means of I think the picture you have painted is too
of the devices have you actuallY
alleviating poverty leading to Iasting s rosy. As long as repayment rates are not
produced?
development and changing lives. And I unreasonable, then microfinance can work
We've made four working prototypes.
think there are a number of other terms, in the short term. However, sometimes
They've been tested here and in
such as creditor and debtor, that we need : inteiest rates are a lot higher than many
international waters. We've got written
to be clear about from the start. A lender or people think and I think there should be
confirmation from several international
creditor provides credit to a borrower or more regulation of the industry as not all
marine associations that the device works
debtor. The creditor provides the loan and the microfinance institutions are as
and can do what we claim it does.
the debtor receives the loan. Right, back to reputable as Kiva o1 Belgium's Alterfin.
looking at the Pros and cons of
w: Righ! justfour prototypes. So you're not
Moving on to rep'ayments, unless the client
really set up as a business Yet.
is meeiing scheduled repayments, they risk
think there are five main reasons why
K: No, that's whY we've come to You. We
I being pushed into debt problems. And I
need finance. The cost of bringing the
microfinance is successful and, and has really don't think there's a lot of solid
product to the market and marketing it
had a huge impact on helping those in evidence that microfinance makes a
will be considerable. We have a couple of
poverty. Firstly, access. Banks simply won't significant impact on poverty levels. Susan
personal loans, but they're not nearly
iend money unless it is profitable for them mintioned earlier the Crameen bank
enough. Also, we need advice and
to do so and they won't extend lending to which pioneered the microfinance model'
support.
those with little or no assets. But the bank relied heavily on subsidies
Microfinancing works on the idea that from the Bangladeshi Sove[nment to keep
w: OK. Let's see if my colleague has any
questions. John, over to You.
even small amounts of credit can help get its interest rates low.
tnl: Thanks. Er, l've got two questions at this
people out of poverty. There are a number I think we have to accePt that
stage. Er,.firstly, who would you say is
of success stories like the Crameen Bank in microfinance is not always the most
your target consumer? Who do you think
Bangladesh, started by the Nobel Prize appropriate method. lt might not be
winnei Professor Yunus, where incomes of will buy your product?
suitable for poPulations that are
Crameen members were fortY-three geographically dispersed. Or where there
l'll let lngrid answer that. She's got some
percent higher than the incomes of is a high incidence of disease. Or a good ideas about how we should markd
non-programme villages- Or in El Salvador, reliance on only one agricultural crop, or if our device. Co ahead, lngrid.
where the weekly income of FINCA clients OK, well, erm, we'll aim at several
there is hyperinflation. ln these cases
increased by 'l 45 percent, FINCA being a segments in the market. Owners of
sometimes small grants, infrastructure
charitable microfinance institution. Or in imprbvements or education and training seagoing private boats and yachts is ore
lndia, where half of SHARE clients, SHARE segment, sea rescue crews is another
programmes can have more of an effect.
bei ng another microfinance institution, and, erm of course, there are the river
Another problem may be that some
graduated out of poverty. boats. There could be plenty of demand
microfinance institutions m ight focus
Secondly, microf inance often targets from commercial companies hiring
excessively on profit and move away from
female borrowers as they are statistically to inexperiencdd customers. Naval
poorer clients to serve better-off clients
less likely to default on their loans than training troats - that's another segment
who want larger loans.
men. So, microfinance is a good tool for that could be very profitable. Er, so or
l'll finish by saying that even if there are a
empowering women. target consumer is really anyone who
number of success stories, microfinance
Thirdly, with regard to education, it seems owns a boat and is concerned about
should never be seen as the only tool for
that families receiving microfinance are own security or that of their crew.
ending poverty.
less Iikely to remove their children from Mmm, plenty of scope then for
school for economic reasons.
Fourthly, microfinance often Ieads to
LESSQN ll"r{ BEC0RplN6 11.3 product. A final question: where do
W = Woman think you'll be in five years'time
improved health and welfare, for example, device?
M=Man
access to clean water and better sanitation. K: Kenneth Carter, I = Ingrid Carter t: Erm, it's early days now, of course,
And also better access to heallh care. we're both very ambitious and
Thanks for your interesting presentation.
And finally, job creation. Microfinance can to the product. We think we'll harrce
We'd like to ask you some questions now
often help create new employment multi-million dollar business in the
K: Co ahead.
opportunities, which has a beneficial selling and licensing our products
There are quite a few marine life-saving
impact on the local economy. the world. Our greatest asset is orr
devices on the market. What's so special
Overall, I think there is enough evidence to invent new products. We have
about your product?
to show that microfinance works. lt helps projects in the pipeline; we could
K: Erm, we think it's got a lot of advantages
very poor households meet basic needs about them later.
compared with competitors' products. lt
and protects against risks such as serious
emits a very loud alarm signal, erm, it has
iI I ness. LTSSON 11.4 RECORDINC 11.4
a very wide coverage, a wide range, up
And l'll finish with something the founder W: Woman
to, er, four kilometres, and il conslantly
of Kiva said. Suppose you see somebody M=Man
monitors the position of the persorl who's
on the street who is begging as you
fallen overboard. The battery's K = Kenneth Carter, I : Ingrid Carter
approach them. lmagine how that affects w; Let's talk about the agenda for thb
you. And what if you see somebody with a
rechargeable - that's a big advantage
over our competitors - and the device is afternoon. I propose we discrrss
story of entrepreneurship and hard work specific areas: the amount of our
 AUDIO SCRIPTS
investment in your business, the stake you all time! l'm very fit as I do a lot of outdoor are so many depressing images of dead birds
can offer us and other projects you/re activities, especially mountaineering, so I that have been cut open to reveal guts that are
working on. How about that? think l'm ready in all respects. filled with plastic. What right do we have to
t Sounds OK to me. 2 | was interested in applying to NASA to be inflict this harm on animals? We share this
u Yeah, that's fine. an astronaut, but Mars isn't one of their world and we need to share it responsibly.
IY: OK, how much would you like us to destinations at the moment - I mean, not This problem though is no better exemplified
invest? for humans, anyway. I think l've got both than in the middle of the %cific Ocean,
tc We think we'll need $500,000 to market the technical and the people skills. Once where there is a floating island of plastic trash,
f,nafoduct successfully, and for that we we're there, we'll need to make better but this island is twice the size of the state of
uem ffir you a stake of fifteen percent in vehicles for exploring the surface and my Texas. That's right, twice the size of Texas. This
dtmhriness. engineering knowledge will come in is only the most extreme example as all of our
XffiMfu l"m sorry, but that's not acceptable. handy. AIso, l've visited a lot of foreign oceans are teeming with plastic waste. And
Ittmeming half a million for a fifteen- countries and gained good intercultural furthermore, some of this stuff slowly breaks
1perme rt stake wouldn't interest dE. skills. That'll be important when you're down into tiny micro-particles which either
nff come in here, let me remind you
I marr cooped up with relative strangers for long are ingested by marine animals, animals that
rdiltn benefits you'll get from investing in periods of time. l'm convinced the we then later eat, or Bather on our beaches as
@urdevace. Don't forget it's a state-of-thb long-term solution to the survival of our plastic sand. So, we're actually eating plastic
I rltpoduct and several marine species lies in deep space - outside our and we'll soon be sunbathing on plastic
"mrrjations have tested it and found that solar system - but to get there, you've 8ot beaches. We have done this to our lovely
rffiwmdcs- Also, it's got an international to have stepping-stones. That's where Mars planet and we need to stop.
NE!ilL MLSD will generate a lot of comes in. So, stop using plastic bags, stop using coffee
rimmne for any investor. You'll get a very 3 I think this project's the most historic thing cups with plastic lids, stop buying over-
6md murn on your $500,000. ever to happen in our galaxy. Because of packaged food. lf we all do so, perhaps we'll
ffifle can't be sure of that. lt's a risky that, it's something l'm prepared to risk my no longer see the depressing and
ihrffiunent. There are competing products life for. My experience will obviously help. heartbreaking images of birds building nests
mm tlre market. 'I currently fly commercial jets, but before for their younB out of plastic or, or turtles
,nh hut not with our advanced that I was in the United States Air Force. mistaking plastic bags.for food as they look
rechnology. In the early years on Mars staying safe will like jellyfish. This is all too sad and it needs to
ffilr liliilmr'be- But we're not happy about the
be a priority and everyone will need to stop.
lffiilns you offer. We're not prepared to have good medical skills. We'll need to
rlrtf,rueS in the project unless you improve LESSON 12.4 RECORDINC 12.3
reduce the risk of radiation and make the
,u*mur ofer. base as self-sustaining as possible. The C: Chair, I = Indira, D = David, B: Bill,
ffilt illihtr'about if we offered you a bigger scientific stuff will come later. My husband M: Molly
dke? Would you be willing to give us really supports the project, but he's not so C: So, the first question is, do the panel agree
$'5m.000? keen on the idea o[ me never coming that genetic engineering, in particular the
'ffir Wle might consider it. What can offer us? back! genetic modification of plants and animals
m hryposing we give you a twenty-percent
that we ea! should be halted due to the
gmlke for the full amount, what do you LESSON 1?.2 RECORDING 12.2 potential for unforeseen future dangers that i
ifi?
rftr Today is something's birthday, something it might cause for us and the planet? Well, I
lilr.m sorry. We were looking for a much
which we probably all use every day, but, er, certainly, this matter still raises a lot of I
tlrnilgher stake. I

l'm afraid that this isn't a happy day of controversy. CM foods are banned in
m UtEll, that's our final offer. lt Iooks as if we celebration. This is a sad birthday, a birthday many countries and the science is I

Ean't make a deal. I

rh ![rn afraid not. The numbers just don't add which would be better if it wasn't, because probably still relatively young. Indira Patel,
, urp tbr us. today's the birthday of the plastic bag. Erm to what are your thoughts?
rm trq then, thank you for your time. l'm be exacl, il's seventy-five years since t: Well, you won't be surprised to hear that I

: polyethylene was discovered, by cruel I disagree with the basic tenet of the
uer)'sorry we couldn't reach an
chance, by two scientists in the UK. question, that is this research should be
dHreement.
Polyethylene, more commonly known as halted. Cenelic engineering may mean we
{ft trttell. that's too bad. We wish you the best
can actually feed everyone on this planet,
l

polythene, is the basic constituent of plastic

odluck finding an investor. But, to be
bags. So, why shouldn't we celebrate its something we are significantly failing to do
flmonest, you may find it difficult to get the
birthday? Allow me to explain. at the moment. Rice that requires less
Erms you want.
Erm, well, first of all, polyJhene, and most water; cows that produce higher yields of
ilfrl tffe'll see. Thanks very much for meeting
other plastic, is made from oil, and it's all part milk; potatoes that are resistant to disease.
of our dependence on this raw material, and That's what genetic modification means
llllm5oN 12.1 RTC0RD|NG 12.1 that's a dependence which leads to pollution and
and the destruction of the natural I believe that is something we should strive
flr il did my first degree in molecular biology for. How many more children do we want
environment. The oil industry's one of the
amd now l'm doing a PhD in the same to see on our TV screens dying of
most polluting industries that we have, and
area. What's driven me in my research is starvation?
our excessive use of plastic only encourages
d]rc desire to break new ground, to
that industry. We should aim for an oil-free c: David, what do you have to say?
ffrscover something new, and the Mars D: Well, as lndira said, this, er, research
society.
project is quite similar. Getting public certainly shouldn't be halted, although,
Secondly, plastic simply doesn't go away or, at
s.pport will be cruc.ial as the costs are although, I mean, that's not to say that it
least, it takes an incredibly long time to do so,
asfonomical. But if everyone donates
with some estimates that it takes i,000 years - shouldn't be heavily controlled and
something, we can make it a success. To carefully managed. Which is, which is
for a plastic bag to decompose. This causes
he honest, er, space enthusiasts and really the situation we have now and I
untold numbers of problems. Plastic waste
rientists may be the hardest people to think that if those safeguards continue,
takes up valuable space in our landfill rubbish
convince because of their knowledge of well, er, we, erm, we have little to, er,
disposal sites, but more importantly, it has a
difficulties. I know a one-way ticket to
tlffre worry about, really.
direct effect on wildlife. Animals and birds eat
lMars may not appeal to everyone, but to
plastic by mistake or Bet caught up in plastic
c: OK, I imagine you might have a different
mrre it sounds like the greatest adventure of view, Bill. Am I right?
cables and bags and suffocate to death. There

181
 AUDIO SCRIPTS
& What David said about current safeguards o: Yes, Th6rEse? Especially in the reading test. One of the
might sound reasonable, however, he T: Well, I was wondering if, er ... Could you problems many students have is that they
seems to be forgetting that not all countries give me some advice? can't finish all the reading passages - they
engaged in CM food production have D: Some advice? run out of time. They spend too long on
exactly the same standards as us. And r: Yeah, about exams. What's the best way of one or two passages and don't have time
don't forge! genetic engineering of food is doing them? Could you tell me what for the rest. But you need to keep going. lf
really about business, not science and not I should and shouldn't do? you meet a tricky question, think about it
academia. This means that profit is the o: Er, well, it's pretty difficult just to give for a minute. lf you can't find the answer,
driving force and we all know that profit general advice like that. Erm, I suppose, move on. Come back to it later if you have
causes a blindness when it comes to I mean, you've looked at some past exam time. You have to try to get through all the
potential dangers. Can we really trust papers? passages. lf there are three passages and
scientists who are working for profit-driven t: Yes, but I don't feel very confident. you only do two, you automatically lose a
multinationals? o: Well, don't worry if you feel a bit nervous. third of the marks. Er,
t: Hold on, hold on a minute. If I underpnd It's a good thing and will actually sharpen I can't think of anything else at the
you correctly, you're saying that science- you up a bit - as long as it's kept under moment.
based businesses can't be trusted. That is control. Oh, and, erm, check out the exam r: Thank you so much.
patently absurd. You trust pharmaceutical : centre in advance. You're doing it at D: Does that all make sense?
companies, don't you? They're just as Westmi nster, aren't you? T: Yes, I understand. You've given me a lot of
driven by profit as an agrochemical t: Yes. good tips.
company. lt would hardly be good for o: Well, do you know the best way to go, o: Well,if Ithinkof anythingelse, I'll email it
profit if they did produce something that how long it takes? to you. Anyway, good luck. l'm sure you'll
was a danger to society, would it? T: I went to register there. be fine! And don't forget to treat yourself to
C: Before you respond to lndira, Bill, could I o: OK, well, basically, just allow plenty of something nice afterwards!
just bring Molly in here? time. You know what the Tube's like. Erm,
B: Well, l'd like to give an immediate answer, oh, this is an important one. Don't just start
actually. writing. lf you're doing an essay, that is.
C: I understand, but I think we should hear I don't know how many times l've seen
from Molly first. Molly? that. You have to make a plan. lf you've
tvt: Thank you. First of all, could I just pick up got forty minutes to write the essay, spend
on something that Indira said about at least ten minutes on the plan. If you do
feeding the world's population? She that, it's much easier to write quickly
claimed that genetic engineering will afterwards.
enable us to feed the world, suggesting that I always say this to my classes, but it's
that wasn't currently possible. Well, erm, amazing how many students just start
while it may be true that many millions of writing. lt's the pressure, I guess. What
people are suffering from starvation or else? Oh, don't watch other students. .lust
poor diets, that isn't because there isn't focus on your own work. And, read the
enough food. It's because the world's food whole text before you try to answer a
is divided unequally. We could feed question. You know, if you're doing an
everyone now if there was the political and ' exercise filling the blanks, always read the
commercial will to do so. And I would whole text quickly first before you do
predict that the current inequality would anything. Then you can see the context.
continue even if we had CM food. The Again, lots of students just start filling in
whole thing is merely another attempt by the gaps without havin6 any idea what the
big business to make bigger profits text is really about. Ah, this is another
And another thing regarding Indira's important one. Take a long-term view. You
argument that we trust pharmaceutical may need to do the exam more than once.
companies, so therefore we can trust I know it's expensive, but basically, the
agrochemical or bio-engineering firms. I'm first time is often just about getting the
not sure that that's a fair argument and experience, so you know what it's like.
perhaps we should retuin to what the Then the second time you can really go
original question said, which was that and get the grade that reflects your level.
there are unforeseen dangers. The problem Erm, and don't expect everything to be
is that we don't know what will happen perfect. A few years ago, we had a student
once genetically engineered organisms who complained that she couldn't
co-exist with natural ones. Will they concentrate during the listening test
inter-breed to produce defective species, because the invigilator, who was wearing
making the food situation even worse? Will high heels, kept pacing up and down and
one cause the extinction of the other? making a load of noise. You have to be
These kind of issues can't be answered in ready for stuff like that and not let it faze
the lab, but they are real, fair and you. The oral examiners are usually
important questions. And so, can we really friendly, but you may get one who isn't or
go on with this research? who's tired. So, don't be afraid to ask them
to repeat the question or to clarify it if you
LESSON 12.5 RECORDINC 12.4 don't understand. Students sometimes
D = Don, T: Th6rdse complain about traffic noise from the
o: Right, I don't think we've got trme for any street. Ah, you \ust have to {ocus,
more today, so thaf s it - and see you concentrate. t
Thursday. Have a nice afternoon! Enjoy l: Thank you very much, Don.
the sunshine while it lasts. D: l'm not sure what else I can say. Oh yeah,
r: Er, Don? make sure you attempt all the questions.

182
 .::...:=li:*i,i1:i,,r:tt,;.,l'r.:;::.i,

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.i

. - .:rr, Pre-intermediate and Advanced levels

-- Rees stuclied Natural Sciences at the University of Cambridgc. HavinB Far left: Simon Kent
- Srain and China, he currently teaches at the University oi the Arts, Centre leit: David Falver
-: rrell as teaching English, he is an academic English course leader, ancl Ccntre: Carcth Rees
.i' on courses in cross-cultural communication for the London College Centre right: lan Lebear-r
Far right: David Cotton
. - He has also dcvcloped English language materials ior the BBC World
:.::::.r nB English section, and he mal<es films rvhich appcar in festivals and
-- : evision.
.:-rau .tuclied Modcrn Languages at the University ol Cambridge and did his
- rr recl Linguistics at the University of Reading. Hc has thirty-five years'
- - n ELT mainly in higher education and has worked in Spain, ltaly,
- hc UK. He has directed and taught on a wide range of programmes
. '-runclation, IELTS and Beneral English. Among his pedagogical interests
- ., unr design, Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL), and
- -<rng and writing skills.

'--:cliate, Upper lntermediate and Advanced levels

: Cotton studied Economics at the University of Reading and did an MA in

' - ,-'tuaBe and Literature at the University of Toronto. He has over lorty-four
. .,i-
ns and training experience, and is co-author of the successful Mar-ket
..ii course bool<s. He has taught in Canada, France and
Bu-slnes-s C/a.s.s
.rncl has been visiting Iecturer in many universities overseas. Previously,
- :-r'ior Lccturer at London Metropolitan University. He frequently gives talks
'lerences.

,: Falr ey stuclied Politics, Philosophy and Economics at the University of Oxiord

- i ,\1A in TEFL at the University of Birmingham. He has lived in A[rica and
: e East and has teaching, training and managerial experience in the UK and
- working as a teacher trainer at the British Council in Tokyo. He rvas
-rcling
. r Head of the Errglish Language Centre at London Metropolitan University.
. co-author of the successful business English course Markct Leader.

-Kent studied History at the University of ShetTield, and also has an MA irr
:.ncl Cultural Studies. He has over twenty-five years' teaching experiencc
^r thrcc ycars in Berlin at thc time oi Cerman reunification. He has spent
. rritv of his career to date in higher education in the UK lvhere he has taught
rirected programmes of business, general and academic English (including
' S nron is co-author of the successful business English course Market Leader.

I*3
 Telegraph Media Croup Limited; Extract on pp.28-29 adapted from
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material:
Household Survey in Scotland's People Annual Report, http:/ 'vwrv-
scotland.gov.uk/Publications/20 1 2lOB/527 7 l1 3 O Crown
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n"pt.ar."j wiih permission;' E*tt"tt on pp' 0- 1
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permission; Extract on www.independent.co.uk; Extract on p'1 1 7 from "Fourth
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copyright O UNESCO 2014' tf," S*Jiouiew", http://mars.nasa gov/programmissions/overvieru{'
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M$rdlrll Zornetta 1 3 l, AIexOl 1973 60I, Alexander Raths 60b, anyaivanova 1 541,
rmwqge h, Brigid Keenan, iohn Murray, 2005, pp.10, 26, copyright Q .10, .l22bl,
Apatsara 1 Arangan Ananth arek_malang 70b, BasPhoto
mryd x€€nan. 2005. Reproduced by permission of John Murray Press. 68bl, BlueOrange Studio 20-2.1, chungking 57 (background), 158,
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