Nayer Final

Abstract
Solid waste is of great concern nowadays due to its luxurious lifestyle. Different techniques
are used for solid waste management in the food and agricultural sector. Composting is one
of the biochemical and heterogeneous processes in which organic matter is mineralized into
carbon dioxide, ammonia, and water. This review focuses on the different methods of
composting. The objective is to compare the other composting methods used in the world and
Pakistan. This review increases understanding of the current scenario of solid waste
management.
Introduction
Food waste is one of the leading solid waste in the world. Pakistan is an Agro-economic
country where a majority of the public is related to the agriculture sector. Annually Pakistan
produces a vast quantity of Agricultural waste, and food waste is a major solid waste in
Pakistan. Proper agricultural waste management utilizes waste as an economic commodity.
Windrow Composting
Windrow Composting involves arranging organic waste into rows of long piles known as
"windrows" and aerating them regularly by turning the fortunes manually or automatically.
Aerated or grew to become windrow composting is applicable for massive volumes,
including generated by whole communities and collected through local governments and
high-volume meals-processing organizations (e.g., eating places, cafeterias, packing flora). It
will yield significant amounts of compost. Local governments may also want to make the
compost to citizens for a low or no price. In addition to this, it is tremendously clean and
cheap to install and can deal with a diversity of wastes.
An appropriate pile top is between 4 and eight toes with a width of 14 to 16 toes. This length
pile is vast sufficient to generate enough warmness and maintain temperatures. However, it's
far tiny enough to allow oxygen to go with the flow to the windrow's middle.
Figure 1: schematic diagram of windrow composting

Massive volumes of numerous wastes, including yard trimmings, grease, liquids, and animal
by-products (including fish and poultry wastes), may be composted through this technique.
Windrow composting is a commonplace, massive-scale technique for high-volume
communities and agencies like eating places. The dimensions permit the piles to be big
enough to keep temperature, however small enough to allow natural airflow. This system
produces a variety of compost. Such a lot of communities deliver it away without spending a
dime. While on the other hand, it requires enormous tracts of land, specified devices, and
regular hard work to keep and flip piles. It creates a liquid by-product that could contaminate
nearby groundwater if now not nicely collected and treated.
Limiting factors of windrow composting:
Windrow composting regularly calls for immense tracts of land, sturdy gadgets, a regular
supply of hard work to hold and operate the facility, and staying power to test with various
materials combinations and turning frequencies.
Leachate is liquid released during the composting system. This may contaminate local floor
water and surface-water materials. Therefore, it has to be accrued and treated.
Windrow composting is a massive-scale operation and is probably subject to regulatory
enforcement, zoning, and siting necessities. In addition, compost has to be examined in a
laboratory for bacterial and heavy steel content material.
Odors also need to be controlled. The general public should know the operation and have a
way to cope with any complaints about animals or terrible odors.
Comparison of different composting methods:
Windrow Composting cluster the waste into a pile which is also called a windrow. It takes two to
three weeks for the whole process to function. Berkeley system also requires two to three weeks to
produce effective outcome. Windrow composting requires capital whereas Berkeley system is not
capital intensive. Windrow composting needs a vacuum pump, high insulating material, organic
substrate with fair effectiveness, a lid, and a rotary drum for rolling. Weather conditions are one of
the main factors both for Berkeley and windrow composting. The optimality of the size of the pile is
different in both processes. Windrow composting is capital intensive because of manual operation.
Berkeley system has no capital machinery requirement. One individual can manage as the size of the
pile is not very large while in case of windrow, maintenance and operation cost is high because more
personnel are deployed and training is also required. Capital intensive system increases the cost of
windrow composting. Large area is not required for installation and odor can be managed in most
cases. Windrow composting produces large output but Berkeley produces small outcome. Berkeley
requires large area for rolling that is done for aeration. Berkeley is labor intensive. High temperature
nullify the effect of pathogens and weed.
Windrow Composting Berkeley System In Vessel Composting

Two to Three Weeks Three To Four Weeks Two to three weeks
Capital Intensive Labor Intensive Capital Intensive
High volume of yield Small Quantity of Output Large quantity of compost
High Operational cost One person can manage Process training
Less area requirement Large area for rolling Small area requirement
(aeration)
Less complexity Simple functionality Integrated design (more
complex)
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Safe management systems can replace the improper waste management system effectively in
today’s world of shifting and adapting transformation. Human health and environment friendly
product usage is one of the main hot and concerning issues of the world. Composting methods can
be effectively deployed to address these concerns. The choice that composting is offering is very
diverse because of different techniques. Composting can help the chemical industry (fertilizer
industry) to shift from harmful release of toxic components in the environment to environment
friendly composting. The main thing is the acceptance of composting in the relevant masses and its
awareness. Some recommendations are as follows:
 Odor trapping mechanisms need to be more effective which requires more research in this
area.
 Due to large content of nutrients in the compost, some extraction is required for not
disturbing the soil effectiveness.
 Effective green government policy can help in integrating composting with bioenergy related
processes that can facilitate in accepting the new developments.
 Organic farming can be encouraged through composting.
 Discovery of faster methods can help in sustaining the composting process.
REFERENCES
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N2 O and CH4 from compost heaps of organic household waste. Environ. Monit. Assess. 62:317–331.
Beck-Friis, B., S. Smårs, H. Jönsson, and H. Kirchmann. 2001. Gaseous emissions of carbon dioxide,
ammonia, nitrous oxide from organic household waste in a compost reactor under diff erent
temperature regimes. J. Agric. Eng. Res. 78:423–430.
K.R. Atalia, D.M. Buha, K.A. Bhavsar, N.K. Shah. A Review on Composting of Municipal Solid Waste.
IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology. Volume 9, Issue 5 Ver. I
(May. 2015), PP 20-29.
Oscar, T. P. 1998. Identification and characterization of Salmonella isolates by automated ribotyping.

J. Food Prot. 61:519–524.
Anita Kaushal and Umesh Bharti (December, 2015) Microbial Kitchen Waste Composting: Effective
Environmentally Sound Alternative Of Solid Waste Management. International Journal of Recent
Scientific Research Vol. 6, Issue, 12, pp. 7651-7654.
Bond T, Templeton MR (2011) History and future of domestic biogas plants in the developing world.
Energy for Sustainable Development, 15, 347 -354.
Diener S, Lalander C, Zurbrügg C, Vinnerås B (2015) OPPORTUNITIES AND CONSTRAINTS FOR

MEDIUM -SCALE ORGANIC WASTE TREATMENT WITH FLY LARVAE COMPOSTING. In: 15th
International waste management and landfill symposium. pp Page, Sardinia.
Boulter JI, Boland GJ, Trevors JT (2000) Compost: A study of the development process and end -
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Abstract

Figure 1: schematic diagram of windrow composting

Limiting factors of windrow composting:

Comparison of different composting methods:

Windrow Composting Berkeley System In Vessel Composting

Oscar, T. P. 1998. Identification and characterization of Salmonella isolates by automated ribotyping.

Diener S, Lalander C, Zurbrügg C, Vinnerås B (2015) OPPORTUNITIES AND CONSTRAINTS FOR

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