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STEEL AND TIMBER STRUCTURES (CENG4123)

PART TWO: DESIGN OF STRUCTURAL STEEL MEMBERS

November 5, 2017
 2

Topic 1: Tension Members

Presentation Topic 2: Compression Members
Outline Topic 3: Flexural Members
Topic 4: Beam-Column Members

Addis Ababa institute of Technology November 5, 2017

 Topic 1: Tension Members
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Addis Ababa institute of Technology November 5, 2017

 Introduction: What are Tension members
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Tension members are the most efficient and economical of all structural elements.
Tension members are all around us.

Addis Ababa institute of Technology November 5, 2017

 Introduction: What are Tension members
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Tension members are the most efficient and economical of all structural elements.
The spider’s web is a good example of a tension structure.

Addis Ababa institute of Technology November 5, 2017

 Introduction: Tension in Steel Members
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Man made tension elements: Cable stayed and Suspension Bridges.

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 Introduction: Tension in Steel Members
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Man made tension elements: Truss members in tension.

Addis Ababa institute of Technology November 5, 2017

 Introduction: Tension in Steel Members
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Man made tension elements: frame bracings members in tension.

Addis Ababa institute of Technology November 5, 2017

 Introduction: Tension in Steel Members
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Usually members in tension are made with hot-rolled profiles, typically angles or channels: in other cases, cold-formed
profiles can be conveniently used.

The cross sectional arrangement of axially stressed tension members

is structurally unimportant so long as the net cross sectional are is
sufficient to carry the design loads and the shape can be conveniently
connected to other members in the structure
Addis Ababa institute of Technology November 5, 2017
 Introduction: Tension in Steel Members
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Load carrying capacity of tension members is essentially governed by: In tension members problem of buckling
does not occur but due consideration
► distribution of the residual stresses due to the manufacturing should be taken so that sagging
process; problem is avoided.
► connection details of the element ends.
The load carrying capacity at the connection location depends on the effective area.
The effective cross-sectional area has to be evaluated
according to standards provisions.

The design of members under tensile force can be

based on the selection of a member with a cross-section
greater than the minimum area A min , which can be
evaluated on the basis of tensile design load N, such as
N
Amin 
fd
where f d is the design tension limit strength.

Addis Ababa institute of Technology November 5, 2017

 Introduction: Tension in Steel Members
11

Failure is assumed to occur when:

► Insufficient gross-sectional area of member away from joint.
► Insufficient net cross-sectional area of the joint

Holes for rivet or bolts in tension affect the member in two ways
► Reduce the area of the cross-section
► Result in non-uniform strain in the cross-section in the neighborhood of the hole

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 Design According to EC3: Approach
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Members in tension subjected to the design axial force NEd must satisfy the following condition at every section,
in accordance with European provisions:
A fy is associated with ductile failure due to the attainment of the yield
N pl , Rd  strength,
M0
Ned ≤ Nt,Rd min Anet  fu
N u , Rd  0.9  is related to a brittle failure in the connection section (governed by
M2 the attainment of the ultimate strength).

Design tension resistance, Nt,Rd of the cross-section has to be assumed to be the minimum between
i. the plastic resistance of the gross cross-section, Npl,Rd , and
ii. the ultimate resistance of the net cross-section in correspondence of the connection, Nu,Rd.

► where A and Anet represent the gross area and the net area in correspondence of the holes, respectively, and
► fy and fu are the yield and ultimate strength, respectively, with
► γM0 =1.0 and γM2 =1.25 representing the material partial safety factors.

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 Design According to EC3: Effective area
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Anet for Non staggered fasteners for plates

Rivet Hole
diameter (d) diameter (do)
mm mm
𝐴net = 𝐴g − ෍ 𝑑𝑜 𝑡
≤ 14 d+1
Ag – gross sectional area 14< d ≤22 d+2
do - hole diameter
t – thickness
=24 d+2

≥ 27 d+3
Addis Ababa institute of Technology November 5, 2017
 Design According to EC3: Effective area
14

Anet for staggered fasteners for plates

If holes are staggered, failure may occur

► Along line A-B-E
► Along zigzag line A-B-C-D

Rivet Hole
diameter (d) diameter (do)
Net area is calculated by simple empirical formula, mm mm
𝑆2𝑡 ≤ 14 d+1
𝐴net = 𝐴g − ෍ 𝑑𝑜 𝑡 + ෍
4𝑃 14< d ≤22 d+2
Where: Ag – gross sectional area
do - hole diameter =24 d+2
t – thickness
S – pitch
≥ 27 d+3
P – spacing between center of hole or gauge distance
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 Design According to EC3: Effective area
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Anet Angle connected with its two legs

The method of solution assumes one leg of the angle to be rotated and brought in
the plane of the second angle and we get
► Gross width of the angle in its position would be the sum of the length of the two
legs less the angle thickness
► Gauge distance for rivet or bolts holes in the two legs is the sum of the gauge
distance in each leg less the angle thickness
Rivet Hole
diameter (d) diameter (do)
mm mm
≤ 14 d+1
14< d ≤22 d+2

=24 d+2

≥ 27 d+3
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 Design According to EC3: Effective area
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Anet Channel and T-Sections

► For single channel connected through the web or singe tee connected through
the flange, the effective area should be calculated by
3𝑎1
𝐴net = 𝑎1 + 𝑎
3𝑎1 + 𝑎2 2
Where a1 – is the net sectional area of the connected leg
a2 – is the net sectional area of the unconnected leg a2
Rivet Hole
diameter (d) diameter (do)
mm mm
≤ 14 d+1
14< d ≤22 d+2
a1
=24 d+2

≥ 27 d+3
Addis Ababa institute of Technology November 5, 2017
 Design According to EC3: Effective area
17

Anet Double Angel

a) For double angle connected back to back or space between

5𝑎1
𝐴net = 𝑎1 + 𝑎
5𝑎1 + 𝑎2 2

b) For double angle or tee placed back to back and connected to each side of a Rivet Hole
gusset or to each side of a rolled section, the effective area should be diameter (d) diameter (do)
calculated as for plate using previous equations mm mm
𝑆 2𝑡
𝐴net = 𝐴g − ෍ 𝑑𝑜 𝑡 + ෍ ≤ 14 d+1
4ℎ
14< d ≤22 d+2

=24 d+2

≥ 27 d+3
Addis Ababa institute of Technology November 5, 2017
 Design According to EC3: Ultimate resistance of the net cross-
section for special cases
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For Non staggered fasteners for angels

A single angle in tension connected by a single row of bolts in one leg may be treated as concentrically loaded
over an effective net section for which the design ultimate resistance, Nu,Rd , has to be determined as:
• with one bolt
2.0  e2  0.5d 0 
N u , Rd  Pitch p1 ≤2.5d0 5.0d0
M2
Two 2=0.4 2=0.7
• with two bolts bolts
 2 Anet fu
N u , Rd  Three 3=0.5 3=0.7
M2 bolts or
more
• with three bolts
3 Anet fu For intermediate value of p1,
N u , Rd  linear interpolation may be used.
M2

Addis Ababa institute of Technology November 5, 2017

 Design According to EC3: : Ultimate resistance of the net cross-
section for special cases
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For staggered fasteners for angles

The total area to be deducted should be taken as the greater of:

► The maximum sum of the sectional area of the holes (A f ) in any

cross-section perpendicular to the member axis
► The sum of the sectional areas of all holes in any diagonal or
multi-linear line extending progressively across the member or
part of the member less s2t/(4p) for each gauge space in the
chain of holes, which can be expressed as

s2  t
t  n  d0  
4 p
where, n is the number of holes along the considered line

Addis Ababa institute of Technology November 5, 2017

 Design According to EC3: Summary
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Tension Member Design Steps Summary

i. Determine the design axial load N Ed
ii. Choose a section.
iii. Find f y and f u from the product standards.
iv. Get the gross area A and the net area Anet.
v. Substitute the values into the equations to work out N pl,Rd and N u,Rd.
A fy For angles connected by a single For 1 bolt: For 2 bolts: For 3 or more bolts:
N pl , Rd 
M0 row of bolts, use the required 2.0  e2  0.5d 0   2 Anet fu 3 Anet fu
equation to work out N u,Rd N  N  N u , Rd 
Anet  fu Which will depend on the number
u , Rd
 M2
u , Rd
M2 M2
N u , Rd  0.9 
 M 2 of bolts.

vi. The design tensile Resistance is the lesser of the values of N pl,Rd and N u,Rd.
vii. Carry out the tension verification:
N t , Ed
 1.0
N t , Rd

Addis Ababa institute of Technology November 5, 2017

 Worked Example: Example on Angle in Tension
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Example 2.1. Verify, according to the EC3 Code, the strength of a single equal leg
angle L 120 × 10 mm in tension connected on one side via one line of two M16 bolts
in standard holes (Figure, dimensions in mm). Bolts connect only one side of the
angle to a gusset plate. The angle is subjected to a design axial load N Ed of 350 kN.
S 235 Material Properties: Solution:
► fy = 235 MPa Step1: Calculate the available tensile yield strength N pl,Rd.
► fu = 355 MPa A fy 2318  235 3 ► Bolt diameter: d= 16mm
► E= 210 GPa N pl , Rd   10  544.7 kN
M0 1.0 ► Standard hole: d0= 17mm
L 120 x10 mm
Step2: Calculate the available tensile rupture strength N u,Rd.
► Hole distance: p1= 70mm
Geometric Properties:
► Ag= 2318mm2  2 Anet fu 0.594   2318  10 17    355 3 Since P1 = 70 = 4.118d0 with linear
N u , Rd   10  367.5kN interpolation 2 = 0.594
M2 1.25
Step3: Compute the design tension resistance, Nt,Rd of the
cross-section .
N t,Rd = min(N pl,Rd, N u,Rd)=367.5kN
Step4: Section verification.
N t , Ed 350kN
  1.0... OK !
Addis Ababa institute of Technology N t , Rd 367.5kN November 5, 2017
 Worked Example: Example on calculating net area A net
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Example 2.2. Calculate the net area A net of the bolted section of the plate represented in the Figure. Assume a plate
with thickness t and the remaining dimensions (in mm), as indicated in the Figure.

(4) ► Bolt diameter: d= 14mm

► Standard hole: d0=15mm

Failure line 4 Anet  t   225   3 15    180t

Solution: The net area of the plate is given by the minimum value,
Failure line 1 Anet  t   225   2 15    195t A net = 180t
   602   
Failure line 2 Anet  t   225   4  15  2       205t
   4  45   
   602   
Failure line 3 Anet  t   225   5  15  4       230t
   4  45   
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 Worked Example: Example on a Joint of a Tension Chord of a Trussed
Beam
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Example 2.3. Verify, in accordance with EC3, the splice connection in Figure (dimensions in mm), which connects the
end of two members of the chord of a trussed beam and transfers a design axial tension load N Ed of 2250 kN.

The flanges of the beam are

composed by 340 × 16 mm
plates and a plate 260 × 12 mm
forms the beam web. Single
cover plates 340 × 16 mm are
bolted to the beam flange in
normal holes (d 0 = 26).
S 235 Material Properties:
► Bolt diameter: d= 14mm
► fy = 235 MPa
► Standard hole: d0= 26mm
► fu = 355 MPa
► E= 210 GPa
Addis Ababa institute of Technology November 5, 2017
 Worked Example: Example on a Joint of a Tension Chord of a Trussed
Beam
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Solution: Anet  fu 8832  355 3
N u , Rd  0.9   0.9  10  2257.5kN
M2 1.25
Step1: Calculate gross area of the chord and cover plates:
Agb  2  b f  t f  bw  tw  2  340  16  260  12  14000mm 2 Step4: Section verification.
N t , Ed 2250kN
Agp  2  340 16  10880mm 2   1.0... OK !
N t , Rd 2257.5kN
Step2: Calculate the available tensile yield strength N pl,Rd.
Agp  f y 10880  235 3
N pl , Rd   10  2556.8kN  N Ed  2250kN
M0 1.0
Step3: Calculate the available tensile rupture strength N u,Rd.
For the verification of brittle collapse, and due to the presence of
staggered holes, the area to deduce from the gross resisting area
has to be considered as the minimum b/n the possible failure lines
(see figure):
 2  t  b0  2  16  26  832mm ,
2
OR
s2  t   802 16  
 t  n b    (16  4  26)   2     1024mm
2

4 p   4  80  
Anet  10880  2  1024  8832mm 2
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 Worked Example: Example on a Joint of a Tension Chord of a Trussed
Beam
25

Example 2.4. A flat bar, 200 mm wide and 25 mm thick, is to be used as a tie. Erection conditions require that the bar
be constructed from two lengths connected together with a lap splice using six M20 bolts, as shown in Figure Calculate
the tensile strength of the bar, assuming grade S275 steel.
Solution:
S 275 Material Properties:
Step1: Calculate gross area and net area of the plate:
► fy = 275 MPa ► Bolt diameter: d= 20mm
► fu = 430 MPa ► Standard hole: d0= 22mm Ag  200  25  5000mm 2
► E= 210 GPa the total area to deduce from the gross resisting area has
to be considered as the minimum between the possible
failure lines (see figure):
 t  b0  25  22  550mm 2 , OR
s2  t   902  25  
 t  n b    (25  2  22)      594mm
2

4 p   4 100  
Anet  5000  594  4406mm 2
Step2-4: The tensile resistance, N t,Rd ,of the plate:
Ag  f y Anet  fu
N pl , Rd  N u , Rd  0.9 
M0 M2 N t , Rd  1325kN
N pl , Rd  1325kN N u , Rd  1364kN
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 Worked Example: Example on design of a Tension Chord of a Trussed
Member
26

Example 2.5. Consider the chord AB of the steel truss, indicated in Figure, assuming it is submitted to a
design tensile axial force of N Ed = 220 kN. The cross section consists of two angles of equal legs, in steel grade
S235. Design chord AB assuming bolted connection: Solution:
S 235 Material Properties: Step1: The chord, made up by angles of equal legs,
► fy = 235 MPa is connected by 2 bolts only in one leg. The following
► fu = 360 MPa design conditions must be ensured: :
► E=  Ag f y  A f 
210 GPa N Ed  N t , Rd , with N t , Rd  min  N pl , Rd  ; N u , Rd  2 net u 
 M0 M2 
Step2: Calculate minimum gross area and the
corresponding net area required:
Ag f y Ag  235 103
220kN    Ag  9.36cm 2
M0 1.0
Since P1 = 100 = 5d0 , 2 = 0.70
 2 Anet fu 0.7  Anet  360
220kN    Anet  10.91cm 2
M2 1.25
18mm Anet  Ag  2td 0  Ag  10.91  3.6t  cm , with t in cm
2
► Bolt diameter: d=
► Standard hole: d0= 20mm
Hence, the later governs the angle section selection
Addis Ababa institute of Technology November 5, 2017
 Worked Example: Example on design of a Tension Chord of a Trussed
Member
27

Example 2.5. Consider the chord AB of the steel truss, indicated in Figure, assuming it is submitted to a
design tensile axial force of N Ed = 220 kN. The cross section consists of two angles of equal legs, in steel grade
S235. Design chord AB assuming bolted connection: Step3: Select an angle section :
S 235 Material Properties: Adopting a cross section with enhanced resistance,
► fy = 235 MPa for example, two angles (60x60x6 mm (Ag = 13.82
► fu = 360 MPa cm2 and A net =11.66 cm2)
► E= 210 GPa
Step4: Section verification:
Ag  f y Anet  fu
N pl , Rd  N u , Rd  0.9 
M0 M2
N pl , Rd  324.8kN N u , Rd  235.1kN

N t , Rd  235.1kN  220kN ...OK

► Bolt diameter: d= 18mm

► Standard hole: d0= 20mm
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 28 End of Class Six! Questions?
Thank you for your kind attention!

Addis Ababa institute of Technology November 5, 2017