PG TRB - English Unit Test - 1: Choose The Best Alternative From The Choices Given

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PG TRB –ENGLISH UNIT TEST -1 WITH ANSWERS

DATE : MARKS :80
Choose The Best Alternative From The Choices Given:
1. Which is true of Dr. Faustus?
a. Tamburlaine succeeded Doctor Faustus.
b. It is the story of the alchemist who sells his scul to the Devil.
c. It is the story of a Scythian shepherd obsessed with power.
d. It is the story of an avaricious Jew.
2. In the later years Faustus becomes
a. a heartless sensualist b. a Nobel-prize winner
c. a priest d. a Scythian shepherd
3. Dr. Faustus is a
a. godly man b. genuine incarnation of the Renascence spirit
c. mighty conqueror d. blood thirsty beast
4. "Sweet Helen, make me immortal with a kiss [Kisses her] Her lips suck forth my soul! See,
where it flies!" These lines talk about
a. Tamberlaine's sensuality b. Faustus' sensuality
c. Mephistopheles' sensuality d. Hercules' sensuality
5. Dr. Faustus is a.
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a world conqueror
c. having fabulous dreams of wealth
b. is in pursuit of universal knowledge
d. a shepherd turned conqueror
6. Which of the following statements is not true of Dr, Faustus?
a. Marlow raised the subject matter of the drama to a higher level.
b. Dr. Faustus is a true hero in his field of knowledge.
c. One can feel the vibrant passion and rapturous longing of Dr. Faustus.
d. It was modelled on a Shakespearean play.
7. Which of the following is not true of Elizabethan drama?
a. It gave variety, flexibility and clarity to our prose.
b. The racy marrows that lay in the popular vernacular was used by the drama.
c. It inspired grand poetry as well as sweet lyrics.
d. It did not make for intensity of expression.
8. Which of the following is true of Elizabethan drama?
a. The exigences of the stage did not demand word pictures from the actors.
b. The exigences of acting demanded the eloquent exhibition of elemental emotions
c. There was no philosophic reflection, poignant introspection, joyousness of heart
d. The exigences of individualising did not demand nice distinctionF of diction.
9. Which of the folloWing is not true of Elezabethan drama?
a. While old Testament had only 6000 words Shakespeare had a word-list of about 15,000.
b. The drama was incomparably the greatest force (of the time) in Elizabethan literature.
c. It did not focus the patriotic feeling of the nation and did not enable the English to feel
d. The average man learned the history at the theatre.
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10. Which of the following is not the quality of Elizabethan drama?

a. It told the country's story, its struggles in the past, and the fight for freedom.
b. It did not speak of the evils of Court favouritism, of kingly oppression
c. Not only in Shakespeare but in Janson, Heywood, Chapman, Beaumont
d. It stirred the national conscience and gave the vision of corporate life.
11. The Calamity that struck Europe during the second half of the 14' century was
a. White Pestilence b. The Black Death c. Cholera d. The Spanish War
12. The Kentish peasants made their rising under
a. Elizabeth Taylor b. Jagdish Tytler c. Wat Tyler d. William Tindale
13. Wyclif's religious schism divided the religious population into:
a. Highlards and lowlords b. Commoners and nobles
c. Lollards and the orthodox d. Landlords and landless
14. Till the later part of the 14th century, the medium of prose in England was
a. German b. Greek c. French d. Latin
15. The Tale of Melibeus by Chaucer was borrowed from
a. Boccaccio b. Jean de Meun c. Jean d'Arc d. Romain Rolland
16. The Parson's Tale
a. Latin Sermon b. Greek Sermon was translated from a famous
c. Hebrew Sermon d. French Sermon
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17. The man who was called the first Protestant was
a. William Tyndale b. Martin Luther King c. Covedale d. John Wyclif
18. Wyclif's Lollards, opposed
a. the friars b. the bishops c. the Pope d. the priests
19. The Peasants' Revolt occurred in
a. 1391 b. 1381 c. 1271 d. 1481
20. Wyclif's doctrines were condemned by
a. Archbishop of Oxford b. Pope c. King of England d. Archbishop of Canterbury
21. The man who supplied the first element of English translation of the Bible was
a. Covedale c. Wyclif b. Tyndale d. Chaucer
22. The author of Sir Gawayn and the Grene Knyght is
a. Geoffrey Chaucer b. Boccaccio c. William Tyndale d. unknown
23. William Langland wrote
a. Roman de la Rose d. Marie d'Arthur c. Beowulf d. Piers Plowman
24. King's English was the speech of
a. the Wessex b. the East Midlands c. the Sussex d. the West Indies
25. Confessio Amantis was composed by
a. Wat Tyler c. John Gower b. Jack Straw d.Geoffrey Chaucer
26. Confessio Amantis was a
a. Comedy b. Tragedy c. Collection of stories d. Collection of essays
27. The age of Chaucer
a. witnessed the discoveries of Columbus b. Sid not witness any change in the religious
c. was an age of unrest and transition d. includes Shakespeare
28. The writings of Chaucer are divided into
a. octosyllabic line b. The French period, the Italian period and the English period


c. The English and the German periods d. heroic pentametres.
29. The contemporary of Chaucer was

a. John Milton b. Captain Cook c. Martin Luther d. John Wyclif
30. The first creator of English versification is
a. John Gower b. Geoffrey Chaucer c. John Wyclif d. William Tyndale
31.The poem which represents Chaucer as a lover is
a. The Bake of the Duchesse b. Roman de la Rose c. Metamorphosesd. Compleynt of Anelida
32. The Chaucer's allegory that competes with the Roman de la Rose is
a. The Parlement of Foules b. Divine Commedia c. Ballade of Grisalidis d. Hous of Fame
33. Which of the following was not written by Chaucer?
a. Troylus and Criseyde b. II Filostrato c. The legende of Goode Women d. The Knight's Tale
34. The Canterbury Tales gives the portrait of
a. Life seen during the time of Chaucer b. Archbishop of Canterbury
c. Twenty-five pilgrims travelling to India d. Thirty-five pilgrims abandoned near Canterbury
55. Which of the following would be true as regards The Canterbury Tales?
a. Portrait of heroes b. Shows men neither exalted nor demeaned
c. Noble picture of nobles d. Good portrait of better people
36. The Wars of the Roses were fought between
a. 1483-1514 b. 1445-1473 c. 1454-1483 d. 1454-1473
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37. The author of Letter of Cupid is
a. Thomas Occleve b. Jean de Meun c. Lydgate d. Geoffrey Chaucer
38. The most voluminous poet of the 14th century is
a. Geoffrey Chaucer b. John Lydgate c. Thomas Occleve d. Stephen Hawes
39. Which one was not written by John Lydgate?
a. The Stone of Thebes b. The Temple of Glass
c. The Falls of Princes d. De Regimine Principum
40. The King who was also a poet, lived during 1394-1436 was
a. King James I b. King Edward I c. King James II d. Edward II
41. Which of the following is not a Scottish poet?
a. Robert Henryson b. Gavin Douglas c. William Dunbar d. John Skelton
42. Chevy Chase is the oldest and the finest of
a. ballads b. sonnets c. odes d. novels
43. The plays of the early 15th century England were called.
a. miracles b. mysteries c. moralities d. histories
44. Every man is a
a. morality play b. miracle play c. history d, mystery
45. The emancipation of the 15'11 century English drama and its progress were connected
with
a. the development of the friars b. the rise of the burgher class
c. the emancipation of the vulgar tongue d. all the above-said reasons
46. Reginald Pecock was
a. an English man writing in Welsh. b. a Scottish priest writing English prose.
c. a Welshman writing in English. d. a bishop writing in Scottish.
47. William Caxton (1421-91) is 'mown as


a. the first book-binder of English b. the first printer of England

c. the discoverer of printing press d. the first translator in England
48. Morte d' Arthur was written by

a. William Caxton b. Reginald Pecock c. Sir John Fortesque d. Thomas Malory
49. Humanism in England was heralded by
a. Sir Thomas More's Utopia b. Malory's Prose c. Caxton's Press d. None
50. The first country to encounter Renaissance in Europe was
a. Italy b. England c. France d. Egypt
51. The fall of Constantinople to the Turks occurred in
a. 1453 b. 1345 c. 1543 d. 1435
52. Who among the following does not belong to the Humanism?
a. Erasums b. William Lily c. Thomas More d. Marlowe
53. Which one of the following is not an Educationist?
a. Roger Moore `b. Sir Thomas Wilson c. Sir Thomas Elyot d. Roger Ascham
54. The Schoolmaster was written by
a. Elyot b. Wilson c. Cheke d. Ascham
55. It was the question of translating the Bible which brought
a. Sir Thomas More and Erasmus into conflict b. Ascham and Tyndale into conflict
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c. Sir Thomas More and William Tindale into conflict d. Luther and Ascham into conflict
56. William Tindale began translating the New Testament into English as early as
a. 1522 b. 1532 c. 1512 d. 1542
57. Tindale's translation of the Bible was completed by
a. Luther b. Miles Coverdale c. Calvin d. Lyly
58. Who wrote Adages and Praise of Follil?
a. Erasmus b. Wilson c. Thomas More d. Calvin
59. To whom do you ascribe The Art of Rhetorique?
a. Erasmus b. Sir Thomas Wilson c. Ascham d. Thomas More
60. The English King who broke with the papacy was
a. Edward II b. Mary Tudor c. Richard 11 d. Henry VIII
61. Which of the following did not occur during Henry VII reign?
a. Sending Thomas More to the Scaffold b. Translations of the Bible
c. The suppressions of Religious Houses d. Fight with the East India Company
62. The appearance of numerous chronicles from 1548 to. 1604 signify
a. the patriotic impulse prevalent at that time b. the struggle for power at that time
c. their avidity to send their history abroad d. none of these reasons
63. Latimer and Foxe were
a. reformative preachers and writers b. historians c. chroniclers d. political figures
64. The religious reformers who provoked a literary movement in -- Scotland were
a. Latimer, Foxe and More b. Judas, John and Luke
c. Lyndsay. Buchanan and Knox d. Hammer, Club and Scissors
65. Which of the following is true of Wyatt?
a. Wyatt's sighs and supplications are Petrarchian.
b. He did not imitate Horace and Alamanni in his satires,


c. The cavalier tone of his personal sonnets and his satires does not recur in a few poems
which are true songs. d. He did not borrow from the Italians poetic forms which were
unknown to his fellow-countrymen.
66. "My heart 1 gave thee, not to do it pain" appears in

a. Surrey's sonnet `b. Wyatt's sonnet c. Sackville's poem d. Gascoigne's tragedy
67. The connecting link between Chaucer and Spenser in stanzaic verse is
a. Wyatt b. Sackville c. Surrey d. Gascoigne
68. The first English comedy of the classical school is
a. Ralph Roister Doister b. Agamemnon
c. Gammer Gurton's Needle d. Everyman in his Humour
69. Thomas Sackville and Thomas Norton produced the first Englis Tragedy
a. Spanish Tragedy b. Induction c. Agamemnon d. Gorboduc
70. Elizabethan literature, the expression of the national genius, hkl its birth in
a. Hellenism b. German c. French d. Italianism
71. Ascham's The Schoolmaster is
a. about a method of translating Latin b. an attack on school children
c. a criticism about school d. none of the above
72. John Lyly was known as the father of
a. Criticism b. Poetry c. Prose d. Euphuism
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73. The Arcadia was written by
a. John Lyly b. Sidney c. Surrey d. Spenser
74. Arcadia is a story of
a. War and death b. Life and death c. Treachery and plotting d. Love and chivalry
75. The author of Astrophel and Stella was
a. Spenser b. Shakespeare c. Sidney d. Pope
76. `Shepheard's Calendar was written by
a. Spenser b. Chaucer c. Shakespeare d. Sidney
77. Which of the following was not written by Spenser?
a. Faeric Queene b. Complaints c. Mother Hubberd's Tale d. Arcadia
78. Amoretti is a collection of
a. Sonnets b. Jokes c. Stories d. Dramas
79. Who wrote Euphues or the Anatomy of Wit?
a. John Lyly b. Sidney c. Spenser d• Marlowe
80. Which of the following is not true of The Faerie Queen
a. It brings out the painterly attitude of Spenser.
b. Several stanzas of The Faerie Queene are descriptions of tapestries and pictures.
c. It contains the nine lined stanza with the rhyme scheme of abab be bcc.
d. Its world is so natural with no sense of artificiality or strangeness.


ALL THE BEST

Unit-I – MODERN LITERATURE (1400-1600)
Poetry For Detailed Study
Chaucer : Prologue to the Canterbury Tales

Geoffrey Chaucer 14th 1340-1400
 Age of Chaucer is a link bet the old and the New – age of transition 1373 – he began his
Canterburry tales.
 In his Decameron, Boccaccio furnished he ex for Chaucer‟s Canterbury tales greatest work of the
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English period.
 C borrowed ideas for his C.T from Boccacio‟sDecamaron .
 Fatter of English Poetry reason 1. set up the standard English Lang 2. First to teach the art of
versification. C combines in himself the best elements of French and English culture. This is
evident by comparing him with his two contemporaries – Langland and Gower .Langland seeks
to revive old English tradition Gower stands for foreign culture chaucer stands midway bet
Langland and Gower.
 was familiar with the works of Virgil and Ovid and Latin prose writers.
 The Black Death Occured( 4 times) in England during the reign of Edward III (1348-49)
Period Period
2. The book of the Duchess(1369) offer consolation Italian English
To the ofGauant to the death of his French life “House of the fame”
Wife Blanche
Roman de la rose
 allegory-love poem transacted in to English. Hundred years of war began (C.T – greater work
of this period)


in the reign of Edward III

C – The poet
C Introduced 7 line decasyllabic stanza riming abab bcc known as rime royal was also called
Triolus verse, Cressida verse, the Chaucerian stanza.
 7 line stanza (decasykabic)
 10 syllable couplet called heroic couplet (the five beat line, in stanza or couplet)
Introduced
 Terzarima a seetian to “The complaint to his Lady”
 Popularised Freeh formes – Roundel and the balled
C s Lang
(14th imp for growth growth of Eng. Lang during the first half of 14th French was the chief lang
of nobility.
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 In the age of Chaucer there were four dialects prevalent in England-northern soulthern, the East
midland and the west midland. Chaucer chose midland dialect because it was also used by the
upper classes of society and it was really living.
 Poet of the lusty spring – Chaucer
first great Eng humorist – Chaucer
In C‟s P. to C. tales he gives an account of (14th social and religious condition – because religion
is a part of life by the middle of (14thEng was becoming the common tongue of the nation.
parliament was opened by an English speech in 1363.
 The kind of humour C and Shakespeare revealis based on insight and sympathy 30 pilgrims –
each has to tell a story (The discussion was held a “Tabard Inn southwark”)
 On the way to the shrine of Thomas Becket Prologue is a picture of medieval society but it is in
the process of disintegration.
 It tells about the society
The knight and “The squire – represent old tradition of chivalry
The friar, the monk, Thepardoner parish priest, Oxford scholar – denounced the abuses and
corruptions of the church.


A shipman – a blend of merchant

Sailor and pirate –merchant, a number of guild members Miller, the Manciple, the Reeve and
Wife of Bath – ugly things about the medieval church.
The friar – bears witness to the worldliness and corruptions growing up among the clergy. He
was so popular with the Franklin and respectable women of the town – licenced to hear
confessions. Let the sinner give silver to the poor Friars and his sins were remitted at once.
friaroughtto be led to poverty but he led a merry and jovial life. payinglittle heed to religious
concerns moved about like a master or Pope.
Wife of bath
C‟s masterly creation quite respectable women in the society.
 Dressed fashionably
 First he go up to alter he make offerings
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 Wide traveler – had been to Jerusalem
30 pilgrims including the host belong to diverse professions
Knight and his son – represent war like elements
Represent by the man of law the Doctor, the oxford clerk and the poet – The learned and the
liberal
The machant and The shipman – Higher commercial community
The wife of Bath – Expert cloth maker
Haberdasher and his associates – Belong to the class of smaller London traders and
manufacturers
Playhman, the miller and the Franklin- Agriculturists
Maniple and Reeve – Upper servants represent down
Yeoman and cook – Lower servants represent country
The monk, Themonastry the prioress from her convent, her attendant priests, the village parson,
the roaming – Religious order people.
Friar, the pardoner and the sumnour – Religious order people.


C gives distinctions among these characters by pointing out the difference in their clothes,
manner of speech habits and tendencies and the characteristics of each profession. These are real
human beings.
Example:- The host, the reeve, the man of Law, the Franklin are drawn from living models.
Some of the characters seem to live even today
Example:- The knight, The squire
The prologue is righty called – the social picture of England of the late 14th as Dryden says “
There is God‟s plenty” Chaucer is “the poet of the lusty spring” – says H.A. Beers
Characters of C.T
The knight, a squire and yeoman – military professon.
A prioress, a nun (her secretary) – connected with Christian church Ecclesiastical group.member
of RC religious community. A monk, A friar, A summoner, A pardoner, A poor parsan, parish
prest , a clerk of oxford (student of divinity)
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 A lawyer, A physician and many miscellaneous
Minor characters
A Franklin, A Merchant, A Shipman A Miller, A Cook, A Manipale, A Reeve (law officer in
UK), A haberdesher(shopthat makes sells men‟s clothes), A carpenter, A weaver, a dyer, A
tapycer, A ploughman and a cloth maker.
The knight – Perfect gentleman fond of love the truth, chivalry and honour.
- Representative of warfare.
The squire – Proud of his appearance
- Love sick
The prioress – Called Madame Eglantine =( only two women characters)
-nun, sings divine songs
-has pity only for dogs
-engraved a crowed “A” and has a golden brooch with an inscription.“Love conquersverything”
The Wife of Bath – unrefined and rough in temperament
Importantcharacter - Married 5 times and had Many lovers in her youth. She had made
pilgrimages to Jerusalem, Rome Boulogne and Cologne.


Monk – Supervisor of the monastery estate negligent in his duty. Hunting is his pastime which is
actually unsuited to his profession.
Friar – Gay and merry – gets money for confessions – likes gossiping and flattering – rotally
immoral and corruptive.
Sumnour – His duty is to bring sinners for trial before a church court
 impious, gentle rascal
 he can send his mistress to a sinner for 12 months for a bottle of wine.
Pardoner – Sells intelligence and gets more profit. He sells a pillow case in the name of virgin
Mary‟s veil, a piece of canvas as the saint peter‟s sail, the bones of a pig as relicks of a saint.
By presenting these characters, c has reflected the persons emboding the churches of England in
the (14th by C.T. C‟s intention is to bring out the follies and foibles of the society. He expects a
complete change in the conditions of the churches.
Chaucer – 1340 – 1400
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Born in London
Chaucer lived during the period of three kings –Edward III Richard II and Henry IV
During the rule of Edward III – there was medieval civilization in England Chaucer wrote
knight‟s tale – it was a chronicle of historical accounts.
1. Trade expansion – resulted – increase of wealth
2. Living conditions of the people – Miserable
3. Terrific epidemic called Black Death many people died
4. During the Frech wars the condition of the country –worsened
5. There was necessity for taxing the people - these situations brought the symptoms of social
umest.
100 years of war began in his reign King Richard II was unwise. The conflict between the king
and the people. In the age of Chaucer evil increased to a greater extent. There was corruption in
churches. Chaucer lived in this period. He wanted to reveal the shocking state of things of the
churches.There was also another prominent person lived at this age.
John Wyclif – morning star of reformation
 wanted to revive the spiritual Christianity of England


 wrote religious pamphlets.

 Produced the complete Eng version of the Bible
Later part of the (14th– period of social umest and the beginning of a new religious movement
and also new learning.
Petrarch (1304-74) and Boccaccio (1313-75) – considered to be the leaders of this revival.
 They spread the spirit of humanism in England. This situation later on gave rise to renaissance.
But the spirit of humanism was infused in chaucer‟s age.
The divine comedy of Dante was the final and supreme expression of the world of medieval
Christendom. The oxford scholars – Duns, Scotus
William Occam – are among last of the medieval school men
Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400)

Son of John Chaucer. After his marriage, he became a valet in the kings chamber. Chaucer died
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in 1400 and was buried in the Westminster Abbey. The place afterwards came to be called
„poet‟s corner‟ [FP – Freeh Period, IP – Italian Period]
ENGLISH PERIOD
Works
1369 – The Book of the duchess – (FP)
1372 – Troilus and Criseyde – (IP)
1377 – The parliament of fowls (IP)
1379 – The house of the fame(IP)
1384 – The Legend of Good women – (unfinished work) (adapted from latinwone of
BoccacciosDe Claris Mulieribus)
1387 – The Centerbury tales (EP)
1391 – The complaint of Venus(EP)
1399 – the complaint of Chaucer to His Empty Purse. Chaucer was influenced by the Italian
master of Dante and Boccaccio.
English period


In his Decameron, Boccaccio furnished the example for C. C. T – greatest wore of English
period.
Chaucer – Not a poet of the people.
 Court poet
 wrote only for the high class readers and cultured society
 never took painful subjects
 not a serious reformer
 rightly called the morning star of Renaissance
 Mostly written in „out of door atmosphere‟
 Father of English poetry
 First great painter of characters
 First great English humorist
 Calls himself „an unlettered man‟
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 First creator of human characters in English literature
 Poet of the lusty spring
The Faerie Queene Book-I

Edmund Spenser
(The faerie queene and Bunjam‟s the pilgrim‟s progress all the two greatest allegorical works)
 Allegory/didactic romance 1552 – 1599
 Written in blank verse/one of the longest of English poems.
 Faerie queene tells the story of unbelievable adventures. Every knight represents a particular
adventure – Spencer could find a model in Queen Elizabeth‟s court.
 Faerie Queene has been called the work of an unformed literature
 planned to write 12 books the figure of the 12 knights and their various exploits and character of
“gentle man” or a noble fashioned gentle discipline” He took his machinery from popular
legends about king Arthur and his moral code from Aristotle – Greek philosopher. (12 knights
errands are types of 12 cardinal virtues of Aristotle‟s philosophy)


 Only 6 books were completed

Book I – Represents holiness – The Red Cross Night sets forth as a champion of Truth and after
overcoming several temptations and dangers kills the dragon that has imprisoned it.
Book II (Temperance hevo – sir Guyonfishts temptations successfully) – Purshesthe same
subject psychological development of the human character.
Book – III Legend of chastity
(heroine – Britoment – illustrates romantic sentiment)
Book IV – Celebrates the legend of friendship (between Cambell and Telamond)
Book V – Justice as theme (main character Sir Artegall and Prince Arthur expound the theory of
government)
Book VI – Courtesy (Portrayed by the hero Sir Calidore)
Book VII – unfinished cantos on mutability (intended to he)
 In writing Faerie Queene his object was to complete a heroic poem to surpass 1. “Orlando
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furuioso” - by Aristo – Italian poet „romance in epic. 2. Jerusalem delivered” – by – Tasso
Italian poet
Book i devoted to holiness by which is meant the love of God. It shows the Red Cross Night –
Symbolises the virtue of love of (holiness) God riding out to destroy the Dragon sin
accompanied by una – stands for truth RCK wears the armour of a Christian, a girdle of truth, a
breast – plate of righteousness, a helmet of salvation and a sword of the spirit. He goes though
the usual trivials of life for a while abandoning truth and courting falsehood falling almost a prey
to error and despair finally overcomes all obstructions and releases the parents of Truth from the
Devil. We almost see in him, Every man in his journey life, pilgrim‟s progress the a sinful world
to salvation. He has also been said to stand for St. George – the paton saint of England.
RCN – Sumbol of Holiness or the love of God.
(lady )– Una –Stands for Truth Symbol of unity
Lamb – Symbol of Innocence
Archimago – symbol of Hypocrisy (succeeded in separating „Truth from Holiness”)
lady – Duessa – Symbol of falsehood
SansFoy – Symbol of Infidelity


Sans Loy – Symbol of Lawlessness

Lucifer – Personification of pride
The lion stands for reason
Sans joy – Joylessness
Dwart - Prudence
The good characters stand for virtues whereas
The bad characters sand for vices.
The deadly sins were “Idleness, gluttory, avarice, Envy and wrath”
Each part has its own hero central hero Prince Arthur
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Prothalamion
For Non-detailed Study
Edmund Spenser – 1552- 1599

 Born in London studied at Cambridge.
 Works embody all the great qualities of Elizabethan literature.
 The friends who influenced him were
Gabriel and Harvey – a great scholar
In 1579 – “The shepherd calendar” (dedicated to sir. Philip) consists of 12 pastoral imagesidney.
(the poet writes of his unfortunate love for Posclind. He folloved the models of greek poets
Theocritus and virgil)
In 1594 – Amoretti – a beautiful sonnet sequence – about Elizabeth – the girl whom he loved
and married.
Epithalamion (1595) – a hymn celebrating his wedding
Prothalamion (1596) – about society marriage
“Astrophel” 1595 – an elegy on the death of sir. Philip Sidney.


„The Faerie Queene‟ – masterpiece

Mother Hibbard‟s Tale – (a social satire)
Amoretti (it describes the progress of his love for Elizabeth Boyle whom he married late in
1594) (written in Petrarch‟s manner) – sonnet sequence on love “Four Lymns on Love, Beauty,
Heavenly Love and Heavenly Beauty‟ (poems which reveal Spenser‟s idea of love) Charles
Lamb calls him “The poet‟s poet” Spencer – The child of Renaissance and Reformation” “The
prince of poets in this Time” – Proclaims Spenser‟s Tombstone in Westminster Abbey great poet
of Elizabethan period. Renaissance means “Revival of Learning” – a revival of interest in
classical the Renaissance marked the end of middle age and the down of the modern world age
and the down of the modern world. The Renaissance influenced Spenser – his works bear the
imprint of classical masters like Homer, Virgil, Theocritus, moschus, Bion, Ariosto, Tasso and
Petrarch in the field of literature‟s poetry marks a beginners in English Literature greatest
contribution of Spenser to English versification is Spenserian Stanza. (9 lines) – last line has 6
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feet ie, 12 syllable and is called alexandrine
 Epithalamion and prothalamion – unsurpassed for their literary excellence.
 Both songs celebrating marriage, deal with human relationship. Epi – more typical as a
Renaissance poem. both the songs indicate that Spenser was a true child of Revival of Learning.
Epithalamion – Personal – it is a gift of the poet to his bride on the day of wedding.
Prothalamion – Marriage song written in the honour of the marriage of Essex house of Lady
Elizabeth and Lady Katherine Somerset, daughters of Edward Somerset with master (Earl of
workster) Henry Gilford and Master William peter marriage look place on 8th Nov 1596.
 Poem consists of 10 stanzas. Each stanza has 18 lines a 18th line of each stanza is repeated by a
refrain “Sweet Thames, run softly till I end my song”
Epithalamion pub in 1595 is a marriage song celebrating spenser‟s own marriage to Elizabeth
Boyle in Ireland
Prothalanion was coined by spenser himself and means “a betrothal song” W.Vallan‟s “A tale of
Two swanes” and Leland‟s “cygmentcentio” are (Latin) regarded as the two works which might
have suggested the theme and manner to Spenser. Pro presents two swans which symbolize the
two daughters of Somerset.


Epi – The finest of all his minor poem.

Jove – Jupiter or Zeus – God of the gods.
Leda – Charming maiden – Jove loved her and approached in the form of swan W.B Yeats has
written an excellent poem on this theme „Leda and the Swan”.
Venus – Goddess of beauty and love in Roman mythology.
Coleridge himself a great poet praises proth for the swan like movement of the verse.
The Thames river steam with flowers is compared to the waters of peneus, as they flow along
Tempe Valley in Thessaly.
 The two white swansswinming down the river Zee.
 the birds were purer and whiter than the snow covering the top of pindus.
 Whiter than the Jupiter
 Whiter than the maiden Leda with whom he was in love.
 Very bright when compared to the waters of Thames – it seams to be impure before the swans.
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 The Noble Lord – The Earl of Essex came to the river with many men along with two handsome
knights. They looked bright like the twins of Jupiter. They came to the river to receive the
beautiful maidens. Later they married them on the bridal day.
Prose -For Detailed Study
Bacon - Essays - Of Truth,
Francis Bacon 1561- 1626
 At 25- published a philosophical essay
“The greatest Birth of time in 1586 essays sedition
1597 – 10 essays = 1st edition dedicated to Bacon‟s brother Anthony Bacon
1612 – 38essays
1625 – 10 essays
 In 1605 published his first nature work in English prose “The advancement of Learning .It is
dedicated to king James Montaigne who had published his first two books of Essays in 1580 –
they were translated into English by John Horio in 1603 – and the term it was from him that
Bacon derived the word Essay.
Essays - no artistic form, no beginning, no ending
Four Groups


1. Man in his home

2. Man in public life
3. Politics and
4. Abstract subject
EssayTribute to Machiavelli (Florentine historian and political writer) – almost half of the essays
are written to give wise counsel to the king on various aspects. Like Machiavelli he thinks that a
common code of morality does not apply to the king he advisees the king to rule by craft and
cunning. His political views can be compared with those of Machiavelli.
 Father of modern English prose
Father of English Essay
 „Of Truth‟Explains the value of truth of truth 1625 3rd edition
Two -kinds
I. Religious (or) speculative 2. Civil (or) concerning daily life.
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1st part deals with the sense of religious
and philosophical truth.
2nd part – he speaks of truthfulness of daily life.
Of Adversity,
Of Adversity 1625 - 3rd edition
 Thought provoking essay
 He places before us the comparative value and importance of prosperity and adversity in life
 Quotes Seneca – famous Roman philosopher Adversity teaches fortitude (calm and courage,self
control) Old Testament promises us prosperity
New Testament prepares us to welcomethe life trails and adversity with faith and fortitude.
Bacon‟s judgement if his „Essays‟ was that they might last as long as books last. In “of truth, of
death ,of Great place” might have been written by Aristotle what is said in these and other essays
of like character is as true as when Bacon lived.
 „Of friendship‟ – grew out of Bacon‟s longest and mest disinterested friendship.


 „Of studies „– a life long student he describes his craft. The subject of this essay was one that
revolved longest in the edition of 1625, it is number 50.
“ TheWvisest, brightest, meanest of
mankind” – character of Bacon
Of Studies,
Famous quotes
Some books are to be tasted others to be swallowed and some few to be chewed and digested”
“ Readingmaketh a full man
Conference a ready man
Writing an exact man”
“Histories make man wise (taster wisdom)poets witty, mathematics subtle, (subtle- not
obway)natural philosophy deep (depth), moral grave (gravity), logic and rhetoric able to
contend” (debate and argument)
I. Use of studies (3)
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1. Delight (personal enjoyment) (in seclusion or retirement or privacy)
2. Ornament in society (the cultivation of social charm through the cultivation of the power of
exposition in speech and writing)
3. ability in practical business (for the cultivation of the power of judgement regard to particular
circumstances and events)
Of Revenge,
‘Of revenge’ 1625 3rd edition
Revenge is a kind of wild justice.
 uncultivated form of lawful punishment
 Revenge is to be discouraged because
1. puts the law out of office
2. ignoble
3. past is gone and irrevocable
4. ignores the weakness and selfishness of man‟s nature


Of Ambition,
Of studis„longest in the edition of 1625
„Of Ambition „1597 - 2nd edition
Ambitions persons became dangerous when their wishes are thwarted (to Prevent from doing
what they wanted) such person should not be employed except necessity in public or private
service.
 kings ought to distinguish between honest ambition and dishonest (selfish) ambition. (filled with
patriotion, hated imbued with genuine desire to do good.
Of Friendship
1. Nature of a life solicitude – without a friend or companion.
 lived all alone and friendless among a crowd of people
2. Advantages of friendship
Two fold
1. Those effect the heart 2. The mind or understanding
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1. It releases the pent up feelings and emotions of the heart.
2. It clears the understanding
a. Giving shape and form of vague thoughts
b. Giving advise against folly
c. Giving means to continue even after one‟s death
It is another himself Thus a means of prologation of life.
3.Occasion
This essay was written at the special request of Bacon‟s friend Toby Matthew to celebrate his
intimacy with Bacon without interruption – which was tested on both sides by adversity
(unpleasant sitution) and prosperity alike.
An apology for poetry

Plilip Sidney (1554 – 1586
 1 “Arcadia” in 1580 pub in 1590pastoral romance deals with the story of love and chivalry
revealing the unbridled imagination of Sidney and his attachment to valour and courtesy.
 Wrote it to please his sister the countess of Pembroke.


2 “Astrophel and Stella” in 1591 – amorous sonnet – he reveals a bitter regret for lost happiness, the
irresistible desire to possess‟ his beloved, despair at her first coldness, the sweetest feeling
himself loved by her even when she fled him, the struggle in his truly virtuous heart between
duty and passion, reason and desire.
3 “Apology for poetry” – 1582-83 pub in 1590 critical work Sidney fought the puritanical criticism
of Stephen Gosson in his „school of abuse‟. Stephen Gosson dedicated his‟School of Abuse to
Philip Sidney. Sidney had to defend the divine art of poetry by writing Apology for poetry
Monsonby and Odney pub it separate in 1595 with two diff titles
1. “Defence of poetry” 2. An apology for poetry.
Stephen Gosson made 4 charges against the art of poetry
1. Poetry as useless and waste of tiem
2. poetry was the mother of lies
3. Poetry was the nurse of abuse
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4. Poetry never made an ideal republic (Plato also believed the 4th charge)
Sidney wrote Apology for poetry by answering all the charges of Gosson and exhausting all the
ideas and concepts of classical and romantic poetry.
 becomes the 1st poet-critic in the history of English criticism. 5 main divisions
1. conventional reasons for praising poetry very highly the antiquity and universality of poetry
2. convincing arguments for discovering the nature and utility of poetry with reference to 3kinds of
poetry and their sub-divisions the function of poetry.
3. answers to the objections of Gosson and other puritan critics to poetry.
4. Sidney‟s estimate of contemporary English poetry and drama his objection to Traic comedy and
the violation of unities.
5. Sidney‟s remarks on style, diction and versification.
1. Nature and functions of poetry
Poetry is superior to philosophy, History, and other arts and sciences
Kinds of poetry
Religions poetry Philosophical poetry True poetry
Eg:- David‟s “Psalms” Moral works of Tyrtacus, heroic, lyric,


Solomon‟s “songs of songs Phycylides, Cato and soon tragic, comic,

Hymns of Moses and Deborah satiric, iambic
elegiac,
pastoral and soon.
Ace to Plato the poets are inspired by visions of God and the ideal world of Heaven. Aristotle
defines poetry as an art of imitation. He explains how the poets imitate the actual life by giving
vivid accountsof the real world with a view to delight and teach the readers. Horace also defines
the art of poetry and admires it for speaking pictures and delightful teaching.
Superiority to poetry
philosophy imparts knowledge of good and Evil, it fails to attract a large number of people and
make them virtuous. But poetry delights the people and attracts more people by means of its
sweet music and pleasant pictures of the real and ideal world. No philosopher can so effectively
present wisdom and temperance as the poet portrays them Ulysses and Diomades, Valaur in
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Achilles friendship in Nisus and Euryalaus. The historian presents the imperfect personalities of
the real world without any alterations. He depicts the triumph of vice and defeat of virtue
occuring in the real world. But the poet portays the triumph of virtue and defeat of vice. Hence
Aristotle said that poetry is more philosophical them philosophy and more serious than history. It
combines the moral precepts of philosophy with the historical examples of virtue and
vice.similarly mathematician and other scientists deal with the facts and figures of the material
world without referring to the eternal truths and moral principles of the ideal world. It is only the
poet who presents not only the imperfection of the actual world but the perfection of the ideal
world. Poetry is not the mother of lies. poetry has nothing to do with lies. It deals with the eternal
truths of ever – lasting bliss and prosperity.
3. Sidney‟s „Defence of poetry‟ is a reply to “Thomas love peacock‟s attack on poetry in general
and Sidney‟s bear certain similarities in their subject and treatment similarly Stephen Gosson‟s
and Thomas love peacock‟s resemble each other very much in their attack on poetry in general
and contemporary poetry in particular. Sidney answers to the first change that the end and aim of
all learning is to impart virtue to markind and move man to viruous action. A moral philosopher
fails to attract the multitued of humanity by the complexity of his subject and gravity of its


treatment and dryness of language. But the poet delights the people by means of musical
language effective images and symbols interesting evens and powerful characters.
2 The aim of the poet is to refine the animal nature of mankind. So he is least bother about
historical facts and figures.
3rd change of poetry is not the nurse of abuse because its aim is moralistic and idealistic. A poet is
the product of society for whom he writes poetry. The abuse of poetry is either due to the
vulgarity of the poet or the vulgarity of the society for whom he writes his poetry
4th change
Referred to the banishment of poets from Plato‟s common wealth. Plato‟s philosophical
works are poetical in their treatment of truth. only by means of his poetical style Plato became a
popular philosopher with the reading public so he did not banish the poets from his common
wealth. He only banished the baser poetry written to please the vulgar spirits of demoralized
society.
For Non-detailed Study

The Bible : The Book of Job.
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The Book of Job – Unknown author
(Part of old testamentof the bible) 4 dramatic poem
According
Acc to the Editors of theN Jerusalem Bible “The Bible is not a book but a library”. The two types
are
1. Old testament
a. Hlistories. b. Wisdom books (deals with People‟s) c.Prophetic writings Book of Job, proverbs,
Ecclesiastes eclesiastics (the song of Solomon)
The psalms
Book of Job is a masterpiece of poetry
- it is considered an epic tragedy and a didactic moral poem
Book of Job – parts
1to3Prologueprose (character of Job and cause of his trails.)
chapters 4 to 14 Debate or poetry ( Dialogue between Job and)


32 to 37 Speeches of Clihu
38 to 42 Long and serious Discourses of the Almighty
Epilogue – Prose
Book of Job was written perhaps by a single author as the structure of the work indicates and it
was based on old tradition
Characters
Job – Wealthy man in UZ
Eliphaz – The termanite
Bildad. the shuhite = Job‟s friends represent earlier theories of providence they stay
Zophar.the Naamathite 7 days and 7 nights with Job.
Elihu–a youthuful by stander
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The Lord.
satan, the adversary
central theme – problems of suffering. B. J – purpose is to instruct the people of Israel.
Purpose to teach the righteousness Undergosufferings.
Character Job (lived in the land of UZ)
Rich lord, pious and godfearing.

 Happy family 7 sons and 3 daughters
1st trial mentally - Disaster caused by Satan and (7000 shaps 500 oxen)permitted by God
 Loses cattle and men
 Sons and daughters perish
 Never curse God
 Consoles by saying God gave him and God taken away.
2nd trial physically – Smites him with boils
 One should adore god even when he sends evil as one would on receiving good things.
 In this great affection (Pain, trouble) he remains sinless


Job‟s 3 friends came to condole him

 In the debate they discussed
1. The problem of Job‟s afflictions obeying the law
2. Relation of evil to the righteousness of God
3. The conduct of man
 3 cycles comprises 6 speeches – the friends accused him of concealing him sin and repent. Job
denied He wanted God to reveal him the cause of his afflictions.
 Elihu, a bystander intervened and said that Job was wrong in expressing his charges against God.
 Contradicted Job‟s views on God‟s providence and sufferings.
Lord‟s discourse
God caused the trial – watched Job‟s sufferings from afar it is time for God to bring to an end.
 The epilogue describes how Job was restored to double his former wealth. children and
companion of friends. It is an appropriate conclusion, be it brings the trial of the righteousness to
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an end.
Debate – 3 cycles – six speeches 3 friends and 3 replies from Job last round zophar, 3rd speaker
fails to come forward. It signifies a confession of defeat.
 Structure of the work is interrupted by
Two elements
1. Contradictory views about wisdom
2. 2. Speeches of Elihu Eliphaz‟s speech Opens the debate – most dignified the calmest and most
considerate of Job‟s friends.Views
Job had comforted so many in trouble Indirectly warns him against Job should be happy that God
so he should not fall into such despair. complaining God is correcting him by giving
Good people never perish under affliction.Only the Uri godly do so. suffering
Bildad‟s speech:-
 Representative class of the wise
 God discriminates the good and bad.
 Punishes the sinners.
 Ask Job to reflect on the wise generalizations made by the ancients.


 Concludes with the prophesy days for him

Zophar‟s speech
 Mocks at Job for boasting about his own innocence.
 Wishes God to speak with him and reveal His Divine wisdom.
 Zophar praises god for his wisdom.
 Assumes that god will restore his prosperity.
The wisdom of man is the fear of lord – Job. Job‟s lament beginning with
“Let the day perish wherein I was born”
-Moving line
After the trial Job lived 140 years, saw 4 generations.
Drama -For Detailed Study

DrFaustus – 1563 – 1593 (-14 scenes)
(1592) (morality play) (Tragedy 14 scenes)
www.Padasalai.Net -Christopher Marlowe – (Atheist)

Growth of English drama upto Marlowe
English drama has its origin in religion Early religious play were two types
Mysteries:- based upon subjects taken from bible
The miracles:- dealing with lives of saints.
The morality marks the next stage in the growth of drama in England. These plays were didactic
and religious in nature but the characters were not drawn from the scriptures or the lives of saints
but were personified abstractions All sorts of virtues. and vices were personified and there was
generally a place for the Devil also
“Everyman” is the 1st ex of this type of play.
Masque another popular form of dramatic entertainment. It was popular in the (17th
The Interludes
In the midst of morality plays and masques.shorthumourous plays or interludes came to be
interpolated. The characters of the interlude were all drawn from real life.
First real comedy in English
Ralph Roister Doister by Nicholas Udall was acted about middle of the 16th


First tragedy
Gorboduc (or) Ferrex and Porrex by Nicholas and Nortan in 1562 The university wits were the
first real fashioners of the Elizabethan drama and of them Marlowe was immeasurably the
greatest.
 pioneer of the Elizabethan drama
 1st to introduce Blank verse as a medium for play writing.
Plays
Tamburlaine (in 2 parts), Dr. Faustus
The Jew of Malta, Edward II (Maturest play)
The massacre at Paris – weakest play
The tragedy of Dedo – finished by Nash.
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All re powerful tragedies Pach tragedy revolves round one central personality who is consumed
by the lust for power, Beauty or knowledge
Poem
Hero Leander. Translated ovid‟s Elegies
Marlowe – introduced the element of struggle
In Dr. Faustus – there is a constant struggle within the soul of Faustus himself represented by the
good and bad angels.
Marlowe = Father of English drama
Morning star of the English drama
Blank verse – verse in which the rhymes are blank or vacant – has for unit a line of 5 accents. It
is an Iambic pentameter line – It consists of 5 feet, each of 2 syllables of which the second is
accented. There is a pause normally after the 4th (or) 6th syllable. Durrey was the first he use
blank verse for his translation of Virgil‟s Aeneid Sackville and Norton were the first to use it for
dramatic purposes in their tragedy Gorboduc. „Marlowe‟s Dr. Faustus is the greatest English
tragedy before Shakespeare. It is based on the Faustus legend. This legend captured the
imagination of both Marlowe and Goethe was woven round the disreputable reality of the


historical Dr. Faustus who was born in Germany in 1488 and lived when the Renaissance was its
height.
The story of the play is divisible into four clearcut acts
1. Faustus‟s early life and his decision to give himself over the magical studies
2. The signging of the terrible contract with the Devil
3. Faustus‟s enjoyment of his powers and his exploits in the various capitals of Europe.
4. His remorse (feeling sorry for doing wrong) and last agony.
 Play opens with chorus speech-gives necessary exposition. Faustus and his circumstanas are
briefly introduced. Faustus is a profound scholar yet he is poor. He is dissatisfied with his present
studies and want to study magic.
 carried away by his own visions and encouraged by Valdes and Cornelius (friends of Faustus) he
decides to give himself over to magic.
“This night I‟ll conjure, though I die therefore.
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Then we are shown Faustus in meditation among his books. The figures of God and Evil Angels
are the personifications of Faustus‟s conscience and his forbidden desires and as they appear to
him in his moment of doubt the conflict within is vividly externalized.
The opening and the conjuration (clever trick) of Mephistophilis and again between the arrival of
Mephistophilisand the signing the bond two comic interludes are inserted. The central incident of
the play – the signing of the contract with the Devil – Mephishas vigourously portrayed
Faustus‟ excitement his terror and his almost hysterical haste to put his new power to the test.
Faustus has been enjoying for some time the pleasures which his newly acquired power has
given him.
“The pageant of the seven Deadly sins which the Devil offers as a positive is another of
Mephis‟s additions to the story”
Faustus‟magic power have been taken from the old story and roughly put into dramatic form.
Last scene culminates 3 great emotional Moments.
1. Reappearance of the old man whose words bring Faustus to despairing repentence and the old
man is followed by the watchful mephistophilis.


2. Faustuscry of ecstacy as he gazes on the beauty of Helen of Troy for whose love he will again
willingly forget the danger to his soul.
3. Death scene
The sub-dued talk to the scholars as they bid farewell and go to pray for their master is a
masterly prologue to the overwhelming agony of Faustus last hour.
Moral of the drama
Dr. Faustus suffers because he forgot simple truth that “Desire for divinity is a sin, man should
not think of rising above human condition.
Necromancy – the art of calling up spirits.
“Important” lines”-
“A sound magician is a mighty God”
The Alchemist (Satirical comedy)
– form of chemistry studied in middle ages believedtrying to discorer how to change ordinary
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metal into gold. Ben Jonson (other name Benjamin) – 1573 – 1637
He said “Shakespeare was not of an age but for all time.‟
First play – Everyman in his humour (1598)
Every man out of his humour (1599) (less popular comedy)
Greatest classical comedies
volpone 1606
Epicene or the silent woman 1609
The Alchemist 1610
Tragedy
1st Sejanus 1603 (blood, black bile, yellow bile phlegm
2ndcastiline 1611 earth, water, fire and air)
Four humours
Four important humours in the theory of humours of Jonson. 1. Choler, 2. melancholy, 3.
phlegm, 4. bloodJonson has based this theory on the old physiology. These four humour
correspond with 1. moisture, 2. dryness, 3. heat, 4. Cold. The emergence of humour takes place
due to some kind of personality imbalance.


In alchemist Ben Jonson makes an elaborate stuidy of human gullibility. Alchemist – supreme
masterpiece of in comedy. performed in 1610 and published in quarto in 1612. Plot of the play
Jonson is indebted to Plautus. The opening dialogue of the alchemist seems to recall a scene in
“Plautus” Mostellaairia”
Characters
Face and subtle – partness in a plan to cheat people
Dol common – another parter tries to control them (male servant a large home) society lady
entice mammon.
Face is a butler disguised as a captain
Subtitle
 Supposed to be an alchemist. One who transforms base metal into gold.
 All actions takes place in the house of Lovewit
character Epicure Mammon – a symbol of the human lust for wealth.
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Surly – stands as a symbol of rationalization in the age of greed – riden London
 Subtle and Face form the hub of the activity in the play. Face the servant of the house disguises
as a captain subtle (the chemest)the assumes the role of Dr. Subtle. Their roles are intermingled
and both of them work individually for their mutual gain.
Dol common – a society lady to entice Epicure Mammon
Cap. Face brings in various client to Dr. Subtle who robs item of their money. Face and
Dolcommon also do it. The skill of Face his in trapping the clients to be (to take a lot of money
from by charging them too much) fleeced by them. He is a cunning chap who understands the
psychology of men. He promises what they want. Except surly all of them are fleeced by him.
Subtle – Greedy, sensual and totally Unscrumplous – endowed with (extremely bad) diabolical
intelligence. He knows the psychology of people and can size of up the desiresof the clients. He
is full of perverse logic easily convinces the clients. He explains the making of the philosopher‟s
stone with scientific precision..
Captain face plays an active role. His establishment (Lovewit‟s house) is like a spider‟s web in
which the stage in a flies stumble to be fleeced to their last penny. Dapper is one such client
subrleworks without any compunction of conscience. He gets looked by surly alone. Though he


is a man of rugged culture he simulates the dignified note of a doctor successfully. face is a fit
accomplice to subtle. He moves in and out of the play persuading various clients. He is
adventurous enough to let out his master‟s house for nefarious activities. He is shrewd observer
of men and women. Ben Jonson presented both subtle and face as
representative character of the cheats of the period. In the days of Jonson do swindlers practiced
alchemy to fool the gullible. Subtle fools Mammon and tribulation wholesome promising them
philosopher‟s stone is a typical product of the age of which hankers after wealth by any
method. London was the nest for swindlers like Subtle and Face. The fortune‟s lines of dame
plaint are reed by subtle. Dapper is cheated by the promises to show him the fairy queen. Jonson
criticizes the Puritanism of his day through the characters of Ananias and tribulation wholesome
Their hypocrisy is exposed by the author. surly is the only character who can see through the
tricks and escape the evil. There was ambition, greed, lust and. acquisitiveness in Jonson‟s
period. The Penaissancetoned up the living of the people and they acquired expensive tastes.
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They started hankering after more and more wealth. The superstitiuns people believed in the
philosopher‟s stone and elixir. Alchemy became an accepted method for amassing wealth in the
age of Jonson. Both Elizabeth and king James believed in the potential of alchemy. thus it came
to be a fit subject for Jonson.
Observance of classical unities Aristotle believes that the action must complete its course in “The
single revolution of the sun”
B.J observed
Unity of time
Unity of place
Unity of action in alchemist
The entire drama takes place more than a fortnight. The entire action takes place in the house of
Lovewit. The action found in the alchemist is „one and entire‟ – Swindling motives. broken at the
end by the appearance of the owner of the house.


For Non-Detailed Study

Kyd : The Spanish Tragedy
The Spanish Tragedy

-Thomas Kyd 1558 – 1594 did not go to any university but 7 members are called university wits.
John Lyle, Thomas Kyd, George Peele, Thomas Lodge, Robert Greene, Christopher Marlowe,
and Thomas Nash.
Lyle – 1557 – 1606 – Known for his prose romance
Eupheus
 Dramatic work consists of 8 comedies best are „Compaspe‟ and Endymion‟
Shakespeare‟s„Love‟s labour lost‟ and „ A midsummer‟ Nights‟ Dream owe much to his
example in using puns and all sorts of verbal fire work.
 From Lyle Shakespeare learned how to combine a courtly main plot with episodes.
 In comedy he was undeniable
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Shakespeare‟s first master
Lyle‟s allegorical style in „Endymion‟ and „Midas‟ is used by Shakespeare in „aAmid summer
Night‟s dream‟ and „Tempest‟.
 Popularised a style euphuistic style marked by antithesis, cross alliteration all kinds of far
fetched allusions to strange fauna and flora.
“As you like it” and „The winter‟s tale‟
 based on Euphuistic style novels
Kyd – 1557 – 1594
 Forerunner of Shakespeare educated at merchant Taylor‟s school.
 Known play „The Spanish tragedy
 Many scenes in this play are a source of inspiration to Shakespeare.
Example:-
1. Bel – imperia‟s Horatio‟s too brief love making and their parting interview heradds the last leave
taking of „Romeo and Juliet‟.
2. Hieronimo dissipating his energy in rhetorical outbursts is remniscent of Hamlet‟s irresolution.
Hamlet is for more complex than Hieronimo.


 Treatment of revenge motive in Hamlet is far subtler than Kyd‟s Spanish tragedy.
 Shakespeare is seen piling horror upon horror in „Titus Andronicus‟ is in the very vein of Kyd.
George Peele 1558 – 1597
 Studied at oxford, an actor writer of plays.
 Best works are
„ TheArrangement of Paris, „Edward II‟ , The battle of Aleazer, „The old Wives Tales‟ and
„David and Fair Bathsheba‟.
 The Arrangement of Paris‟ performed in 1584 before Queen Elizabeth. It is similar to John of
Gaunt‟s eloquent apostrophe in Shakespeare‟s Richard III.
 His greatest contribution to Elizabethan drama is his facile and fluent blank verse „shares with
Marlow the honour of intruding blankverse.
The Spanish Tragedy

-Revenge play
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st
1 work of Kyd, only typical work
 Play within the play
 First great revenge tragedy.
Characters:-
Andrea – Courtier of Spanish court (a person who is part of the court of a king or Queen)
Bel Imperia – Daughter of a duke of a castle.
Both are lovers.
Balthazar – Prince of Portugal.
War between Spain and Portugal
 Andrea was stain in the battle by Balthazar. His love affair was nipped in the bud. Funeral rites
were not performed properly. Three days after his death the rites were performed in a proper
manner by Horatio (friend of Andrea)- son of a knight marshal Hieronimo and the soul of
Andrea was carried by charon to the underworld. Three headed dog Cerberus guarding the
entrance and reached the hall – three judges
AeacusRhadamanthminos = debated how to treat Andrea.
1. He was a lover and he should be sent to pleasant fields.


2. As he died in war he should spend his time with the souls of great warriors like Hector and
Achilles groaning with everlasting pain
3. Mildest of the three-he had better send to Pluto – god of the underworld to be judged by him.
3 path – right side leading to fields of lovers and warriors. Left side – sinners were tortured to the
utmost extent. On the way to Pluto‟s court Andrea was exposed to such gruesome scenes as lxion
(who had tried to seduce Zews‟ wife Hera)
Prosperine – Pluto‟s wife was kind to Andrea because she has personally experienced the pangs
of unfulfilled love. So she instructed her messenger named Revenge to take the soul of Andrea to
earth so that he can watch the fate of Bel – imperia and the heartless Portuguese prince Balthazar
– who brought about Andrea‟s death.
 Revenge hold Andrea that he was slain by Balthazar and in turn his sweet heart Bel – Imperia
murdered him.
 Scene shifted to Portugal. The viceroy of Portugal is distraught (extremely upset and anxious)
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thinking that his son Balthazar was killed by enemies in the battle. He complains that the
Goddess of fortune is blind, deaf and inconstant like the wind.
Alexandro – a faithful servant expresses his hope that Balthazar might have only been
imprisoned and not killed by the Spanish.
Villuppo - A villainous attendant tells the viceroy that Alexandro shot down Balthazar under th
pretext of shooting down the Spanish General. The viceroy orders that if Balthazar is found out
to be dead thenAlexandro will be sentenced to death. Before the scene closes Villuppo expresses
satisfaction over the success of his scheme to ruin his enemy Alexandro.
Bel – imperia brings Horatio to a secluded place and asks him to narrate the circumstances
Andrea met with his tragic death.
Nemesis – The goddess of retribution (severe punishment for something that has done) grew
jealous of Andrea‟s velour. Nemesis brought a group of fresh halberdiers who stabbed Andrea‟s
horse to death and pulled him down. Balthazar took advantage of Andrea‟s helplessness and
finished him off.
Bel- says he ought to have slain him then and there to this Horatio replied how he got hold of
Andrea‟s carcass and properly performed all the funeral rites. He shows Andrea‟s scarf which he


had secured after Andrea‟s death. Bel said that it was she who had presented to him in her last
meeting. She allows to keep it for horatio in memory not only of his dear friend Andrea but also
of Bel.
Horatio termed it as second love.Bel use Horatio as a tool to avenge the death of Andrea.
Now Lorenzo and Balthazar came. Balthazar who is already in love with Bel imperia.Bel says
his heart is with hers and that he will die if she returns his heart to him. Bel wonders how a
heartless man, that is a man without a breathing organ manages to live. He praises her as
“perfection”, “beauty‟s bower”
Now Horatio picks up the glove
Bel asks him to keep it himself.
Bal‟s jealousy is roused. Lorenzo consoles Balthazar and to bring round his sister through
persistent efforts. Lorenzo guesses that Bel – is in love with some other knight. At once Lorenzo
calls Bel‟s confidant Pedringano who acted as go between in the past promoting her love for
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Andrea. At first Lorenzo promises to offer gold and land. Ped refuses to tell the truth. Then
Lorenzo threatened with death. On hearing Bel„ssecret love with Horatio, he assures Balthazar
that Bel can be won by „removing‟ Horatio
Horatio and Bel meet in Hieronimo‟s bower after nightfall. Hor calls her a star fairer than
Venus Bel reciprocates by comparing him to the God og war – Mars. They started to love.
Now pedrigano appears disguised bringing with him Lorenzo and Balthazar and some murders.
They catch hold of Horatio and hang him an a tree and stab him to death without mindingBel‟s
alarm.Hiernimo stumbles an his son‟s dead body and vows to avenge his death. He gets a letter
from Bel and Pedrigano about the murderes (Lorenzo and Balthazar) of his son. He is much
upset. Bel reprimands (not approve) Hieronimo for his inaction and threatens to take action
herself.
Now Balthazar invites Hieronimo to come ready for the entertainment to be presented on
the first right of the royal marriage. Hieronimo suggested to stage a tragedy of Soliman and
Perseda (played by balthazar) Perseda- charmug lady married to (played by Bel imperia) a knight
of Rhodes Soliman loved Perseda, wanted to possess her. He sought his bashaw‟s (played by
Hieronimo) help. But he said she would be free toMarry if her husband Erasto (played by


Lorenzo) was killed. The bashaw killed the knight of Rhodes and finally Lanyed himself. As for
Perseda, she thought that soliman was responsible for all this tragedyslew him and then slew
herself in order to escexpe from bashaw‟s tyranny.
Hieronimo assigns the role and ask the participants to talk in different languages. He says the
resultant confusion would add to the delight of the audience.
Arrangementswere made for the play within the play by Hieronimo. He asks Castilo to
lock the gallery after all the visitors take their seats and throw down the key to him. Hieronimo
advises himself not to let slip this glorious opportunity for revenge.
Hieronimo explains to the audience that these are all real murders. He shows his son‟s
dead body and tells them that he devised this gory (lot of blood violence) tragedy to avenge his
son‟s death. when forced to give further information he bites off his tongue. When forced to
write out his confession, he asks for a knife to sharpen his pen. when a knife is given to him he
stabs Lorenzo‟s father Cyprian (btother of a king of span) with it and stabs himself to death.
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King of Xpain carries his son‟s dead body
Portuguese vicrayeroypropetes „Balthazar‟s dead body.
Andrea is happy about the outcome. He hopes to get prosperine‟s permission to take the souls of
Hieronimo, Horatio Bel imperia andIsabetta (mother of Horatio) to the Elysian fields. As for the
villains Revenge plans endless tortures for them in hell. Thus the justice is established.
 Play writnin middle style rhetoric.
Hieronimo – central tisure of the play a virtual hero
wife Isabella night marshal ofspain
(Son) Horatio – was murdered by Lorenzo
(son of a duke of castile) (quite Elizabethan villian) he wanted his sister he marry Don Balthazar
– son of the king of Portugal.
Thomas Lodge 1558 – 1625
 Educated at oxford
 Wrote plays novels and poems
 His novel „Rosalind was the source of Shakespeare‟s „As you like it‟
 He is only a minor figure


Robert Greene 1560 – 1592

 Educated at Cambridge and Oxford many of the women Characters created by him remind us of
Shakespeare‟s women.
Christopher Marlowe
 from other university wits different .
 Man of fiery imagination.
 Shakespeare was first profoundly influenced by him
 Introduced blank verse.
Shakespeare‟s „Venus and Adonois‟ is inspired by Marlowe‟s „Hero and Leander‟ “His
Tamburlaine the great”, DR. Faustus‟, „The Jew of Malta” and “Edward II‟ gave him the place of
pre-eminence among other pre-Shakespearean playwrights.
 Prime creative force in English Literature.
 Provided big heroic subjects that appealed to imagination.
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Example:-
Tamburlaine – a world conqueror (first play)
Faustus – in pursuit of universal knowledge
Barnabas – fabulous dreams of wealth
Edward II – Nobility
 He gave life and reality in his work.
 He is greater than his contemporaries
Difference between Shakespeare and Marlowe
Shakespeare condemns overeaching ambition in Richard III and Macbeth
Marlowe evokes sympathy and admiration in Tamburlaine and Faustus
Ben Jonson : The Alchemist
The Alchemist (Satirical comedy)

– form of chemistry studied in middle ages believedtrying to discorer how to change ordinary
metal into gold. Ben Jonson (other name Benjamin) – 1573 – 1637
He said “Shakespeare was not of an age but for all time.‟
First play – Everyman in his humour (1598)


Every man out of his humour (1599) (less popular comedy)

Greatest classical comedies
volpone 1606
Epicene or the silent woman 1609
The Alchemist 1610
Tragedy
1st Sejanus 1603 (blood, black bile, yellow bile phlegm
2ndcastiline 1611 earth, water, fire and air)
Four humours
Four important humours in the theory of humours of Jonson. 1. Choler, 2. melancholy, 3.
phlegm, 4. bloodJonson has based this theory on the old physiology. These four humour
correspond with 1. moisture, 2. dryness, 3. heat, 4. Cold. The emergence of humour takes place
due to some kind of personality imbalance.
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In alchemist Ben Jonson makes an elaborate stuidy of human gullibility. Alchemist – supreme
masterpiece of in comedy. performed in 1610 and published in quarto in 1612. Plot of the play
Jonson is indebted to Plautus. The opening dialogue of the alchemist seems to recall a scene in
“Plautus” Mostellaairia”
Characters
Face and subtle – partness in a plan to cheat people
Dol common – another parter tries to control them (male servant a large home) society lady
entice mammon.
Face is a butler disguised as a captain
Subtitle
 Supposed to be an alchemist. One who transforms base metal into gold.
 All actions takes place in the house of Lovewit
character Epicure Mammon – a symbol of the human lust for wealth.
Surly – stands as a symbol of rationalization in the age of greed – riden London


 Subtle and Face form the hub of the activity in the play. Face the servant of the house disguises
as a captain subtle (the chemest)the assumes the role of Dr. Subtle. Their roles are intermingled
and both of them work individually for their mutual gain.
Dol common – a society lady to entice Epicure Mammon
Cap. Face brings in various client to Dr. Subtle who robs item of their money. Face and
Dolcommon also do it. The skill of Face his in trapping the clients to be (to take a lot of money
from by charging them too much) fleeced by them. He is a cunning chap who understands the
psychology of men. He promises what they want. Except surly all of them are fleeced by him.
Subtle – Greedy, sensual and totally Unscrumplous – endowed with (extremely bad) diabolical
intelligence. He knows the psychology of people and can size of up the desiresof the clients. He is full of
perverse logic easily convinces the clients. He explains the making of the philosopher‟s stone with
scientific precision..
Captain face plays an active role. His establishment (Lovewit‟s house) is like a spider‟s web in
which the stage in a flies stumble to be fleeced to their last penny. Dapper is one such client subrleworks
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without any compunction of conscience. He gets looked by surly alone. Though he is a man of rugged
culture he simulates the dignified note of a doctor successfully. face is a fit accomplice to subtle. He
moves in and out of the play persuading various clients. He is adventurous enough to let out his master‟s
house for nefarious activities. He is shrewd observer of men and women. Ben Jonson presented both
subtle and face as representative character of the cheats of the period. In the days of Jonson do swindlers
practiced alchemy to fool the gullible. Subtle fools Mammon and tribulation wholesome promising them
philosopher‟s stone is a typical product of the age of which hankers after wealth by any method.
London was the nest for swindlers like Subtle and Face. The fortune‟s lines of dame plaint are reed by
subtle. Dapper is cheated by the promises to show him the fairy queen. Jonson criticizes the Puritanism of
his day through the characters of Ananias and tribulation wholesome Their hypocrisy is exposed by the
author. surly is the only character who can see through the tricks and escape the evil. There was ambition,
greed, lust and. acquisitiveness in Jonson‟s period. The Penaissancetoned up the living of the people and
they acquired expensive tastes. They started hankering after more and more wealth.
The superstitiuns people believed in the philosopher‟s stone and elixir. Alchemy became an
accepted method for amassing wealth in the age of Jonson. Both Elizabeth and king James believed in the
potential of alchemy. thus it came to be a fit subject for Jonson. Observance of classical unities Aristotle
believes that the action must complete its course in “The single revolution of the sun”


B.J observed
Unity of time
Unity of place
Unity of action in alchemist
The entire drama takes place more than a fortnight. The entire action takes place in the house of
Lovewit. The action found in the alchemist is „one and entire‟ – Swindling motives. broken at the end by
the appearance of the owner of the house.
ALL THE BEST
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KAVIYA ONLINE COACHING CENTER PG TRB-ENGLISH UNIT-TEST -1

PG TRB –ENGLISH UNIT TEST -1 WITH ANSWERS

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10. Which of the following is not the quality of Elizabethan drama?

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c. The English and the German periods d. heroic pentametres.

29. The contemporary of Chaucer was

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a. the first book-binder of English b. the first printer of England

48. Morte d' Arthur was written by

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66. "My heart 1 gave thee, not to do it pain" appears in

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ALL THE BEST

Poetry For Detailed Study

Chaucer : Prologue to the Canterbury Tales

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in the reign of Edward III

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A shipman – a blend of merchant

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 wrote religious pamphlets.

Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400)

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The Faerie Queene Book-I

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 Only 6 books were completed

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Sans Loy – Symbol of Lawlessness

Edmund Spenser – 1552- 1599

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„The Faerie Queene‟ – masterpiece

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Epi – The finest of all his minor poem.

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1. Man in his home

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