Answers Chapter 8

Answers
Chapter 8
Experiment 8.2 (pg. 255 – 256)

Discussion:
1. To remove the oxide layer from the surface of the metal.
2. The rate of corrosion of stainless steel is lower compared to iron.
3. Copper block
4. The smaller the diameter of the dent, the harder the substance.
Test Yourself 8.1 (pg. 255 – 256)

1. (a) When a force is applied, the layers of atoms slide over each other. Pure metal is soft, that is ductile
and malleable.
(b) Foreign atoms (carbon atom) disturb the orderly arrangement of atoms in pure iron. The layers
of atoms are harder to move or slide over each other. Thus the addition of carbon strengthens the
structure of iron and makes iron stronger and harder.
2. (a) To make gold harder and stronger
18 6
(b) % gold = × 100 = 75%; % copper = × 100 = 25%
24 24
3. (a) Washing machines are in contact with water. Water and oxygen cause metals to rust. Stainless steel
is resistant to corrosion.
(b) Electrical cables are hung on tall poles. Aluminium alloy has low density.
(c) Pure gold is soft. Gold alloy is harder and stronger.
Test Yourself 8.2 (pg. 262)

1. (a) Fused silica glass (b) Sodium ion
80
2. Mass of silica, SiO2 = × 1000 g
100
= 800 g
15
Mass of boron oxide, B2O3 = × 1000 g
100
= 150 g
5
Mass of alumina, Al2O3 = × 1000 g
100
= 50 g
3. Advantages:
• The transparent property enables the food in the container to be visible
• Can be easily cleaned and does not leave any traces
• High heat resistance
Disadvantages:
• Heavy because lead glass has high density
• Risk of lead poisoning, as lead can dissolve and diffuse into food

1. (a) metal; organic
(b) Carbon, titanium carbide, silicon carbide
2. Can
• Hard and strong, that is, not easily broken
• Chemically inert, that is, safe to be used
• Has low expansion coefficient or resistant to heat, that is resistant to thermal shock
1
Cannot
• Expensive to produce
• Not transparent
3. Iron(II) oxide. Iron(II) compound contains Fe2+ ions that give it a green colour.

1. (a) Combination of two or more non-homogeneous substances
(b) Not suitable. Concrete is resistant to compression but is brittle due to its weak stretching strength
(c) The stretching weakness of concrete can be strengthened by inserting steel rods in concrete. The
steel rods are not brittle because it can withstand stretching.
(d) To build bridges and buildings
2. (a) Matrix substance: plastic; Strengthening substance: fibre glass
(b) • Has high strength-weight ratio
• Strong and durable (resistant towards compression and stretching forces)
• Does not pollute the water that it stores (chemically inert)
• Low building cost
3. (a) • Protective jacket
• Sheath layer
• Core
(b) To transmit information and data in the form of light reflection
(c) Transmission of high definition cable TV needs
• High capacity
• High speed
• High band width
Fibre optics use light that can send information faster than copper wire. Fibre optics have wider
band with compared to copper wire.
4. (a) Glass, silver chloride and copper(I) chloride
(b) Silver chloride
(c) • to make building windows
• to make camera lenses
Achievement Test 8 (pg. 273 – 274)

(4.0 – 0.8)
1. (a) % carbon that must be removed = × 100
4.0
= 80%
(b) (i) % chromium = 18%, % nickel = 8%, % carbon = 1%
(ii) Stainless steel does not rust when it is in contact with water and oxygen
2. (a) Silica, SiO2; soda (Na2CO3); lead(II) oxide (PbO)
(b) Advantages:
• Transparent / high refractive index
Disadvantages:
• High density / break easily (brittle) / low resistance to scratching / does not absorb UV rays
(c) Polycarbonate lens:
• Light
• Does not break easily when dropped
• Many attractive / unique lens design
• Eye safety – protection from UV rays
• High clarity
3. (a) Silicon dioxide and aluminium oxide
(b) Fe3+ ion
(c) Manufacture of ceramics and bricks
2
4. (a) Heat insulator / light / resistant to corrosion
(b) Heat insulator / electrical insulator
5. (a) Yttrium barium copper oxide ceramic, YBCO
(b) When temperature drops, the electrical resistance of metals that are not superconductors also drops
but the resistance does not disappear even though at the lowest temperature 0 K
When temperature drops, the electrical resistance of superconductor X also drops and the resistance
disappears at a very low critical temperature (4 K) – close to absolute zero, 0 K.
(c) Cool the substance in liquid nitrogen or helium
Enrichment Corner (pg. 274)

1. Silicon carbide has a giant structure and all the atoms are bonded together by strong covalent bonds.
Hence, a lot of energy is required to overcome the strong bonds.

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Answers

Experiment 8.2 (pg. 255 – 256)

Test Yourself 8.1 (pg. 255 – 256)

Test Yourself 8.2 (pg. 262)

Test Yourself 8.3 (pg. 265)

Test Yourself 8.4 (pg. 271)

Achievement Test 8 (pg. 273 – 274)

Enrichment Corner (pg. 274)

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