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Bit rate
In telecommunications and computing, bit rate (bitrate or as a
variable R) is the number of bits that are conveyed or processed Bit rates
per unit of time.[1] Name Symbol Multiple
bit per bit/s 1 1
The bit rate is expressed in the unit bit per second unit (symbol:
bit/s), often in conjunction with an SI prefix such as kilo second
(1  kbit/s  = 1,000  bit/s), mega (1  Mbit/s  = 1,000  kbit/s), giga Decimal prefixes (SI)
(1 Gbit/s = 1,000 Mbit/s) or tera (1 Tbit/s = 1,000 Gbit/s).[2] The
kilobit per kbit/s 103 10001
non-standard abbreviation bps is often used to replace the
standard symbol bit/s, so that, for example, 1  Mbps is used to second
mean one million bits per second. megabit Mbit/s 106 10002
per
In most computing and digital communication environments,
second
one byte per second (1 B/s) corresponds to 8 bit/s.
gigabit per Gbit/s 109 10003
second
Contents terabit per Tbit/s 1012 10004
second
Prefixes
Binary prefixes (IEC 80000-13)
In data communications
Gross bit rate kibibit per Kibit/s 210 10241
Information rate second
Network throughput mebibit Mibit/s 220 10242
Goodput (data transfer rate) per
Progress trends second
Multimedia gibibit per Gibit/s 230 10243
Encoding bit rate second
Audio tebibit per Tibit/s 240 10244
CD-DA second
MP3
Other audio
Video
Notes
See also
References
External links

Prefixes

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When quantifying large or small bit rates, SI prefixes (also known as metric prefixes or decimal
prefixes) are used, thus:[3]

0.001 bit/s = 1 mbit/s (one bit per thousand seconds)

1,000 bit/s = 1 kbit/s (one thousand bits per second)
1,000,000 bit/s = 1 Mbit/s (one million bits per second)
1,000,000,000 bit/s = 1 Gbit/s (one billion bits per second)

Binary prefixes are sometimes used for bit rates.[4][5]

The International Standard (IEC 80000-13)
specifies different abbreviations for binary and decimal (SI) prefixes (e.g. 1 KiB/s = 1024  B/s =
8192 bit/s, and 1 MiB/s = 1024 KiB/s).

In data communications

Gross bit rate

In digital communication systems, the physical layer gross bitrate,[6] raw bitrate,[7] data signaling
rate,[8] gross data transfer rate[9] or uncoded transmission rate[7] (sometimes written as a variable
Rb[6][7] or fb[10]) is the total number of physically transferred bits per second over a communication
link, including useful data as well as protocol overhead.

In case of serial communications, the gross bit rate is related to the bit transmission time
as:

The gross bit rate is related to the symbol rate or modulation rate, which is expressed in bauds or
symbols per second. However, the gross bit rate and the baud value are equal only when there are
only two levels per symbol, representing 0 and 1, meaning that each symbol of a data transmission
system carries exactly one bit of data; for example, this is not the case for modern modulation systems
used in modems and LAN equipment.[11]

For most line codes and modulation methods:

More specifically, a line code (or baseband transmission scheme) representing the data using pulse-
amplitude modulation with different voltage levels, can transfer . A digital
modulation method (or passband transmission scheme) using different symbols, for example
amplitudes, phases or frequencies, can transfer . This results in:

An exception from the above is some self-synchronizing line codes, for example Manchester coding
and return-to-zero (RTZ) coding, where each bit is represented by two pulses (signal states), resulting
in:

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A theoretical upper bound for the symbol rate in baud, symbols/s or pulses/s for a certain spectral
bandwidth in hertz is given by the Nyquist law:

In practice this upper bound can only be approached for line coding schemes and for so-called
vestigal sideband digital modulation. Most other digital carrier-modulated schemes, for example ASK,
PSK, QAM and OFDM, can be characterized as double sideband modulation, resulting in the
following relation:

In case of parallel communication, the gross bit rate is given by

where n is the number of parallel channels, Mi is the number of symbols or levels of the modulation in
the i-th channel, and Ti is the symbol duration time, expressed in seconds, for the i-th channel.

Information rate

The physical layer net bitrate,[12] information rate,[6] useful bit rate,[13] payload rate,[14] net
data transfer rate,[9] coded transmission rate,[7] effective data rate[7] or wire speed
(informal language) of a digital communication channel is the capacity excluding the physical layer
protocol overhead, for example time division multiplex (TDM) framing bits, redundant forward error
correction (FEC) codes, equalizer training symbols and other channel coding. Error-correcting codes
are common especially in wireless communication systems, broadband modem standards and
modern copper-based high-speed LANs. The physical layer net bitrate is the datarate measured at a
reference point in the interface between the datalink layer and physical layer, and may consequently
include data link and higher layer overhead.

In modems and wireless systems, link adaptation (automatic adaption of the data rate and the
modulation and/or error coding scheme to the signal quality) is often applied. In that context, the
term peak bitrate denotes the net bitrate of the fastest and least robust transmission mode, used for
example when the distance is very short between sender and transmitter.[15] Some operating systems
and network equipment may detect the "connection speed"[16] (informal language) of a network
access technology or communication device, implying the current net bit rate. Note that the term line
rate in some textbooks is defined as gross bit rate,[14] in others as net bit rate.

The relationship between the gross bit rate and net bit rate is affected by the FEC code rate according
to the following.

Net bit rate ≤ Gross bit rate · code rate

The connection speed of a technology that involves forward error correction typically refers to the
physical layer net bit rate in accordance with the above definition.

For example, the net bitrate (and thus the "connection speed") of an IEEE 802.11a wireless network is
the net bit rate of between 6 and 54  Mbit/s, while the gross bit rate is between 12 and 72  Mbit/s
inclusive of error-correcting codes.
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The net bit rate of ISDN2 Basic Rate Interface (2 B-channels + 1 D-channel) of 64+64+16 = 144 kbit/s
also refers to the payload data rates, while the D channel signalling rate is 16 kbit/s.

The net bit rate of the Ethernet 100Base-TX physical layer standard is 100  Mbit/s, while the gross
bitrate is 125 Mbit/second, due to the 4B5B (four bit over five bit) encoding. In this case, the gross bit
rate is equal to the symbol rate or pulse rate of 125 megabaud, due to the NRZI line code.

In communications technologies without forward error correction and other physical layer protocol
overhead, there is no distinction between gross bit rate and physical layer net bit rate. For example,
the net as well as gross bit rate of Ethernet 10Base-T is 10 Mbit/s. Due to the Manchester line code,
each bit is represented by two pulses, resulting in a pulse rate of 20 megabaud.

The "connection speed" of a V.92 voiceband modem typically refers to the gross bit rate, since there is
no additional error-correction code. It can be up to 56,000  bit/s downstreams and 48,000  bit/s
upstreams. A lower bit rate may be chosen during the connection establishment phase due to adaptive
modulation – slower but more robust modulation schemes are chosen in case of poor signal-to-noise
ratio. Due to data compression, the actual data transmission rate or throughput (see below) may be
higher.

The channel capacity, also known as the Shannon capacity, is a theoretical upper bound for the
maximum net bitrate, exclusive of forward error correction coding, that is possible without bit errors
for a certain physical analog node-to-node communication link.

net bit rate ≤ channel capacity

The channel capacity is proportional to the analog bandwidth in hertz. This proportionality is called
Hartley's law. Consequently, the net bit rate is sometimes called digital bandwidth capacity in bit/s.

Network throughput

The term throughput, essentially the same thing as digital bandwidth consumption, denotes the
achieved average useful bit rate in a computer network over a logical or physical communication link
or through a network node, typically measured at a reference point above the datalink layer. This
implies that the throughput often excludes data link layer protocol overhead. The throughput is
affected by the traffic load from the data source in question, as well as from other sources sharing the
same network resources. See also measuring network throughput.

Goodput (data transfer rate)

Goodput or data transfer rate refers to the achieved average net bit rate that is delivered to the
application layer, exclusive of all protocol overhead, data packets retransmissions, etc. For example,
in the case of file transfer, the goodput corresponds to the achieved file transfer rate. The file
transfer rate in bit/s can be calculated as the file size (in bytes) divided by the file transfer time (in
seconds) and multiplied by eight.

As an example, the goodput or data transfer rate of a V.92 voiceband modem is affected by the
modem physical layer and data link layer protocols. It is sometimes higher than the physical layer
data rate due to V.44 data compression, and sometimes lower due to bit-errors and automatic repeat
request retransmissions.

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If no data compression is provided by the network equipment or protocols, we have the following
relation:

goodput ≤ throughput ≤ maximum throughput ≤ net bit rate

for a certain communication path.

Progress trends

These are examples of physical layer net bit rates in proposed communication standard interfaces and
devices:

WAN modems Ethernet LAN WiFi WLAN Mobile data

1G:

1981: NMT 1200 bit/s

2G:

1972: Acoustic coupler 1991: GSM CSD and D-AMPS

1975: 14.4 kbit/s
300 baud
Experimental
1977: 1200 baud Vadic and 2003: GSM EDGE 296 kbit/s
2.94 Mbit/s
Bell 212A down, 118.4 kbit/s up
1981:
1986: ISDN introduced with 10 Mbit/s 3G:
two 64 kbit/s channels 10BASE5 1997: 802.11
(144 kbit/s gross bit rate) 2001: UMTS-FDD (WCDMA)
(coaxial 2 Mbit/s
384 kbit/s
1990: V.32bis modems: 2400 cable) 1999:
/ 4800 / 9600 / 19200 bit/s 2007: UMTS HSDPA 14.4 Mbit/s
1990: 802.11b
1994: V.34 modems with 10 Mbit/s 11 Mbit/s 2008: UMTS HSPA 14.4 Mbit/s
28.8 kbit/s 10BASE-T down, 5.76 Mbit/s up
1999:
1995: V.90 modems with (twisted pair) 802.11a 2009: HSPA+ (Without MIMO)
56 kbit/s downstreams, 1995: 54 Mbit/s 28 Mbit/s downstreams (56 Mbit/s
33.6 kbit/s upstreams 100 Mbit/s with 2×2 MIMO), 22 Mbit/s
2003:
Fast Ethernet upstreams
1999: V.92 modems with 802.11g
56 kbit/s downstreams, 1999: Gigabit 54 Mbit/s 2010: CDMA2000 EV-DO Rev. B
48 kbit/s upstreams Ethernet 14.7 Mbit/s downstreams
2007:
1998: ADSL (ITU G.992.1) 2003: 10 802.11n 2011: HSPA+ accelerated (With
up to 10 Mbit/s Gigabit 600 Mbit/s MIMO) 42 Mbit/s downstreams
2003: ADSL2 (ITU G.992.3) Ethernet 2012: Pre-4G:
up to 12 Mbit/s 2010: 100 802.11ac
Gigabit ~1000 Mbit/s 2007: Mobile WiMAX (IEEE
2005: ADSL2+ (ITU G.992.5) 802.16e) 144 Mbit/s down,
up to 26 Mbit/s Ethernet
35 Mbit/s up
2005: VDSL2 (ITU G.993.2) 2017:
200/400 2009: LTE 100 Mbit/s
up to 200 Mbit/s downstreams (360 Mbit/s with
Gigabit
2014: G.fast (ITU G.9701) up MIMO 2×2), 50 Mbit/s upstreams
Ethernet
to 1000 Mbit/s
5G

See also comparison of mobile

phone standards

For more examples, see list of device bit rates, spectral efficiency comparison table and OFDM system
comparison table.

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Multimedia
In digital multimedia, bitrate represents the amount of information, or detail, that is stored per unit
of time of a recording. The bitrate depends on several factors:

The original material may be sampled at different frequencies.

The samples may use different numbers of bits.
The data may be encoded by different schemes.
The information may be digitally compressed by different algorithms or to different degrees.

Generally, choices are made about the above factors in order to achieve the desired trade-off between
minimizing the bitrate and maximizing the quality of the material when it is played.

If lossy data compression is used on audio or visual data, differences from the original signal will be
introduced; if the compression is substantial, or lossy data is decompressed and recompressed, this
may become noticeable in the form of compression artifacts. Whether these affect the perceived
quality, and if so how much, depends on the compression scheme, encoder power, the characteristics
of the input data, the listener's perceptions, the listener's familiarity with artifacts, and the listening or
viewing environment.

The bitrates in this section are approximately the minimum that the average listener in a typical
listening or viewing environment, when using the best available compression, would perceive as not
significantly worse than the reference standard:

Encoding bit rate

In digital multimedia, bit rate refers to the number of bits used per second to represent a continuous
medium such as audio or video after source coding (data compression). The encoding bit rate of a
multimedia file is its size in bytes divided by the playback time of the recording (in seconds),
multiplied by eight.

For realtime streaming multimedia, the encoding bit rate is the goodput that is required to avoid
interrupt:

encoding bit rate = required goodput

The term average bitrate is used in case of variable bitrate multimedia source coding schemes. In this
context, the peak bit rate is the maximum number of bits required for any short-term block of
compressed data.[17]

A theoretical lower bound for the encoding bit rate for lossless data compression is the source
information rate, also known as the entropy rate.

entropy rate ≤ multimedia bit rate

Audio

CD-DA

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CD-DA, the standard audio CD, is said to have a data rate of 44.1 kHz/16, meaning that the audio data
was sampled 44,100 times per second and with a bit depth of 16. CD-DA is also stereo, using a left and
right channel, so the amount of audio data per second is double that of mono, where only a single
channel is used.

The bit rate of PCM audio data can be calculated with the following formula:

For example, the bit rate of a CD-DA recording (44.1 kHz sampling rate, 16 bits per sample and two
channels) can be calculated as follows:

The cumulative size of a length of PCM audio data (excluding a file header or other metadata) can be
calculated using the following formula:

The cumulative size in bytes can be found by dividing the file size in bits by the number of bits in a
byte, which is eight:

Therefore, 80 minutes (4,800 seconds) of CD-DA data requires 846,720,000 bytes of storage:

MP3

The MP3 audio format provides lossy data compression. Audio quality improves with increasing
bitrate:

32 kbit/s – generally acceptable only for speech

96 kbit/s – generally used for speech or low-quality streaming
128 or 160 kbit/s – mid-range bitrate quality
192 kbit/s – medium quality bitrate
256 kbit/s – a commonly used high-quality bitrate
320 kbit/s – highest level supported by the MP3 standard

Other audio
700 bit/s – lowest bitrate open-source speech codec Codec2, but barely recognizable yet, sounds
much better at 1.2 kbit/s
800 bit/s – minimum necessary for recognizable speech, using the special-purpose FS-1015
speech codecs
2.15 kbit/s – minimum bitrate available through the open-source Speex codec
6 kbit/s – minimum bitrate available through the open-source Opus codec
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8 kbit/s – telephone quality using speech codecs

32–500 kbit/s – lossy audio as used in Ogg Vorbis
256 kbit/s – Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB) MP2 bit rate required to achieve a high quality
signal[18]
292 kbit/s - Sony Adaptive Transform Acoustic Coding (ATRAC) for use on the MiniDisc Format
400 kbit/s–1,411 kbit/s – lossless audio as used in formats such as Free Lossless Audio Codec,
WavPack, or Monkey's Audio to compress CD audio
1,411.2 kbit/s – Linear PCM sound format of CD-DA
5,644.8 kbit/s – DSD, which is a trademarked implementation of PDM sound format used on
Super Audio CD.[19]
6.144 Mbit/s – E-AC-3 (Dolby Digital Plus), an enhanced coding system based on the AC-3 codec
9.6 Mbit/s – DVD-Audio, a digital format for delivering high-fidelity audio content on a DVD. DVD-
Audio is not intended to be a video delivery format and is not the same as video DVDs containing
concert films or music videos. These discs cannot be played on a standard DVD-player without
DVD-Audio logo.[20]
18 Mbit/s – advanced lossless audio codec based on Meridian Lossless Packing (MLP)

Video
16 kbit/s – videophone quality (minimum necessary for a consumer-acceptable "talking head"
picture using various video compression schemes)
128–384 kbit/s – business-oriented videoconferencing quality using video compression
400 kbit/s YouTube 240p videos (using H.264)[21]
750 kbit/s YouTube 360p videos (using H.264)[21]
1 Mbit/s YouTube 480p videos (using H.264)[21]
1.15 Mbit/s max – VCD quality (using MPEG1 compression)[22]
2.5 Mbit/s YouTube 720p videos (using H.264)[21]
3.5 Mbit/s typ – Standard-definition television quality (with bit-rate reduction from MPEG-2
compression)
3.8 Mbit/s YouTube 720p60 (60 FPS) videos (using H.264)[21]
4.5 Mbit/s YouTube 1080p videos (using H.264)[21]
6.8 Mbit/s YouTube 1080p60 (60 FPS) videos (using H.264)[21]
9.8 Mbit/s max – DVD (using MPEG2 compression)[23]
8 to 15 Mbit/s typ – HDTV quality (with bit-rate reduction from MPEG-4 AVC compression)
19 Mbit/s approximate – HDV 720p (using MPEG2 compression)[24]
24 Mbit/s max – AVCHD (using MPEG4 AVC compression)[25]
25 Mbit/s approximate – HDV 1080i (using MPEG2 compression)[24]
29.4 Mbit/s max – HD DVD
40 Mbit/s max – 1080p Blu-ray Disc (using MPEG2, MPEG4 AVC or VC-1 compression)[26]
250 Mbit/s max – DCP (using JPEG 2000 compression)
1.4 Gbit/s – 10-bit 4:4:4 Uncompressed 1080p at 24fps

Notes

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For technical reasons (hardware/software protocols, overheads, encoding schemes, etc.) the actual bit
rates used by some of the compared-to devices may be significantly higher than what is listed above.
For example, telephone circuits using µlaw or A-law companding (pulse code modulation) yield
64 kbit/s.

See also
Audio bit depth
Average bitrate
Bandwidth (computing)
Baud (symbol rate)
Bit-synchronous operation
Clock rate
Code rate
Constant bitrate
Data-rate units
Data signaling rate
List of interface bit rates
Measuring network throughput
Orders of magnitude (bit rate)
Spectral efficiency
Variable bitrate

References
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om/books?id=-kNn_p6WA38C&pg=PA21). PHI Learning. ISBN 9788120328464. Retrieved
10 July 2011.
2. International Electrotechnical Commission (2007). "Prefixes for binary multiples" (http://www.iec.c
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3. Jindal (2009), From millibits to terabits per second and beyond - Over 60 years of innovation (http
s://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/5166093/)
4. Schlosser, S. W., Griffin, J. L., Nagle, D. F., & Ganger, G. R. (1999). Filling the memory access
gap: A case for on-chip magnetic storage (No. CMU-CS-99-174). CARNEGIE-MELLON UNIV
PITTSBURGH PA SCHOOL OF COMPUTER SCIENCE.
5. "Monitoring file transfers that are in progress from WebSphere MQ Explorer" (http://pic.dhe.ibm.co
m/infocenter/wmqfte/v7r0/index.jsp?
topic=%2Fcom.ibm.wmqfte.doc%2Fmonitoring_transfers.htm). Retrieved 10 October 2014.
6. Guimarães, Dayan Adionel (2009). "section 8.1.1.3 Gross Bit Rate and Information Rate" (https://
books.google.com/books?id=x4jOplMbLx0C&q=gross+bit+rate&pg=PA692). Digital Transmission:
A Simulation-Aided Introduction with VisSim/Comm. Springer. ISBN 9783642013591. Retrieved
10 July 2011.
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e.com/books?id=WOCrSSfxE-EC&pg=PA133). John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9780470779439.
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9. Harte, Lawrence; Kikta, Roman; Levine, Richard (2002). 3G wireless demystified (https://books.go
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6WqsgKIMC&pg=PA30). Technical Publication. ISBN 9788184314519. Retrieved 10 July 2011.
11. Lou Frenzel. 27 April 2012,
"What’s The Difference Between Bit Rate And Baud Rate?" (http://ele
ctronicdesign.com/communications/what-s-difference-between-bit-rate-and-baud-rate).
Electronic
Design. 2012.
12. Theodory S. Rappaport, Wireless communications: principles and practice (https://books.google.c
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basics to H.261, H.263, H.264, MPEG4 for DVB and HSDPA-style adaptive turbo-transceivers (htt
ps://books.google.com/books?id=UPi04XAlfWQC&lpg=PA510&dq=%22useful%20bitrate%22&hl=
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14. V.S. Bagad, I.A. Dhotre, Data Communication Systems (https://books.google.com/books?id=srkN
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g=PA145#v=onepage&q=peak%20bit%20rate%20is&f=false), Artech House
16. Guy Hart-Davis,Mastering Microsoft Windows Vista home: premium and basic (https://books.goog
le.com/books?id=oLU1XDaiZv8C&lpg=PA704&dq=detection%20%22%20connection%20speed%
22%20windows&hl=sv&pg=PA704#v=onepage&q=connection%20speed&f=false), John Wiley
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17. Khalid Sayood, Lossless compression handbook (https://books.google.com/books?id=LjQiGwyab
VwC&pg=PA264&dq=%22peak+bit+rate%22&hl=en&ei=6zflTfGLNcXQsganv7n3BQ&sa=X&oi=bo
ok_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDcQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=%22peak%20bit%20rate%2
2&f=false), Academic Press, 2003.
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system and how it works http://downloads.bbc.co.uk/rd/pubs/whp/whp-pdf-files/WHP061.pdf
19. Extremetech.com, Leslie Shapiro, 2 July 2001. Surround Sound: The High-End: SACD and DVD-
Audio. (http://www.extremetech.com/article2/0,2845,1180143,00.asp) Archived (https://web.archiv
e.org/web/20091230154914/http://www.extremetech.com/article2/0%2C2845%2C1180143%2C0
0.asp) 30 December 2009 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 19 May 2010. 2 channels, 1-bit,
2822.4 kHz DSD audio (2×1×2,822,400)= 5,644,800 bits/s
20. "Understanding DVD-Audio" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120304060434/http://patches.sonic.c
om/pdf/white-papers/wp_dvd_audio.pdf) (PDF). Sonic Solutions. Archived from the original (http://
patches.sonic.com/pdf/white-papers/wp_dvd_audio.pdf) (PDF) on 4 March 2012. Retrieved
23 April 2014.
21. "YouTube bit rates" (https://support.google.com/youtube/answer/2853702?hl=en). Retrieved
10 October 2014.
22. "MPEG1 Specifications" (http://www.icdia.co.uk/cdprosupport/encoding/pink/mpeg1_specs.htm).
UK: ICDia. Retrieved 11 July 2011.
23. "DVD-MPEG differences" (http://dvd.sourceforge.net/dvdinfo/dvdmpeg.html). Sourceforge.
Retrieved 11 July 2011.
24. HDV Specifications (https://web.archive.org/web/20070108204541/http://www.hdv-info.org/HDVS
pecifications.pdf) (PDF), HDV Information, archived from the original (http://www.hdv-info.org/HDV
Specifications.pdf) (PDF) on 8 January 2007.
25. "Avchd Information" (http://www.avchd-info.org/format/). AVCHD Info. Retrieved 11 July 2011.

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26. "3.3 Video Streams" (http://www.blu-raydisc.com/assets/Downloadablefile/BD-ROM-AV-WhitePap

er_100604%281%29-15916.pdf) (PDF), Blu-ray Disc Format 2.B Audio Visual Application Format
Specifications for BD-ROM Version 2.4 (white paper), May 2010, p. 17.

External links
DVD-HQ bit rate calculator (http://dvd-hq.info/bitrate_calculator.php) Calculate bit rate for various
types of digital video media.
Maximum PC - Do Higher MP3 Bit Rates Pay Off? (http://www.maximumpc.com/article/do_higher
_mp3_bit_rates_pay_off?page=0%2C0)
Valid8 Data Rate Calculator (https://tools.valid8.com/#dataRate)

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