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    Biological Principles

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    nikita bajpai
    All living organisms maintain homeostasis, keeping a constant internal environment, as first proposed by Claude Bernard. Homeostasis applies not just to individual organisms but also biological systems from cells to the entire biosphere. There is unity among all living things in their basic cellular structure, chemical composition, and physical functioning, regardless of their uniqueness, and they all share a common origin, with all cells arising from pre-existing cells. A shared origin is suggested by all life using DNA and genes to replicate and transmit genetic information in the same way.

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    Biological Principles

    Uploaded by

    nikita bajpai
    46 views3 pages
    All living organisms maintain homeostasis, keeping a constant internal environment, as first proposed by Claude Bernard. Homeostasis applies not just to individual organisms but also biological systems from cells to the entire biosphere. There is unity among all living things in their basic cellular structure, chemical composition, and physical functioning, regardless of their uniqueness, and they all share a common origin, with all cells arising from pre-existing cells. A shared origin is suggested by all life using DNA and genes to replicate and transmit genetic information in the same way.

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    All living organisms maintain homeostasis, keeping a constant internal environment, as first proposed by Claude Bernard. Homeostasis applies not just to individual organisms but also biological systems from cells to the entire biosphere. There is unity among all living things in their basic cellular structure, chemical composition, and physical functioning, regardless of their uniqueness, and they all share a common origin, with all cells arising from pre-existing cells. A shared origin is suggested by all life using DNA and genes to replicate and transmit genetic information in the same way.

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    46 views3 pages

    Biological Principles

    Uploaded by

    nikita bajpai
    All living organisms maintain homeostasis, keeping a constant internal environment, as first proposed by Claude Bernard. Homeostasis applies not just to individual organisms but also biological systems from cells to the entire biosphere. There is unity among all living things in their basic cellular structure, chemical composition, and physical functioning, regardless of their uniqueness, and they all share a common origin, with all cells arising from pre-existing cells. A shared origin is suggested by all life using DNA and genes to replicate and transmit genetic information in the same way.

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    Biological principles

    Homeostasis
    The concept of homeostasis—that living things maintain a constant
    internal environment—was first suggested in the 19th century by
    French physiologist Claude Bernard, who stated that “all the vital
    mechanisms, varied as they are, have only one object: that of
    preserving constant the conditions of life.”

    As originally conceived by Bernard, homeostasis applied to the


    struggle of a single organism to survive. The concept was later
    extended to include any biological system from the cell to the
    entire biosphere, all the areas of Earth inhabited by living things.
    Unity
    All living organisms, regardless of their uniqueness, have certain
    biological, chemical, and physical characteristics in common. All,
    for example, are composed of basic units known as cells and of the
    same chemical substances, which, when analyzed, exhibit
    noteworthy similarities, even in such disparate organisms
    as bacteria and humans. Furthermore, since the action of any
    organism is determined by the manner in which its cells interact
    and since all cells interact in much the same way, the basic
    functioning of all organisms is also similar.
    cells
    Animal cells and plant cells contain membrane-bound organelles, including a distinct nucleus. In
    contrast, bacterial cells do not contain organelles.
    Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
    There is not only unity of basic living substance and functioning but
    also unity of origin of all living things. According to a theory
    proposed in 1855 by German pathologist Rudolf Virchow, “all living
    cells arise from pre-existing living cells.” That theory appears to be
    true for all living things at the present time under existing
    environmental conditions. If, however, life originated on Earth
    more than once in the past, the fact that all organisms have a
    sameness of basic structure, composition, and function would seem
    to indicate that only one original type succeeded.

    A common origin of life would explain why in humans or bacteria—


    and in all forms of life in between—the same chemical substance,
    deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), in the form of genes accounts for the
    ability of all living matter to replicate itself exactly and to transmit
    genetic information from parent to offspring. Furthermore, the
    mechanisms for that transmittal follow a pattern that is the same in
    all organisms.

    Whenever a change in a gene (a mutation) occurs, there is a change


    of some kind in the organism that contains the gene. It is this
    universal phenomenon that gives rise to the differences (variations)
    in populations of organisms from which nature selects for survival
    those that are best able to cope with changing conditions in
    the environment.

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