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    Magnetism: Fundamental Quantities of Magnetism

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    James Adib
    Magnetic materials can be classified as diamagnetic, paramagnetic, or ferromagnetic based on their magnetic properties. [1] Ferromagnetic materials, such as iron, nickel, and cobalt, are strongly attracted to magnetic fields and retain residual magnetism after the external field is removed. [2] The hysteresis loop characterizes the magnetic behavior of ferromagnetic materials and shows properties like saturation magnetization, remanent magnetization, coercivity, and retentivity. [3] Soft magnetic materials have small hysteresis loops and are used in applications requiring rapid magnetization changes like transformers, while hard magnetic materials have large loops and are used in permanent magnets.

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    Magnetism: Fundamental Quantities of Magnetism

    Uploaded by

    James Adib
    34 views7 pages
    Magnetic materials can be classified as diamagnetic, paramagnetic, or ferromagnetic based on their magnetic properties. [1] Ferromagnetic materials, such as iron, nickel, and cobalt, are strongly attracted to magnetic fields and retain residual magnetism after the external field is removed. [2] The hysteresis loop characterizes the magnetic behavior of ferromagnetic materials and shows properties like saturation magnetization, remanent magnetization, coercivity, and retentivity. [3] Soft magnetic materials have small hysteresis loops and are used in applications requiring rapid magnetization changes like transformers, while hard magnetic materials have large loops and are used in permanent magnets.

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    2. Magnetism

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    Magnetic materials can be classified as diamagnetic, paramagnetic, or ferromagnetic based on their magnetic properties. [1] Ferromagnetic materials, such as iron, nickel, and cobalt, are strongly attracted to magnetic fields and retain residual magnetism after the external field is removed. [2] The hysteresis loop characterizes the magnetic behavior of ferromagnetic materials and shows properties like saturation magnetization, remanent magnetization, coercivity, and retentivity. [3] Soft magnetic materials have small hysteresis loops and are used in applications requiring rapid magnetization changes like transformers, while hard magnetic materials have large loops and are used in permanent magnets.

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    Download as pdf or txt
    34 views7 pages

    Magnetism: Fundamental Quantities of Magnetism

    Uploaded by

    James Adib
    Magnetic materials can be classified as diamagnetic, paramagnetic, or ferromagnetic based on their magnetic properties. [1] Ferromagnetic materials, such as iron, nickel, and cobalt, are strongly attracted to magnetic fields and retain residual magnetism after the external field is removed. [2] The hysteresis loop characterizes the magnetic behavior of ferromagnetic materials and shows properties like saturation magnetization, remanent magnetization, coercivity, and retentivity. [3] Soft magnetic materials have small hysteresis loops and are used in applications requiring rapid magnetization changes like transformers, while hard magnetic materials have large loops and are used in permanent magnets.

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    of 7

    Magnetism

    Magnetism is the force that causes a magnet attract or repel a magnetic material.

    Fundamental Quantities of Magnetism

    Magnetic Field
    Magnetic field is the area around a magnet where an object influenced by the magnet. Magnetic
    Lines of force are imaginary line representing the direction of magnetic field.

    Figure: Magnetic field and magnetic field lines


    Magnetic Flux
    Magnetic flux is the number of magnetic lines of force passing normally through any surface
    placed in a magnetic field. Magnetic flux can be denoted as Φ.

    Figure: Magnetic flux


    Magnetic Flux density or Magnetic induction or Magnetic Field
    The amount of magnetic flux passing through a unit area is called magnetic flux density or
    magnetic induction.

    Magnetic Induction,

    Magnetic Permeability
    The ability of the material to conduct magnetic lines of force through it is called the magnetic
    permeability of that material. The ratio between magnetic induction and magnetic field intensity
    is known as magnetic permeability.

    Magnetic field Intensity


    The ratio between the magnetic field and magnetic permeability at any point is known as
    magnetic intensity. It can be expressed as.

    Magnetic moment
    The magnetic moment (or magnetic dipole moment) of an object is a measure of the object's
    tendency to align with a magnetic field. It can be denoted as ‘m’.

    Magnetization
    Magnetization can be define as the magnetic moment per unit volume of a magnetic material.
    Magnetization is denoted by M.

    Magnetic Susceptibility
    The magnetic susceptibility of a magnetic material can be defined as the ratio of the
    magnetization and the magnetic field intensity.
    Basically, it is a quantity which describes the magnetic response of a substance to an applied
    magnetic field.
    Name Relationship S.I. Unit
    Magnetic flux Wb

    Magnetic flux density Wb/m2 or Tesla


    Magnetic Induction
    Magnetic Field

    Magnetic field Intensity Am-1

    Magnetic Permeability Wb A-1 m-1 or Hm-1

    Magnetic dipole moment m Am2


    Magnetization Am-1

    Magnetic susceptibility No unit

    Problem 1:
    If 1.6×103 Am-1 is the intensity of a magnetic field that produced 2.4×10-5 Wb magnetic flux
    in an iron rod of area 0.2×10-4 m2. Find the value of magnetic induction and magnetic
    permeability.
    Solution:
    (a) We Know that, Here,
    Magnetic Induction, Magnetic field intensity, H = 1.6×103 Am-1
    Magnetic flux, ϕ = 2.4×10-5 Wb
    Area, A = 0.2×10-4 m2

    Or,
    B = 1.2 Wb/m2 (or Tesla)

    (b) Magnetic Permeability,

    Or,
    µ= 7.5 × 10-4 Wb A-1 m-1

    Problem 2:
    If the length of an iron bar is 0.4m and area is 5×10-4 m2. It induced 24×10-4 Am2 magnetic
    dipole moment in a magnetic field of intensity 30 Am-1. Find the value of-
    a) Magnetization
    b) Magnetic Susceptibility

    Types of Magnetic Materials


    1) Diamagnetic Materials
    2) Paramagnetic Materials
    3) Ferromagnetic Materials

    Differences between Diamagnetic, Paramagnetic and Ferromagnetic materials


    Diamagnetic materials Paramagnetic materials Ferromagnetic materials
    Weakly repelled by a magnet. Weakly attracted by a Strongly attracted by a
    magnet. magnet.
    There is no permanent It has permanent magnetic It also have permanent
    magnetic dipole moment dipole moment magnetic dipole moment
    There is no Curie temperature There is no Curie temperature There is a Curie temperature
    Magnetic permeability µ<1 Magnetic permeability µ>1 Magnetic permeability µ>>1
    Magnetic susceptibility χ< 0 Magnetic susceptibility χ> 0 Magnetic susceptibility χ>> 0

    Magnetic susceptibility not


    depends on temperature.
    Diamond, Gold Platinum, Lithium. Iron, Nickel, Cobalt

    Curie temperature
    Curie temperature is the temperature at which the ferromagnetic material loses its property and
    becomes paramagnetic.

    Magnetic Hysteresis Loop

    When a ferromagnetic material is magnetized in one direction, it will not relax back to
    zero magnetization when the imposed magnetizing field is removed. It must be driven
    back to zero by a field in the opposite direction. If an alternating magnetic field is
    applied to the material, its magnetization will trace out a loop called a hysteresis loop.

     This property of ferrromagnetic materials is useful as a magnetic "memory". Some


    compositions of ferromagnetic materials will retain an imposed magnetization
    indefinitely and are useful as "permanent magnets". The magnetic memory aspects
    of iron and chromium oxides make them useful in audio tape recording and for the
    magnetic storage of data on computer disks.

    Facts from Hysteresis Loop

    1. Saturation Magnetization: It is the maximum magnetization that can be induced by an


    external magnetic field within a material.
    2. Remanent Magnetization: Remanent magnetization is the magnetization left behind in
    a ferromagnetic material (such as iron) after an external magnetic field is removed
    3. Retentivity: It is the ability of ferromagnetic material to remain its magnetism, even
    when the magnetizing field is removed from the system.
    4. Coercive Force: The amount of reverse magnetic field which must be applied to a
    magnetic material to make the magnetic flux return to zero. It is that value of magnetic
    field (H) which is required to reduce the residual magnetic flux density (B) of the
    ferromagnetic material to zero.
    5. Coercivity: A measure of the reverse field needed to drive the magnetization to zero after
    being saturated.

    Importance of Hysteresis loops:


    Hysteresis loops are important in the construction of several electrical devices that are subject to
    rapid magnetism reversals or require memory storage. Soft magnetic materials (i.e. those with
    smaller and narrower hysteresis areas) and their rapid magnetism reversals are useful in electrical
    machinery that require minimal energy dissipation. Transformers and cores found in electric
    motors benefit from these types of materials as there is less energy wasted in the form of
    heat. Hard magnetic materials (i.e. loops with larger areas) have much higher retentivity and
    coercivity. This results in higher remnant magnetization useful in permanent magnets where
    demagnetization is difficult to achieve. Hard magnetic materials are also useful in
    memory devices such as audio recording, computer disk drives, and credit cards. The high
    coercivity found in these materials ensure that memory is not easily erased.
    Soft and Hard magnetic material
    Soft magnetic materials Hard magnetic materials
    They can be easily magnetized They cannot be easily magnetized
    Hysteresis loop area is small. Hysteresis loop area is large.
    They have low remanent magnetization They have high remanent magnetization
    They have low coercivity They have high coercivity
    Susceptibility and permeability values are Susceptibility and permeability values are low
    high
    Uses: Transformer, motors, generators, Uses: Permanent magnet, speakers,
    recording media. microphones, etc.

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