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    Nanomagnetism: R. A. Buhrman

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    Mohammad Rameez
    Nanomagnetism involves the study of magnetism at the nanoscale. Key developments include the discovery of ferromagnetic domains to reduce magnetic energy, the production of hard ferromagnets like NdFeB magnets with optimized grain sizes, and recent work on spin transfer effects in nanomagnets. Spin transfer effects allow current-induced switching of nanomagnets for potential applications in magnetic memory and high-frequency devices. Continued research aims to overcome challenges like thermal fluctuations to utilize spin phenomena at the nanoscale.

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    Nanomagnetism: R. A. Buhrman

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    Mohammad Rameez
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    Nanomagnetism involves the study of magnetism at the nanoscale. Key developments include the discovery of ferromagnetic domains to reduce magnetic energy, the production of hard ferromagnets like NdFeB magnets with optimized grain sizes, and recent work on spin transfer effects in nanomagnets. Spin transfer effects allow current-induced switching of nanomagnets for potential applications in magnetic memory and high-frequency devices. Continued research aims to overcome challenges like thermal fluctuations to utilize spin phenomena at the nanoscale.

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    Nanomagnetism involves the study of magnetism at the nanoscale. Key developments include the discovery of ferromagnetic domains to reduce magnetic energy, the production of hard ferromagnets like NdFeB magnets with optimized grain sizes, and recent work on spin transfer effects in nanomagnets. Spin transfer effects allow current-induced switching of nanomagnets for potential applications in magnetic memory and high-frequency devices. Continued research aims to overcome challenges like thermal fluctuations to utilize spin phenomena at the nanoscale.

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    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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    27 views26 pages

    Nanomagnetism: R. A. Buhrman

    Uploaded by

    Mohammad Rameez
    Nanomagnetism involves the study of magnetism at the nanoscale. Key developments include the discovery of ferromagnetic domains to reduce magnetic energy, the production of hard ferromagnets like NdFeB magnets with optimized grain sizes, and recent work on spin transfer effects in nanomagnets. Spin transfer effects allow current-induced switching of nanomagnets for potential applications in magnetic memory and high-frequency devices. Continued research aims to overcome challenges like thermal fluctuations to utilize spin phenomena at the nanoscale.

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    of 26

    Nanomagnetism

    R. A. Buhrman Center for Nanoscale Systems (www.cns.cornell.edu) Cornell University

    Magnetism!
    Before

    Nanoscience and Nanotechnology


    there was

    The nation that controls magnetism will control the universe!

    Master of Magnetism

    Magneto

    Magnetism
    From Lodestones to Nanomagnets and Spin Torque

    70 nm

    130 nm

    Lodestone or Loadstone (Chinese Loving Stone)

    Magnetite A black, isometric, strongly magnetic, opaque mineral of the spinel group, (Fe3O4). It constitutes an important ore of iron. Magnetite is a very common and widely distributed accessory mineral in rocks of all kinds Thales of Miletus is credited with discovering that amber rubbed with wool or fur attracts light bodies such as pieces of dry leaves or bits of straw, and observing that lodestone attracts iron and other lodestones.

    How is magnetite magnetized in nature? One proposal is that this occurs during lighting strikes when strong fields are generated by the current passing through the mineral.

    www.phy6.org/earthmag/lodeston.htm

    The First Magnetic Technology


    This is one of the earliest magnetic compasses: A floating fish-shaped iron leaf, mentioned in the Wu Ching Tsung Yao which was written around 1040. The book describes how iron can be heated and quenched to produce thermoremanent magnetisation.

    Zheng He

    Columbus

    The Study of Magnetism Begins the Age of Scientific Research

    William Gilbert wrote De Magnete, arguably the first modern scientific research text, with experimental results and interpretation, in 1600. The book starts with a resolve to strip away all myth from the subject and reason from observation: "In follies and fables do philosophers of the vulgar sort take delight; and with such like do they cram readers a-hungered for things obtruse, and every ignorant gaper for nonsense. But when the nature of the lodestone shall have been by our labours and experiments tested, then will the hidden and recondite but real causes of this great effect be brought forward, proven , demonstrated...and the foundations of a grand magnetic science being laid will appear anew, so that high intellect may no more be deluded by vain opinions"

    Uniting Electricity and Magnetism


    1820 -Oersted discovers that electrical currents create magnetic fields

    1831 Faraday discovers that changing magnetic fields create electric fields Faraday induction

    Two results: The development of a fundamental understanding of electromagnetism. Strong technological need for better magnetic materials and stronger magnets.

    Ferromagnetic Domains
    The magnetic energy of a ferromagnet is reduced via the formation of domains Ideal single crystal behavior of a magnetically soft material

    More typically, in polycrystalline ferromagnets domains are irregular in form and not perfectly matched Domain size set by energy cost of forming domain walls balanced by the energy reduction by formation of domains Domain wall thickness ~ 10 1000+ nm.

    Ferromagnets Hard and Soft


    <M> = 0 <M> = Msat

    H > Hc, coercive field Msat Hc If after H > Hc <M> = Msat for H < < Hc, hard ferromagnet If after H > Hc <M> << Msat for H < < Hc, soft ferromagnet

    Hard

    Soft

    How to obtain a hard ferromagnet?


    Use magnetic anisotropy and optimal grain (micro-crystallite) size Grain size should be small enough that only one domain fits readily into a grain, but not too small, i.e. between 10 and 100 nm. magnetic anisotropy crystalline anisotropy

    Magnetic anisotropy and crystal structure of Co

    Development of Hard Ferromagnets

    A lodestone magnet from the 1750's and typical ferrite and rare earth used in modern appliances. Each of these contain about 1J of magnetic energy.

    The number of magnets in the family car has increased from one in the 1950's to over thirty today. Over 30g of magnets are produced annually for each person on Earth.

    Production of NdFeB Magnets General Motors 1980s


    Currently the highest energy density (MsatHc) magnetic material known The crystal structure and components combine to yield high Msat The grain size has to be just right to get the highest possible Hc

    Getting the grain size right

    Electron microscope image of NdFeBNb ferromagnet with different grain sizes made by spin quenching. Which material is the hard ferromagnet? Which one is the soft ferromagnet?

    Shape Anisotropy and Magnetic Memory


    Shape anisotropy for ferromagnetic thin films, often restricts domains to lie in-plane
    500 nm

    In patterned films domains lie in elongated direction


    Applied Field 0 Oe 300 nm 20 Oe 20 Oe 20 Oe 20 Oe Time

    Image of in-plane domain structure of a 3 nm thick NiFe (permalloy) film

    Single domain switching behavior of patterned NiFe thin film nanomagnet

    Nanomagnets and the Super-Paramagnetic Limit


    How small is too small? If a magnetic domain, either a patterned ferromagnetic structure or single ferromagnet grain is too small, it becomes super-paramagnetic despite its anisotropy. Then, due to random thermal energy, Brownian energy, the domain will fluctuate randomly between its possible, preferential, directions. Magnetic energy required to flip domain Average rate of flipping 130 nm electron microscope image of thin film NiFe nanomagnet

    60 nm

    Emag = 1 M sat H c Vol 2

    = e

    = 1 = mean lifetime or time spent in one of the possible magnetic states. 0 -1 = rate the magnet attempts to flip ~ 109 /sec

    1 Emag / k BT 0

    For data storage we require > 10 years. As Vol becomes smaller, Hc must become larger. Challenge for nanoscale magnetic memory

    A New Approach for Magnetic Memory


    Current approach to MRAM: MTJs switched with magnetic field. As nanomagnets get smaller,need more current - bigger wires. Also have half-select problem

    A New Approach for Magnetic Memory


    Current approach to MRAM: MTJs switched with magnetic field. As nanomagnets get smaller,need more current - bigger wires. Also have half-select problem Possible future MRAM: nanomagnets switched with spin polarized current

    New discovery: Predicted in 1996 by IBM scientist, John Slonczewski Actually observed in 1992 at Cornell but not understood until later

    Giant Magnetoresistance as a Spin Filtering Effect


    Down spins have been filtered out. Eventually the transmitted up-spin electrons relax to equal numbers of up and down. Takes about 100 nm. Magnetic Layer

    Parallel layers: low resistance

    Antiparallel layers: high resistance

    Spin Transfer Something Even Newer in Nanomagnetism


    Spin filtering of polarized electrons that are not parallel to a magnet can be viewed as the ferromagnet exerting a torque on the spin of the electron. A quantum physics effect. By Newtons third law there must also be a reaction torque ferromagnet
    Electron Flow

    on the

    Source of spin polarized electrons

    The Spin Transfer Effect

    FM

    - spin of electron - local moment of ferromagnet

    The Spin Transfer Effect


    If the amplitude of the spin-polarized current is high enough the result is the excitation of the nanomagnet reversal of the nanomagnet moment in low field, steady state precession of the moment in high field. . FM

    - spin of electron - local moment of ferromagnet

    Spin-Torque Driven Nanomagnet Dynamics

    Gyroscopic motion of magnet


    st Heff d m

    Spin-Torque Driven Nanomagnet Dynamics Gyroscopic motion of magnet

    No applied magnetic field

    Strong applied magnetic field Microwave oscillations 1 80 GHz

    Reversible Spin Transfer Switching of Nanomagnets How it works


    Electron Flow (fixed) (free) Electron Flow (fixed) (free)

    Fixed magnet

    Free magnet

    Left-going electrons are partially reflected back by fixed layer Reflected electrons exert opposite torque on free layer => anti-parallel alignment is favored

    Fixed layer is larger or otherwise pinned so that spin transfer from the current does not excite it Right-going electrons exert torque on free layer favoring parallel alignment

    Spin Torque Driven Magnetic Reversal


    Cu free layer fixed layer Cu Py (2 nm) Cu (6 nm) Py (12 nm)

    ~40 nm

    ~120 nm

    Nanopillar

    Requires nanoscale magnets

    5.5

    5.5

    dV/dI [Ohm]

    dV/dI [Ohm]
    -600 0 +600

    5.3

    5.3

    5.1

    5.1

    -1

    -0.5

    0.5

    Magnetic Field [G]

    Current [mA]

    Flipping the thin (free) layer with a magnet

    Flipping the thin (free) layer with current

    Future Applications of Spin Torque Effects in Nanomagnets

    Scalable nanoscale memory


    Universal replacement for Si memory in computers Fast (1 ns), low-power and non-volatile instant on computers Nanoscale microwave sources Communications and signal processing applications

    At the nanoscale, new spin phenomena become accessible and some physics challenges, such as thermal fluctuations, become far more important.

    Our objective is: To understand and hence better control nanoscale spin and magnetic phenomena, To overcome the physics and materials challenges to make them useful in technology and beneficial for society .

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