STUDENTSFOCUS.

COM

VALLIAMMAI ENGINEERING COLLEGE

SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur – 603 203.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

EC6702 – OPTICAL COMMUNICATION AND NETWORKS

QUESTION BANK
IV- YEAR VII SEM
ACDEMIC YEAR: 2018-2019 ODD SEMESTER

Prepared by

1. Dr. S. Ramesh, Associate Professor/ ECE

2. Mrs.S.Subbulakshmi, AP/SG ECE
3. Mrs.K.Arthi, AP/OG ECE
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SUBJECT : EC6702 – OPTICAL COMMUNICATION AND NETWORKS
SEM / YEAR: VII / IV year B.E.
OBJECTIVES:
 To facilitate the knowledge about optical fiber sources and transmission techniques
 To Enrich the idea of optical fiber networks algorithm such as SONET/SDH and optical
CDMA.
 To explore the trends of optical fiber measurement systems.

UNIT I INTRODUCTION TO OPTICAL FIBERS 9

Evolution of fiber optic system- Element of an Optical Fiber Transmission link-- Total internal
reflection-Acceptance angle –Numerical aperture – Skew rays Ray Optics-Optical Fiber Modes and
Configurations -Mode theory of Circular Wave guides- Overview of Modes-Key Modal concepts-
Linearly Polarized Modes -Single Mode Fibers-Graded Index fiber structure.

UNIT II SIGNAL DEGRADATION OPTICAL FIBERS 9

Attenuation - Absorption losses, Scattering losses, Bending Losses, Core and Cladding losses, Signal
Distortion in Optical Wave guides-Information Capacity determination -Group Delay-Material
Dispersion, Wave guide Dispersion, Signal distortion in SM fibers-Polarization Mode dispersion,
Intermodal dispersion, Pulse Broadening in GI fibers-Mode Coupling -Design Optimization of SM
fibers-RI profile and cut-off wavelength.

UNIT III FIBER OPTICAL SOURCES AND COUPLING 9

Direct and indirect Band gap materials-LED structures -Light source materials -Quantum efficiency
and LED power, Modulation of a LED, lasers Diodes-Modes and Threshold condition -Rate
equations-External Quantum efficiency -Resonant frequencies -Laser Diodes, Temperature effects,
Introduction to Quantum laser, Fiber amplifiers- Power Launching and coupling, Lencing schemes,
Fiber -to- Fiber joints, Fiber splicing-Signal to Noise ratio , Detector response time.

UNIT IV FIBER OPTIC RECEIVER AND MEASUREMENTS 9

Fundamental receiver operation, Pre amplifiers, Error sources – Receiver Configuration– Probability
of Error – Quantum limit. Fiber Attenuation measurements- Dispersion measurements – Fiber
Refractive index profile measurements – Fiber cut- off Wave length Measurements – Fiber Numerical
Aperture Measurements – Fiber diameter measurements.
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UNIT V OPTICAL NETWORKS AND SYSTEM TRANSMISSION 9

Basic Networks – SONET / SDH – Broadcast – and –select WDM Networks –Wavelength Routed
Networks – Nonlinear effects on Network performance –-Link Power budget -Rise time budget-
Noise Effects on System Performance-Operational Principles of WDM Performance of WDM +
EDFA system – Solutions – Optical CDMA – Ultra High Capacity Networks.

TOTAL: 45 PERIODS

OUTCOMES:
Upon completion of the course, students will be able to:
Discuss the various optical fiber modes, configurations and various signal degradation
On factors
Associated with optical fiber.
 Explain the various optical sources and optical detectors and their use in the optical
Communication system.
 Analyze the digital transmission and its associated parameters on system performance.

TEXT BOOKS:
1. Gerd Keiser, "Optical Fiber Communication" Mc Graw -Hill International, 4th Edition., 2010.
2. John M. Senior , “Optical Fiber Communication”, Second Edition, Pearson Education, 2007.
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UNIT I INTRODUCTION TO OPTICAL FIBERS 9
Evolution of fiber optic system- Element of an Optical Fiber Transmission link-- Total internal
reflection-Acceptance angle –Numerical aperture – Skew rays Ray Optics-Optical Fiber Modes and
Configurations -Mode theory of Circular Wave guides- Overview of Modes-Key Modal concepts-Linearly
Polarized Modes -Single Mode Fibers-Graded Index fiber structure.
PART A
Q. BT Domain
Questions
No Level

1. Mention attenuation constant of a fiber. BTL 1 Remembering

2. Recall numerical aperture of a step index fiber. BTL 1 Remembering

3. Define critical angle. BTL 1 Remembering

4. What is total internal reflection in a fiber? BTL 1 Remembering

5. State Snell’s law. BTL 1 Remembering

6. Describe linearly polarized mode? BTL 1 Remembering

7. Illustrate the necessity of cladding for an optical fiber. BTL 2 Understanding

8. Relate the mode-field diameter and spot size. BTL 2 Understanding

9. Outline any four advantages of an optical communication system. BTL 2 Understanding

10. Demonstrate Conical Half angle? BTL 2 Understanding

Relate a formula for the normalized frequency and NA. Hence, find the BTL 3 Applying

11. Numerical aperture for a step index fiber that has normalized frequency
V=26.6 at a 1300nm wavelength and core radius of 25µm.
Apply the ray transmission theory to find the critical incident angle for a BTL 3 Applying
12.
glass rod of refractive index 1.5, surrounded by air.
With the knowledge of the total internal reflection, calculate the critical BTL 3 Applying

13. angle of incidence between two substances with different refractive

indices where n1 = 1.5 and n2 = 1.46.

14. Why partial reflection does not suffice the propagation of light? BTL 4 Analyzing

15. Categorize out the advantages of the multimode fiber. BTL 4 Analyzing
Distinguish Step index fibers and graded index fiber. BTL 4 Analyzing
16.
Evaluate the critical angle with the relative refractive index difference of BTL 5 Evaluating
17.
1% for an optical fiber. Given the core refractive index is 1.46.
Determine the cutoff wavelength of a single mode fiber with core radius BTL 5 Evaluating
18.
of 4µm and ∆ = 0.003.
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A graded index optical fiber has a core with a parabolic index profile BTL 6 Creating
which has a diameter of 50μm.the fiber has a numerical aperture of 0.2.
19.
Calculate the total number of guided modes in the fiber when its
operating at a wavelength of 1μm.
Formulate the normalized frequency at 820 nm for a step index fiber BTL 6 Creating
having a 25µm radius. The refractive indexes of the cladding and the core
20.
are 1.45 and 1.47 respectively. Find the number of modes that propagate
in this fiber at 820 nm?
PART-B
1. (i) Identify how mode-field diameter is related to the single mode fiber. BTL 1 Remembering
What are the propagation modes in them? (7)
(ii)State ray theory behind the optical fiber communication with a
special mention about the total internal reflection, Acceptance angle
and Numerical aperture. (6)
2. (i) What is numerical aperture of an optical fiber? Deduce an BTL 1 Remembering
expression for the same. (7)
(ii) Write a note on step index fiber. (6)
3. (i) Define normalized frequency for an optical fiber and explain its use.
(7) BTL 1 Remembering
(ii) Draw the block diagram of an optical fiber link transmission and
explain the different components. (6)
4. (i) Enumerate the structure and characteristics of step index and graded
index fiber. (7) BTL 1 Remembering
(ii) Draw and explain the refractive index profile and ray transmission
in multimode step index & single mode step index fibers. (6)
5. (i) Explain about transmission of light through graded index fiber with BTL 2 Understanding
neat diagrams. (8)
(ii) Show that linearly polarized modes in optical fibers is related to the
V number by obtaining proper equations and expressions. (5)
6. (i) Interpret the phenomenon of total internal reflection using Snell's law BTL 2 Understanding
with figures and calculations. (7)
(ii) Classify fibers and explain them. (6)
7. (i) Show that numerical aperture is dependent on the refractive indices BTL 2 Understanding
of core and cladding through proper derivation. (7)
(ii)Explain the advantages of optical communication technology. (6)
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8. (i) Apply the basic Maxwell’s equation to derive the mode equations for
the circular fiber. (7)
(ii) With the derived results for a single mode step index fiber, BTL 3 Applying
estimate the shortest wavelength of light which allows single mode
operation when the relative refractive index difference for the fiber is
1%. The core diameter is 7 μm and core refractive index is 1.49. (6)

9. (i) Choose the proper core size and cladding refractive index for a Si
fiber using proper equations. The silica core refractive index is 1.458, v
= 75 and NA = 0.3 and is operated at 820nm. Calculate the total number BTL 3 Applying
of modes entering this fiber. (7)
(ii) Identify the proper angle of incidence so that the total internal
reflection takes place within the optical fiber. (6)
10. (i) Calculate NA of silica fiber with its core refractive index (n1) of 1.48 BTL 4 Analyzing
and cladding refractive index of 1.46. Analyze and find out what should
be the new value of ‘n1’ in order to change the NA to 0.23. (9)
(ii) Distinguish step-index from graded index fibers. (4)
11. (i) Compare the optical link with that of the satellite link. (5) BTL 4 Analyzing
(ii) Criticize the differences between meridional and skew rays. In
detail discuss about the skew rays. (8)
12. (i)Summarize the ray propagation into and down an optical fiber cable. BTL 4 Analyzing
Also derive the expression for the acceptance angle. (7)
(ii) Contrast the advantage and disadvantage of step index, graded
index, single mode propagation and multimode propagation. (6)
13. (i)Determine the fraction of average optical power residing in the BTL 5 Evaluating
cladding of a step index fiber having core radius of 25μm. The fiber
operates at 1300nm and has a numerical aperture of 0.22. (7)
(ii) A fiber has core radius of 25mm, core refractive index of 1.48 and
relative refractive index difference (Δ) is 0.01.If the operating
wavelength is 0.84mm, find the value of normalized frequency and the
number of guided modes. Evaluate the number of guided modes if Δ is
reduced to 0.003. (6)
14. (i) A step index fiber has a core diameter of 7μm and core refractive BTL 6 Creating
index of 1.49. Estimate the shortest wavelength of light which allows
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single mode of operation when the relative refractive index difference
for the fiber is 1%. (6)
(ii) Suppose that an incoming ray from a light source is not within the
acceptance angle limits. What will happen to the light to be transmitted?
Suggest a proper solution so that the whole of information to be
transmitted is properly through the fiber. (7)

PART-C
1. Conclude whether TEM waves exist in as optical fiber. If not what type BTL 5 Evaluating
of mode will propagate in a practical optical fiber? (15)
2. (i) Summarize phase shift with total internal reflection and evanescent BTL 5 Evaluating
field. (10)
(ii) Construct the Wave front propagation along an optical fiber. (5)
3. A graded index fiber with a parabolic index profile core has a refractive BTL 6 Creating
index at the core axis of 1.5 and a relative index difference of 1%.Solve
the maximum possible core diameter which allows single mode
operation at a wavelength of 1.3μm. (15)

4. i) A silicon optical fiber with a core diameter large enough to be BTL 6 Creating
considered by theory analysis which has a core refractive index of 1.50
and a cladding refractive index of 1.47.determine (8)
a. The critical angle at the core cladding interface.
b. The numerical aperture for the fiber.
c. The acceptance angle in air for the fiber.
ii) Construct briefly about the structure of graded index fiber. (7)
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UNIT II SIGNAL DEGRADATION OPTICAL FIBERS 9
Attenuation - Absorption losses, Scattering losses, Bending Losses, Core and Cladding losses, Signal Distortion in
Optical Wave guides-Information Capacity determination -Group Delay-Material Dispersion, Wave guide Dispersion,
Signal distortion in SM fibers-Polarization Mode dispersion, Intermodal dispersion, Pulse Broadening in GI fibers-
Mode Coupling -Design Optimization of SM fibers-RI profile and cut-off wavelength.
PART A
Q. No Questions BT Domain
Level
1. Interpret attenuation coefficient of a fiber? BTL 2 Understanding
2. List the factors that cause intrinsic joint losses in a fiber. BTL 4 Analyzing
3. Recall attenuation. BTL 1 Remembering
4. Describe Stimulated Raman Scattering? BTL 1 Remembering
5. Express group delay in optical fiber. BTL 5 Evaluating
6. What are bending losses? Name its types. BTL 1 Remembering
7. Mention the factors that cause Rayleigh scattering in optical fibers? BTL 1 Remembering
8. Discuss the significance of group velocity. BTL 2 Understanding
9. Give the measure of information capacity in optical wave guide. BTL 2 Understanding
10. Classify the fiber losses which are given per unit distance. BTL 2 Understanding
11. Construct an expression for the effective number of modes guided by a BTL 3 Applying
curved multimode fiber of radius 'a'.
12. Identify the cause of intra Modal dispersion. BTL 3 Applying
13. State the impact of fiber birefringence. BTL 3 Applying
14. Inspect the effects of dispersion in multimode fibers. BTL 4 Analyzing
15. Compare material and waveguide dispersion. BTL 4 Analyzing
16. Examine the causes for chromatic dispersion. BTL 1 Remembering
17. Enumerate Mode Coupling? BTL 1 Remembering
18. A manufacturers data sheet lists the material dispersion BTL 5 Evaluating
Dmat=110ps/nm.km at a wavelength of 860nm.find the rms pulse
broadening per km due to material dispersion if the optical source has a
spectral width =40nm at b an output wavelength of 860nm.
19. What could be done to minimize the pulse broadening? BTL 6 Creating
20. A continuous 12 Kms long optical fiber link has a loss of 1.5dB/Km. BTL 6 Creating
Propose a proper solution to find the minimum optical power that must be
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launched into the fiber to maintain the optical power level of 0.3 μwatt at
the receiving end?
PART-B
1. (i) Describe the linear scattering losses in optical fibers. (7) BTL 1 Remembering
(ii) What are the loss or signal attenuation mechanisms in a fiber.
Explain. (6)
2. (i) Identify how the attenuation is encountered in optical fiber
communication due to: (a) Bending (b) Absorption. (8)
(ii) Solve the maximum transmission distance for a fiber link with an BTL 3 Applying
attenuation of 0.2 dB/Km if the power launched in 1mW and the
receiver sensitivity is 50 μV. Calculate the attenuation for another link
with same parameters and distance of 26Kms. (5)
3. (i) What is meant by critical bending radius of optical fibers? Explain.(6) BTL 1 Remembering
(ii) Define signal distortion? How does Signal distortion in single mode
fibers? (7)

4. (i) Examine the effects of nonlinear scattering losses in optical fiber.(7) BTL 4 Analyzing
(ii) Bring out the differences between Absorption losses and Scattering
losses. (6)
5. (i) Based on the behavior of the optical fiber, bring out the note about BTL 5 Evaluating
Information Capacity determination and group delay. (5)
(ii) Explain how a signal distortion occurs in Optical wave guides. (8)
6. (i) Discuss about the Scattering losses. (5) BTL 6 Creating
(ii) Imagine a scenario where the energy from the light travelling through
the core is transferred to the cladding. Present the concept behind this to
justify that it leads to the attenuation of the light signal. (8)
7. (i) Show that the Scattering losses are caused by the interaction of light. BTL 2 Understanding
(7)
(ii) Explain (a) Intrinsic Absorption losses and (b) Extrinsic Absorption
losses. (6)
8. (i) Illustrate the modal noise due to intermodal dispersion that occurs in BTL 2 Understanding
a multimode fibers. (8)
(ii) Explain how the bandwidth of an optical fiber is affected. (5)
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9. (i) With diagram derive the expression for intramodal dispersion. (7) BTL 2 Understanding
(ii) Explain how the refractive index profile and cut off wavelength of a
single mode fiber affects the performance a single mode fiber. (6)

10. (i) What do you mean by pulse broadening? Explain its effect on BTL 1 Remembering
information carrying capacity of a fiber. (7)
(ii) How a waveguide dispersion affects the performance of the
transmission in an optical fiber? Explain (6)
11. (i) Solve the maximum bitrate for the fiber link of 5kms. The numerical
aperture is 0.25 and the refractive index is 1.48. (7)
(ii) With the knowledge on dispersion, explain the following in single BTL 3 Applying
mode fiber: mode birefringence and beat length. (6)
12. (i) Analyze and present how the refractive index profile and the cutoff BTL 4 Analyzing
wavelength affects the design of a single mode fiber. (7)
(ii) Explain the mode coupling that occurs in a multimode step index
fibers. (6)
13. (i) Show that the intermodal dispersion that occurs in a multimode step BTL 1 Remembering
index fiber causes signal degradation in fibers. (7)
(ii) What is dispersion in fibers? What are the causes and types of fiber
dispersion loss? (6)
14. Analyze how the important constituent atoms of a silica fiber affects the BTL 4 Analyzing
transmission of light through optical fiber. (7)
List out the effects of the hydroxyl ions and transient impurities. (6)

PART-C
1. Explain in detail about the scattering and the bending losses that occur in BTL 5 Evaluating
an optical fiber with relevant diagrams and expressions. (15)
2. When the mean optical power launched into an 8 km length of fiber is the BTL 6 Creating
mean optical power at the fiber output is 3 μm. determine: (15)
i) the overall signal attenuation or loss in decibels through the fiber
assuming there are no connectors or splices;
ii) The signal attenuation per kilometer for the fiber.
iii) the overall signal attenuation for a 10km optical link using the same
fiber splices at 1 km intervals, each giving an attenuation of 1 dB;
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3. Summarize in detail about material and waveguide dispersion mechanisms BTL 5 Evaluating
with mathematical expressions. (15)
4. A multimode graded index fiber exhibits total pulse broadening of 0.1μs BTL 6 Creating
over a distance of 15km.estimate: (15)
a) The maximum possible bandwidth on the link assuming no intersymbol
interference;
b) The pulse dispersion per unit length;
c) The bandwidth length product for the fiber.

UNIT III FIBER OPTICAL SOURCES AND COUPLING 9

Direct and indirect Band gap materials-LED structures -Light source materials -Quantum efficiency and LED power,
Modulation of a LED, lasers Diodes-Modes and Threshold condition -Rate equations-External Quantum efficiency -
Resonant frequencies -Laser Diodes, Temperature effects, Introduction to Quantum laser, Fiber amplifiers- Power
Launching and coupling, Lensing schemes, Fiber -to- Fiber joints, Fiber splicing-Signal to Noise ratio , Detector
response time.
PART A
Q. No Questions BT Level Domain
1. Define internal quantum efficiency of LED and Laser. BTL 1 Remembering
2. Describe about hetero junction structure. BTL 1 Remembering
3. State the drawbacks of Avalanche photodiode. BTL 1 Remembering
4. Write any four factors which affect the power launched into the fiber. BTL 1 Remembering
5. What is the minimum detectable optical power? BTL 1 Remembering
6. Cite responsivity and factors that determine the response time of the BTL 1 Remembering
photodiode.
7. Summarize the advantage of PIN diode with APD diode. BTL 2 Understanding
8. An LED has radiative and non-radiative recombination times of 30 nS BTL 2 Understanding
and 100 nS respectively. Estimate the internal quantum efficiency.
9. Give the expression for fiber to fiber coupling efficiency and possible BTL 2 Understanding
lensing schemes to improve optical source to fiber coupling efficiency.
10. Point out the relation between power launching and wavelength. BTL 2 Understanding
11. Calculate band gap energy for an LED to emit 850nm. BTL 3 Applying
12. Classify the different noises present in the avalanche photodiode. BTL 3 Applying
13. Compute avalanche multiplication noise. BTL 3 Applying
14. Compare the optical sources: LASER and LED. BTL 4 Analyzing
15. Examine dark current noise and laser diode rate equation. BTL 4 Analyzing
16. Categorize the types of mechanical misalignment. BTL 4 Analyzing
17. Determine the different factors that determine the response time of photo BTL 5 Evaluating
detector.
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18. Evaluate the lensing schemes to improve optical source to fiber coupling BTL 5 Evaluating
efficiency.
19. Construct mechanical splicing in optical fiber. BTL 6 Creating

20. Elaborate on fiber to fiber coupling loss. BTL 6 Creating

PART-B
1. (i) What are direct band gap and indirect bandgap semiconductors? (6) BTL 1 Remembering
(ii) Describe the operation of LED. (7)

2. Write short note on,

(i) Fiber connectors, (7) BTL 1 Remembering
(ii) Splices and couplers. (6)
3. (i) What are the possible noise sources that contribute the BTL 1 Remembering
photodetector noise? (6)
(ii) What is meant by detector response time? Explain. (7)
4. Explain the different lensing schemes available to improve the power BTL 1 Remembering
coupling efficiency of light emitting diode. (13)
5. Draw and compare LED and Injection Laser Diode structures. (13) BTL 2 Understanding
6. (i) Summarize coupled cavity semiconductor lasers and tunable BTL 2 Understanding
semiconductor lasers. (6)
(ii) Draw and explain the structure of Fabry Perot resonator cavity for a
Laser diode. Derive Laser diode rate equation. (7)
7. (i) Explain in detail about source to Fiber power launching. (6) BTL 2 Understanding
(ii) Draw the structures and electric fields in APD and explain its
working. (7)
8. (i) Derive the expression for the quantum effiency of a double hetro BTL 3 Applying
structure LED. (7)
(ii) Construct power launching and coupling in optical fiber amplifiers.
(6)
9. (i) Illustrate the three factors that decides the response time of BTL 3 Applying
photodiodes. Explain them in detail with neat sketches. (7)
(ii) Classify the three types of fiber misalignment that contribute to
insertion loss at an optical fiber joint. (6)

10. With diagram, explain Surface Emitting LED, Edge Emitting LED. (13) BTL 4 Analyzing

11. (i) With neat sketch, explain the working of a light emitting diode. (7) BTL 4 Analyzing
(ii) Analyze about Optical Detection Noise. (6)
12. (i) A double heterojunction LED emitting at a peak wavelength of BTL 4 Analyzing
1310nm has radiative and non-radiative recombination time of 45 ns and
95 ns respectively. The drive current is 35mA. Determine internal
quantum efficiency and internal power level. If the refractive index of
the light source material is n=3.5, find the power emitted from the
device. (8)
(ii) Compare the optical sources LED and ILD. (5)
13. (i) Determine the internal quantum efficiency and internal power level of BTL 5 Evaluating
LED. (7)
(ii) If the refractive index of the light source material is n = 3.5. Find the
power emitted from the device. (6)
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14. (i) Elaborate in detail about various fiber splicing techniques. (7) BTL 6 Creating
Discuss about fusion splicing and mechanical splicing with necessary
diagrams.
(ii) Develop the operation of an injection laser. (6)

PART-C
1. (i) Generalize the resonant frequencies of laser diodes. (8) BTL 6 Creating
(ii) A planar LED is fabricated from gallium arsenide which has a
refractive index of 3.6, Estimate the optical power emitted into air as a
percentage of the internal optical power for the device when the
transmission factor at the crystal-air interface is 0.68, and when the
optical power is generated internally is 50% of the electric power
supplied, invent the external power efficiency. (7)
2. Assess with neat diagram about the structure of LASER diode and its BTL 5 Evaluating
radiation pattern. (15)
3. (i) Evaluate about fusion splicing and mechanical splicing. (10) BTL 5 Evaluating
o o
(ii) Summarize the threshold current densities at 32 C and 100 C for
an AlGaAs injection laser with To=160 K and the similar ratio for an
InGaAIP device with T o=55 k. (5)

4. (i) Compose the different types of noise affecting the performance of BTL 6 Creating
a photo detector and derive an expression for the signal to noise ratio.
(10)
(ii) A photodiode is constructed GA As which has a band gap energy
of 1.43 eV at 300 K. Solve the long wavelength cut-off. (5)

UNIT IV FIBER OPTIC RECEIVER AND MEASUREMENTS 9

Fundamental receiver operation, Pre amplifiers, Error sources – Receiver Configuration– Probability of Error –
Quantum limit. Fiber Attenuation measurements- Dispersion measurements – Fiber Refractive index profile
measurements – Fiber cut- off Wave length Measurements – Fiber Numerical Aperture Measurements – Fiber
diameter measurements.
PART A
Q. No Questions BT Level Domain
1. List the advantages of using trans impedance front end receiver BTL 1 Remembering
configuration and error sources associated with it.
2. What is the cut back method? BTL 1 Remembering
3. Define bit-error rate and receiver sensitivity. BTL 1 Remembering
4. Write any two advantages of trans impedance amplifiers with generic BTL 1 Remembering
structure.
5. A digital fiber optic link operating at 1310 nm, requires a maximum BER BTL 1 Remembering
of 10-8. Identify the average photons per pulse.
6. The photo detector output in a cutback-attenuation set up is 3.3 V at the BTL 1 Remembering
far end of the fiber. After cutting the fiber at the near end, 5m from the
far end photo detector output read was 9.2 V. Find the attenuation of the
fiber in dB/Km.
7. Generalize the error sources of receiver. BTL 2 Understanding
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8. Give main idea and definition about quantum limit. BTL 2 Understanding
9. Express dark current. BTL 2 Understanding
10. Summarize the different methods for measuring the attenuation of a fiber. BTL 2 Understanding
11. Justify the use of silicon is preferred to make optical receivers. BTL 3 Applying
12. Interpret Modal Noise and Mode partition Noise. BTL 3 Applying
13. Calculate the mean of (1/f) noise corner frequency. BTL 3 Applying
14. Point out the advantages of preamplifiers. BTL 4 Analyzing
15. Categorize the types of preamplifiers. BTL 4 Analyzing
16. Examine the standard fiber measurement techniques. BTL 4 Analyzing
17. Determine Bend attenuation. BTL 5 Evaluating
18. Why the attenuation limit curve slopes towards to the right? BTL 5 Evaluating

19. Develop the measures to avoid modal noise. BTL 6 Creating

20. Propose the range of system margin in link power budget. BTL 6 Creating

PART-B
1. (i)Draw the configuration of the fundamental optical receiver. (6) BTL 1 Remembering
(ii)Write about each block and the source of error during transmission.
(7)
2. With diagrams describe the following: (6)
(i) Measurement of NA of a fiber, BTL 1 Remembering
(ii) Measurement of refractive index profile. (7)
3. Summarize the methods used for measuring the intermodal dispersion and BTL 1 Remembering
chromatic dispersion. (13)
4. (i) A digital fiber optic link operating at 850 nm requires a maximum BER of BTL 1 Remembering
10-9.Cite the quantum limit in terms of the quantum efficiency of the detector
and the energy of the incident photon. (6)
(ii) Define the attenuation and explain any method to measure the
attenuation in an optical fiber in detail. (7)
5. (i) Explain any two types of pre amplifiers used in a receiver. (9)
(ii)Estimate the terms-Quantum limit and Probability of Error with respect BTL 2 Understanding
to a receiver with typical values. (4)
6. (i) Give main idea about ‘Insertion-Loss method’ used for attenuation
measurement. (7) BTL 2 Understanding
(ii) Express the technique used in Frequency-Domain intermodal
Dispersion measurement. (6)
7. List the various types of pre amplifiers available for optical networks and BTL 2 Understanding
explain any three of them with their circuit diagrams. (13)
8. Demonstrate the following in detail:
(i) Fiber refractive index profile measurement. (7) BTL 3 Applying

(ii) Fiber cutoff wavelength measurement. (6)

9. Exhibit various performance measures of a digital receiver? Derive an BTL 3 Applying
expression for the Bit Error Rate of a digital receiver. (13)
10. Examine the dispersion and numerical aperture measurements of fiber. BTL 4 Analyzing
(13)
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11. (i) Point out in detail about the front end optical amplifiers. (6) BTL 4 Analyzing
(ii) Considering the probability distributions for received logic 0 and 1 signal
pulses, derive the expressions for BER and error function. (7)
12. Analyze the following: BTL 4 Analyzing
(i) Fiber refractive index profile measurement. (7)
(ii) Fiber cut-off wavelength measurement. (6)
13. Evaluate the error sources of fundamental receiver operations. Discuss the BTL 5 Evaluating
performance of digital receiver by defining the probability of error. (13)

14. (i) Develop the schematics of pin photodiode and APD and explain. (7) BTL 6 Creating
(ii) Design the fundamental receiver operation in optical communication.
(6)

PART-C
1. (i) Elaborate the numerical aperture measurements methods in optical fiber.(11) BTL 6 Creating
(ii) A He-Ne laser operating at a wavelength of 0.63 µm was used with a
solar cell cube to measure the scattering loss in a multimode fiber sample.
With a constant optical power the radiating from the solar cell cube was
6.14 nV. The optical power measurement at the cube without scattering
was 153.38 µV. The length of the fiber in the cube was 2.92 cm. Solve the
loss due to scattering in dB km-1 for the fiber at a wavelength of 0.63 µm.
(4)
2. (i) Generalize with a typical experimental arrangement, brief the measurement BTL 6 Creating
process of diameter of the fiber. (10)
(ii) The photo detector output in a cutback attenuation set up is 3.3 V at
the far end of the fiber. After cutting the fiber at the near end, 5 m from
the far end, photo detector output read was 3.92 V. Invent the attenuation
of the fiber in dB/km. (5)
3. (i) Assess the different structures of receiver in the optical fiber communication BTL 5 Evaluating
with neat diagram. (8)
(ii) A trigonometrically measurement is performed in order to determine
the numerical of a step index fiber. The screen is positioned 10.0 cm from
the fiber end face. When illuminated from a wide-angled visible source
the measured output pattern size is 6.2 cm. Evaluate the approximate
numerical aperture of the fiber. (7)
4. (i) Summarize the dispersion measurement methods in optical fiber. (8) BTL 5 Evaluating
(ii) Measurements are made using a calorimeter and thermocouple
experimental arrangement. Initially a high absorption fiber is utilized to
obtain a plot of (T ∞ - Tt) on a logarithmic scale against t. It is found from
the plot that the readings of (T∞ - Tt) after 10 and 100 seconds are 0.525
and 0.021 µV respectively. The test fiber is then inserted in the calorimeter
and gives optical power of 98 mW at a wavelength of 0.75 µm. The
thermal capacitor per kilometer of the silica capillary and fluid is
calculated to be 1.64*104 JoC-1. Discover the absorption loss in dB km-1,
at a wavelength of 0.75 µm, for the fiber under test. (7)
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UNIT V OPTICAL NETWORKS AND SYSTEM TRANSMISSION

Basic Networks – SONET / SDH – Broadcast – and –select WDM Networks –Wavelength Routed Networks –
Nonlinear effects on Network performance –Link Power budget -Rise time budget- Noise Effects on System
Performance-Operational Principles of WDM Performance of WDM + EDFA system – Solutions – Optical CDMA –
Ultra High Capacity Networks.
PART A
Q.No Questions BT Level Domain

1. State the concept of WDM. BTL 1 Remembering

2. Mention any two nonlinear effects present in optical fiber. BTL 1 Remembering
3. What is an optical Layer? BTL 1 Remembering
4. Summarize the transmission bit rate of the basic SONET frame in BTL 1 Remembering
Mbps.
5. Outline interchannel cross talk that occurs in a WDM system. BTL 1 Remembering
6. Write about broadcast and select network? BTL 1 Remembering
7. List the benefits of SONET over PDH networks. BTL 2 Understanding
8. Give the significance of solitons. BTL 2 Understanding
9. Illustrate the problems associated with PDH networks? BTL 2 Understanding
10. Draw the basic structure of STS -1 SONET frame. BTL 2 Understanding
11. Demonstrate a model of EDFA BTL 3 Applying
12. Illustrate the key parameters required for analyzing the optical link. BTL 3 Applying
13. Manipulate the difference between fundamental and higher order soliton. BTL 3 Applying

14. Express the various SONET/SDH layers. BTL 4 Analyzing

15. Analyze how the speckle pattern can form. BTL 4 Analyzing
16. Classify the important features of time-slotted optical TDM network. BTL 4 Analyzing
17. Justify the features in DWDM. BTL 5 Evaluating
18. Conclude the advantages of using soliton signals through fiber. BTL 5 Evaluating
19. Develop the basic performance of the WDM. BTL 6 Creating
20. Propose the three topologies used for fiber optic network BTL 6 Creating
PART – B
1. Draw the block diagram of OTDR. Cite about the measurement of any BTL 1 Remembering
two fiber optic measurement with this. (13)
2. Describe the following:
(i)WDM networks (7) BTL 1 Remembering
(ii)Ultra high capacity networks (6)
3. (i) Define the principle of WDM networks (7)
(ii)State the nonlinear effects on optical network performance. (6) BTL 1 Remembering
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4. (i)Outline the features of ultra-high capacity networks. (7)
(ii)Identify the OTDR and its applications. (6) BTL 1 Remembering
5. (i)Generalize four-fiber BLSR ring in a SONET. Explain the BTL 2 Understanding
reconfiguration of the same during node or fiber failure. (8)
(ii)Restate ‘broadcast- and –select multihop network’. Explain. (5)
6. Explain SONET/SDH Networks. (13) BTL 2 Understanding
7. (i)Give main idea about SA/SA protocol and modified SA/SA protocol BTL 2 Understanding
of broadcast and select networks. (7)
(ii)Express the non-linear effects on network performance. (6)
i) 8. (i)Model the Layered architecture of SONET/SDH with neat diagram. BTL 3 Applying
ii) (7)
iii) (ii)Illustrate the detailed notes on optical CDMA and its applications.
iv) (6)
9. Demonstrate SONET layers and frame structure with diagram. (13) BTL 3 Applying
10.With suitable example, analyze the conditions and constraints in the
formulation and solution of routing and wavelength assignment problem BTL 4 Analyzing
in an optimal way. (13)
11. Compare and analyze optical switching Methods. (13) BTL 4 Analyzing
12. (i)Group the non-linear effects on network performance in detail. (7)
(ii)Inspect the basics of optical CDMA systems. (6) BTL 4 Analyzing
13. Deduce the basic frame structure and network architecture of SONET. BTL 5 Evaluating
(13)
14. Discuss the performance improvement of WDM and EDFA BTL 6 Creating
systems. (13)

PART-C
1. Estimate the following requirements for the design of an optically
amplified WDM link: (15)
BTL 6 Creating
(1)Link Bandwidth
(2)Optical power requirements for a specific BER.
2. An engineer has the following components available: (15)
a) GaAlAs laser diode, operating at 850 nm,fiber coupled power
0dbm
b) Ten sections of cable each of which is 500 m long, has
BTL 6 Creating
4dB/km attenuation has connectors at both ends
c) 2dB/connector connector loss
d) A PIN photodiode receiver, -45 dBm sensitivity
e) An avalanche photodiode receiver,-56dBm sensitivity
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The engineer wishes to construct a 5 km link operating at 20 Mb/s.
Analyze which receiver should be used if a 6 dB operating margin is
required.
3. Evaluate the salient feature of solitons using relevant expressions and
BTL 5 Evaluating
diagrams. (15)
4. A 90 Mb/s NRZ data transmission system that sends two DS3
channels uses a GaAlAs laser diode that has a spectral width of 1 nm.
The rise time of the laser transmitter output is 2 ns. The transmission
distance is 7 km over a graded index fiber that has 800 MHz km BTL 5 Evaluating
bandwidth –distance product. If the receiver bandwidth is 90 MHz and
mode mixing factor q=0.7, What is the system rise time? What is the
rise time if there is no mode mixing? (use 0.07 ns/nm-km)). (15)