Bharath Niketan Engineering College

Aundipatty, Theni – 625536

DEPARTMENT

OF

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

ME8361 – MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY

III SEMESTER - R 2017

LABORATORY MANUAL
 CONTENTS

Ex. Name of the Experiment Page

No. No.
Study of lathe

1 Taper turning

2 External thread cutting

3 Internal thread Cutting

4 Eccentric turning

5 Knurling

6 Square head shaping

7 Hexagonal head shaping

Study of welding

8 Butt joint

9 Lap joint

10 Tee fillet joint

Gas welding practice

Study of Foundry

11 Gear Pattern

Study of sheet metal work

12 Rectangular tray

13 Funnel
 STUDY OF LATHE
Lathe:
Lathe is the machine tool which is used to perform several operations on the work piece. Lathe is
useful in making several parts which is further assembled to make new machine. Hence lathe is known as
“mother of machines”.

Basic working principle of lathe:

In lathe, the work piece is held in the chuck, a work holding device. The cutting tool is mounted in the
tool post. The chuck is rotated by means of power. When the chuck rotates, the work piece also rotates.

The tool is moved against the rotating work piece by giving small amount of depth of cut. The material is
removed in the form of chips. Continuous feed and depth of cut is given until the required dimensions are
obtained in the work piece.

Types of lathe machines:

1. Centre lathe
2. Tool room lathe
3. Bench lathe
4. Capstan lathe
5. Turret lathe
6. Automatic lathe
Description of lathe:
Lathe is a machine which has several parts in it. They are

Bed:
It is the base of the machine. On its left side, the head stock is mounted and on its right it has movable
casting known as tailstock. Its legs have holes to bolt down on the ground.

Head stock:
It consists of spindles, gears and speed changing levers. It is used to transmit the motion to the
job. It has two types; one is the headstock driven by belt and the other one is the gear driven.

Carriage:
Carriage is used to carry a tool to bring in contact with the rotating work piece or to with draw from such
a contact. It operates on bed ways between the headstock and tail stock.

Saddle:
It is an ‘H’ shaped part fitted on the lathe bed. There is a hand wheel to move it on the bed way. Cross
slide, compound rest, tool post is fitted on this saddle.

Cross slide:
It is on the upper slide of saddle in the form of dove tail. A hand wheel is provided to drive the cross
slide. It permits the cross wise movement of the tool (i.e.) movement of tool towards or away from the
operator.
Expt. No.01 TAPER TURNING
Aim:
To produce the component by performing taper turning using lathe

Materials required:
Mild steel Φ 32 mm X 100 mm long

Tools required:
1. Chuck key
2. Tool post spanner
3. Verneir caliper
4. Steel rule
5. Single point cutting tool

Specimen drawing:

Procedure:
1. Check the size of raw material given and ensure the size.
2. Hold the workpiece in the chuck and tight it properly.
3. Clamp the tool on post properly and check the centre of work piece with cutting tool tip.
4. Do the facing operation by giving cross feed to the cross slide and reduce length.
 5. Do the turning operation by giving longitudinal feed to the carriage and reduce the diameter of the
work piece.
6. Two or three pass can be given for turning operation.
7. Remove the work piece and hold in chuck on other side and do the turning operation for the remaining
portion of the work piece.
8. Calculate the taper angle and swivel the compound rest and clamp it properly.
9. Do the taper turning operation by giving angular feed to the compound rest as per the dimension.
10. Do the facing operation and get the required length.
11. Remove the component carefully and check the dimension.

Result:
Thus the component is produced as per the given drawing using lathe.
Expt. No.02 EXTERNAL THREAD CUTTING
Aim:
To produce the component by performing threads cutting operation using lathe

Material required:
Mild steel Φ 32 mm X 100 mm long

Tools required:
1. Chuck key
2. Tool post spanner
3. Verneir caliper
4. Steel rule
5. Single point cutting tool
6. V thread cutting tool
7. Pitch gauge
8. Grooving tool
9. Drill chuck with centre drill bit

Specimen drawing:

Procedure:
1. Check the size of raw material given and ensure the size.
2. Hold the work pieces in the chuck and tight it properly.
3. Clamp the tool on tool post properly and check the centre of work piece with cutting tool tip.
4. Do the facing operation by giving cross feed to the cross slide and reduce the length.
 5. Do the turning operation by giving longitudinal feed to the carriage and reduce the length.
6. Two or three pass can be given for the turning operation.
7. Remove the work piece and hold in chuck on the other side and do the turning operation for the
remaining work piece.
8. Engage the back gear mechanism to reduce the speed of the work piece.
9. Check the pitch required, calculate the tumbler gear, and engage it with head stock.
10. Move the carriage towards tail stock and make a mark on the dial.
11. Give small depth of cut and engage the half nut so that the carriage will move automatically towards
head stock and cut the v-thread on the work piece.
12. After reaching the required length of thread, release the tool by rotating cross slide in opposite to the
depth of cut by counting the number of rotation.
13. Move the carriage towards tail stock, give depth of cut and engage the half nut.
14. Repeat the procedure to produce complete form of v-thread. After finishing remove the work piece
from the chuck.

Result:
Thus the component is produced as per the given drawing using lathe.
Expt. No.03 INTERNAL THREAD CUTTING
Aim:
To produce the component by performing drilling, boring and thread cutting using lathe
Material required:
Mild steel Φ 50 mm X 45 mm long

Tools required:
1. Chuck key
2. Tool post spanner
3. Verneir caliper & Steel rule
4. Single point cutting tool & Boring tool
5. Drill chuck with drill bits
6. Internal thread cutting tool

Specimen drawing:

Procedure:
1. Check the size of raw material given and ensure the size.
2. Hold the workpiece in the chuck and tight it properly.
3. Clamp the tool on tool post properly and check the centre of work piece with cutting tool tip.
4. Do the facing operation by giving cross feed to the cross slide and reduce the length.
5. Hold the drill bit on the tail stock and unclamp the tail stock, then move it towards the head stock and
ensure the centre coincidence with work piece centre.
 6. Start the motor and give depth of cut to the drill bit by rotating the tail stock wheel and make complete
hole.
7. Clamp the boring tool on the tool post to perform the boring operation.
8. Clamp the internal thread tool on the tool post to perform internal threading operation,
9. Engage the back gear mechanism to reduce the speed of the work piece.
10. Check the pitch required, calculate the tumbler gear and engage it with head stock.
11. Move the carriage towards tailstock and make marking on the dial.
12. Give small depth of cut and engage the half nut so that the carriage will move automatically towards
headstock and cut the v thread on the work piece.
13. Release the tool by rotating cross slide in opposite to the depth of cut by counting number of rotation
after reaching the required length of thread.
14. Move the carriage toward the tail stock and give depth of cut and engage the half nut.
15. Repeat the procedure to produce complete form of v thread. After finishing remove the work piece
from the chuck.

Result:
Thus the component is produced as per the given drawing using lathe
Expt. No.04 ECCENTRIC TURNING

Aim:
To turn a given work piece eccentrically in a lathe machine as per the given dimensions
Material required:
Mild steel Φ 32 mm X 75 mm long
Tools required:
1. Steel rule
2. Dot punch
3. Ball pen hammer
4. Single point cutting tool
5. Surface gauge
6. Drill bit
7. Drill chuck
8. Boring tool
Specimen drawing:

All dimensions are in mm

Procedure:
1. Check the size of raw material given and ensure the size.
2. The work piece is fixed in the four jaw chuck using surface gauge.
3. The cutting tool is fixed in the tool post to the lathe axis.
4. Facing operation has been done on both sides of given work pieces.
5. Marking and punching is to be done on the given work pieces as per the dimension.
 6. Then the work piece is fixed in the chuck such that the offset point coincides with spindle axis.
7. Using the turning tool, turning operation has been performed.
8. The same procedure is also carried out to the other side of the work piece for the given offset
distance.
9. Thus the eccentric turning would be finished.

Result:
Thus the work piece is turned eccentrically as per the given dimensions.
Expt. No.5 KNURLING

Aim:
To produce the component by performing knurling operation using lathe

Material required:
Mild steel rod size of dia. 32 mm and length 100 mm

Tools required:
1. Single point cutting tool
2. Knurling tool
3. Pitch gauge
4. Drill chuck with centre drill bit

Specimen drawing:

All dimensions are in mm

Procedure:
1. Check the size of raw material given and ensure the size.
2. Held the work pieces in the chuck and tight it properly.
3. Clamp the tool on tool post properly and check the centre of work piece with cutting tool tip.
4. Do the facing operation by giving cross feed to the cross slide and reduce the length.
5. Do the turning operation by giving longitudinal feed to the carriage and reduce the length.
6. Two or three passes can be given for the turning operation.
7. The grooving tool is fixed in the tool holder on lathe.
 8. The work piece is fixed in the machine vice. Then switch on the machine.
9. Then place a knurling tool in the tool holder of lathe.
10. Make the knurling operation as per the dimension using knurling tool.
11. Make the chamfer at the end of the component.
12. Remove the component and inspect its size.

Result:
Thus the component is produced by performing knurling operation using lathe
Expt. No.06 SQUARE HEAD SHAPING
Aim:
To make round work piece to square by using shaper
Material required:
Mild steel Φ 50 mm x 20 mm long
Tools required:
Steel rule, dot punch, hammer, verneir height gauge, T-square, scriber, surface plate, single point cutting tool

Specimen drawing:

All dimensions are in mm

Procedure:
1. Check the size of raw material given and ensure the size.
2. The work piece is fixed in the three jaw chuck.
3. The cutting tool is fixed in the tool post to the lathe axis.
4. Facing operation has been done on both sides of given work pieces.
5. Chalk is applied uniformly on the face of the work piece.
6. Marking and punching is to be done on the given work pieces as per the dimension.
7. The cutting tool is fixed in the tool holder in shaper machine.
8. The work piece is fixed in the machine vice, then switch on the machine.
9. At the end of each stroke give the feed to the work piece.
10. Shaping operation has been done on four sides in the work piece till the round work piece is turned into
square shaped as per the given dimension
11. At the end of each stroke give the feed to the work piece.
12. Shaping operation has been done on four sides in the work piece till the round work piece is turned
in to square shaped as per the given dimension.

Result:
Thus the round work piece is machined to square work piece by shaper machine.
Expt. No.07 HEXAGONAL HEAD SHAPING

Aim:
To make a round work piece to hexagonal shape by using shaper
Material required:
Mild steel rod size of dia. 32 mm and length 50 mm
Tools required:
Steel rule, dot punch, hammer, verneir height gauge, T-square, scriber, surface plate, single point cutting
tool, tool holder.

Specimen drawing:

All dimensions are in mm

Procedure:
1. Check the size of raw material given and ensure the size.
2. The work piece is fixed in the three jaw chuck.
3. The cutting tool is fixed in the tool post to the lathe axis.
4. Facing operation has been done on both sides of given work pieces.
5. Chalk is applied uniformly on the face of the work piece.
6. Marking and punching is to be done on the given work pieces as per the dimension.
7. The cutting tool is fixed in the tool holder in shaper machine.
8. The work piece is fixed in the machine vice, then switch on the machine
9. At the end of each stroke give the feed to the work piece.
10. Follow the same procedure to the other side of the work piece.
11. Shaping operation has been done on six sides in the work piece till the round work piece is turned
into hexagonal shaped as per the given dimension.

Result:
Thus the round work piece is machined to hexagonal shape by shaper machine.
.
STUDY OF WELDING
Introduction:
Welding is the progress of joining two metal plates using a joining material by heat. It is commonly used to
join metal plates in making boilers, vessels, furnitures, automobile parts, etc.
Safety equipments and tools:
Welding goggles:
Goggles with glasses are used to protect the eyes of the eyes of the welder from the light sparks produced
during welding.
Face shield:
A face shield is also used to protect the eyes of the welder from the light sparks produced during welding.
It is normally held in hand.

Welding goggles Face shield

Hand gloves:
It is used to protect the hands of the welder from the effect of ultra violet rays, infra red rays, heat and
sparks.
Chipping Hammer:
A chipping hammer is used to remove slags which from during welding.

Hand gloves Chipping hammer

Ground Clamp:
It is connected to the end of the ground cable. It is normally clamped to the welding table or the
job itself to complete the electric circuit.
Wire brush:
The wire brush is used to clean the surface to be welded.

Ground clamp Wire brush

Types of Welding:
The two types of welding most prevalently in use are
1. Arc welding
2. Gas Arc welding
1. Arc welding:
Electric arc welding is widely used to join metal plates using a filler rod. The filler rod (welding rod)
melts on the electric arc produced and welds the metal plates.

Arc welding
2. Gas welding
Gas welding is a process in which the required heat to melt the surfaces is supplied by a high temerature
flame obtained by a mixture of two gases. Usually the mixture of oxygen and acetylene is used for welding
purpose. The filler rod and parent metal plates are melted by the heat of the flame produced using oxygen and
acetylene gas mixture. Gas welding is also widely used to join metal plates.
Expt. No. 8 BUTT JOINT
Aim:
To join two given metal plates by a single 'V' butt joint in arc welding
Materials required:
MS flat: Length = mm
Breadth = mm
Thickness = mm
Tools Required:
1. Welding transformer
2. welding rods
3. Safety gloves
4. Goggle
5. Chipping hammer
6. Flat file
Diagram:

All dimensions are in 'mm'

Procedure:
1. Check the surface to be welded and file the edge of the plates for perfect joint and more strength.
2. Hold the welding rod in the electrode holder and clamp the ground clamp to the plate to be welded.
3. Position the plates to be welded touching each other (butting) and tag weld on the ends to
avoid the movement of the plates during welding.
4. Now start welding one end of the plates.
5. The electric arc produced melts the welding rod and joints the two metal plates. Maintain a
gap of 3 mm between the plate and the welding rod.
6. Complete the welding process by removing slag using chipping hammer.

Result:
Thus the two metal plates are welded in single 'V' butt joint.
Expt. No. 9 LAP JOINT
Aim:
To join two given metal plates by a lap joint in arc welding
Materials required:
MS flat: Length = mm
Breadth = mm
Thickness = mm
Tools Required:
1. Welding transformer
2. welding rods
3. Safety gloves
4. Goggle
5. Chipping hammer
6. Flat file
Diagram:

All the dimensions are in 'mm'

Procedure:
1. Clean the surface to be welded and file the edge of the plates for perfect joint and more strength.
2. Hold the welding rod in the electrode holder and clamp the ground clamp to the plate to be
welded.
3. Position the plates to be welded overlapping and tag weld on the ends to avoid the movement of the
plates during welding.
4. Now start welding one end of the plates.
5. The electric arc produced melts the welding rod and joints the two metal plates. Maintain a gap of
3 mm between the plate and the welding rod.
6. Complete the welding process by removing slag using chipping hammer.

Result:
Thus the two metal plates are welded in lap joint.
Expt. No. 10 TEE FILLET JOINT
Aim:
To join two given metal plates by a tee fillet joint in arc welding
Materials required:
MS flat: Length = mm
Breadth = mm
Thickness = mm
Tools Required:
1. Welding transformer
2. welding rods
3. Safety gloves
4. Goggle
5. Chipping hammer
6. Flat file
Diagram:

All dimensions are in 'mm'

Procedure:
1. Clean the surface to be welded and file the edge of the plates for perfect joint and more strength.
2. Hold the welding rod in the electrode holder and clamp the ground clamp to the plate to be
welded.
3. Position one of the plates to be welded perpendicularly on the surface of the other plate. Tag weld
on the ends to avoid the movement of the plates during welding.
4. Now start welding one end of the plates.
5. The electric arc produced melts the welding rod and joints the two metal plates. Maintain a gap of
3 mm between the plate and the welding rod.
6. Complete the welding process by removing slag using chipping hammer.

Result:
Thus the two metal plates are welded in tee fillet joint.
 GAS WELDING PRACTICE
Aim:
To join the given two work piece as per the required type of joint by gas welding
Materials required:
Two mild steel plates.
Tools required:
1. Oxygen and acetylene gas cylinders with pressure regulators
2. Gas welding torch
3. Filler rod
4. Gloves and apron
5. Safety goggles, gloves
6. Chipping hammer
7. Wire brush

Procedure:
1. Clean the given work piece thoroughly and remove rust, scale and other foreign materials.
2. Position the joining work pieces properly.
3. Open acetylene and oxygen cylinder valves and open the acetylene torch valve.
4. Light the tip of torch using the lighter.
5. Adjust oxygen and acetylene torch to get the required flame.
6. Hold the welding torch and filler rod along the line of weld and weld by maintaining 3 mm gap between
plate and inner core of flame.

Result:
Thus the required welding is obtained by gas welding process
 STUDY OF FOUNDRY
Aim:
To understand the basic concepts of foundry by carrying out simple exercises relevant to its principles
Introduction:
Foundry is a process of forming different shapes and sizes of metals in their molten state. It is also called
as metal casting. The shape of the metal cast obtained depends on the shape and size of the cavity
produced in sand mould by using a wooden model. This wooden model is called a pattern.
The foundry process involves three steps:
a. Making the required pattern
b. Moulding process to produce the cavity in sand using the pattern
c. Pouring the molten metal into the cavity to get the casing
Pattern:
A pattern is normally a wooden model which is the facsimile of the cast/product to be made. There are
many types of patterns and are either one piece or two - pieces.

Moulding Box:
A moulding box is normally a rectangular wooden/metal box with bottom and top surfaces open. The
upper part (cope) and the lower part (drag) are aligned properly.
 Rammer:
A rammer is used to press or ram the moulding sand uniformly into the moulding box.

Strike-off Bar:
A strike off bar is a flat-edged rectangular bar made of wood. It is used to remove excess sand on top
of the mould box after ramming.
Vent wire:
A vent wire is a steel wire used to produce holes in sand fill after ramming. This enables the gases to
escape out to the atmosphere when the molten metal is poured into the cavity of the mould.
Draw spike:
A draw spike is a steel spike with sharp pointed end. This is used to pick the pattern from the mould
after ramming.

Mallet:
A mallet is used to give light blow to the draw spike to drive it into the pattern in order to lift the pattern
with the help of draw spike. It is round or rectangular and is made of hard wood

Melting furnaces:
 The melting furnaces are used to melt the metal to be cast. Furnaces used to melt ferrous or non-
ferrous metals are
1. Coke fired crucible furnace
2. Oil fired crucible furnace
3. Gas fired crucible furnace
4. Cupola furnace
5. Electric furnace
Expt. No. 11 GEAR PATTERN
Aim:
To prepare a sand mould using a gear pattern
Tools required:
1. Shovel
2. Sieve
3. Mould box
4. Rammer
5. Trowel
6. Strike off bar
7. Lifter
8. Gate cutter
9. Runner
10. Riser
11. Vent rod
12. Draw spike
13. Swap etc.
Gear pattern:
Procedure:
1. Clean the mould box, pattern, tools and table/floor.
2. Fill the drag with green sand after positioning the gear pattern on the table.
3. Ram the green sand carefully and the excess sand is struck off.
4. Tilt the drag upside down and sprinkle river sand on top of it.
5. Position the cope on top of the drag.
6. Position the sprue pin and riser pin, then fill the cope with sand and ramming is done and the excess
sand is struck off.
7. Remove the sprue pin and the riser pin carefully.
8. Apply water on the edges of the pattern and remove it carefully using the draw spike, and then finish
the cavity.
9. Vent holes are made using vent wire.
10. A funnel-shaped opening and gate is made to pour the molten metal.

Result:
Thus the mould of the given gear pattern is obtained
 STUDY OF SHEET METAL WORK
Aim:
To understand the basic concepts of sheet metal work by carrying out simple exercises relevant to its
principles
Introduction:
Sheet metal is a process of working with sheets ranging from 8 gauge thickness to 30 gauge
thickness. It is simple metal form into thin and flat pieces. It is by metal working, we can cut and bent metals
variety of different shapes.
Metals used for sheet metals works :

Tools used in sheet metal works:

Measuring and Marking Tools :
1. Steel Rule:
It is a linear measuring tool. It is available in lengths of 150 mm and 300 mm of size, graduated both in
mm and inches. Steel rules are usually made up of tempered rust free steel or stainless steel. The least count
of steel rule is 1 mm
2. Steel Tape:
It is used to measure larger length which could not be measured with a steel rule. It is made up of
toughened spring steel strip. It gets wind up automatically when one edge is left. It is available in market at a
standard length of 5 m and 10 m measured both in mm and inches.
3. Swinging bevel protractor:
It is used for marking and to cut Lines at an angle on sheet metals.
4. Divider:
Divider is used for dividing and marking the length Equally. It has both points sharpened like needle
Points. The dividing length may be adjusted by a thumb screw provided on the divider.
5. Tri square:
 Tri square is used for marking and testing right angles. It consists of a steel blade riveted at right angle
to the edge of the machined stock. The blade length varies from 150 mm to 300 mm.
6. Scribers:
Scriber are hand tools used in the metal trades to mark lines on work pieces, prior to machining. This is
instead of pencils as the marks from pencils cannot be seen as clearly as Scriber marks. It consist simply a
rod of high carbon steel, in its hardened state, that has been sharpened to a point at one or both ends. They
are used cut a mark over the surface of the work piece to leave a shallow scratch on its surface.
7. Punch:
a. Prick punch:
This type of punch the cutting edge angle is around 30 o. It helps making establishment points on sheets by
supporting other tools such as dividers and trammel.

Sheet metal joints:

1. Hem: The sheet metal ends are strengthened by bending to 180 o the sharp edges. There are three
Types of hem:
(a) Single Hem
(b) Double Hem
(c) Wired Hem

a. Single Hem: It is the process of bending the sheet to 180 o one time. This is done to make the edge
stiffen.
b. Double Hem: It is by bending the sheet and rolling twice. This is also done to stiffen the edges.
c. Wired Hem: It is made by wrapping a piece of wire inside a sheet. It helps to strengthen the edge
twice than other process.
2. Seam: Seam is a process of joining and fastening of two sheets together. The different types of seams
are as follows:
(i) Lap seam
(ii) Plain Seam
(iii) Grooved Seam
(iv) Single Seam
(v) Double seam
(vi) Standing seam
3. Riveting: Riveting is a process of joining Sheets permanently. The rivets are made up of
soft iron and coated with thin to resist corrosion. The rivets are classified as per its head
shape. Some of the rivets used often in sheet metal work are given in the figure.

SHEET METAL JOINTS

Hem

Sheet Metal forming operations :

(i) Blanking: It is an operation of cutting a flat shape from a sheet metal. The part punched out is
called the blank and the remaining sheet is the scrap. In the blanking operation, the blank size is equal to
the die size and the clearance is added to the punch.
(ii) Piercing: It is cutting operation by which various shaped holes are made in the sheet metal. In this
operation, the hole in the required operation and the material punched out is the scrap. In the piercing
operation the hole size is equal to the punch size and the clearance is added to the die.
(iii) Notching: This is the cutting operation by which pieces are cut from the edge of a sheet, strip or
blank. The common notches are straight notch, square notch, V notch.
 (iv) Trimming: This operation is done to remove the flash or unwanted excess material from the
previously formed components. Special dies called trimming dies are used for this operation.
(v) Shaving: This operation is done to cut the edges of the blanked part accurately and in maintain
close and accurate dimensions. The shaving operation removes the rough and uneven edges of the blanked
part.
(vi) Perforating: This operation produces number holes evenly spaced in regular pattern on a sheet metal.
(vii) Bending: It is creation of a formed feature by angular displacement of a sheet metal work piece. In
this operation, the material is the form of flat sheet or strip is uniformly strained around a linear axis which lies
in the neutral place and perpendicular to the lengthwise direction of the sheet or metal.
(xi) Curling: Curling is the operation of forming the edges of a component into roll or curl by bending the
sheet metal in order to strengthen the edges and to provide smoothness to the surface.
(x) Drawing: It is a process of forming a flat work piece into a hollow shape by means of a punch
which causes the blank to flow into a die cavity.
(xi) Lancing: Lancing is a combination of cutting and bending. It is the operation of cutting a sheet metal
through part of its length and then bending the cut portion. There is no scrap in this operation.
Squeezing: In this operation, the metal is squeezed within the cavity of the die and the punch to attain the desired shape
Expt. No. 12 RECTANGULAR TRAY
Aim:
To make a rectangular tray from the given sheet metal
Material supplied:
22 gauge Galvanized Iron (GI) sheet
Tools required:
1. Steel rule
2. Mallet
3. Scriber
4. Divider
5. Protractor
6. Snips
7. Stakes
8. Rivet set
9. Ball pein hammer
Sequence of operation:
1. Checking
2. Levelling
3. Marking
4. Cutting
5. Bending
6. Hemming
7. Riveting
Procedure:
1. Check the size of the given sheet for its dimensions using a steel rule.
2. Level the sheet on the levelling plate using a mallet.
3. Follow the development procedure same as square taper tray.
4. Mark the dimensions.
5. Mark a single hemming on the four sides of the tray.

6. Bend this four sides of the tray to 90o using stakes anvil.
7. Finally join all the corners of the tray by riveting.
 Development of rectangular tray:

Result:
Thus the desired rectangular tray is made from the given sheet metal

.
Expt. No. 13 FUNNEL
Aim:
To make a funnel from the given sheet metal
Material supplied:
22 gauge Galvanized Iron (GI) sheet
Tools required:
1. Steel rule
2. mallet
3. Ball pein hammer
4. scriber
5. white paper
6. straight snips
7. groover
8. solder

Formula used:
Angle , φ = (R/ L )× 360º
Where , R = radius of the top circle of the funnel
L = Slanting length
Procedure:
1. Check the size of the given sheet metal is checked for its dimensions using steel rule.
2. Mark the required development of surface on the white paper which is over lapped on the sheet
metal.
3. Mark on the sheet metal as per the development being done on the paper.
4. Now using straight snips, remove unwanted materials.
5. Now fold and bend the work piece to make the funnel shape and joint is made on the work pieces
6. Then using groover, make locked grooved joint for about 5 mm. Also, do hemming in the bottom of
the funnel.
7. In between top face and bottom face, make butt joint using solder.
8. Finally, carrying out trimming and finishing operation.
 Development of funnel:

Cone Neck

Result:
Thus the funnel of the required dimensions is made from the given sheet metal.