Solid State Lab
Solid State Lab
Solid State Lab
PRESENTED BY
GROUP – 1
DIPANKAR POKHREL
NILESH CHOUDHURY
KUMUD PRADHAN
Basic
description of
dielectric
materials
By
Dipankar Pokhrel
Discovery
It was Faraday who discovered for the first time the usefulness of
dielectric material. In his experiment he discovered that the capacitance of
condenser (Capacitor) is increased if the space between the conductors is
filled with a dielectric material.
If
𝑪𝟎 is the capacitance of the capacitor with vacuum in between the conductor
𝑪 is the capacitance of the capacitor with the region filled with dielectric,
then ratio
𝑪
= 𝜺𝒓
𝑪𝟎
𝜺
𝜺𝒓 =
𝜺𝟎
(The permittivity measures the ability of the material to let electric lines to
pass through)
This small displacement creates dipole moment called induce dipole moment
𝒑 = 𝜶𝑬
where, 𝜶 − Polarizability of atom/molecule
𝒑 − induced dipole moment.
𝑬 −applied electric field.
If there are N atoms/molecules per unit volume then dipole moment induced per unit volume
called dielectric polarizability is the vector sum of individual dipole moments per unit volume
i.e. 𝑷 = 𝑵𝜶𝑬
But in solid because due to the applied electric field induced atomic/molecular dipole
interact among themselves i.e. there is dipole – dipole interaction, which produces internal
electric field.
So that local electric field seen by the solid atoms/molecules is different from the field
which is actually applied externally i.e.
𝑬𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒂𝒍 ≠ 𝑬𝒂𝒑𝒑𝒍𝒊𝒆𝒅
i.e. 𝑷 = 𝑵𝜶𝑬𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒂𝒍
• Microscopically, speaking atoms consist of
positively charged nucleus and negatively charged
electron cloud. (assuming atom to be spherical )
Under the condition of no applied electric field the
center of negative charge distribution coincides
with center of positive charge thus no dipole
moment.
= 𝑬𝟎 − 𝑬𝟏
In addition to this there is an interaction among the dipoles which produces another
contribution to this internal local field at an atom.
So, 𝑬𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒂𝒍 = 𝑬𝟎 + (−𝑬𝟏 ) + 𝑬𝟐 + 𝑬𝟑
𝑬𝟏 −depolarizing field
𝑬𝟐 −Lorentz cavity field: field from polarization charges on surface of spherical cavity cut
out of the specimen with the reference atom as center.
𝑬𝟑 −field of atoms inside cavity.
𝑷
So, 𝑬𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒂𝒍 = 𝑬𝒎𝒂𝒄𝒓𝒐 +
𝟑𝜺𝟎
𝑷
Here, 𝑬𝟐 = and 𝑬𝟑 = 𝟎 (for a reference site with cubic surroundings in
𝜺𝟎
sphere is zero)
𝑷
∴ 𝑷 = 𝑵𝜶 𝑬𝒎𝒂𝒄𝒓𝒐 +
𝟑𝜺𝟎
i.e. 𝑷 = 𝜺𝟎 𝝌𝑬𝒎𝒂𝒄𝒓𝒐
And 𝜺𝒓 = 𝝌 + 𝟏
𝜺𝒓 − 𝟏 𝑵𝜶
=
𝜺𝒓 + 𝟐 𝟑
There are three contribution to the electric polarization and dielectric
constant–
1. Electronic Polarization (like covalent molecules here due to the
displacement of electron cloud the molecule get polarized.)
2. Ionic Polarization (such as NaCl here the displacement of ions and this
ionic compound gets polarized.)
3. Orientational Polarization. (such as water which has permanent dipole
moment and tend to reorient in the direction of the field.)
Types of Dielectrics:
Non-Polar - The center of mass of positive and negative particles coincide. The don’t have a dipole
moment. The molecules are in the form of a symmetry. Example: Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, etc.
Polar - The center of mass of positive particles does not coincide with center of mass of negative
particles. The shape of molecules is asymmetrical. Example: Water, Carbon dioxide, etc.
Ferroelectric Material(Crystal):
• A ferromagnetic crystal exhibits an electric dipole even in the absence of an external
field.
• Here the center of positive and negative charge of the crystal do no coincide.
• Here the concept of domain is introduced in each domain the dipole moments are
aligned in the same direction but overall orientation of all the domain is random.
• Example – Barium Titanate