Solid State Lab

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Adv.

Solid State Physics Lab

PRESENTED BY

GROUP – 1

DIPANKAR POKHREL

NILESH CHOUDHURY

KUMUD PRADHAN
Basic
description of
dielectric
materials
By
Dipankar Pokhrel
 Discovery
It was Faraday who discovered for the first time the usefulness of
dielectric material. In his experiment he discovered that the capacitance of
condenser (Capacitor) is increased if the space between the conductors is
filled with a dielectric material.
If
𝑪𝟎 is the capacitance of the capacitor with vacuum in between the conductor
𝑪 is the capacitance of the capacitor with the region filled with dielectric,
then ratio
𝑪
= 𝜺𝒓
𝑪𝟎

is found to be independent of shape or dimension of the conductors is solely


characteristic of dielectric material used. 𝜺𝒓 is called the dielectric constant of the
medium.
• Dielectric constant 𝜺𝒓 is also known as the ratio of permittivity of the
medium (dielectric) 𝜺 to the permittivity of free space 𝜺𝟎

𝜺
𝜺𝒓 =
𝜺𝟎
(The permittivity measures the ability of the material to let electric lines to
pass through)

• Dielectric constant of a material is a macroscopic quantity that measures


how effective is the electric field in polarizing the material.
• Dielectric materials are substances
which do not possess free electric
charges under ordinary circumstances.
 What are dielectric materials? But this does not mean that they
cannot modify their electric filed into
which they are introduced. In fact the
most important property of dielectrics
is their ability to become polarized
under the action of an applied electric
field.
Dielectric Material:
The electron in dielectric materials are tightly bound to the atomic cores and are only slightly
displaced from their equilibrium configuration by applied electric fields of moderate strength.

This small displacement creates dipole moment called induce dipole moment
𝒑 = 𝜶𝑬
where, 𝜶 − Polarizability of atom/molecule
𝒑 − induced dipole moment.
𝑬 −applied electric field.
If there are N atoms/molecules per unit volume then dipole moment induced per unit volume
called dielectric polarizability is the vector sum of individual dipole moments per unit volume
i.e. 𝑷 = 𝑵𝜶𝑬
But in solid because due to the applied electric field induced atomic/molecular dipole
interact among themselves i.e. there is dipole – dipole interaction, which produces internal
electric field.
So that local electric field seen by the solid atoms/molecules is different from the field
which is actually applied externally i.e.
𝑬𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒂𝒍 ≠ 𝑬𝒂𝒑𝒑𝒍𝒊𝒆𝒅

Thus, the polarization vector, 𝑷 ≠ 𝑵𝜶𝑬𝒂𝒑𝒑𝒍𝒊𝒆𝒅

i.e. 𝑷 = 𝑵𝜶𝑬𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒂𝒍
• Microscopically, speaking atoms consist of
positively charged nucleus and negatively charged
electron cloud. (assuming atom to be spherical )
Under the condition of no applied electric field the
center of negative charge distribution coincides
with center of positive charge thus no dipole
moment.

• When we apply electric field then the electron


cloud is displaced in the opposite direction of the
applied from the original position. So now there is So induced dipole moment 𝒑 = 𝒆𝒅

relative displacement in the center of negative and


positive charge and thus gives the net dipole
moment which is induced.
Macroscopic view :
With the application of the external electric field the bound charges of the dielectric material i.e.
positive charges will get displaced in the direction of the electric field and negative charges
opposite to electric field. So this gives us net polarization.
Due to this displacement there is also an electric field produced due to the presence of negative
and positive charges which is the internal electric field called the depolarizing field as it tends to
oppose the applied electric field.

So, 𝑬𝒎𝒂𝒄𝒓𝒐 = 𝑬𝒂𝒑𝒑𝒍𝒊𝒆𝒅 + 𝑬𝒅𝒆𝒑𝒐𝒍𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒛𝒊𝒏𝒈

= 𝑬𝟎 − 𝑬𝟏
In addition to this there is an interaction among the dipoles which produces another
contribution to this internal local field at an atom.
So, 𝑬𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒂𝒍 = 𝑬𝟎 + (−𝑬𝟏 ) + 𝑬𝟐 + 𝑬𝟑

Where 𝑬𝟎 −applied electric field

𝑬𝟏 −depolarizing field

𝑬𝟐 −Lorentz cavity field: field from polarization charges on surface of spherical cavity cut
out of the specimen with the reference atom as center.
𝑬𝟑 −field of atoms inside cavity.

𝑷
So, 𝑬𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒂𝒍 = 𝑬𝒎𝒂𝒄𝒓𝒐 +
𝟑𝜺𝟎
𝑷
Here, 𝑬𝟐 = and 𝑬𝟑 = 𝟎 (for a reference site with cubic surroundings in
𝜺𝟎

sphere is zero)

𝑷
∴ 𝑷 = 𝑵𝜶 𝑬𝒎𝒂𝒄𝒓𝒐 +
𝟑𝜺𝟎

Again 𝑷 is related to 𝑬𝒎𝒂𝒄𝒓𝒐 via electric susceptibility

i.e. 𝑷 = 𝜺𝟎 𝝌𝑬𝒎𝒂𝒄𝒓𝒐
And 𝜺𝒓 = 𝝌 + 𝟏

Thus we get a relation between dielectric constant and polarizability by solving


those two equation called Clausius – Mossoti equation.

𝜺𝒓 − 𝟏 𝑵𝜶
=
𝜺𝒓 + 𝟐 𝟑
There are three contribution to the electric polarization and dielectric
constant–
1. Electronic Polarization (like covalent molecules here due to the
displacement of electron cloud the molecule get polarized.)
2. Ionic Polarization (such as NaCl here the displacement of ions and this
ionic compound gets polarized.)
3. Orientational Polarization. (such as water which has permanent dipole
moment and tend to reorient in the direction of the field.)
Types of Dielectrics:
Non-Polar - The center of mass of positive and negative particles coincide. The don’t have a dipole
moment. The molecules are in the form of a symmetry. Example: Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, etc.
Polar - The center of mass of positive particles does not coincide with center of mass of negative
particles. The shape of molecules is asymmetrical. Example: Water, Carbon dioxide, etc.

 Ferroelectric Material(Crystal):
• A ferromagnetic crystal exhibits an electric dipole even in the absence of an external
field.
• Here the center of positive and negative charge of the crystal do no coincide.
• Here the concept of domain is introduced in each domain the dipole moments are
aligned in the same direction but overall orientation of all the domain is random.
• Example – Barium Titanate

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