Lecture three

Telescope
by Betelhem T.
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OUTLINE
 Introduction

 Types of telescopes

 How telescopes work

 Distance telescopes

 Telescopes and RE

 Near telescopes

 Advantages and disadvantages

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 TELESCOPE
 An optical instrument used to magnify the apparent size of a distant
object, when the patient cannot move closer to the object

 Can magnify image while px staying at their chosen distance from the task --
-distance, intermediate or near

 Only occasionally used for reading

 Due to FoV, DoF, cost, weight, & cosmesis

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 TELESCOPE CONTD……
 Two lenses system (objective and eyepiece)
 Ocular (or Eyepiece) Lens  Objective Lens
 The lens closer to the eye  The lens further from the eye
 Can be positive or negative  Always a converging element
 Positioned so image formed by  i.e. “plus” (convex) lens
objective lens is at the primary
 Longer focal length (i.e. lower power)
focal point of ocular
compared to the ocular lens
 Shorter focal length (i.e. higher
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power) compared to objective lens.
TELESCOPE CONTD……
 Mostly labeled and prescribed from 2x to 10x

 Field of view decreases as magnification increases

 In low vision rehabilitation,

 Focal Vs afocal

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TYPES OF TELESCOPE
 Galilean

 Positiveobjective
 Negative eyepiece (plano-concave)

 Keplerian (astronomical or terrestrial)

 Positive objective
 Positive eyepiece

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GALILEAN TELESCOPE
 Uses a positive objective and a negative eyepiece.
 It gives an erected image

 Shorter than the Keplerian with the same power.

NB: the eyepiece of a telescope has two primary functions:

 to convert the converging light produced by the objective into parallel and
 to provide magnification

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GALILEAN TELESCOPE OPTICS

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KEPLERIAN TELESCOPE
 Uses of two positive lenses:

 The objective lens -- forms the image of a distant object at its focal length

 The eyepiece lens -- acts as a simple magnifier for the image formed by
the objective lens.

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KEPLERIAN TELESCOPE OPTICS

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IMAGE POSITIONING

• The image formed by Keplerian telescope is inverted (needs

re-inverting optics)

 Any Keplerian with re-inverting optics( mirror or prism) is

a “terrestrial” telescope.

 Any Keplerian without re-inverting optics is an

“astronomical” telescope.

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HOW DOES A TELESCOPE WORK?
 Afocal telescopes (used for distant objects):

 Parallel rays in →parallel rays out

 Zero dioptric power

 By means of angular magnification

Magnification = - dioptric power of eyepiece
dioptric power of objective
i.e. M = - FE
FO

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TELESCOPE MAGNIFICATION EXAMPLE
e.g Galilean telescope Keplerian telescope
FE = -40D FO = +20D FE = +40D FO = +20D

M = - (-40) M = - (40)
20 20
M = 2x M = - 2x

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TELESCOPES TUBE LENGTH
 Length (of an afocal telescope) = t

t = sum of the focal lengths

t = fo + fe

 Where t is the telescope length,

 fo is the focal length of the objective lens FO, and

 fe is the focal length of the eyepiece lens FE.

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LENGTH OF A GALILEAN TS
• Example: A Galilean telescope with an objective lens power of +20.00D and
an eyepiece lens power of −40.00D.
t = fo + fe = +1/20 + −1/40
Telescope length = 0.025m = 2.5cm

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 LENGTH OF A KEPLERIAN TS
• Example: An astronomical telescope with an objective lens power of
+20.00D and an eyepiece lens power of +40.00D.
t = fo + fe = +1/20 + +1/40
Telescope length = 0.075m = 7.5cm

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WHAT’S THE EXIT PUPIL??
 Exit pupil = image of objective lens formed by eyepiece

 All light emerges through exit pupil

Exit pupil diameter = Objective diameter / M

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LOOKING FOR THE EXIT PUPIL

 Hold telescope about 20cm from eye, eyepiece towards you

 Exit pupil is a small bright circle of light

 Move head side to side

 Observe movement of exit pupil/circle

 With movement: Galilean

 Against movement: Keplerian

 Keplerian exit pupil much easier to see 18

WHY’S THE EXIT PUPIL IMPORTANT?
 When eye placed at exit pupil
 Receives all light entering telescope
 Maximum light
 Maximum field of view

 Keplerian:

 exitpupil outside telescope

 eye at /close to exit pupil
 better image quality and FOV than Galilean 19
WHAT DO THE NUMBERS ON THE TELESCOPE MEAN?
 e.g.8 x 20
 Magnification = 8x
 Diameter of objective in mm = 20mm

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IMAGE BRIGHTNESS WITH TS
 Maximum possible brightness of image of extended object
through a TS

 Equals brightness of object viewed directly

 i.e. without TS

 Happens when pupil of the eye is fully illuminated by

the exit pupil of the TS

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IMAGE BRIGHTNESS WITH TS CONT…

Eye pupil

Exit pupil
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TELESCOPES FIELD OF VIEW
Depends on
 Magnification

 Diameter of objective

 Working distance

 FOV is better with Keplerian than Galilean

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FIELD OF VIEW CONT….

Relative field of view with telescope to object distance 24

 TELESCOPES: COMPARISON
 Galilean  Kapilarian

+ objective + objective

 (- )ocular + ocular

 Straight housing  Straight or bent housing

 Virtual exit pupil (inside TS )  Real exit pupil (outside TS)

 Usually 4x or less  Usually 4x or more

 Poor FOV poor edge to edge clarity  Better FOV better edge to edge clarity

 More mag w/ unRxed Hyperopes  More mag w/ unRxed myopes 25

 Cheap  Expensive
DISTANCE TELESCOPES

• Binocular or monocular
• Hand held
• Spectacle mounted
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DISTANCE TELESCOPES

Useful for

 Going out and about

 Spotting bus numbers

 Road signs

 building or business names

 Seeing a board at school or college, slide presentations
 TV, cinema, watching sport 27
DISTANCE TELESCOPES CONT…

Hand held
Used for short term distance-spotting tasks

Monoculars
 2x to 14x available
 4x to 8x commonly prescribed

Binoculars
 8x to 12x available

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DISTANCE TELESCOPES CONT…
o Spectacle mounted
o For extended viewing or hands-free use

o Monocular: up to 3x

o Clip on available

o Full field vs Bioptic telescopes

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 TELESCOPE AND REFRACTIVE ERROR
 In a telescope RE can be corrected in three ways
1.Change tube length

2.Full add to eye piece lens

3.Partial add to objective lens

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 TELESCOPES AND HYPEROPIA
 Increasing length of either a Keplerian or a Galilean adds plus power to TS.

Hyperopia and Galilean TS:

 E.g. consider uncorrected +5.00 D hyperope, uses TS of FO +20D & FE -50D lenses.

 Telescope length: t = 5cm – 2cm = 3cm

 Think of ocular as +5 ( borrowed to correct RE) & -55D eyepiece lens of afocal TS

 New telescope length t = 5cm – 1.8cm = 3.2cm

i.e. longer.
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 TELESCOPES AND HYPEROPIA
Hyperopia and Keplerian TS:

 E.g. consider uncorrected +5.00 D hyperope, same TS as before: +20 & +50D lenses.

 Telescope length equal sum of focal lengths: t = 5cm + 2cm = 7cm

 Think of ocular as +5 ( borrowed to correct RE) & +45D eyepiece lens of afocal TS

 New telescope length t = 5cm + 2.2 =7.2

i.e. longer.

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 TELESCOPES AND MYOPIA
 Need divergent light out of telescope

 Shorten (either type of) telescope

Myopia and Galilean:

 E.g. consider uncorrected -5.00 D myope, same TS as before: +20 & -50D lenses.

 Telescope length: t = 5cm – 2cm = 3cm

 Think of ocular as -5 ( borrowed to correct RE) & -45D eyepiece lens of afocal TS

 New telescope length t = 5cm – 2.2cm = 2.8cm

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i.e. shorter.
 TELESCOPES AND MYOPIA
Myopia and Keplerians:

 E.g. consider uncorrected -5.00D myope, same TS as before: +20 & +50D lenses.

 Telescope length: t = 5cm + 2cm = 7cm

 Think of ocular as -5 ( borrowed to correct RE) & +55D eyepiece lens of afocal TS

 New telescope length t = 5cm + 1.8cm = 6.8cm

i.e. shorter

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TELESCOPES: MYOPIA & MAGNIFICATION
 After adjusting ts for myopia:

 Less magnification with Galileans

-5.00 D myope, with same GalileanTS: M = -(-45) / 20 = 2.25x

 More magnification with Keplerians

-5.00 D myope, with same KeplerianTS: M = -(55) / 20 = -2.75x

 Compare to 2.5 or -2.5x if set for emmetrope

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TELESCOPE AND REFRACTIVE ERROR

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DISTANCE TELESCOPES CONT….
 Advantages

 Enlargement can be achieved at longer working distance than

other forms of equivalent low vision aid

 Many can be focused to give both distance and near

enlargement

 Can incorporate a patient’s prescription or the telescope focus

can be adjusted
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DISTANCE TELESCOPES CONT….
 Disadvantages

 Poor field of view

 Need manual dexterity

 Higher powers expensive and heavy

 Cosmetically less acceptable

A dynamic target’s apparent speed will be magnified, as will its size

 Not for walking around

or crossing roads
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VERGENCE AMPLIFICATION

 When object is in focal plane of TS:

 “zero vergence in” “zero vergence out”

 When object is not in focal plane of TS:

 “Some vergence in” “LOTS of vergence out”

 Telescopes are vergence amplifiers.

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VERGENCE AMPLIFICATION CONT…..
 Emergent vergence of light from a telescope is described by:
emerging vergence = M2 (entering vergence)
U′ = M2U
where M is the magnification of the telescope and U is the actual incidence
vergence.

 Example: A 6× telescope utilized for viewing an object at 66 cm.

U′ = M2U
U = 1/0.66 = 1.5D accommodation expected
= 62 × 1.5 = 54.0D of accommodation required
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NEAR TELESCOPES
 Afocal telescopes can be adapted to intermediate and near viewing
distance in three ways

 Adding increased correction for the viewing distance to the

eyepiece lens

 Changing(increasing) the telescope’s length

 Adding a lens cap(full correction for viewing distance) to the

objective lens
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Changing the telescope’s length
 E.g. A Galileantelescope with an objective lens power of +20.00D and an
eyepiece lens power of −40.00D utilized to view an object at 50 cm. What
will be tube length to focus TS for 50cm?

 The
objective lens can be thought of as a +2.00D lens to correct for the
working distance and a +18.00D objective of an afocal telescope.
t = fo + fe
t = +1/18 + −1/40
Telescope length = 0.031m = 3.1cm (i.e. a lengthening of 6 mm)

M = −Fe/Fo = − −40/+18 = 2.2× 42

DISTANCE TELESCOPE WITH NEAR LENS CAP/READING CAP

• Need an accommodation for focal telescope

• To overcome the near demand
Reading cap is added

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WHAT POWER OF READING CAP IS NEEDED?
 Take the reciprocal of the working distance (in meters)

 Example: If a Px wants to use the telescope at 66cm.

 Reading cap power = 100/66cm=+1.50D

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WHAT IS THE EQUIVALENT POWER WHEN A READING CAP IS
ADDED?

F(eq)=D(cap) x M(ts)

Example: If 3x telescope is used with a +1.50 reading cap

Feq = (+1.5)x(3x)=+4.5D

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NEAR TELESCOPES CONT….

Compared with other magnifiers

 Advantages

 Hands free

 Longer working distance

 Ametropia corrected if spectacle mounted

 Binocular viewing is possible up to 5x

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NEAR TELESCOPES CONT…

 Disadvantages

 Cosmetically less acceptable

 Reduced field of view

 Weight

 Expensive

 In practice only 3x or 4x helpful

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GENERALLY
 Alignment is critical
 Exit pupil of TS has to match up with the entrance pupil of the
eye
 Hand-held systems require steadiness & good coordination
 Spectacle mounted systems must be precisely positioned and
angled
Eg. bioptic setups (esp if binocular).

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 GENERALLY
 Training should always be provided when prescribing a telescope including:

 How to hold the telescope, which eye to use and with or without glasses

 Focusing and maximising the field of view

 Steadying the telescope using the eye orbit and keeping the elbows in

 Practicing spotting (localization and focusing), tracing (e.g. around an

object), tracking (e.g. a moving bus) and scanning (searching for an
object).

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MANAGEMENT STRATEGY FOR PERIPHERAL VISUAL FIELD
DEFECTS

 Prisms

 Mirrors

 Reverse telescopes

 Minus lenses

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 Thank you
Any Question???
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