Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. (AMD) Is An American

10/1/21, 3:48 PM Advanced Micro Devices - Wikipedia
Coordinates: 37°22′56″N 121°58′15″W
Advanced Micro Devices

Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. (AMD) is an American
multinational semiconductor company based in Santa Advanced Micro Devices, Inc.
Clara, California, that develops computer processors and
related technologies for business and consumer markets.
While it initially manufactured its own processors, the
company later outsourced its manufacturing, a practice
known as going fabless, after GlobalFoundries was spun off
in 2009. AMD's main products include microprocessors,
motherboard chipsets, embedded processors and graphics
processors for servers, workstations, personal computers
and embedded system applications.
Contents
Headquarters at Santa Clara in 2020
History
First twelve years Type Public company
Technology exchange agreement with Intel Traded as Nasdaq: AMD (https://
Acquisition of ATI, spin-off of GlobalFoundries, and www.nasdaq.com/sym
acquisition of Xilinx bol/amd)
List of CEOs Nasdaq 100
component
Products
CPUs and APUs S&P 500 component
IBM PC and the x86 architecture Industry Semiconductors
K5, K6, Athlon, Duron, and Sempron Founded May 1, 1969
Athlon 64, Opteron and Phenom Jerry Sanders
Founder
Fusion becomes the AMD APU
Headquarters Santa Clara, California,
New microarchitectures
U.S.
High-power, high-performance Bulldozer
cores Area served Worldwide
Low-power Cat cores Key people John Edward Caldwell
ARM architecture-based designs (chairman)
Zen based CPUs and APUs Lisa Su (president and
CEO)
Graphics products and GPUs
ATI prior to AMD acquisition Mark Papermaster
(CTO)
Radeon within AMD
Combined GPU and CPU divisions Products Central processing
units
Radeon Technologies Group

Graphics processing
Semi-custom and game console products unit
Other hardware Microprocessors
AMD motherboard chipsets Systems-on-chip

Embedded products (SoCs)
Embedded CPUs Motherboard chipsets
Embedded graphics Network interface
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Micro_Devices 1/37
Current product lines controllers
CPU and APU products Embedded processors
Graphics products Solid-state drives
Drivers
Radeon-branded products TV accessories

RAM
Revenue
Solid-state drives
$9.76 billion[1] (2020)
Technologies Operating
CPU technologies income $1.37 billion[1] (2020)
Graphics technologies Net income
Software $2.49 billion[1] (2020)
Production and fabrication Total assets
$8.96 billion[1] (2020)
Corporate affairs
Partnerships Total equity
$5.84 billion[1] (2020)
Litigation with Intel
Number of 12,600 (2020)
Guinness World Record achievement
employees
Corporate social responsibility
Website amd.com (http://amd.c
Other initiatives om)
See also
Notes
References
External links
History
First twelve years
Advanced Micro Devices was formally incorporated by Jerry

Sanders, along with seven of his colleagues from Fairchild
Semiconductor, on May 1, 1969.[2][3] Sanders, an electrical
engineer who was the director of marketing at Fairchild, had,
like many Fairchild executives, grown frustrated with the
increasing lack of support, opportunity, and flexibility within AMD's former headquarters in
Sunnyvale, California
the company. He later decided to leave to start his own
semiconductor company.[4] Robert Noyce, who had developed
the first silicon integrated circuit at Fairchild in 1959,[5] had
left Fairchild together with Gordon Moore and founded the semiconductor company Intel in July
1968.[6]
In September 1969, AMD moved from its temporary location in Santa Clara to Sunnyvale,
California.[7] To immediately secure a customer base, AMD initially became a second source
supplier of microchips designed by Fairchild and National Semiconductor.[8][9] AMD first focused
on producing logic chips.[10] The company guaranteed quality control to United States Military
Standard, an advantage in the early computer industry since unreliability in microchips was a
distinct problem that customers – including computer manufacturers, the telecommunications
industry, and instrument manufacturers – wanted to avoid.[8][11][12][13]
In November 1969, the company manufactured its first

product: the Am9300, a 4-bit MSI shift register, which began
selling in 1970.[13][14] Also in 1970, AMD produced its first
proprietary product, the Am2501 logic counter, which was
highly successful.[15][16] Its best-selling product in 1971 was
the Am2505, the fastest multiplier available.[15][17]
In 1971, AMD entered the RAM chip market, beginning with

the Am3101, a 64-bit bipolar RAM.[17][18] That year AMD also
greatly increased the sales volume of its linear integrated AMD's campus in Markham,
circuits, and by year-end the company's total annual sales Ontario, Canada, formerly ATI
reached US$4.6 million.[15][19] headquarters
AMD went public in September 1972.[8][20][21] The company

was a second source for Intel MOS/LSI circuits by 1973, with
products such as Am14/1506 and Am14/1507, dual 100-bit
dynamic shift registers.[22][23] By 1975, AMD was producing
212 products – of which 49 were proprietary, including the
Am9102 (a static N-channel 1024-bit RAM)[24] and three low-
power Schottky MSI circuits: Am25LS07, Am25LS08, and
Am25LS09.[25]
Intel had created the first microprocessor, its 4-bit 4004, in

1971.[26][27] By 1975, AMD entered the microprocessor market AMD's LEED-certified Lone Star
with the Am9080, a reverse-engineered clone of the Intel campus in Austin, Texas
8080,[28][29][30] and the Am2900 bit-slice microprocessor
family.[29] When Intel began installing microcode in its
microprocessors in 1976, it entered into a cross-licensing agreement with AMD, which was granted
a copyright license to the microcode in its microprocessors and peripherals, effective October
1976.[25][31][32][33][34]
In 1977, AMD entered into a joint venture with Siemens, a German engineering conglomerate
wishing to enhance its technology expertise and enter the American market.[35] Siemens
purchased 20% of AMD's stock, giving the company an infusion of cash to increase its product
lines.[35][36][37] The two companies also jointly established Advanced Micro Computers (AMC),
located in Silicon Valley and in Germany, allowing AMD to enter the microcomputer development
and manufacturing field,[35][38][39][40] in particular based on AMD's second-source Zilog Z8000
microprocessors.[41][42] When the two companies' vision for Advanced Micro Computers diverged,
AMD bought out Siemens' stake in the American division in 1979.[43][44] AMD closed Advanced
Micro Computers in late 1981 after switching focus to manufacturing second-source Intel x86
microprocessors.[41][45][46]
Total sales in fiscal year 1978 topped $100 million,[38] and in 1979, AMD debuted on the New York
Stock Exchange.[16] In 1979, production also began on AMD's new semiconductor fabrication plant
in Austin, Texas;[16] the company already had overseas assembly facilities in Penang and
Manila,[47] and began construction on a fabrication plant in San Antonio in 1981.[48] In 1980,
AMD began supplying semiconductor products for telecommunications, an industry undergoing
rapid expansion and innovation.[49]
Technology exchange agreement with Intel
Intel had introduced the first x86 microprocessors in 1978.[50] In 1981, IBM created its PC, and
wanted Intel's x86 processors, but only under the condition that Intel also provide a second-source
manufacturer for its patented x86 microprocessors.[11] Intel and AMD entered into a 10-year
technology exchange agreement, first signed in October 1981[45][51] and formally executed in
February 1982.[34] The terms of the agreement were that each company could acquire the right to
become a second-source manufacturer of semiconductor products developed by the other; that is,
each party could "earn" the right to manufacture and sell a product developed by the other, if
agreed to, by exchanging the manufacturing rights to a product of equivalent technical complexity.
The technical information and licenses needed to make and sell a part would be exchanged for a
royalty to the developing company.[33] The 1982 agreement also extended the 1976 AMD–Intel
cross-licensing agreement through 1995.[33][34] The agreement included the right to invoke
arbitration of disagreements, and after five years the right of either party to end the agreement
with one year's notice.[33] The main result of the 1982 agreement was that AMD became a second-
source manufacturer of Intel's x86 microprocessors and related chips, and Intel provided AMD
with database tapes for its 8086, 80186, and 80286 chips.[34] However, in the event of a
bankruptcy or takeover of AMD, the cross-licensing agreement would be effectively cancelled.[52]
Beginning in 1982, AMD began volume-producing second-source Intel-licensed 8086, 8088,

80186, and 80188 processors, and by 1984, its own Am286 clone of Intel's 80286 processor, for
the rapidly growing market of IBM PCs and IBM clones.[11][53] It also continued its successful
concentration on proprietary bipolar chips.[54] In 1983, it introduced INT.STD.1000, the highest
manufacturing quality standard in the industry.[13][48]
The company continued to spend greatly on research and development,[55] and in addition to
other breakthrough products, created the world's first 512K EPROM in 1984.[56] That year, AMD
was listed in the book The 100 Best Companies to Work for in America,[48][57] and later made the
Fortune 500 list for the first time in 1985.[58][59]
By mid-1985, the microchip market experienced a severe downturn, mainly due to long-term
aggressive trade practices (dumping) from Japan, but also due to a crowded and non-innovative
chip market in the United States.[60] AMD rode out the mid-1980s crisis by aggressively
innovating and modernizing,[61] devising the Liberty Chip program of designing and
manufacturing one new chip or chipset per week for 52 weeks in fiscal year 1986,[48][62] and by
heavily lobbying the U.S. government until sanctions and restrictions were put in place to prevent
predatory Japanese pricing.[63] During this time, AMD withdrew from the DRAM market,[64] and
made some headway into the CMOS market, which it had lagged in entering, having focused
instead on bipolar chips.[65]
AMD had some success in the mid-1980s with the AMD7910 and AMD7911 "World Chip" FSK
modem, one of the first multi-standard devices that covered both Bell and CCITT tones at up to
1200 baud half duplex or 300/300 full duplex.[66] Beginning in 1986, AMD embraced the
perceived shift toward RISC with their own AMD Am29000 (29k) processor;[67] the 29k survived
as an embedded processor.[68][69] The company also increased its EPROM memory market share
in the late 1980s.[70] Throughout the 1980s, AMD was a second-source supplier of Intel x86
processors. In 1991, it introduced its own 386-compatible Am386, an AMD-designed chip.
Creating its own chips, AMD began to compete directly with Intel.[71]
AMD had a large, successful flash memory business, even during the dotcom bust.[72] In 2003, to
divest some manufacturing and aid its overall cash flow, which was under duress from aggressive
microprocessor competition from Intel, AMD spun off its flash memory business and
manufacturing into Spansion, a joint venture with Fujitsu, which had been co-manufacturing flash
memory with AMD since 1993.[73][74] In December 2005, AMD divested itself of Spansion in order
to focus on the microprocessor market, and Spansion went public in an IPO.[75]
Acquisition of ATI, spin-off of GlobalFoundries, and acquisition of Xilinx
On July 24, 2006, AMD announced its acquisition of the graphics processor company ATI
Technologies. AMD paid $4.3 billion and 58 million shares of its stock, for a total of approximately
$5.4 billion. The transaction was completed on October 25, 2006.[76] On August 30, 2010, AMD
announced that it would retire the ATI brand name for its graphics chipsets in favor of the AMD
brand name.[77][78]
In October 2008, AMD announced plans to spin off manufacturing operations in the form of
GlobalFoundries Inc., a multibillion-dollar joint venture with Advanced Technology Investment
Co., an investment company formed by the government of Abu Dhabi. The partnership and spin-
off gave AMD an infusion of cash and allowed it to focus solely on chip design.[79] To assure the
Abu Dhabi investors of the new venture's success, AMD's CEO Hector Ruiz stepped down in July
2008, while remaining executive chairman, in preparation for becoming chairman of
GlobalFoundries in March 2009.[80][81] President and COO Dirk Meyer became AMD's CEO.[82]
Recessionary losses necessitated AMD cutting 1,100 jobs in 2009.[83]
In August 2011, AMD announced that former Lenovo executive Rory Read would be joining the
company as CEO, replacing Meyer.[84] In November 2011, AMD announced plans to lay off more
than 10% (1,400) of its employees from across all divisions worldwide.[85] In October 2012, it
announced plans to lay off an additional 15% of its workforce to reduce costs in the face of
declining sales revenue.[86]
AMD acquired the low-power server manufacturer SeaMicro in early 2012, with an eye to bringing
out an ARM architecture server chip.[87]
On October 8, 2014, AMD announced that Rory Read had stepped down after three years as
president and chief executive officer.[88] He was succeeded by Lisa Su, a key lieutenant who had
been serving as chief operating officer since June.[89]
On October 16, 2014, AMD announced a new restructuring plan along with its Q3 results. Effective
July 1, 2014, AMD reorganized into two business groups: Computing and Graphics, which
primarily includes desktop and notebook processors and chipsets, discrete GPUs, and professional
graphics; and Enterprise, Embedded, and Semi-Custom, which primarily includes server and
embedded processors, dense servers, semi-custom SoC products (including solutions for gaming
consoles), engineering services, and royalties. As part of this restructuring, AMD announced that
7% of its global workforce would be laid off by the end of 2014.[90]
After the GlobalFoundries spin-off and subsequent layoffs, AMD was left with significant vacant
space at 1 AMD Place, its aging Sunnyvale headquarters office complex. In August 2016, AMD's 47
years in Sunnyvale came to a close when it signed a lease with the Irvine Company for a new
220,000 sq. ft. headquarters building in Santa Clara.[91] AMD's new location at Santa Clara Square
faces the headquarters of archrival Intel across the Bayshore Freeway and San Tomas Aquino
Creek. Around the same time, AMD also agreed to sell 1 AMD Place to the Irvine Company.[92] In
April 2019, the Irvine Company secured approval from the Sunnyvale City Council of its plans to
demolish 1 AMD Place and redevelop the entire 32-acre site into townhomes and apartments.[92]
In October 2020, AMD announced that it was acquiring Xilinx in an all-stock transaction valued at
$35 billion. The deal is expected to be completed by the end of 2021.[93]
List of CEOs
Name Years Position, education

Jerry Sanders 1969—2002 Founder, electrical engineer
Hector Ruiz 2002—2008 Electrical engineer
Dirk Meyer 2008—2011 Computer engineer
Rory Read 2011—2014 Information Systems
Lisa Su 2014—present Electrical engineer
Products
CPUs and APUs

Advanced Micro Devices microprocessors
Am2900 series AMD 29000 Am386 Amx86 K5 architecture K6 architecture

(1975) series (1987–95) series (1991–95) (1996) (1997–2001)
Bulldozer Series Bobcat series Zen core Zen+ series Zen 3 series
CPUs Bulldozer, APUs Bobcat, architecture (released 2018) (released 2020)
Piledriver, Jaguar, Puma (2017)
Steamroller, (2011–present)
Excavator
(2011–2017)
IBM PC and the x86 architecture
In February 1982, AMD signed a contract with Intel, becoming a licensed second-source
manufacturer of 8086 and 8088 processors. IBM wanted to use the Intel 8088 in its IBM PC, but
its policy at the time was to require at least two sources for its chips. AMD later produced the
Am286 under the same arrangement. In 1984, Intel internally decided to no longer cooperate with
AMD in supplying product information in order to shore up its advantage in the marketplace, and
delayed and eventually refused to convey the technical details of the Intel 80386.[94] In 1987, AMD
invoked arbitration over the issue, and Intel reacted by canceling the 1982 technological-exchange
agreement altogether.[95][96] After three years of testimony, AMD eventually won in arbitration in
1992, but Intel disputed this decision. Another long legal dispute followed, ending in 1994 when
the Supreme Court of California sided with the arbitrator and AMD.[97][98]
In 1990, Intel countersued AMD, renegotiating AMD's right to use derivatives of Intel's microcode
for its cloned processors.[99] In the face of uncertainty during the legal dispute, AMD was forced to
develop clean room designed versions of Intel code for its x386 and x486 processors, the former
long after Intel had released its own x386 in 1985.[100] In March 1991, AMD released the Am386,
its clone of the Intel 386 processor.[48] By October of the same year it had sold one million
units.[48]
In 1993, AMD introduced the first of the Am486 family of processors,[16] which proved popular
with a large number of original equipment manufacturers, including Compaq, which signed an
exclusive agreement using the Am486.[8][101][102] The Am5x86, another Am486-based processor,
was released in November 1995, and continued AMD's success as a fast, cost-effective
processor.[103][104]
Finally, in an agreement effective 1996, AMD received the rights to the microcode in Intel's x386
and x486 processor families, but not the rights to the microcode in the following generations of
processors.[105][106]
K5, K6, Athlon, Duron, and Sempron
AMD's first in-house x86 processor was the K5, launched in 1996.[107] The "K" in its name was a
reference to Kryptonite, the only substance which known to harm comic book character Superman.
This itself was a reference to Intel's hegemony over the market, i.e., an anthropomorphization of
them as Superman.[108] The number "5" was a reference to the fifth generation of x86 processors;
rival Intel had previously introduced its line of fifth-generation x86 processors as Pentium because
the U.S. Trademark and Patent Office had ruled that mere numbers could not be trademarked.[109]
In 1996, AMD purchased NexGen, specifically for the rights to their Nx series of x86-compatible
processors. AMD gave the NexGen design team their own building, left them alone, and gave them
time and money to rework the Nx686. The result was the K6 processor, introduced in 1997.
Although it was based on Socket 7, variants such as K6-3/450 were faster than Intel's Pentium II
(sixth-generation processor).
The K7 was AMD's seventh-generation x86 processor, making its debut under the brand name
Athlon on June 23, 1999. Unlike previous AMD processors, it could not be used on the same
motherboards as Intel's, due to licensing issues surrounding Intel's Slot 1 connector, and instead
used a Slot A connector, referenced to the Alpha processor bus. The Duron was a lower-cost and
limited version of the Athlon (64KB instead of 256KB L2 cache) in a 462-pin socketed PGA (socket
A) or soldered directly onto the motherboard. Sempron was released as a lower-cost Athlon XP,
replacing Duron in the socket A PGA era. It has since been migrated upward to all new sockets, up
to AM3.
On October 9, 2001, the Athlon XP was released. On February 10, 2003, the Athlon XP with 512KB
L2 Cache was released.[110]
Athlon 64, Opteron and Phenom
The K8 was a major revision of the K7 architecture, with the most notable features being the
addition of a 64-bit extension to the x86 instruction set (called x86-64, AMD64, or x64), the
incorporation of an on-chip memory controller, and the implementation of an extremely high
performance point-to-point interconnect called HyperTransport, as part of the Direct Connect
Architecture. The technology was initially launched as the Opteron server-oriented processor on
April 22, 2003.[111] Shortly thereafter, it was incorporated into a product for desktop PCs, branded
Athlon 64.[112]
On April 21, 2005, AMD released the first dual core Opteron, an x86-based server CPU.[113] A
month later, it released the Athlon 64 X2, the first desktop-based dual core processor family.[114]
In May 2007, AMD abandoned the string "64" in its dual-core desktop product branding,
becoming Athlon X2, downplaying the significance of 64-bit computing in its processors. Further
updates involved improvements to the microarchitecture, and a shift of the target market from
mainstream desktop systems to value dual-core desktop systems. In 2008, AMD started to release
dual-core Sempron processors exclusively in China, branded as the Sempron 2000 series, with
lower HyperTransport speed and smaller L2 cache. AMD completed its dual-core product portfolio
for each market segment.
In September 2007, AMD released the first server Opteron K10 processors,[115] followed in
November by the Phenom processor for desktop. K10 processors came in dual-core, triple-
core,[116] and quad-core versions, with all cores on a single die. AMD released a new platform
codenamed "Spider", which utilized the new Phenom processor, as well as an R770 GPU and a 790
GX/FX chipset from the AMD 700 chipset series.[117] However, AMD built the Spider at 65nm,
which was uncompetitive with Intel's smaller and more power-efficient 45nm.
In January 2009, AMD released a new processor line dubbed Phenom II, a refresh of the original
Phenom built using the 45 nm process.[118] AMD's new platform, codenamed "Dragon", utilized
the new Phenom II processor, and an ATI R770 GPU from the R700 GPU family, as well as a 790
GX/FX chipset from the AMD 700 chipset series.[119] The Phenom II came in dual-core, triple-
core and quad-core variants, all using the same die, with cores disabled for the triple-core and
dual-core versions. The Phenom II resolved issues that the original Phenom had, including a low
clock speed, a small L3 cache, and a Cool'n'Quiet bug that decreased performance. The Phenom II
cost less but was not performance-competitive with Intel's mid-to-high-range Core 2 Quads. The
Phenom II also enhanced its predecessor's memory controller, allowing it to use DDR3 in a new
native socket AM3, while maintaining backward compatibility with AM2+, the socket used for the
Phenom, and allowing the use of the DDR2 memory that was used with the platform.
In April 2010, AMD released a new Phenom II Hexa-core (6-core) processor codenamed
"Thuban".[120] This was a totally new die based on the hexa-core "Istanbul" Opteron processor. It
included AMD's "turbo core" technology, which allows the processor to automatically switch from
6 cores to 3 faster cores when more pure speed is needed.
The Magny Cours and Lisbon server parts were released in 2010.[121] The Magny Cours part came
in 8 to 12 cores and the Lisbon part in 4 and 6 core parts. Magny Cours is focused on performance
while the Lisbon part is focused on high performance per watt. Magny Cours is an MCM (multi-
chip module) with two hexa-core "Istanbul" Opteron parts. This will use a new G34 socket for dual
and quad-socket processors and thus will be marketed as Opteron 61xx series processors. Lisbon
uses C32 socket certified for dual-socket use or single socket use only and thus will be marketed as
Opteron 41xx processors. Both will be built on a 45 nm SOI process.
Fusion becomes the AMD APU
Following AMD's 2006 acquisition of Canadian graphics company ATI Technologies, an initiative
codenamed Fusion was announced to integrate a CPU and GPU together on some of AMD's
microprocessors, including a built in PCI Express link to accommodate separate PCI Express
peripherals, eliminating the northbridge chip from the motherboard. The initiative intended to
move some of the processing originally done on the CPU (e.g. floating-point unit operations) to the
GPU, which is better optimized for some calculations. The Fusion was later renamed the AMD
APU (Accelerated Processing Unit).[122]
Llano was AMD's first APU built for laptops. Llano was the second APU released,[123] targeted at
the mainstream market.[122] It incorporated a CPU and GPU on the same die, as well as
northbridge functions, and used "Socket FM1" with DDR3 memory. The CPU part of the processor
was based on the Phenom II "Deneb" processor. AMD suffered an unexpected decrease in revenue
based on production problems for the Llano.[124]
New microarchitectures
High-power, high-performance Bulldozer cores
Bulldozer was AMD's microarchitecture codename for server and desktop AMD FX processors,
first released on October 12, 2011. This family 15h microarchitecture is the successor to the family
10h (K10) microarchitecture design. Bulldozer was a clean-sheet design, not a development of
earlier processors.[125] The core was specifically aimed at 10–125 W TDP computing products.
AMD claimed dramatic performance-per-watt efficiency improvements in high-performance
computing (HPC) applications with Bulldozer cores. While hopes were high that Bulldozer would
bring AMD to be performance-competitive with Intel once more, most benchmarks were
disappointing. In some cases the new Bulldozer products were slower than the K10 models they
were built to replace.[126][127][128]
The Piledriver microarchitecture was the 2012 successor to Bulldozer, increasing clock speeds and
performance relative to its predecessor.[129] Piledriver would be released in AMD FX, APU, and
Opteron product lines.[130][131][132][133] Piledriver was subsequently followed by the Steamroller
microarchitecture in 2013. Used exclusively in AMD's APUs, Steamroller focused on greater
parallelism.[134][135]
In 2015, the Excavator microarchitecture replaced Piledriver.[136] Expected to be the last

microarchitecture of the Bulldozer series,[137][138] Excavator focused on improved power
efficiency.[139]
Low-power Cat cores
The Bobcat microarchitecture was revealed during a speech from AMD executive vice-president
Henri Richard in Computex 2007 and was put into production during the first quarter of 2011.[123]
Based on the difficulty competing in the x86 market with a single core optimized for the 10–100 W
range, AMD had developed a simpler core with a target range of 1–10 watts.[140] In addition, it was
believed that the core could migrate into the hand-held space if the power consumption can be
reduced to less than 1 W.[141]
Jaguar is a microarchitecture codename for Bobcat's successor, released in 2013, that is used in
various APUs from AMD aimed at the low-power/low-cost market.[142] Jaguar and its derivates
would go on to be used in the custom APUs of the PlayStation 4,[143][144] Xbox One,[145][146]
PlayStation 4 Pro,[147][148][149] Xbox One S,[150] and Xbox One X.[151][152] Jaguar would be later
followed by the Puma microarchitecture in 2014.[153]
ARM architecture-based designs
In 2012, AMD announced it was working on an ARM architecture products, both as a semi-custom
product and server product.[154][155][156] The initial server product was announced as the Opteron
A1100 in 2014, and 8-core Cortex-A57 based ARMv8-A SoC,[157][158] and was expected to be
followed by an APU incorporating a Graphic Core Next GPU.[159] However, the Opteron A1100 was
not released until 2016, with the delay attributed to adding software support.[160] The A1100 was
also criticized for not having support from major vendors upon its release.[160][161][162]
In 2014, AMD also announced the K12 custom core for release in 2016.[163] While being ARMv8-A
instruction set architecture compliant, the K12 is expected to be entirely custom designed targeting
server, embedded, and semi-custom markets. While ARM architecture development continued,
products based on K12 were subsequently delayed with no release planned, in preference to the
development of AMD's x86 based Zen microarchitecture.[164][165]
Zen based CPUs and APUs
Zen is a new architecture for x86-64 based Ryzen series CPUs and APUs, introduced in 2017 by
AMD and built from the ground up by a team led by Jim Keller, beginning with his arrival in 2012,
and taping out before his departure in September 2015. One of AMD's primary goals with Zen was
an IPC increase of at least 40%, however in February 2017 AMD announced that they had actually
achieved a 52% increase.[166] Processors made on the Zen architecture are built on the 14 nm
FinFET node and have a renewed focus on single-core performance and HSA compatibility.[167]
Previous processors from AMD were either built in the 32 nm process ("Bulldozer" and
"Piledriver" CPUs) or the 28 nm process ("Steamroller" and "Excavator" APUs). Because of this,
Zen is much more energy efficient. The Zen architecture is the first to encompass CPUs and APUs
from AMD built for a single socket (Socket AM4). Also new for this architecture is the
implementation of simultaneous multithreading (SMT) technology, something Intel has had for
years on some of their processors with their proprietary Hyper-Threading implementation of SMT.
This is a departure from the "Clustered MultiThreading" design introduced with the Bulldozer
architecture. Zen also has support for DDR4 memory. AMD released the Zen-based high-end
Ryzen 7 "Summit Ridge" series CPUs on March 2, 2017,[168] mid-range Ryzen 5 series CPUs on
April 11, 2017, and entry level Ryzen 3 series CPUs on July 27, 2017.[169] AMD later released the
Epyc line of Zen derived server processors for 1P and 2P systems.[170] In October 2017, AMD
released Zen based APUs as Ryzen Mobile, incorporating Vega graphics cores.[171] In January 2018
AMD has announced their new lineup plans, with Ryzen 2.[172] AMD launched CPUs with the
12nm Zen+[173] microarchitecture in April 2018, following up with the 7nm Zen 2
microarchitecture in June 2019, including an update to the Epyc line with new processors using
the Zen 2 microarchitecture in August 2019, and Zen 3 slated for release in Q3 2020. As of 2019,
AMD's Ryzen processors were reported to outsell Intel's consumer desktop processors.[174] At CES
2020 AMD announced their Ryzen Mobile 4000, as the first 7 nm x86 mobile processor, the first
7 nm 8-core (also 16-thread) high performance mobile processor, and the first 8-core (also 16-
thread) processor for ultrathin laptops.[175] This generation is still based on the Zen 2 architecture.
In October 2020 AMD announced their Zen 3 CPU.[176] On PassMark's Single thread performance
test the Ryzen 5 5600x bested all other CPUs besides the Ryzen 9 5950X.[177]
Both the PlayStation 5 and the Xbox Series X and Series S use chips based on the Zen 2
microarchitecture, with proprietary tweaks and different configurations in each system's
implementation than AMD sells in its own commercially available APUs.[178][179]
Graphics products and GPUs

Advanced Micro Devices Graphics processing unit
Radeon R200 Radeon R500 Radeon HD Radeon HD Radeon HD

series (2001) (2005) 2000 series 3000 series 4000 series
(2007a) (2007b) (2008)
Radeon HD Radeon HD Radeon HD Radeon Rx 200 Radeon RX 400

5000 series 6000 series 7000 series series (2013) series (2016)
(2009) (2010) (2012)
Radeon RX 500 Radeon RX Radeon RX Radeon RX

series (2016) Vega series 5000 series 6000 series
(released 2017) (released 2019) (released 2020)
ATI prior to AMD acquisition
Lee Ka Lau,[180] Francis Lau, Benny Lau, and Kwok Yuen Ho[181] founded ATI in 1985 as Array
Technology Inc.[182]
Working primarily in the OEM field, ATI produced integrated graphics cards
for PC manufacturers such as IBM and Commodore. By 1987, ATI had grown into an independent
graphics-card retailer, introducing EGA Wonder and VGA Wonder card product lines that
year.[183] In the early nineties, they released products able to process graphics without the CPU: in
May 1991, the Mach8, in 1992 the Mach32, which offered improved memory bandwidth and GUI
acceleration. ATI Technologies Inc. went public in 1993, with shares listed on NASDAQ and on the
Toronto Stock Exchange.
In 1994, the Mach64 accelerator debuted, powering the Graphics Xpression and Graphics Pro
Turbo, offering hardware support for YUV-to-RGB color space conversion in addition to hardware
zoom; early techniques of hardware-based video acceleration.
ATI introduced its first combination of 2D and 3D

accelerator under the name 3D Rage. This chip was based
on the Mach 64, but it featured elemental 3D acceleration.
The ATI Rage line powered almost the entire range of ATI
graphics products. In particular, the Rage Pro was one of
the first viable 2D-plus-3D alternatives to 3dfx's 3D-only
Voodoo chipset. 3D acceleration in the Rage line advanced
from the basic functionality within the initial 3D Rage to a
more advanced DirectX 6.0 accelerator in 1999 Rage 128.
The All-in-Wonder product line, introduced in 1996, was

ATI's former Silicon Valley office
the first combination of integrated graphics chip with TV
tuner card and the first chip that enabled display of
computer graphics on a TV set.[184] The cards featured 3D
acceleration powered by ATI's 3D Rage II, 64-bit 2D
performance, TV-quality video acceleration, analog video
capture, TV tuner functionality, flicker-free TV-out and
stereo TV audio reception.
ATI entered the mobile computing sector by introducing

3D-graphics acceleration to laptops in 1996. The Mobility
product line had to meet requirements different from
those of desktop PCs, such as minimized power usage,
reduced heat output, TMDS output capabilities for laptop
screens, and maximized integration. In 1997, ATI acquired
Tseng Labs's graphics assets, which included 40 ATI "Graphics Solution Rev 3" from
engineers. 1985/1986, supporting Hercules
graphics. As the PCB reveals, the layout
The Radeon line of graphics products was unveiled in dates from 1985, whereas the marking on
2000. The initial Radeon graphics processing unit offered the central chip CW16800-A says
an all-new design with DirectX 7.0 3D acceleration, video "8639"—meaning that chip was
acceleration, and 2D acceleration. Technology developed manufactured in week 39, 1986. Notice
for a specific Radeon generation could be built in varying UM6845E CRT controller. This card uses
levels of features and performance in order to provide the ISA 8-bit interface.
products suited for the entire market range, from high-
end to budget to mobile versions.
In 2000, ATI acquired ArtX, which engineered the Flipper

graphics chip used in the Nintendo GameCube game console.
They also created a modified version of the chip (codenamed
Hollywood) for the successor of the GameCube, the Wii.
Microsoft contracted ATI to design the graphics core
(codenamed Xenos) for the Xbox 360. Later in 2005, ATI
acquired Terayon's cable modem silicon intellectual property,
strengthening their lead in the consumer digital television
ATI VGA Wonder with 256 KB RAM
market.[185] K. Y. Ho remained as Chairman of the Board until
he retired in November 2005. Dave Orton replaced him as the
President and CEO of the organization.
On July 24, 2006, a joint announcement revealed that Advanced Micro Devices would acquire ATI
in a deal valued at $5.6 billion.[186] The acquisition consideration closed on October 25, 2006,[187]
and included over $2 billion financed from a loan and 56 million shares of AMD stock.[188] ATI's
operations became part of the AMD Graphics Product Group (GPG),[189] and ATI's CEO Dave
Orton became the Executive Vice President of Visual and Media Businesses at AMD until his
resignation in 2007.[190] The top-level management was reorganized with the Senior Vice
President and General Manager, and the Senior Vice President and General Manager of Consumer
Electronics Group, both of whom would report to the CEO of AMD.[191] On 30 August 2010, John
Trikola announced that AMD would retire the ATI brand for its graphics chipsets in favor of the
AMD name.[192]
Radeon within AMD
In 2008, the ATI division of AMD released the TeraScale microarchitecture implementing a
unified shader model. This design replaced the previous fixed-function hardware of previous
graphics cards with multipurpose, programmable shaders. Initially released as part of the GPU for
the Xbox 360, this technology would go on to be used in Radeon branded HD 2000 parts. Three
generations of TeraScale would be designed and used in parts from 2008 to 2014.
Combined GPU and CPU divisions
In a 2009 restructuring, AMD merged the CPU and GPU divisions to support the company's APUs,
which fused both graphics and general purpose processing.[193][194] In 2011, AMD released the
successor to TeraScale, Graphics Core Next (GCN).[195] This new microarchitecture emphasized
GPGPU compute capability in addition to graphics processing, with a particular aim of supporting
heterogeneous computing on AMD's APUs. GCN's reduced instruction set ISA allowed for
significantly increased compute capability over TeraScale's very long instruction word ISA. Since
GCN's introduction with the HD 7970, five generations of the GCN architecture have been
produced from 2008 through at least 2017.[196]
Radeon Technologies Group
In September 2015, AMD separated the graphics technology division of the company into an
independent internal unit called the Radeon Technologies Group (RTG) headed by Raja
Koduri.[197] This gave the graphics division of AMD autonomy in product design and
marketing.[198][199] The RTG then went on to create and release the Polaris and Vega
microarchitectures released in 2016 and 2017, respectively.[200][201] In particular the Vega, or 5th
generation GCN, microarchitecture includes a number of major revisions to improve performance
and compute capabilities.[202][203]
In November 2017, Raja Koduri left RTG[204] and CEO and President Lisa Su took his position. In
January 2018, it was reported that two industry veterans joined RTG, namely Mike Rayfield as
senior vice president and general manager of RTG, and David Wang as senior vice president of
engineering for RTG.[205] In January 2020, AMD announced that its second generation RDNA
graphics architecture was in development, with the aim of competing with the Nvidia RTX
graphics products for performance leadership. In October 2020, AMD announced their new RX
6000 series[206] series GPUs, their first high end product based on RDNA2 and capable of
handling ray-tracing natively, aiming to challenge Nvidia's RTX 3000 GPUs.
Semi-custom and game console products
In 2012, AMD's then CEO Rory Read began a program to offer semi-custom designs.[207][208]
Rather than AMD simply designing and offering a single product, potential customers could work
with AMD to design a custom chip based on AMD's intellectual property. Customers pay a non-
recurring engineering fee for design and development, and a purchase price for the resulting semi-
custom products. In particular, AMD noted their unique position of offering both x86 and graphics
intellectual property. These semi-custom designs would have design wins as the APUs in the
PlayStation 4 and Xbox One and the subsequent PlayStation 4 Pro, Xbox One S, Xbox One X, Xbox
Series and PlayStation 5.[209][210][211][149][152][212] Financially, these semi-custom products would
represent a majority of the company's revenue in 2016.[213][214] In November 2017, AMD and Intel
announced that Intel would market a product combining in a single package an Intel Core CPU, a
semi-custom AMD Radeon GPU, and HBM2 memory.[215]
Other hardware
AMD motherboard chipsets
Before the launch of Athlon 64 processors in 2003, AMD designed chipsets for their processors
spanning the K6 and K7 processor generations. The chipsets include the AMD-640, AMD-751, and
the AMD-761 chipsets. The situation changed in 2003 with the release of Athlon 64 processors,
and AMD chose not to further design its own chipsets for its desktop processors while opening the
desktop platform to allow other firms to design chipsets. This was the "Open Platform
Management Architecture" with ATI, VIA and SiS developing their own chipset for Athlon 64
processors and later Athlon 64 X2 and Athlon 64 FX processors, including the Quad FX platform
chipset from Nvidia.
The initiative went further with the release of Opteron server processors as AMD stopped the
design of server chipsets in 2004 after releasing the AMD-8111 chipset, and again opened the
server platform for firms to develop chipsets for Opteron processors. As of today, Nvidia and
Broadcom are the sole designing firms of server chipsets for Opteron processors.
As the company completed the acquisition of ATI Technologies in 2006, the firm gained the ATI
design team for chipsets which previously designed the Radeon Xpress 200 and the Radeon
Xpress 3200 chipsets. AMD then renamed the chipsets for AMD processors under AMD branding
(for instance, the CrossFire Xpress 3200 chipset was renamed as AMD 580X CrossFire chipset). In
February 2007, AMD announced the first AMD-branded chipset since 2004 with the release of the
AMD 690G chipset (previously under the development codename RS690), targeted at mainstream
IGP computing. It was the industry's first to implement a HDMI 1.2 port on motherboards,
shipping for more than a million units. While ATI had aimed at releasing an Intel IGP chipset, the
plan was scrapped and the inventories of Radeon Xpress 1250 (codenamed RS600, sold under ATI
brand) was sold to two OEMs, Abit and ASRock. Although AMD stated the firm would still
produce Intel chipsets, Intel had not granted the license of 1333 MHz FSB to ATI.
On November 15, 2007, AMD announced a new chipset series portfolio, the AMD 7-Series
chipsets, covering from the enthusiast multi-graphics segment to the value IGP segment, to
replace the AMD 480/570/580 chipsets and AMD 690 series chipsets, marking AMD's first
enthusiast multi-graphics chipset. Discrete graphics chipsets were launched on November 15,
2007, as part of the codenamed Spider desktop platform, and IGP chipsets were launched at a
later time in spring 2008 as part of the codenamed Cartwheel platform.
AMD returned to the server chipsets market with the AMD 800S series server chipsets. It includes
support for up to six SATA 6.0 Gbit/s ports, the C6 power state, which is featured in Fusion
processors and AHCI 1.2 with SATA FIS–based switching support. This is a chipset family
supporting Phenom processors and Quad FX enthusiast platform (890FX), IGP (890GX).
With the advent of AMD's APUs in 2011, traditional northbridge features such as the connection to
graphics and the PCI Express controller were incorporated into the APU die. Accordingly, APUs
were connected to a single chip chipset, renamed the Fusion Controller Hub (FCH), which
primarily provided southbridge functionality.[216]
AMD released new chipsets in 2017 to support the release of their new Ryzen products. As the Zen
microarchitecture already includes much of the northbridge connectivity, the AM4 based chipsets
primarily varied in the number of additional PCI Express lanes, USB connections, and SATA
connections available.[217] These AM4 chipsets were designed in conjunction with ASMedia.[218]
Embedded products
Embedded CPUs
In February 2002, AMD acquired Alchemy Semiconductor for its Alchemy line of MIPS processors
for the hand-held and portable media player markets.[219] On June 13, 2006, AMD officially
announced that the line was to be transferred to Raza Microelectronics, Inc., a designer of MIPS
processors for embedded applications.[220]
In August 2003, AMD also purchased the Geode business which was originally the Cyrix MediaGX
from National Semiconductor to augment its existing line of embedded x86 processor
products.[221] During the second quarter of 2004, it launched new low-power Geode NX
processors based on the K7 Thoroughbred architecture with speeds of fanless processors 667 MHz
and 1 GHz, and 1.4 GHz processor with fan, of TDP 25 W. This technology is used in a variety of
embedded systems (Casino slot machines and customer kiosks for instance), several UMPC
designs in Asia markets, as well as the OLPC XO-1 computer, an inexpensive laptop computer
intended to be distributed to children in developing countries around the world.[222] The Geode
LX processor was announced in 2005 and is said will continue to be available through 2015.
AMD has also introduced 64-bit processors into its embedded product line starting with the AMD
Opteron processor. Leveraging the high throughput enabled through HyperTransport and the
Direct Connect Architecture these server-class processors have been targeted at high-end telecom
and storage applications. In 2007, AMD added the AMD Athlon, AMD Turion, and Mobile AMD
Sempron processors to its embedded product line. Leveraging the same 64-bit instruction set and
Direct Connect Architecture as the AMD Opteron but at lower power levels, these processors were
well suited to a variety of traditional embedded applications. Throughout 2007 and into 2008,
AMD has continued to add both single-core Mobile AMD Sempron and AMD Athlon processors
and dual-core AMD Athlon X2 and AMD Turion processors to its embedded product line and now
offers embedded 64-bit solutions starting with 8W TDP Mobile AMD Sempron and AMD Athlon
processors for fan-less designs up to multi-processor systems leveraging multi-core AMD Opteron
processors all supporting longer than standard availability.[223]
The ATI acquisition in 2006 included the Imageon and Xilleon product lines. In late 2008, the
entire handheld division was sold off to Qualcomm, who have since produced the Adreno
series.[224] Also in 2008, the Xilleon division was sold to Broadcom.[225][226]
In April 2007, AMD announced the release of the M690T integrated graphics chipset for
embedded designs. This enabled AMD to offer complete processor and chipset solutions targeted
at embedded applications requiring high-performance 3D and video such as emerging digital
signage, kiosk, and Point of Sale applications. The M690T was followed by the M690E specifically
for embedded applications which removed the TV output, which required Macrovision licensing
for OEMs, and enabled native support for dual TMDS outputs, enabling dual independent DVI
interfaces.[227]
In January 2011, AMD announced the AMD Embedded G-Series Accelerated Processing
Unit.[228][229] This was the first APU for embedded applications. These were followed by updates
in 2013 and 2016.[230][231]
In May 2012, AMD Announced the AMD Embedded R-Series Accelerated Processing Unit.[232]
This family of products incorporates the Bulldozer CPU architecture, and Discrete-class Radeon
HD 7000G Series graphics. This was followed by a system on a chip (SoC) version in 2015 which
offered a faster CPU and faster graphics, with support for DDR4 SDRAM memory.[233][234]
Embedded graphics
AMD builds graphic processors for use in embedded systems. They can be found in anything from
casinos to healthcare, with a large portion of products being used in industrial machines.[235]
These products include a complete graphics processing device in a compact multi-chip module
including RAM and the GPU.[236] ATI began offering embedded GPUs with the E2400 in 2008.
Since that time AMD has released regular updates to their embedded GPU lineup in 2009, 2011,
2015, and 2016; reflecting improvements in their GPU technology.[236][237][238][239]
Current product lines
CPU and APU products
AMD's portfolio of CPUs and APUs as of 2020
Athlon – brand of entry level CPUs (Excavator) and APUs (Ryzen)

A-series – Excavator class consumer desktop and laptop APUs
G-series – Excavator and Jaguar class low power embedded APUs
Ryzen – brand of consumer CPUs and APUs
Ryzen Threadripper – brand of prosumer/professional CPUs
R-series – Excavator class high performance embedded APUs
Epyc – brand of server CPUs
Opteron – brand of microserver APUs[240]
Graphics products
AMD's portfolio of dedicated graphics processors as of 2017
Radeon – brand for consumer line of graphics cards; the brand name originated with ATI.
Mobility Radeon offers power-optimized versions of Radeon graphics chips for use in
laptops.
Radeon Pro – Workstation Graphics card brand. Successor to the FirePro brand.
Radeon Instinct – brand of server and workstation targeted machine learning and GPGPU
products
Radeon-branded products
RAM
In 2011, AMD began selling Radeon branded DDR3 SDRAM to support the higher bandwidth
needs of AMD's APUs.[241] While the RAM is sold by AMD, it was manufactured by Patriot
Memory and VisionTek. This was later followed by higher speeds of gaming oriented DDR3
memory in 2013.[242] Radeon branded DDR4 SDRAM memory was released in 2015, despite no
AMD CPUs or APUs supporting DDR4 at the time.[243] AMD

noted in 2017 that these products are "mostly distributed in
Eastern Europe" and that it continues to be active in the
business.[244]
Solid-state drives
AMD announced in 2014 it would sell Radeon branded solid-

state drives manufactured by OCZ with capacities up to 480 AMD Radeon memory
GB and using the SATA interface.[245] This was followed in
2016 by updated drives of up to 960 GB,[246] with M.2/NVMe
drives expected later.[247]
Technologies
CPU technologies
As of 2017 technologies found in AMD CPU/APU and other products include:
HyperTransport – a high-bandwidth, low-latency system bus used in AMD's CPU and APU
products
Infinity Fabric – a derivative of HyperTransport used as the communication bus in AMD's Zen
microarchitecture
Graphics technologies
As of 2017 technologies found in AMD GPU products include:
AMD Eyefinity – facilitates multi-monitor setup of up to 6 monitors per graphics card

AMD FreeSync – display synchronization based on the VESA Adaptive Sync standard
AMD TrueAudio – acceleration of audio calculations
AMD XConnect – allows the use of External GPU enclosures through Thunderbolt 3
AMD CrossFire - multi-GPU technology allowing the simultaneous use of multiple GPUs
Unified Video Decoder (UVD) – acceleration of video decompression (decoding)
Video Coding Engine (VCE) – acceleration of video compression (encoding)
Software
AMD Catalyst is a collection of proprietary device driver software available for Microsoft
Windows and Linux.
AMDGPU is AMD's open source device driver supporting the GCN architecture, available for
Linux.
AOCC (https://developer.amd.com/amd-aocc/) is AMD's optimizing C/C++ compiler based on
LLVM and available for Linux.
AMDuProf (https://developer.amd.com/amd-uprof/) is AMD's CPU performance and Power
profiling tool suite, available for Linux and Windows.
AMD develops the AMD CodeXL tool suite which includes a GPU debugger, a GPU profiler,
and an OpenCL static kernel analyzer. CodeXL is freely available at GPUOpen website.
AMD Stream SDK and AMD APP SDK (Accelerated Parallel Processing) enable AMD
graphics processing cores (GPU), working in concert with the system's x86 cores (CPU), to
execute heterogeneously to accelerate many applications beyond just graphics.[248]
AMD has also taken an active part in developing coreboot, an open-source project aimed at
replacing the proprietary BIOS firmware. This cooperation ceased in 2013, but AMD has
indicated recently that it is considering releasing source code so that Ryzen can be compatible
with coreboot in the future.[249]
Other AMD software includes the AMD Core Math Library, and open-source software including
the AMD Performance Library.
AMD contributes to open source projects, including working with Sun Microsystems to
enhance OpenSolaris and Sun xVM on the AMD platform.[250] AMD also maintains its own
Open64 compiler distribution and contributes its changes back to the community.[251]
In 2008, AMD released the low-level programming specifications for its GPUs, and works with
the X.Org Foundation to develop drivers for AMD graphics cards.[252][253]
Extensions for software parallelism (xSP), aimed at speeding up programs to enable multi-
threaded and multi-core processing, announced in Technology Analyst Day 2007. One of the
initiatives being discussed since August 2007 is the Light Weight Profiling (LWP), providing
internal hardware monitor with runtimes, to observe information about executing process and
help the re-design of software to be optimized with multi-core and even multi-threaded
programs. Another one is the extension of Streaming SIMD Extension (SSE) instruction set,
the SSE5.
Codenamed SIMFIRE – interoperability testing tool for the Desktop and mobile Architecture for
System Hardware (DASH) open architecture.
Production and fabrication

Previously, AMD produced its chips at company-owned semiconductor foundries. AMD pursued a
strategy of collaboration with other semiconductor manufacturers IBM and Motorola to co-
develop production technologies.[254][255] AMD's founder Jerry Sanders termed this the "Virtual
Gorilla" strategy to compete with Intel's significantly greater investments in fabrication.[256]
In 2008, AMD spun off its chip foundries into an independent company named
GlobalFoundries.[257] This break-up of the company was attributed to the increasing costs of each
process node. The Emirate of Abu Dhabi purchased the newly created company through its
subsidiary Advanced Technology Investment Company (ATIC), purchasing the final stake from
AMD in 2009.[258]
With the spin-off of its foundries, AMD became a fabless semiconductor manufacturer, designing
products to be produced at for-hire foundries. Part of the GlobalFoundries spin-off included an
agreement with AMD to produce some number of products at GlobalFoundries.[259] Both prior to
the spin-off and after AMD has pursued production with other foundries including TSMC and
Samsung.[260][261] It has been argued that this would reduce risk for AMD by decreasing
dependence on any one foundry which has caused issues in the past.[261][262]
In 2018, AMD started shifting the production of their CPUs and GPUs to TSMC, following
GlobalFoundries' announcement that they were halting development of their 7 nm process.[263]
AMD revised their wafer purchase requirement with GlobalFoundries in 2019, allowing AMD to
freely choose foundries for 7 nm nodes and below, while maintaining purchase agreements for
12 nm and above through 2021.[264]
Corporate affairs
Partnerships
AMD utilizes strategic industry partnerships to further its business interests as well as to rival
Intel's dominance and resources:[254][255][256]
A partnership between AMD and Alpha Processor Inc. developed HyperTransport, a point-to-
point interconnect standard which was turned over to an industry standards body for
finalization.[265] It is now used in modern motherboards that are compatible with AMD
processors.
AMD also formed a strategic partnership with IBM, under which AMD gained silicon on
insulator (SOI) manufacturing technology, and detailed advice on 90 nm implementation. AMD
announced that the partnership would extend to 2011 for 32 nm and 22 nm fabrication-related
technologies.[266]
To facilitate processor distribution and sales, AMD is loosely partnered with end-user
companies, such as HP, Dell, Asus, Acer, and Microsoft.[267]
In 1993, AMD established a 50–50 partnership with Fujitsu called FASL, and merged into a
new company called FASL LLC in 2003. The joint venture went public under the name
Spansion and ticker symbol SPSN in December 2005, with AMD shares dropping 37%. AMD
no longer directly participates in the Flash memory devices market now as AMD entered into a
non-competition agreement on December 21, 2005, with Fujitsu and Spansion, pursuant to
which it agreed not to directly or indirectly engage in a business that manufactures or supplies
standalone semiconductor devices (including single-chip, multiple-chip or system devices)
containing only Flash memory.[268]
On May 18, 2006, Dell announced that it would roll out new servers based on AMD's Opteron
chips by year's end, thus ending an exclusive relationship with Intel.[269] In September 2006,
Dell began offering AMD Athlon X2 chips in their desktop lineup.
In June 2011, HP announced new business and consumer notebooks equipped with the latest
versions of AMD APUs – accelerated processing units. AMD will power HP's Intel-based
business notebooks as well.[270]
In the spring of 2013, AMD announced that it would be powering all three major next-
generation consoles.[271] The Xbox One and Sony PlayStation 4 are both powered by a
custom-built AMD APU, and the Nintendo Wii U is powered by an AMD GPU.[272] According to
AMD, having their processors in all three of these consoles will greatly assist developers with
cross-platform development to competing consoles and PCs as well as increased support for
their products across the board.[273]
AMD has entered into an agreement with Hindustan Semiconductor Manufacturing
Corporation (HSMC) for the production of AMD products in India.[274]
AMD is a founding member of the HSA Foundation which aims to ease the use of a
Heterogeneous System Architecture. A Heterogeneous System Architecture is intended to use
both central processing units and graphics processors to complete computational tasks.[275]
AMD announced in 2016 that it was creating a joint venture to produce x86 server chips for the
Chinese market.[276]
On May 7, 2019, it was reported that the U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge National
Laboratory, and Cray Inc., are working in collaboration with AMD to develop the Frontier
exascale supercomputer. Featuring the AMD Epyc CPUs and Radeon GPUs, the
supercomputer is set to produce more than 1.5 exaflops (peak double-precision) in computing
performance. It is expected to debut sometime in 2021.[277]
On March 5, 2020, it was announced that the U.S. Department of Energy, Lawrence Livermore
National Laboratory, and HPE are working in collaboration with AMD to develop the El Capitan
exascale supercomputer. Featuring the AMD Epyc CPUs and Radeon GPUs, the
supercomputer is set to produce more than 2 exaflops (peak double-precision) in computing
performance. It is expected to debut in 2023.[278]
In the summer of 2020, it was reported that AMD would be powering the next-generation
console offerings from Microsoft and Sony.[279]
Litigation with Intel
AMD has a long history of litigation with former (and current)

partner and x86 creator Intel.[280][281][282]
In 1986, Intel broke an agreement it had with AMD to allow

them to produce Intel's micro-chips for IBM; AMD filed for
arbitration in 1987 and the arbitrator decided in AMD's
favor in 1992. Intel disputed this, and the case ended up in
the Supreme Court of California. In 1994, that court upheld
the arbitrator's decision and awarded damages for breach AMD processor with Intel logo
of contract.
In 1990, Intel brought a copyright infringement action
alleging illegal use of its 287 microcode. The case ended in 1994 with a jury finding for AMD
and its right to use Intel's microcode in its microprocessors through the 486 generation.
In 1997, Intel filed suit against AMD and Cyrix Corp. for misuse of the term MMX. AMD and
Intel settled, with AMD acknowledging MMX as a trademark owned by Intel, and with Intel
granting AMD rights to market the AMD K6 MMX processor.
In 2005, following an investigation, the Japan Federal Trade Commission found Intel guilty of a
number of violations. On June 27, 2005, AMD won an antitrust suit against Intel in Japan, and
on the same day, AMD filed a broad antitrust complaint against Intel in the U.S. Federal District
Court in Delaware. The complaint alleges systematic use of secret rebates, special discounts,
threats, and other means used by Intel to lock AMD processors out of the global market. Since
the start of this action, the court has issued subpoenas to major computer manufacturers
including Acer, Dell, Lenovo, HP and Toshiba.
In November 2009, Intel agreed to pay AMD $1.25bn and renew a five-year patent cross-
licensing agreement as part of a deal to settle all outstanding legal disputes between them.[283]
Guinness World Record achievement

On August 31, 2011, in Austin, Texas, AMD achieved a Guinness World Record for the
"Highest frequency of a computer processor": 8.429 GHz.[284] The company ran an 8-core FX-
8150 processor with only one active module (two cores), and cooled with liquid helium.[285]
The previous record was 8.308 GHz, with an Intel Celeron 352 (one core).
On November 1, 2011, geek.com reported that Andre Yang, an overclocker from Taiwan, used
an FX-8150 to set another record: 8.461 GHz.[286]
On November 19, 2012, Andre Yang used an FX-8350 to set another record: 8.794 GHz.[287]
Corporate social responsibility

In its 2012 report on progress relating to conflict minerals, the Enough Project rated AMD the
fifth most progressive of 24 consumer electronics companies.[288]
Other initiatives
50x15, digital inclusion, with targeted 50% of world population to be connected through
Internet via affordable computers by the year of 2015.
The Green Grid,[289] founded by AMD together with other founders, such as IBM, Sun and
Microsoft, to seek lower power consumption for grids.
See also
Bill Gaede
List of AMD microprocessors
List of AMD accelerated processing unit microprocessors
List of AMD graphics processing units
List of AMD chipsets
List of ATI chipsets
3DNow!
Cool'n'Quiet
PowerNow!
Notes
1. "AMD Reports Fourth Quarter and Annual 2020 Financial Results" (https://ir.amd.com/news-ev
ents/press-releases/detail/988/amd-reports-fourth-quarter-and-full-year-2020-financial).
Advanced Micro Devices. January 26, 2021. Retrieved January 28, 2021.
2. The other founding members were Ed Turney, John Carey, Sven Simonsen, Jack Gifford and
three members from Gifford's team: Frank Botte, Jim Giles, and Larry Stenger.
3. Rodengen, p. 30.
4. "Fairchild's Offspring" (http://www.businessweek.com/pdfs/fairkid.pdf). Business Week. August
25, 1997. p. 84.
5. Mueller, Scott. Upgrading and Repairing PCs (https://books.google.com/books?id=gXaRdKyD
4PsC&pg=PA6). Que Publishing, 2013. p. 6.
6. Malone, Michael S. "Silicon Insider: AMD-Intel Feud Continues" (https://abcnews.go.com/Busin
ess/story?id=86632&page=1&singlePage=true). ABC News. April 24, 2003.
7. Rodengen, p. 36.
8. Pederson, Jay P. International Directory of Company Histories, Vol. 30 (http://www.fundinguniv
erse.com/company-histories/advanced-micro-devices-inc-history/) Archived (https://web.archiv
e.org/web/20140719091859/http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/advanced-mic
ro-devices-inc-history/) July 19, 2014, at the Wayback Machine. St. James Press, 2000.
9. Rodengen, p. 35.
10. Rodengen, pp. 37–38.
11. Singer, Graham. "The Rise and Fall of AMD" (http://www.techspot.com/article/599-amd-rise-an
d-fall/). TechSpot. November 21, 2012.
12. Rodengen, pp. 35, 38, 41, 42.
13. AMD Corporation (http://www.siliconvalleyhistorical.org/#!amd-company-history/csut). Silicon
Valley Historical Association. 2008.
14. Rodengen, pp. 36, 38.
15. Lojek, Bo. History of Semiconductor Engineering (https://books.google.com/books?id=2cu1Oh
_COv8C&pg=PA220). Springer Science & Business Media, 2007. p. 220.
16. Our History (https://www.amd.com/en-us/who-we-are/corporate-information/history).
AMD.com.
17. Rodengen, p. 41.
18. Electronic Design, Volume 19, Part 3 (https://books.google.com/books?id=UmZJAQAAIAAJ&q
=%22am3101%22+%22ram%22&dq=%22am3101%22+%22ram%22). Hayden Publishing
Company, 1971. p. 227.
19. Rodengen, pp. 42, 43.

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References
Rodengen, Jeffrey L. The Spirit of AMD: Advanced Micro Devices (https://www.amazon.com/d
p/0945903219). Write Stuff, 1998.
Ruiz, Hector. Slingshot: AMD's Fight to Free an Industry from the Ruthless Grip of Intel (https://
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External links
Official website (https://www.amd.com/)
How AMD Processors Work (http://www.howstuffworks.com/1133-how-amd-processors-work-vi
deo.htm) at HowStuffWorks
Business data for Advanced Micro Devices: Google Finance (https://www.google.com/finance?
q=AMD) · Yahoo! Finance (https://finance.yahoo.com/q?s=AMD) · Bloomberg (https://www.blo
omberg.com/quote/AMD:US) · Reuters (https://www.reuters.com/finance/stocks/overview?sym
bol=AMD.O) · SEC filings (https://www.sec.gov/cgi-bin/browse-edgar?action=getcompany&CIK
=AMD)
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10/1/21, 3:48 PM Advanced Micro Devices - Wikipedia

Coordinates: 37°22′56″N 121°58′15″W

Advanced Micro Devices

Radeon Technologies Group

Other hardware Microprocessors

AMD motherboard chipsets Systems-on-chip

Embedded CPUs Motherboard chipsets

Embedded graphics Network interface

Current product lines controllers

CPU and APU products Embedded processors

Graphics products Solid-state drives

Radeon-branded products TV accessories

First twelve years

Advanced Micro Devices was formally incorporated by Jerry

In November 1969, the company manufactured its first

In 1971, AMD entered the RAM chip market, beginning with

AMD went public in September 1972.[8][20][21] The company

Intel had created the first microprocessor, its 4-bit 4004, in

Technology exchange agreement with Intel

Beginning in 1982, AMD began volume-producing second-source Intel-licensed 8086, 8088,

Acquisition of ATI, spin-off of GlobalFoundries, and acquisition of Xilinx

Name Years Position, education

CPUs and APUs

Am2900 series AMD 29000 Am386 Amx86 K5 architecture K6 architecture

IBM PC and the x86 architecture

K5, K6, Athlon, Duron, and Sempron

Athlon 64, Opteron and Phenom

Fusion becomes the AMD APU

High-power, high-performance Bulldozer cores

In 2015, the Excavator microarchitecture replaced Piledriver.[136] Expected to be the last

Low-power Cat cores

ARM architecture-based designs

Zen based CPUs and APUs

Graphics products and GPUs

Radeon R200 Radeon R500 Radeon HD Radeon HD Radeon HD

Radeon HD Radeon HD Radeon HD Radeon Rx 200 Radeon RX 400

Radeon RX 500 Radeon RX Radeon RX Radeon RX

ATI prior to AMD acquisition

ATI introduced its first combination of 2D and 3D

The All-in-Wonder product line, introduced in 1996, was

ATI entered the mobile computing sector by introducing

In 2000, ATI acquired ArtX, which engineered the Flipper

Radeon within AMD

Combined GPU and CPU divisions

Radeon Technologies Group

Semi-custom and game console products

AMD motherboard chipsets

Current product lines

CPU and APU products

AMD's portfolio of CPUs and APUs as of 2020

Athlon – brand of entry level CPUs (Excavator) and APUs (Ryzen)

AMD's portfolio of dedicated graphics processors as of 2017

AMD CPUs or APUs supporting DDR4 at the time.[243] AMD

AMD announced in 2014 it would sell Radeon branded solid-

As of 2017 technologies found in AMD CPU/APU and other products include: