S. K.

Ghosh Associates LLC

International Code Council (ICC)

Introduction to Structural
Design, Loads, Construction
Practices and Safety
24 Mar 2021

Raquib Ahsan, Ph.D.

Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, BUET

URP S-09 Training

Module G3

Part 6:
Structural Design

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 S. K. Ghosh Associates LLC
International Code Council (ICC)

Part 6: Structural Design

ƒ Chapter 1: Definitions and General ƒ Chapter 8: Detailing of Reinforced
Requirements Concrete Structures

ƒ Chapter 2: Loads on Buildings and ƒ Chapter 9: Prestressed Concrete

Structures Structures

ƒ Chapter 3: Soils and Foundations ƒ Chapter 10: Steel Structures

ƒ Chapter 4: Bamboo ƒ Chapter 11: Timber

ƒ Chapter 5: Concrete Material ƒ Chapter 12: Ferrocement

Structures
ƒ Chapter 6: Strength Design of
Reinforced Concrete Structures ƒ Chapter 13: Steel-concrete
Composite Structural Members
ƒ Chapter 7: Masonry Structures
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Chapter 1:
Definitions and general requirements

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Buildings and Structures

ƒ Structure: An assemblage of framing members and
components arranged to support both gravity and lateral
forces.
ƒ Building structures: Enclose a space and are used for
various occupancies
ƒ Non-building structures: Other than buildings, such as
water tanks, bridges, communication towers, chimneys etc.

Structural Occupancy Category

Nature of Occupancy Occupancy Category

Low hazard to human life I
Except in Occupancy I, III and IV II
Substantial hazard to human life III
Essential facilities IV

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Basic Structural Systems

ƒ Bearing Wall System: Bearing walls/bracing systems without
a complete vertical load carrying frame to support gravity
loads. Resistance to lateral loads is provided by shear walls
or braced frames.

ƒ Building Frame System: Complete space frame providing

support for gravity loads. Resistance to lateral loads is
provided by shear walls or braced frames separately.

ƒ Moment Resisting Frame System: Complete space frame

providing support for gravity loads. Moment resisting frames
also provide resistance to lateral load primarily by flexural
action of members.

Basic Structural Systems

ƒ Moment Resisting Frames
• Special Moment Frames
• Intermediate Moment Frames
• Ordinary Moment Frames
ƒ Dual System: Combination of moment
resisting frames and shear. walls or braced
frames. The moment resisting frames shall be
capable of resisting at least 25% of the
applicable total seismic lateral force.

ƒ Special Structural System: Not defined above

such as tube-in-tube, bundled tube etc.

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Structural Configurations

ƒRegular Structures
ƒIrregular Structures
‰ Vertical Irregularity ‰ Plan (Horizontal) Irregularity
„ Stiffness Irregularity (Soft Storey) „ Torsional Irregularity
„ Mass Irregularity „ Reentrant Corners
„ Vertical Geometric Irregularity „ Diaphragm Discontinuity
„ In-Plane Discontinuity „ Out-of-Plane Offsets
„ Discontinuity in Capacity (Weak „ Non-Parallel System
Storey)

Vertical Irregularity

Soft storey Mass irregularity Vert. geom. irregularity

In-plane discontinuity Weak storey

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Plan Irregularity

Torsional irregularity Reentrant Corner Diaphragm discontinuity

Out-of-plane offset Non-parallel system 11

Drift
ƒ Storey drift, ǻ shall be limited to as follows:
• ο൑ 0.005݄ for ܶ ൏ 0.7 sec
• ο൑ 0.004݄ for ܶ ൒ 0.7 sec
• ο൑ 0.0025݄ for masonry and unreinforced structures
ƒ The overall sway (horizontal deflection) at the top level of the building or
structure due to wind loading shall not exceed 1/500 times the total
height of the building above ground.

ƒ Seismic drift:
• Occupancy Category I and II: 0.02hsx
• Occupancy Category III: 0.015hsx
• Occupancy Category IV: 0.01hsx

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Design Document

ƒThe design documents shall be prepared and

signed by the Engineer responsible for the
structural design. The design documents shall
include:
ƒDesign report
ƒMaterial specifications
ƒA set of structural drawings

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Design Report
ƒ Mention of BNBC
ƒ Name of other referenced standards
ƒ A drawing of the complete mathematical model
ƒ Methods of structural analysis and results of the analysis
ƒ Methods of structural design including types and strength of the
materials of construction
ƒ Reference of the soil report
ƒ Statement supporting the validity of the above design documents with
date and signature of the engineer responsible for the structural design.

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Structural Drawings and Material

Specifications
ƒ The first sheet shall contain :
•Identification of the project
•Reference to the design report
•Date of completion of design
•Identification and signature with date of the engineer responsible for
the structural design
ƒ The second sheet shall contain material specifications:
• Specified compressive strength of concrete at stated ages
• Specified strength or grade of reinforcement
• Specified strength of prestressing tendons or wires
• Specified strength or grade of steel

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Structural Drawings and Material

Specifications
ƒ Specified strengths for bolts, welds etc.
ƒ Specified strength of masonry, timber, bamboo, ferrocement
ƒ Concrete compressive strength at time of post-tensioning
ƒ Stressing sequence for post-tensioning tendons
ƒ General notes indicating clear cover, development lengths of
reinforcements, or any other design parameter
ƒ Identification and signature with date of the Engineer responsible for
the structural design.
ƒ Drawing sheets shall include structural details
ƒ Drawings shall be prepared to a scale large enough to show the
information clearly. Each drawing sheet shall also contain the
signature with date of the engineer.

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Chapter 2:
Loads on buildings and structures

Types of Loads
ƒ Dead loads
ƒ Live loads
ƒ Wind loads
ƒ Earthquake loads
ƒ Miscellaneous loads:
• Rain loads • Loads due to explosions
• Loads due to flood and surge • Vertical forces on air-raid shelters
• Temperature effects • Loads on helicopter landing
• Soil and hydrostatic pressure areas
• Erection and construction loads

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Live Loads
ƒ Assembly areas and theaters:

• Fixed seats 2.9 kN/m2

• Movable seats 4.8 kN/m2
ƒ Hospitals:

• Operating rooms and laboratories 2.9 kN/m2

• Patient rooms 2.0 kN/m2
ƒ Manufacturing:

• Light 4.0 kN/m2

• Medium 6.0 kN/m2
• Heavy 12.0 kN/m2
• Garments manufacturing floor 4.0 kN/m2
except stacking or storage area
• Stacking or storage area of 6.0 kN/m2
garments manufacturing industry
ƒ Office buildings:

• Lobbies 4.8 kN/m2

• Offices 2.4 kN/m2
ƒ Residential 2.0 kN/m2 19

Reduction of Live Loads

଴ if ௅௅ ் m2
௅௅ ்
Element ‫ܭ‬௅௅
Interior columns 4
Exterior columns without cantilever slabs 4
Edge columns with cantilever slabs 3
Corner columns with cantilever slabs 2
Noreductionfor:
„ Liveloadsthatexceed4.80kN/m2
„ Inpassengercargarages
„ Inpublicassemblyoccupancies
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„ Cycloneshelters

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Wind Load: Basic Wind Speed Map

Exposure:
„ Exposure A: Urban and
Suburban areas
„ Exposure B: Open terrain
„ Exposure C: Flat unobstructed
areas and water surfaces
Flexible or dynamically sensitive
structure: T > 1 sec.
Enclosure:
„ Enclosed
„ Partially enclosed
„ Open

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Earthquake Load: Site Class

Site Description Avg. Avg. Avg.

Class Shear SPT Undrained
wave Vel Shear Strength
SA Rock like >800 --- ---
SB Very dense sand or very stiff 360-800 >50 >250
clay
SC Dense or medium dense 180-360 15-50 70-250
sand or stiff clay
SD Loose to medium dense sand <180 <15 <70
or soft to firm clay
SE SC or SD underlain by stiffer --- --- ---
material Vs>800
S1 Soft soil with PI>40 <100 --- 10-20
S2 Liquefiable sand or sensitive --- --- ---
clay etc.

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Seismic Zonation Map

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BNBC 2020 Design Spectrum

§ T ·
Cs S ¨¨1  2.5K  1¸¸ for 0 d T d TB 
© TB ¹
Cs 2.5SK for TB d T d TC
§T ·
Cs 2.5SK ¨ C ¸ for TC d T d TD 
©T ¹
§ TC TD ·
Cs 2.5SK ¨¨ ¸¸ for TD d T d 4 sec
© T2 ¹

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Seismic Design Category

Site Class Occupancy Category I, II and III

Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3 Zone 4

SA B C C D
SB B C D D
SC B C D D
SD C D D D
SE, S1, S2 D D D D

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Height Limitation
Seismic Seismic Seismic
Design Design Design
CategoryB CategoryC CategoryD
SeismicForce–ResistingSystem

Heightlimit(m)

C. MOMENT RESISTING FRAME SYSTEMS (no

shear wall)
1. Special steel moment frames NL NL NL
2. Intermediate steel moment frames NL NL 35

3. Ordinary steel moment frames NL NL NP

4. Special reinforced concrete moment frames NL NL NL

5. Intermediate reinforced concrete moment NL NL NP

frames
6. Ordinary reinforced concrete moment NL NP NP
frames

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R, Cd and Height Limitations

StructuralSystem R Cd SDCB SDCC SDCD
HeightLimit(m)
A. BEARING WALL SYSTEMS
1. Special RC shear walls 5 5 NL NL 50
2. Ordinary RC shear walls 4 4 NL NL NP
B. BUILDING FRAME SYSTEMS
5. Special RC shear walls 6 5 NL NL 50
6. Ordinary RC shear walls 5 4.25 NL NL NP
C. MOMENT RESISTING FRAMES
4. RCSMF 8 5.5 NL NL NL
5. RCIMF 5 4.5 NL NL NP
6. RCOMF 3 2.5 NL NP NP
D. DUAL SYSTEMS: SMF
3. Special RC shear walls 7 5.5 NL NL NL
4. Ordinary RC shear walls 6 5 NL NL NP
E. DUAL SYSTEMS: IMF
2. Special RC shear walls 6.5 5 NL NL 50
4. Ordinary RC shear walls 5.5 4.5 NL NL NP
F. DUAL SHEAR WALLͲFRAME : RC
4.5 4 NL NL NP
OMF AND ORDINARY RCSHEAR WALL

Requirement for Dynamic Analysis

ƒ Regular buildings:

• In Zones 2, 3 and 4: if h > 40 m

• In Zone 1: if h > 90 m

ƒ Irregular buildings:

• In Zones 2, 3 and 4: if h > 12 m

• In Zone 1: if h > 40 m

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Special Considerations for Loading

ƒ Seismic weight
ƒ Horizontal torsional moments
ƒ P-Delta effects
ƒ Simultaneous loading in principal directions
ƒ Vertical earthquake loading
Seismicweight:
ƒ Seismically isolated buildings
(a) IfLL <3kN/m2,
ƒ Buildings with soft storey W =DL +0.25LL
(b) IfLL >3kN/m2,
W =DL +0.50LL

Seismic Detailing

ƒ SDC D structures shall satisfy the requirements of special

seismic detailing as given in Sections 8.3.3 to 8.3.8

ƒ SDC C structures shall be built to satisfy the requirements

of intermediate seismic detailing as given in Sec 8.3.10

ƒ SDC B structures shall be built to satisfy the requirements

of ordinary detailing as given in Sec 8.3.9

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Load Combination

ƒ1. 1.4(D + F)
ƒ2. 1.2(D + F + T) + 1.6(L + H) + 0.5(Lr or R)
ƒ3. 1.2D + 1.6(Lr or R) + (L or 0.8W)
ƒ4. 1.2D + 1.6W + L + 0.5(Lr or R)
ƒ5. 1.2D + 1.0E + 1.0L
ƒ6. 0.9D + 1.6W + 1.6H
ƒ7. 0.9D + 1.0E + 1.6H

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Chapter 3:
Soils and Foundations

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Number and Location of Investigation

Points
ƒ For buildings:
ƒ On uniform soil:
• For small buildings: at least 3 borings
• For large buildings: at least 5 borings
Type of Spacing of Bore Holes (m)
Building
Uniform Average Erratic
Small 60 30 15
Multistoried 45 30 15

For large areas:

„ CPT at 100 m grid points

„ At least 67% within area under the buildings

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Depth of Exploration
ƒ For isolated, individual footing:
• where length ” 2 times of width: depth of boring = two
footing widths
• where length > 5 times of width: depth of boring = four
footing widths
ƒ For multistoried structures 50% of the boring:
depth = 1.5 x building width
ƒ For deep foundations: depth = pile depth + 6 m
ƒ At least one boring well below the level of influence

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Identification and Classification of Soil

ƒParticle size classification
ƒEngineering classification
ƒIdentification of organic soil
ƒIdentification of expansive soil
ƒIdentification of collapsible soil
ƒIdentification of dispersive soil
ƒIdentification of soft inorganic soil

Concrete for Foundation

Foundation Type Strength (Mpa) Slump (mm)
Footing/Raft 20 25 to 125
Cast-in-situ pile 18 125 to 200
Driven pile 25 25 to 125

Minimum Thickness of Footing

Type of Footing Minimum Thickness
Masonry 250 mm
Plain concrete 200 mm
RC on soil 150 mm
RC on pile 300 mm

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Chapter 4:
Bamboo structures

Safe Working Stresses

Species Bending Stress Mod. Of Elasticity Compressive
(N/mm2) (103 N/mm2) Stress (N/mm2)
Group A:
Barnbusa 20.7 3.28 15.4
glancescens
Dendrocalamus 18.4 2.66 10.3
strictus
Group B:
Bambusa balcooa 16.05 1.32 13.3
B. pallida 13.8 2.87 15.4
Group C:
Bambusa 14.6 1.32 10.1
arundinacea
B. polymorpha 9.15 1.71 8.97 38

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Chapter 5:
Concrete material

Frequency of Testing
ƒ At least one set for
• Once a day
• 60 m3 concrete
• 250 m2 surface area
ƒ At least 3 sets for a project
ƒ If total vol < 20 m3 no test required
ƒ One set means at least two 150 mm x 300 mm cylinders or
three 100 mm x 200 mm cylinders

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Acceptance of Test Results

ƒ For laboratory cured samples:
• Average of 3 sets • fc’
• Average of each set • fc’ – 3.5 N/mm2
ƒ For field cured samples: Procedure of curing shall be
improved if,
• Average of each set ” 0.85 fc’ and
• Average of each set ” fc’ – 3.5 N/mm2

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Investigation of Low Strength Test Results

ƒ 3 cores for each low strength set

ƒ Adequate if,

• Average of 3 cores ш 0.85fc’ and

• each core ш 0.75fc’

ƒ If adequacy remains in doubt then load test

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Chapter 6:
Strength design of reinforced
concrete structures

Topics of Strength Design

ƒ Axial Loads and Flexure ƒ Footings
ƒ Shear and Torsion ƒ Folded Plates and Shells
ƒ Two-way Slab Systems: Flat ƒ Precast Concrete
Plates, Flat Slabs and Edge-
supported Slabs ƒ Composite Concrete Flexural
Members
ƒ Walls
ƒ Stairs

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Chapter 7:
Masonry Structures

Grades of Mortar
GradeofMortar MixProportionbyVolume Min.Compressive
Strength (N/mm2)
Cement Sand
M1 3 10
M2 4 7.5
M3 5 5
1
M4 6 3
M5 7 2
M6 8 1

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Masonry Prism Testing

ƒA set of 3 prisms for each

500 m2 wall
ƒAt least 1 set for a project
ƒNo tests needed if 50%
of allowable stresses are
used in design

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Earthquake Resistant Design

ƒ For seismic zones 2, 3 and 4
unreinforced masonry is not allowed.

ƒ For zones 2 and 3:

• Vertical reinforcement of at least
12mm dia at each corner, each
opening, at ends and at 1.2 m
spacing.
• Horizontal reinforcement at bottom
and top of opening and bottom of
wall and 3 m spacing.

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Other Topics
ƒ Provisions under high wind
regions

ƒ Construction:
• Storage and preparation
• Placing of masonry units
• Verticality and alignment
• Reinforcement placing
• Grouted masonry
• Chases, recesses and holes
ƒ Confined masonry

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Chapter 8:
Detailing of Reinforcement in
concrete structures

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Topics of Detailing
ƒ Standard Hooks ƒ Lateral Reinforcement for
Beams
ƒ Bending
ƒ Shrinkage and Temperature
ƒ Surface Conditions of Reinforcement
Reinforcement
ƒ Connections
ƒ Placing of Reinforcement
ƒ Development and Splices of
ƒ Spacing of Reinforcement Reinforcement
ƒ Reinforcement Details for ƒ Earthquake-Resistant
Columns Design Provisions

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ERD
ƒ For SDC B: OMF Sec. 8.3.9 – Mainly related to column ties
and hooks
ƒ For SDC C: IMF Sec. 8.3.10 – provisions are related to
beams, columns and flat slabs

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ERD
• For SDC D: SMF Sec. 8.3.3-8.3.8 For SDC C: IMF Sec. 8.3.10
• No flat slab is allowed
• fc‘ > 21 Mpa
• fu / fy > 1.25

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Chapter 9:
Prestressed concrete structures

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Topics Related to Prestressed Concrete

ƒ Design
• Flexural members
• Compression members
• Slab system
• Performance requirement
ƒ Material and Construction
ƒ Maintenance
• Maintenance action
• Inspection
• Monitoring
• Remedial action

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Chapter 10:
Steel Structures

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Topics of Steel Structures

ƒ Stability Analysis and Design ƒ Connections

ƒ Design of Members for Tension ƒ Design for Serviceability

ƒ Design of Members for ƒ Fabrication, Erection and Quality

Compression Control

ƒ Design of Members for Flexure ƒ Design for Fatigue

ƒ Design of Members for Shear ƒ Structural Design for Fire

Conditions
ƒ Design of Members for Combined
Forces and Torsion ƒ Seismic Provisions for Structural
Steel Buildings
ƒ Evaluation of Existing Structures

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Chapter 11:
Timber Structures

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Topics of Timber Structures

ƒ Permissible Stresses ƒ Laminated Veneer Lumber

ƒ Design of Common Steel Wire Nail ƒ Design of Glued Laminated Beams

Joints
ƒ Structural Use of Plywood
ƒ Design of Nail Laminated Timber
Beams ƒ Trussed Rafter

ƒ Design of Bolted Construction ƒ Structural Sandwiches

Joints
ƒ Lamella Roofing
ƒ Design of Timber Connector Joints
ƒ Protection Against Termite Attack
ƒ Glued Laminated Construction and in Buildings
Finger Joints

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Chapter 12:
Ferrocement Structures

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Topics of Ferrocement Structures

ƒMaterials
ƒDesign
ƒFabrication
ƒMaintenance
ƒDamage repair
ƒTesting

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Chapter 13:
Steel Concrete Composite Structural
Members

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Topics of Composite Members

ƒDesign of Composite Axial Members

ƒDesign of Composite Flexural Members
ƒComposite Connections
ƒSeismic Provisions for Composite Structural
Systems

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Part 7:
Construction practices and safety

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Part 7: Construction Practices and Safety

ƒChapter 1: Constructional Responsibilities and

Practices
ƒChapter 2: Storage, Stacking and Handling Practices
ƒChapter 3: Safety During Construction
ƒChapter 4: Demolition Work
ƒChapter 5: Maintenance Management, Repairs,
Retrofitting and Strengthening of Buildings

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Chapter 1:
Constructional responsibilities and
practices

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Topics of Constructional Responsibilities

and Practices
ƒPlanning
ƒConstruction Control
ƒConstruction Management
ƒProtection of Public and Workers
ƒEnvironmental Protection

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Planning

ƒ First aid attendant: At least one person trained in first aid for every 100 workers.
Shall have a refresher course every five years and certificates renewed.

ƒ Preconstruction Phase: Site condition, protected storage, protection of

personnel, maximization of activities during fair weather, special provision for
activities in extreme temp, adequate lighting, care for historically important
structure

ƒ Construction Phase: Organizational structure, site layout, access for fire-fighting

vehicle, construction strategy and sequence

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Construction Control
ƒSite preparation: Bush, debris etc. shall be
removed, temporary building so located to cause
min fire hazard, will be made of non-combustible
materials
ƒPermits: Storing materials on roads, using public
utilities, Digging roads, storing explosives, affecting
historical structure
ƒTests and inspections: Authority shall inspect and
test if there is any complaint

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Construction Management
ƒ Time management: The system shall include a periodic review of a
project with all parameters as well as catch up plans in case of delay
identified for controls and reporting from time to time.
ƒ Quality management: Quality of a project shall be planned for all
activities from inception to completion.
ƒ Health, safety and environment: Various activities having impact on
health, safety and environment need to be identified with their likely
effect and proposed preventive corrective actions.
ƒ Cost Management: It is desired that cost of the project during
construction are monitored and controlled through a documentation
system.

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Protection of Public and Workers

ƒ Adjoining property: No part of any structure, except signs, shall project
beyond the property line.
ƒ Protective fences and railings: Railings shall be at least 1m in height.
Work within 1.5 m from the road shall be enclosed with a fence not less
than 2.4 m high
ƒ Canopies, overhangs and platforms: Protective canopy shall have a
clear height of 2.4 m over the walkway. Shall be not less than 1.2 m
wide.
ƒ Protection of utilities: Protective frame and boarding shall be built.
Precaution to be taken to prevent material blocking a sewer.

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Protection of Public and Workers

ƒ Use of road and footpath: May be used only temporarily during

construction with permission. Shall be more than 1.5 m away
from a railway track. A walkway shall be constructed. One (1)
metre clear passage shall be maintained. The permittee shall
repair any damages.
ƒ Notices and signs: Outer edge shall have red lights which shall
flash continuously day and night.
ƒ Watchman and auditory signals
ƒ Safe load: Strength test to two and half times the superimposed
live load.

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Environmental Protection of Public and

Workers
ƒ Protection of Existing Drainage Systems and Utilities
ƒ Protection of Soil, Aquifers, and Water Channels: Safe
transportation and disposal of all wastes. Shall not allow
waste oils or other petroleum derived wastes to be used as
dust suppressants. Adequate sanitary facilities for workers.
ƒ Protection of Air Quality: Measures to minimize dust-blow.
ƒ Protection from Sound Pollution: Noisy activities shall not
be carried out from 1800 hours in the evening to 0600
hours in the morning and on non-working days and
holidays.

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Chapter 2:
STORAGE, STACKING AND
HANDLING PRACTICES

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Topics of Storage, Stacking and Handling

Practices
ƒ Manual Handling: Each workman shall be provided with suitable equipment for
his personal safety as necessary.

ƒ Protection against Fire

ƒ Storage Requirement by Classification of Materials

• Climatically Sensitive Materials: Cement, Lime, Timber, Bamboo, Particle
board
• Durable Materials: Steel, Brick, Masonry block, Stones, Aggregates, Water
• Materials Vulnerable to Rough Handling: Aluminum, Fly wash, Pipes, Timber
pole, Sanitary appliance, Doors, Windows, Floor tiles, sheets, cast iron
• Inflammable and/or Fire Sensitive Materials: Plastic, Rubber, Paints
• Hazardous Materials: Asbestos, Acids, Explosive, Protective clothing,
Personal hygiene
ƒ Loading and Unloading of Materials
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Chapter 3:
SAFETY DURING CONSTRUCTION

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Safety Management
ƒ Safety of workmen: Helmets conforming to BDS 1265 and BDS 1266;
Safety goggles of accepted standard (BDS 1360). Proper protective
equipment like gloves, safety boots, aprons and hand shields.

ƒ Site precautions: During the erection of tall buildings, nylon net shall be
put around the building periphery 3 m to 4 m below the working level.

ƒ Site amenities: Toilet facilities shall be provided at all construction sites.

Washing facilities and Drinking water shall be provided.
• Climatically Sensitive Materials: Cement, Lime, Timber, Bamboo,
Particle board

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Topics of Safety During Construction

ƒ Excavation and Foundation ƒ Erection Operations
Work
ƒ Electrification, Equipment
ƒ Pile Rig and Operations
ƒ Construction of Walls ƒ Construction Hazards
ƒ Construction of Floors ƒ High Rise Buildings
ƒ Concrete Work
ƒ Formwork and Scaffold

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Excavation and Foundation Work

ƒ Excavation machinery ƒ Health hazard

ƒ Excavated materials ƒ Safety of materials
ƒ Ground water ƒ Piling and deep foundations
ƒ Ground conditions ƒ Working in compressed air
ƒ Overhang ƒ Adjoining properties and
service lines
ƒ Blast and vibration

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Pile rig

ƒErection of pile rig

ƒOperation of pile rig
ƒPiles
ƒInspection and tests

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Construction of Walls

ƒScaffold
ƒLadders
ƒOpening in walls
ƒProjection from walls
ƒCommon hazards during walling

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Construction of Floors

ƒUse of sheets
ƒPlatforms
ƒFlat roof
ƒOpenings and holes
ƒSkeleton construction

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Concrete Work

ƒPrestressed concrete
ƒConcrete mixers
ƒConcrete trucks and buckets
ƒOpenings and holes
ƒSkeleton construction

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Formwork and Scaffold

ƒScaffold and centering materials

ƒFormwork for concrete
ƒLoad capacity
ƒBamboos
ƒTimber posts
ƒSteel centering

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Erection Operations

ƒErection and hoisting

ƒSmall articles
ƒHoist protection
ƒLifting gear
ƒCranes
ƒSlings

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Electrification, Equipment and Operations

ƒWiring system
ƒGuarding of cables
ƒLifts
ƒConstruction machinery
ƒHeating of bitumen and tar
ƒFlame cutting and welding
ƒRiveting operation

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Construction Hazards

ƒFire hazards
ƒHealth hazards
ƒSkin hazard
ƒNoise hazard

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Chapter 4:
Demolition Work

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Topics of Demolition Work

ƒPrecautions During Demolition

ƒBlasting Operation and Use of Explosives
ƒLowering, Removal and Disposal of Materials

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Chapter 5:
MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT,
REPAIRS, RETROFITTING AND
STRENGTHENING OF BUILDINGS

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Topics of Repair, Maintenance and

Retrofitting
ƒ Building Maintenance
ƒ Access
ƒ Records
ƒ Inspections
ƒ Maintenance of Electrical Appliances
ƒ Operating and Maintenance Manuals
ƒ Prevention of Cracks
ƒ Repairs and Seismic Strengthening of Buildings

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