Media and

Information
Literacy
Quarter 1 – Module 3
A. CONTENT STANDARDS:
• The learner demonstrates understanding of media and information
literacy (MIL) and MIL related concepts.

B. PERFORMANCE STANDARDS:
• The learner organizes a creative and interactive symposium for the
community focusing on being a media and information literate
individual.

C. MELC:
• Compare and contrast how one issue or news is presented through
the different types of media (print, broadcast, online)

D. LECTURE NOTES:

TYPES OF MEDIA

LESSON 1: Print Media

• Print media consist of paper and ink, reproduced in a printing
process that is traditionally mechanical.
• The oldest media forms are newspapers, magazines, journals,
newsletters, and other printed material. These publications are
collectively known as the Print Media.

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 • The print media is
responsible for more
reporting than other
news sources. Many
news reports on
television, for
example, are merely
follow-up stories
about news that first
appeared in
newspapers. The
Philippine top newspapers, such as the Philippine Daily Inquirer,
the Manila Bulletin, and the Philippine Star, often set the agenda for
many other media sources.
• With the
development of
printing, education
became mass based,
meaning people from
different economic
levels have the chance
to get educated
because there are
enough books to provide each learner.
schools and there are

• Information dissemination became easy with the development of

the press. Newspaper was developed to send news to all parts of
the country, both rural and urban.
LESSON 2: Broadcast Media
• Broadcasting is the transmission of radio and television
programs that are intended for general public reception.
Sound broadcasting started in 1920,

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 while television broadcasting began in
1930s, cable television started in 1950s.
Use of satellite broadcasting began in
the early 1960s.
• Broadcast Media provides
valuable information that can inform and
educate and includes public service
announcements, daily news, weather
forecasts, interviews, and
documentaries. Broadcast media is also
recreational and includes reality television, situation and sketch
comedies, movies, sports and advertising.
• Television News has gone a long way providing the latest news,
both local and international in real time while the news is
happening. The main broadcast networks—ABS CBN, GMA and
TV5—each have a news division that broadcasts a nightly news
show.
• Radio News - The other type of
broadcast media is radio. Before
the advent of television in the
1950s, most Filipino relied on
radio broadcasts for their news.
Radio is more popular in the rural
areas because there are battery
operated radios that people can
carry in the field to listen to the
news, music, and radio drama.
• To inform, educate and entertain; to build a healthy national
consciousness; to inspire a positive sense of shared national
purpose; to create necessary ethical sensibilities - surely, all these
must be among the purposes of the broadcasting profession.

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LESSON 3: New Media
• Digital technologies that
take advantage of
computers and the
Internet have led to
products and services
that provide information
or entertainment. Social
media, blogs, video
games and online news
outlets are typically
referred to as “new media.” These channels of communication have far-
reaching implications for society, including in business and politics.
• However, older forms of media, such as radio, television and vinyl records,
were once new, so what exactly makes “new media” new? In truth, new
media is a relative term. Several practical and theoretical considerations
help clarify just what new media is. Definition of New Media
New media refers to “those digital media that are
interactive, incorporate two-way communication
and involve some form of computing,” Robert
Logan writes in his book Understanding New
Media. New media is “very easily processed,
stored, transformed, retrieved, hyperlinked and,
perhaps most radical of all, easily searched for
and
accessed.”
• Professor and new media theorist, Lev Manovich, describes
new media as being native to computers or relying on computers
for distribution: websites, human-computer interface, virtual worlds,
virtual reality, multimedia, computer games, computer animation,
digital video, special effects in cinema and interactive computer
installations.

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 ACTIVITY

TYPES OF

MEDIA

LET’S ANSWER!

Directions: Answer the following questions about the Types of Media.

1. What is the role of broadcasting in contemporary society?

2. What is the emerging role of new media in the society? How do you think
social media is affecting our culture?

3. Using the Venn Diagram below compare and contrast how the issue or
news about COVID-19 in the country is presented through the different
types of media (print, broadcast, new media).
In the outer circles, write things about them that are different.
In the center circles, write things that are alike (between two things or all
three, depending on how the circles overlap)

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 ACTIVITY 2

Directions: Analyze and answer the question for each photo.

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 A. CONTENT STANDARDS:
• The learner demonstrates understanding of media and information
literacy (MIL) and MIL related concepts
B. PERFORMANCE STANDARDS:
• The learner organizes a creative and interactive symposium for the
community focusing on being a media and information literate
individual.
C. MELC:
• Contrast indigenous media to the more common sources of
information such as library, internet, etc.
D. LECTURE NOTES:

TOPIC: MEDIA AND INFORMATION

SOURCES Lesson 1: INDIGENOUS SOURCES

Indigenous People in the Philippines

• According to United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural
Organization (UNESCO), indigenous knowledge includes local
knowledge shared within a society.

INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE

UNESCO also emphasized that this kind of knowledge is the basis for
agriculture, food preparation, health care, education, conservation, and the wide
range of other activities. It is acknowledged that indigenous knowledge is crucial
in sustaining the condition of different societies and cultures.

Traditions are also sources of information to apply in different indigenous

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beliefs and customs.

KINDS OF INDIGENOUS OR TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE

1. Traditional Medicines and Health Care
When it comes to health care, it is undeniable to say that these indigenous
people resort to different kinds of rituals, depending on the case.
Examples:
a. Ethnic Group Tingguian practices dawak, or ritual intended for couples to
bear child.
b. Dumagat group believes in putting ashes on the umbilical cord of a new
born, to help assist the healing process.
2. Traditional Agriculture
The Philippines is known as an agricultural country because of the
massive production of different agricultural products like rice, corn, sweet
potato and others. Rice being highly consumed product, is often given
importance by a lot of ethnic groups. In fact, even if modern technology
has offered new and innovative methods of farming, these ethnic groups
still adhere to their traditional practices. These people still practice their
means of selecting seeds, sowing, harvesting, and preserving. It is
important to note as well that their practices are inclined to their
harmonious relationship with supernatural forces.

Filipino traditional
way of sowing rice

3. Traditional Culture Expressions

Cultural expressions are ways of indigenous people in practicing different
activities that reflect their traditions. These are:
a. Music and Dances
Music and dances of different ethnic groups are mainly used rituals for
feast, harvest festivities, and other religious and social ceremonies or
activities. The use of traditional instruments like gongs, kudyapi
(stringed instrument), and others are also practiced.
b. Literature
Ethnic groups are highly rich in literature. There are several variations
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 like legends of their own origin, riddles, proverbs, chants/songs, and
poetry. In fact, there are a lot of known epics like Hudhud of the Ifugao
in the north and the Guman and Darangen of the Subanen in the
south. These forms of literature reflect their customs, beliefs and
traditions in general.
c. Weaving
It is said that weaving is the most visual representation of cultures and
traditions of different ethnic groups. This includes indigenous weaving
textile, mat, basket, rattan furniture, architecture, and wood sculpture.
These indigenous groups express their
pride because of this practice, as it transcends from their cultural
representations up to their innermost feelings and principles.
4. Related Genetic Resources
Since the Philippines is rich in natural resources, it is normal that the
country can actually offer not just a number of agricultural products, but
different variations for each product. For example, rice has many variations
that can be found in the country. Likewise, several kinds of medical herbs
are also present. These of course, are grown and cultivated by the
primitive indigenous people.

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Lesson 2: LIBRARY
SOURCES Years ago, before the internet
dominated the world, the library was the
place to go to for people who craved for
information. Despite the dustiness of
books that rested in mazelike shelves
where information had to be manually
searched, information seekers persisted.
However, even if modern
technology
and e-books are here, libraries still exist, and people still frequent them. Meaning,
the importance of information coming from this source is still relevant to many.
Having said this, what information are readily available from the library? How do
they matter?

ROLES OF LIBRARIES IN THE SOCIETY

Historically, libraries were the first sources of information that enticed

people who yearned for knowledge. While it is true that the same reason remains
steadfast today, it cannot be contested that the advent of modern technology is a
threat for libraries to prove their existence. Perhaps, if there is one important
question that must be addressed, that would be, “How are libraries still important
the society?”

IMPORTANCE OF LIBRARY
1. Facilitators of Information
Before, libraries were perceived as places where books were kept and
preserved, waiting for someone curious to read or borrow them. Meaning,
libraries were passive establishments with the sole purpose of providing
information if needed by someone. However, nowadays, libraries are not
only for the said purpose, they help people to obtain the right information
using the most convenient kind of information source. For example, for
visual learners to appreciate information, magazines, or videos files are
offered. If the person understands immediately through listening, audio files
are available. In the end, it is the means of learning that matters.
2. Custodians of Natural and Cultural Riches
Libraries are also capable of storing archival files of the past that may be
shared with future generations. Because of this, this national and cultural
background information are safely kept. For example, files about relevant
news in the past that created a huge impact today can be found in the
library. Cultural information that were also created in the past can be
likewise retrieved, through the utmost care of the librarians, who are also
custodians of such essential files.

3. Innovators of Information-seeking practices.

There are libraries today that are considered hybrids in terms of
maintaining the traditional kind of library while also adapting to
technological advancements by offering online privileges like free access
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 to the internet. Perhaps, this kind of innovation can help libraries justify
their relevance in the society despite the internet age.

4. Facilitators of other Activities

In some libraries, there are several activities that may help the learning
processes of people. Some offer author readings, creative writing classes,
introductions to information and communication technologies and the
internet, reading groups, exhibitions, summer reading programs, study
support, discussion, groups and other art classes such as drama, poetry,
and song.

All these roles are important in pointing out the reasons why libraries are
important. Thus, these roles anchor the services libraries can offer.
What can libraries offer?

According to Henry Ward Beecher, who was an American clergyman, “The

library is not a luxury, but one of the necessities of life.” Hence, information is
indeed a necessity. People are naturally inclined to know and learn new things.
Hence, if such need arises, libraries are there to help.
Though it is not “just one click away” like the Internet, where basically,
almost all things can be found, libraries are also able to offer varieties of sources.
No matter who the information consumer is, regardless his or her age, gender,
beliefs, and culture, libraries are still the right place to go to. Here are some of the
services libraries can offer:
1. Books. Needlessly to say, books are the most common information
resources in the library. These books can vary from educational textbooks
like sciences, or fictional like Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet.
2. Magazines. Libraries also acknowledge the importance of magazines as
information sources. Some people prefer this kind of source because of its
enticing graphics, which are most appropriate for visual learners.
Educational magazines like Time or Newsweek are offered, depending on
the conditions.
3. Newspapers. Being one of the first printed materials in history,
newspapers play a vital role in providing people relevant information. This
is essential especially in providing important news articles about timely
issues. Broadsheets like Manila Bulletin, The Philippine Daily Inquirer,
and The Philippine Star can be found.
4. Journals. Journals are research-oriented articles that are more in-depth
compared to newspapers. This kind of source offers deeper discussion of
topics. Mostly, references preferred for studies are anchored by this
information source.
5. Maps. Maps are visual representations of geographical information. This
can be highly beneficial in obtaining information about places.
6. Digital Sources. Libraries are also able to adapt to change. Meaning, as
technology advances, sources from this avenue also improves. There are
also digital information sources that the library can offer – CDs, tapes and
even films.
Classification Systems
Books are the most common references that can be found in the library. In
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 order to avoid confusion on how they are categorized, there are formulated ways
that can be followed.
1. Dewey Decimal System
First published by Melvil Dewey in the United States in 1876, the
Dewey Decimal System is used for small library collections. It uses
numbers in classifying books.
000 – Generalities 400 – Languages
100 – Philosophy 500 – Natural Sciences and Mathematics
200 – Religion 600 – Technology 700 – The Arts
300 – Social Sciences
800 – Literature and Rhetoric 900 – Geography and History

2. Library of Congress
Unlike the Dewey Decimal System, this classification, which is patterned
after the Library of Congress of America, is designed for large collections.
Instead of numbers, this classification uses letters.

A – General works K – Law

B – Philosophy, Psychology, and Religion L – Education
C – Auxiliary Sciences of History M – Music
D – History (General) and History of Europe N – Fine Arts
E – History of America P – Language and Literature
F – History of America Q – Science
G – Geography, Anthropology, and Recreation R – Medicine
H – Social Sciences S – Agriculture
J – Political Sciences U – Military Science
T – Technology V – Naval Science
Z – Bibliography, Library Science, Information Resources

These codes are helpful in organizing sources that may be too difficult to
find. With these, library users can easily locate the book/s they want to borrow or
read.
With these offers and services, libraries can truly be an ideal place where
sources of information can be found. This only proves that regardless of
technological advancements, libraries remain relevant and beneficial for
information seekers from all walks of life.

Lesson 3: INTERNET SOURCES

Different internet sources / platforms

Today’s generation depends heavily on
the innovative milestones of technology,
unlike before, when people did not mind doing
things manually. Before, getting information
forced people to do it the hard way – reading
tons of books, searching for specific articles
from newspapers, sending and receiving
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letters that would usually take days, and the like. Thus, life during that time was
undeniably harder than what people experience today.
One of the most significant contributions of modern technology is the
internet. Almost everyone uses this kind of technology because of its endless
possibilities. Basically, almost everything that is done in the society, like
socialization, entertainment, information seeking practices, companionship, and
others, can now be done virtually. As a matter of fact, because of the continuous
patronage of internet users, people who are part of this virtual community are
now labeled as “netizens.”

THE GROWTH OF THE INTERNET

Historically, the internet, or commonly known as the Net, has been around
since 1969 as a means of computer communication of the US defense
department. A year after, other countries recognized its convenience and
advantages, hence, they decided to use this technological milestone. During the
1990s, the introduction of the World Wide Web rocketed its popularity, especially
when it started to offer several online services like a multimedia interface that was
able to transmit text, pictures, audio and video together, known as web pages.
THE RISE OF SEARCH ENGINES
Getting any information easily would not be possible without the internet
search engines. A search engine, as defined by Merriam-Webster, is “a computer
program that is used to look for information on the internet.”
Top Search Engines in the World
1. Google – was named as the best search engine. College project of Larry
Page and Sergey Brin.
2. Yahoo – Second on the list, founded in 1994 by David Filo and Jerry Yang.
3. Bing – Created by Microsoft in 2009. Bing is the most established search
engines since it is also powered by Yahoo search.
EVALUATING INTERNET SOURCES
Again, since the internet has limitless information to offer, it is important to
identify which are valid, and which are not.
Important to consider avoiding invalid information
1. Authority – know if the web page has author.
2. Coverage – it is important to see if the information can cover necessary
information for the researcher.
3. Objectivity – In order to get accurate information, it is important to
analyze the stand of the author.
4. Accuracy – pertains to the technicalities of the web page.
5. Currency – Some information need to be constantly updated because of
possible changes.

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 Lesson 4: OTHER SOURCES OF
INFORMATION PRIMARY,
SECONDARY, AND TERTIARY
SOURCES PRIMARY SOURCES
Primary sources are original. Meaning, these sources are not filtered,
interpreted, or evaluated yet. These sources are raw, freshly coming from a
discovery, a new study, and others. Here are some examples.
1. Artifacts 6. Letters
2. Audio 7. Photographs
3. Diaries 8. Speeches
4. Internet communications 9. Video recordings
5. Interviews 10. Works of Art
SECONDARY SOURCES
These are the interpreted and evaluated versions of the primary source.
Secondary sources are inclined to commentaries and discussions about primary
sources, and therefore, not considered evidences. Here are some examples:
1. Biography
2. Commentaries, criticisms
3. Histories

TERTIARY SOURCES
This kind of source is a collection of primary and secondary sources. Some
of the examples
are
:
1. Almanacs
2. Biography
3. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias
4. Directories
5. Fact books
6. Guidebooks
7. Manuals

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