READING 21 3.

The word "scope" in line 9 is closest in meaning to

Industrialization came to the United State after 1790 as North American (A) value (B) popularity (C) extent (D) diversity
entrepreneurs increased productivity by reorganizing work and building factories.
These innovations in manufacturing boosted output and living standards to an 4. The author mentions the shoe industry in the second paragraph to provide an
unprecedented extent; the example of how
Line average per capita wealth increased by nearly 1 percent per year – 30 percent (A) entrepreneurs increased output by using an extended outwork system
over (B) entrepreneurs used technological improvements to increase output
(5) the course of a generation. Goods that had once been luxury items became part (C) rural workers responded to "shoe bosses"
of everyday life. (D) changes in the outwork system improved the quality of shoes
The impressive gain in output stemmed primarily from the way in which workers
made goods, since the 1790's, North American entrepreneurs – even without 5. All of the following are mentioned as effects of changes in the shoe industry
during the 1820's and 1830's EXCEPT
technological improvements – had broadened the scope of the outwork system
(A) an increase in the worker's dependence on entrepreneurs
that mace manufacturing
(10) more efficient by distributing materials to a succession of workers who each
(B) an increase in the wages paid to journeymen shoemakers
performed a single step of the production process. For example, during the
(C) a decline in the workers ability to control the speed of production
1820's and 1830's the shoe industry greatly expanded the scale and extend of
(D) a decrease in the price of shoes
me outwork system. Tens of thousands of rural women, paid according to the
6. All of the following are true of the outwork system EXCEPT
amount they produced, fabricated the "uppers" of shoes, which were bound to the
(A) It involved stages of production.
soles by wage-earning journeymen shoemakers in dozens
(B) It was more efficient than the systems used before 1790.
(15) of Massachusetts towns, whereas previously journeymen would have made the
(C) It made many employers less powerful than they had been before.
enduring shoe. This system of production made the employer a powerful "shoe
(D) It did not necessarily involve any technological improvements.
boss" and eroded workers' control over the pace and conditions of labor.
However, it also dramatically increased the output of shoes while cutting their 7. The word "prolific" in line 22 is closest in meaning to
price. For tasks that were not suited to the outwork system, entrepreneurs (A) efficient (B) productive (C) self-employed (D) progressive
created an even
(20) more important new organization, the modem factory, which used power-driven 8. According to the passage, how did later mills differ from the mills differ from the
machines and assembly-line techniques to turn out large quantities of well-made mill built by Oliver Evans?
goods. As early as 1782 the prolific Delaware inventor Oliver Evans had built a (A) They were located away from large cities.
highly automated, laborsaving flour mill driven by water power. His machinery (B) They used new technology to produce power.
lifted the grain to the top of the mill, cleaned it as it fell into containers known as (C) They did not allow flour to cool before it was placed in Barrels.
hoppers, ground the grain into flour, (D) They combined technology with the outwork system.
(25) and then conveyed the flour back to the top of the mill to allow it to cool as it
descended into barrels. Subsequently, manufacturers made use of new improved 9. The word "it" in line 24 refers to
stationary steam engines to power their mills. This new technology enabled them (A) water power (B) machinery (C) grain (D) mill
to build factories in the nation's largest cities, taking advantage of urban
concentrations of inexpensive labor, good transportation networks, and eager 10. The passage mentions which of the following as a result of improvements in
customers. factory machinery?
(A) It become easier for factory' owners to find workers and customers.
1. What is the passage mainly about? (B) Manufacturers had to employ more highly skilled workers.
(A) The difficulties of industrialization in North America (C) The amount of power required for factories operate was reduced.
(B) The influence of changes in manufacturing on the growth of urban centers (D) Factories could operate more than one engine at a time.
(C) The rapid speed of industrialization in North America
11. The word "eager" in line 29 is closest in meaning to
(D) Improved ways of organizing the manufacturing of goods (A) wealthy (B) knowledgeable (C) regular (D) enthusiastic
2. The word "boosted" in line 3 is closest in meaning to
(A) ensured (B) raised (C) arranged (D) discouraged
READING 22 3. The passage compares early European and North American cities on the basis of
The principal difference between urban growth in Europe and in the American which of the following?
colonies was the slow evolution of cities in the former and their rapid growth in (A) Their economic success
the latter. In Europe they grew over a period of centuries from town economies to (B) The type of merchandise they exported
their present] (C) Their ability to distribute goods to interior settlements
Line urban structure. In North America, they started as wilderness communities and (D) (D)The pace of their development
developed
(5) to mature urbanism’s in little more than a century. 4. The Word “accordingly” in line 11 is closest in meaning to
In the early colonial day in North America, small cities sprang up along the (A) as usual (B) in contrast (C) to some degree (D) for that reason
Atlantic Coastline, mostly in what are now New America, small cities sprang up
along the Atlantic United States and in the lower Saint Lawrence valley in 5. According to the passage, early colonial cities were established along the Atlantic
Canada. This was natural because these areas were nearest England and coastline of North America due to
France, particularly England, from which (A) an abundance of natural resources
(10) most capital goods (assets such as equipment) and many consumer goods were (B)financial support from colonial governments
imported Merchandising establishments were, accordingly, advantageously (C) proximity to parts of Europe
located in port cities from which goods could be readily distributed to interior (D) a favorable climate
settlements. Here, too, were the favored locations for processing raw materials
prior to export. Boston, Philadelphia, New York, Montreal, and other cities 6. The passage indicates that during colonial times, the Atlantic coastline cities
prepared which of the following for shipment to Europe?
flourished, and, as the colonies grew, these cities
(A) Manufacturing equipment (B) Capital goods
(15) increased in importance.
(C) Consumer goods (D) Raw materials
This was less true in the colonial South, where life centered around large farms,
known as plantations, rather than around towns, as was the case in the areas
7. According to the passage, all of the following aspects of the plantation system
further north along the Atlantic coastline. The local isolation and the economic influenced the growth of southern cities EXCEPT the
self-sufficiency of the plantations were antagonistic to the development of the (A) location of the plantations
towns. The plantations maintained their independence because they were
(B) access of plantation owners to shipping
located on navigable streams and each had a wharf accessible to the small
(C) relationships between plantation residents and city residents
shipping of that day. In face, one of the strongest factors in the selection of
(D) economic self-sufficiency of the plantation
plantation land was the desire to have it front on a water highway.
When the United States became an independent nation in 1776, it did not have a 8. It can be inferred from the passage that, in comparison with northern, cities, most
single city as large as 50,000 inhabitants, but by 1820 it had a city of more than southern cities were
10,000 people, and by 1880 it had recorded a city of over one million. It was not (A) imagined (B) discovered (C) documented (D) planned
until after 1823, after the mechanization of the spinning had weaving industries,
that cities started drawing young people away from farms. Such migration was 9. The word “recorded” in line 26 is closest in meaning to
particularly rapid following the Civil War (1861-1865). (A) imagined (B) discovered (C) documented (D) planned

1. What does the passage mainly discuss? 10. The word “drawing” in line 27 is closest in meaning to
(A) Factors that slowed the growth of cities in Europe. (A) attracting (B) employing (C) instructing (D) representing
(B) The evolution of cities in North America
11. The passage mentions the period following the Civil War (line28-29) because it
(C) Trade between North American and European cities
was a time of
(D) The effects of the United Sates’ independence on urban growth in New
England.
(A) significant obstacles to industrial growth
(B) decreased dependence on foreign trade
2. The word “they” in line 4 refers to (C) increased numbers of people leaving employment on farms
(A) North American colonies (B) cities (D) increased migration from northern states to southern states
(C) centuries (D) town economies
READING 23
In seventeenth-century colonial North America, all day-to-day cooking was done 4. The word "it" in line 6 refers to
in the fireplace. Generally large, fireplaces were planned for cooking as well as for warmth. (A) the stonework (B) the fireplace opening
Those in the Northeast were usually four or five feet high, and in the South, they were (C) the mantel tree (D) the rising column of heat
often high enough for a person to walk into. A heavy timber called the mantel tree was
used as a lintel to support the stonework above the fireplace opening. This timber might be 5. According to the passage, how was food usually cooked in a pot in the
scorched occasionally, but it was far enough in front of the rising column of heat to be safe seventeenth century?
from catching fire. (A) By placing the pot directly into the fire
Two ledges were built across from each other on the inside of the chimney. On (B) By putting the pot in the oven
these rested the ends of a "lug pole" from which pots were suspended when cooking. (C) By filling the pot with hot water
Wood from a freshly cut tree was used for the lug pole, so it would resist heat, but it had to (D) By hanging the pot on a pole over the fire
be replaced frequently because it dried out and charred, and was thus weakened.
Sometimes the pole broke and the dinner fell into the fire. When iron became easier to 6. The word "obtain" in line 12 is closest in meaning to
obtain, it was used instead of wood for lug poles, and later fireplaces had pivoting metal (A) maintain (B) reinforce (C) manufacture (D) acquire
rods to hang pots from.
Beside the fireplace and built as part of it was the oven. It was made like a small, 7. Which of the following is mentioned in paragraph 2 as a disadvantage of using a
secondary fireplace with a flue leading into the main chimney to draw out smoke. wooden lug pole?
Sometimes the door of the oven faced the room, but most ovens were built with the (A) It was made of wood not readily available.
opening facing into the fireplace. On baking days (usually once or twice a week) a roaring (B) It was difficult to move or rotate.
fire of "oven wood," consisting of brown maple sticks, was maintained in the oven until its (C) It occasionally broke.
walls were extremely hot. The embers were later removed, bread dough was put into the (D) It became too hot to touch.
oven, and the oven was sealed shut until the bread was fully baked.
Not all baking was done in a big oven, however. Also used was an iron "bake 8. It can be inferred from paragraph 3 that, compared to other firewood, "oven
kettle," which looked like a stewpot on legs and which had an iron lid. This is said to have wood" produced
worked well when it was placed in the fireplace, surrounded by glowing wood embers, with (A) less smoke (B) more heat (C) fewer embers (D) lower flames
more embers piled on its lid.
9. According to paragraph 3, all of the following were true of a colonial oven
EXCEPT:
1. Which of the following aspects of domestic life in colonial North America does the (A) It was used to heat the kitchen every day.
passage mainly discuss? (B) It was built as part of the main fireplace.
(A) Methods of baking bread (C) The smoke it generated went out through the main chimney.
(B) Fireplace cooking (D) It was heated with maple sticks.
(C) The use of iron kettles in a typical kitchen
10. According to the passage, which of the following was an advantage of a "bake
(D) The types of wood used in preparing meals kettle"?
(A) It did not take up a lot of space in the fireplace.
2. The author mentions the fireplaces built in the South to illustrate (B) It did not need to be tightly closed.
(A) how the materials used were similar to the materials used in northeastern (C) It could be used in addition to or instead of the oven.
fireplaces (D) It could be used to cook several foods at one time.
(B) that they served diverse functions
(C) that they were usually larger than northeastern fireplaces
(D) how they were safer than northeastern fireplaces

3. The word "scorched" in line 6 is closest in meaning to

(A) burned (B) cut (C) enlarged (D) bent