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    Lab Activity 2 - Chordate Classification

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    Rio Geline Edralin
    1. The student created a cladogram using 6 hypothetical taxa characterized by evolutionary traits such as elongation of the head, presence of hair, and presence of a nose. 2. The five kingdoms proposed by Whittaker are in conflict with more recent systems as archaebacteria were discovered with distinct cell properties from eubacteria. This led to the six kingdom system dividing monera into archaebacteria and eubacteria. 3. In humans, remnants of the notochord form the nucleus pulposus between vertebrae. The neural tube develops into the brain and spinal cord. Pharyngeal slits organize structures in the head and throat. Humans have a reduced post-anal tail.

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    Lab Activity 2 - Chordate Classification

    Uploaded by

    Rio Geline Edralin
    127 views2 pages
    1. The student created a cladogram using 6 hypothetical taxa characterized by evolutionary traits such as elongation of the head, presence of hair, and presence of a nose. 2. The five kingdoms proposed by Whittaker are in conflict with more recent systems as archaebacteria were discovered with distinct cell properties from eubacteria. This led to the six kingdom system dividing monera into archaebacteria and eubacteria. 3. In humans, remnants of the notochord form the nucleus pulposus between vertebrae. The neural tube develops into the brain and spinal cord. Pharyngeal slits organize structures in the head and throat. Humans have a reduced post-anal tail.

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    1. The student created a cladogram using 6 hypothetical taxa characterized by evolutionary traits such as elongation of the head, presence of hair, and presence of a nose. 2. The five kingdoms proposed by Whittaker are in conflict with more recent systems as archaebacteria were discovered with distinct cell properties from eubacteria. This led to the six kingdom system dividing monera into archaebacteria and eubacteria. 3. In humans, remnants of the notochord form the nucleus pulposus between vertebrae. The neural tube develops into the brain and spinal cord. Pharyngeal slits organize structures in the head and throat. Humans have a reduced post-anal tail.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    127 views2 pages

    Lab Activity 2 - Chordate Classification

    Uploaded by

    Rio Geline Edralin
    1. The student created a cladogram using 6 hypothetical taxa characterized by evolutionary traits such as elongation of the head, presence of hair, and presence of a nose. 2. The five kingdoms proposed by Whittaker are in conflict with more recent systems as archaebacteria were discovered with distinct cell properties from eubacteria. This led to the six kingdom system dividing monera into archaebacteria and eubacteria. 3. In humans, remnants of the notochord form the nucleus pulposus between vertebrae. The neural tube develops into the brain and spinal cord. Pharyngeal slits organize structures in the head and throat. Humans have a reduced post-anal tail.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 2

    Name: Edralin, Rio Geline A.

    Section: BI6A
    AZO 3204 – Comparative Anatomy of Vertebrates - Laboratory
    LABORATORY ACTIVITY: Chordate Classification
    1. Create a cladogram using the following hypothetical taxa (each drawing represents a
    taxon). The following are the evolutionary characters: (20 pts)

    A = elongation of the head


    B = blue eyes
    C = presence of hair
    D = wide mouth
    E = presence of nose
    F = presence of ear

    B&C C&F

    D&E

    2. What are the five kingdoms distinguished by Whitakker? What are conflicts of this 5-
    kingdom classification in recent systematics? (10 pts)

    The five kingdoms distinguished by Whittaker are Monera, Protista, Fungi,


    Plantae, and Animalia. However, the five-kingdom system of classification for living
    organism is complicated by the discovery of archaebacteria. Lipids of archaebacteria cell
    membranes differ considerably from those of both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells as
    well as the composition of their cell walls and sequence of their ribosomal RNA subunits.
    Aside from these, recent studies have shown that RNA polymerases of archaebacteria
    resemble those of eukaryotic enzymes and not the eubacterial RNA polymerase. Hence,
    the rise of the six kingdoms wherein kingdom Monera is divided into Archaebacteria and
    Eubacteria.

    Reference:

    Chapter 2 Biological Classification. (2015). Retrieved from:


    https://ncert.nic.in/ncerts/l/kebo102.pdf

    3. Given your knowledge of human anatomy, what characters unique to the chordates
    present in humans? How have they been modified? (10 pts)

    In chordates, four common features appear at some point during development: a


    notochord, a dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, and a post-anal tail. The
    notochord, however, is replaced by the vertebral column (spine) in most adult
    vertebrates. In adult humans, the remnants of the notochord form the central region
    (nucleus pulposus) of the intervertebral disks between our vertebrae. Dorsal hollow
    nereve cord the neural tube develops into the brain and spinal cord, which together
    comprise the central nervous system (CNS). In humans, pharyngeal slits with their
    accompanying tissues are important in the organization of blood vessels, cartilages,
    glands, and bones in the mouth, throat, and upper chest regions. In humans and other
    great apes, the post-anal tail is reduced to a vestigial coccyx/ tail bone that aids in balance
    during sitting.
    Reference:
    Boundless. (2020). Characteristics of Chordata. Biology LibreText. Retrieved from:
    https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Book%3A_
    General_Biology_(Boundless)/29%3A_Vertebrates/29.1%3A_Chordates/29.1A%3A_Ch
    aracteristics_of_Chordata
    4. With so many anatomical features in common, why are the hagfish and the lamprey
    placed in such distant taxa? (10 pts)

    In the past, hagfishes and lampreys were sometimes recognized as separate


    clades within the Agnatha, primarily because lampreys were regarded as true
    vertebrates, whereas hagfishes were not. The class Petromyzontida includes
    approximately 40 species of lampreys, which are superficially similar to hagfishes in size
    and shape. However, lampreys possess extrinsic eye muscles, at least two semicircular
    canals, and a true cerebellum, as well as simple vertebral elements. Recent molecular
    data, both from rRNA and mtDNA, as well as embryological data, provide strong support
    for the hypothesis that living agnathans—previously called cyclostomes—are
    monophyletic, and thus share recent common ancestry. Analysis of microRNA sequences,
    reexamination of morphological datasets, and recent morphological analyses of hagfish
    suggest that hagfish and lampreys are sister groups.

    References:

    Fishes. (2007). Jawless Fish: Superclass Agnatha. Retrieved from:


    https://louis.oercommons.org/courseware/module/747/student/?task=2

    Jawless Fishes. Lumen Learning. Retrieved from:


    https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-biology2/chapter/jawless-fishes/

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