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Introduction to Artificial Intelligence

Human minds are considered as the best among all the living being on the Earth. Whatever
development we have seen so far in terms of science and technology is because of the innovative
and creative minds. But, looking at the requirement of the present era, these skills have come up
as a boon to add to the comfort and ease of working for all of us.
It is because slowly the natural intelligence of humans
is shifting towards the artificial intelligence i.e
enabling machine to work like a human being. So in
other words we can say that :-
Def: “Artificial intelligence is the science and
engineering of making intelligent machines.” John
McCarthy, Father of AI.
Def: “The study of the computations that make it possible to perceive, reason, and act.”

Def: Artificial intelligence (AI), the ability of a digital computer or computer-controlled

robot to perform tasks commonly associated with intelligent beings. The term is frequently
applied to the project of developing systems endowed with the intellectual processes
characteristic of humans, such as the ability to reason, discover meaning, generalize, or learn
from experience.
Why Artificial Intelligence?
Before Learning about Artificial Intelligence, we should know that what is the importance of AI
and why should we learn it. Following are some main reasons to learn about AI:
1. With the help of AI, you can create such software or devices which can solve real-world
problems very easily and with accuracy such as health issues, marketing, traffic issues,
etc.
2. With the help of AI, you can create your personal virtual Assistant, such as Cortana,
Google Assistant, Siri, etc.
3. With the help of AI, you can build such Robots which can work in an environment where
survival of humans can be at risk.
4. AI opens a path for other new technologies, new devices, and new Opportunities.
Goals of Artificial Intelligence
Following are the main goals of Artificial Intelligence:
1. Replicate human intelligence
2. Solve Knowledge-intensive tasks
3. An intelligent connection of perception and action
4. Building a machine which can perform tasks that requires human intelligence such as:
a. Proving a theorem
 b. Playing chess
c. Plan some surgical operation
d. Driving a car in traffic
e. Creating some system which can exhibit intelligent behavior, learn new things by
itself, demonstrate, explain, and can advise to its user.
Application of AI
Artificial Intelligence has various applications today. It is becoming essential for today's time
because it can solve complex problems with an efficient way in multiple industries, such as
Healthcare, entertainment, finance, education, etc. AI is making our daily life more comfortable
and faster.
Following are some sectors which have the application of Artificial Intelligence:

1. AI in Astronomy
Artificial Intelligence can be very useful to solve complex universe problems. AI technology can
be helpful for understanding the universe such as how it works, origin, etc.
2. AI in Healthcare
In the last, five to ten years, AI becoming more advantageous for the healthcare industry and
going to have a significant impact on this industry.
Healthcare Industries are applying AI to make a better and faster diagnosis than humans. AI can
help doctors with diagnoses and can inform when patients are worsening so that medical help
can reach to the patient before hospitalization.
3. AI in Gaming
AI can be used for gaming purpose. The AI machines can play strategic games like chess, where
the machine needs to think of many possible places.
4. AI in Finance
AI and finance industries are the best matches for each other. The finance industry is
implementing automation, chatbot, adaptive intelligence, algorithm trading, and machine
learning into financial processes.
5. AI in Data Security
The security of data is crucial for every company and cyber-attacks are growing very rapidly in
the digital world. AI can be used to make your data more safe and secure. Some examples such
as AEG bot, AI2 Platform, are used to determine software bug and cyber-attacks in a better way.
6. AI in Social Media
Social Media sites such as Facebook, Twitter, and Snapchat contain billions of user profiles,
which need to be stored and managed in a very efficient way. AI can organize and manage
massive amounts of data. AI can analyze lots of data to identify the latest trends, hashtag, and
requirement of different users.
7. AI in Travel & Transport
AI is becoming highly demanding for travel industries. AI is capable of doing various travel
related works such as from making travel arrangement to suggesting the hotels, flights, and best
routes to the customers. Travel industries are using AI-powered chatbots which can make
human-like interaction with customers for better and fast response.
8. AI in Automotive Industry
Some Automotive industries are using AI to provide virtual assistant to their user for better
performance. Such as Tesla has introduced TeslaBot, an intelligent virtual assistant.
Various Industries are currently working for developing self-driven cars which can make your
journey more safe and secure.
9. AI in Robotics:
Artificial Intelligence has a remarkable role in Robotics. Usually, general robots are programmed
such that they can perform some repetitive task, but with the help of AI, we can create intelligent
robots which can perform tasks with their own experiences without pre-programmed.
Humanoid Robots are best examples for AI in robotics, recently the intelligent Humanoid robot
named as Erica and Sophia has been developed which can talk and behave like humans.
10. AI in Entertainment
We are currently using some AI based applications in our daily life with some entertainment
services such as Netflix or Amazon. With the help of ML/AI algorithms, these services show the
recommendations for programs or shows.
11. AI in Agriculture
Agriculture is an area which requires various resources, labor, money, and time for best result.
Now a day's agriculture is becoming digital, and AI is emerging in this field. Agriculture is
applying AI as agriculture robotics, solid and crop monitoring, predictive analysis. AI in
agriculture can be very helpful for farmers.
12. AI in E-commerce
AI is providing a competitive edge to the e-commerce industry, and it is becoming more
demanding in the e-commerce business. AI is helping shoppers to discover associated products
with recommended size, color, or even brand.
13. AI in education:
AI can automate grading so that the tutor can have more time to teach. AI chatbot can
communicate with students as a teaching assistant.
AI in the future can be work as a personal virtual tutor for students, which will be accessible
easily at any time and any place.
Different Types of Artificial Intelligence
As we know, Artificial Intelligence has become a part of our day-to-day lives. That’s why it is
important to understand the different types of Artificial Intelligence. This article will help
understand the types of AI. Artificial Intelligence is categorized into various types based on
capabilities and functionalities.
Based on Capabilities
1. Weak AI or Narrow AI:
a) Narrow AI is a type of AI which is able to perform a dedicated task with intelligence. The
most common and currently available AI is Narrow AI in the world of Artificial
Intelligence.
b) Narrow AI cannot perform beyond its field or limitations, as it is only trained for one
specific task. Hence it is also termed as weak AI. Narrow AI can fail in unpredictable
ways if it goes beyond its limits.
c) Apple Siri is a good example of Narrow AI, but it operates with a limited pre-defined
range of functions.
d) IBM's Watson supercomputer also comes under Narrow AI, as it uses an Expert system
approach combined with Machine learning and natural language processing.
e) Some Examples of Narrow AI are playing chess, purchasing suggestions on e-commerce
site, self-driving cars, speech recognition, and image recognition.
2. General AI:
a) General AI is a type of intelligence which could perform any intellectual task with
efficiency like a human.
b) The idea behind the general AI to make such a system which could be smarter and think
like a human by its own.
c) Currently, there is no such system exist which could come under general AI and can
perform any task as perfect as a human.
d) As systems with general AI are still under research, and it will take lots of efforts and
time to develop such systems.
3. Super AI:
Super AI is a level of Intelligence of Systems at which machines could surpass human
intelligence and can perform any task better than human with cognitive properties. It is an
outcome of general AI.
a) Some key characteristics of strong AI include capability include the ability to think, to
reason, solve the puzzle, make judgments, plan, learn, and communicate by its own.
b) Super AI is still a hypothetical concept of Artificial Intelligence. Development of such
systems in real is still world changing task.
Based on functionality
1. Reactive Machines
a) Purely reactive machines are the most basic types of Artificial Intelligence.
b) Such AI systems do not store memories or past experiences for future actions.
c) These machines only focus on current scenarios and react on it as per possible best
action.
d) IBM's Deep Blue system is an example of reactive machines.
e) Google's AlphaGo is also an example of reactive machines.
2. Limited Memory
a) Limited memory machines can store past experiences or some data for a short period of
time.
b) These machines can use stored data for a limited time period only.
c) Self-driving cars are one of the best examples of Limited Memory systems. These cars
can store recent speed of nearby cars, the distance of other cars, speed limit, and other
information to navigate the road.
3. Theory of Mind
a) Theory of Mind AI should understand the human emotions, people, beliefs, and be able
to interact socially like humans.
b) This type of AI machines are still not developed, but researchers are making lots of
efforts and improvement for developing such AI machines.
4. Self-Awareness
a) Self-awareness AI is the future of Artificial Intelligence. These machines will be super
intelligent, and will have their own consciousness, sentiments, and self-awareness.
b) These machines will be smarter than human mind.
c) Self-Awareness AI does not exist in reality still, and it is a hypothetical concept.
Different domains of Artificial Intelligence (AI)
There are certain domains of artificial intelligence on which we can create our expertise
a) Machine learning
b) Deep learning
c) Robotics
d) Expert systems
e) Fuzzy logic
f) Natural language processing
g) Computer vision
Machine learning is a subset of artificial intelligence. Machine learning enables computers or
machines to make data-driven decisions rather than being explicitly programmed for a certain
task.
These programs or algorithms are designed in a way that they learn and improve over time when
are exposed to new data.
Different types of machine learning models
a) Supervised learning
b) Unsupervised learning
c) Reinforcement learning
Use cases
a) Product recommendation on a shopping website.
b) spam filter on email.
c) Chatbots
Deep Learning
Deep learning is artificial intelligence (AI) function that imitates the working of the human brain
in processing data and creating patterns for use in decision making.
Deep learning is a subset of machine learning in artificial intelligence that has network capable
of learning unsupervised from data that is unstructured or unlabeled also known as deep neural
learning or deep neural network.
Different types of deep learning models
a) Autoencoders
b) Deep belief net
c) Convolutional neural network
d) Recurrent neural network
e) Reinforcement learning to neural network
Use cases
a) Driverless vehicles
b) Virtual assistants
c) chatbots
d) Medical research
e) Facial recognition
Robotics
Robotics is a branch of engineering that involves the conception, design, manufacture, and
operation of robots.
This fields overlaps with electronics, computer science, artificial intelligence, mechatronics,
nanotechnology and bioengineering.
Different types of robots
a) Pre-programmed robots
b) Humanoid robots
c) Autonomous robots
d) Teleoperated robots
e) Augmenting robots
Use cases
a) Manufacturing
b) Logistics
c) Healthcare
d) Home
Expert Systems
An expert system is a program that uses artificial intelligence technology to simulate the
knowledge and judgement of humans. Expert systems usually include a subject-specific
knowledge base and can have additional modules added to expand their capacities.

Different types of expert systems

a) Rule-based systems
b) Frame-based systems
c) Hybrid systems
d) Model-based systems
e) Off the shelf systems
f) Custom made systems
Use cases
a) In the medical field
b) In the agriculture field
c) In the education field
Fuzzy Logic
Fuzzy logic is a method of reasoning that resembles human reasoning. The approach of fuzzy
logic imitates the way of decision making in humans that involves all intermediate possibilities
between digital values yes or no.
The conventional logic block that a computer can understand takes precise input and produces a
definite output as true or false which is equivalent to human's yes or no.
Different types of fuzzifier
a) Singleton fuzzifier
b) Gaussian fuzzifier
c) Trapezoidal or triangular fuzzifier
Use cases
a) Psychology
b) Pattern recognition and classifications
c) Securities
d) Medical
e) Marine
f) Finance
Natural Learning Process
Natural language processing is a branch of artificial intelligence that helps the computers
understand interpret and manipulate human language.
Natural language processing draws from many disciplines including computers science and
computational linguistics in its pursuit to fill the gap between human communication and
computer understanding.
Different types of Natural language processing(NLP)
a) Optical character recognition
b) Speech recognition
c) Machine translation
d) Natural language generation
e) Sentiment analysis
f) Semantic search
g) Machine learning
Use cases
a) Email filter
b) Smart assistants
c) Search results
d) Predictive text
e) Language translation
a) Digital phone calls
b) Text analytics
Computer Vision
Today, computer vision is one of the hottest subfields of artificial intelligence and machine
learning given its wide variety of applications and tremendous potential. It's a goal to replicate
the powerful capacities of human vision.
Computer vision system must recognize the present objects and their characteristics such as
shapes textures, colours, sizes, spatial arrangement, among other things to provide a description
as complete as possible of the image.
Different techniques of  computer vision
a) Image classification
b) Object detection
c) Object tracking
d) Semantic segmentation
e) Instance segmentation
Use cases
a) Defect detection
b) Metrology
c) Intruder detection
d) Assembly verification
e) Screen reader

Artificial Intelligence Project Cycle

Project Cycle is a step by step process to solve the problems using proven scientific methods and
drawing the inference about it.
Let us take some daily examples as project, requiring steps to solve the problem.
Creating a birthday card.
1. Checking the factors like budget, etc which will help us decide the next steps and
understanding the Project.
2. Acquiring data from different sources like online, with friends etc for Designs and ideas.
3. Making a list of the gathered data.
4. Creating or Modelling a card based on the data collected.
5. Showing it to Parents or cousins to Let them check it or evaluate it.
Components of Project Cycle 
Components of project cycle are the steps which contributes in completing the Project. These are
mainly:-
Steps Meaning
Problem Scoping Understanding the problem
Data Acquisition Collecting accurate and reliable data
Data Exploration Arranging the data uniformly
Modelling Creating Models from the data
Evaluation Evaluating the project
Let’s understand the role of each step in Artificial Intelligence.
Problem Scoping

Problem Scoping

4 W’S

4Ws Of Problem Scoping

The 4W's of Problem Scoping are Who, What, Where and Why. These W’s helps in identifying
and understanding the problem in a better and efficient manner.
1. Who - "Who" part helps us in comprehending and categorizing who all are affected
directly and indirectly with the problem and who are called the Stake Holders
2. What - "What" part helps us in understanding and identifying the nature of the problem
and how do we get to know what helps to get us know the evidence.
3. Where - "Where" does the problem arises, situation and the location.
4. Why - "Why" is the given problem worth solving.
Data Acquisition
Data Acquisition is he process of collecting accurate and reliable data to work with. Data Can be
in the format of text, video, images, audio and so on and it can be collected from carious source
like the interest, journals, newspapers and so on.
Data Sources
Data can be collected using any of the following methods:-
Data Exploration
Data Exploration is the process of arranging the gathered data uniformly for a better
understanding. Data can be arranged in the form of a table, plotting a chart or making database.
If we simplify this Data Exploration means that the data which we collected in Data Acquisition,
in Data Exploration we need to arrange it for example if we have data of 50 students in a class,
we have their Mobile Number, Date of Birth, Class, Etc .

In the process of data exploration we can make a chart for that data in which all the names will
be at one place and all the mobile numbers at one etc.

Tools for Data Exploration

Modelling
Modelling is the process in which different models based on the visualized data can
be created and even checked for the advantages and disadvantages of the model.
To Make a machine learning model there are 2 ways/Approaches:-
1) Learning Based Approach 
2) Rule Based Approach
Learning Based Approach

Learning Based Approach

Learning Based Approach is based on Machine learning experience with the data feeded.
Machine Learning
Machine learning is a subset of artificial Intelligence (AI) which provides machines the ability to
learn automatically and improve from experience without being programmed for it.
Types of Machine Learning
Machine learning can be divided into 3 types: -
1) Supervised Learning
2) Unsupervised Learning
3) Semi Supervised or Reinforcement Learning
Supervised Learning
supervised learning is where a computer algorithm is trained on input data that has been labeled
for a output example: a shape with three sides is labelled as a triangle
There are two models of Supervised Learning: -
a) Classification 
b) Regression models
What is classification?
classification in which algorithm’s job is to separate the labelled data to predict the
output. example: to predict weather which of them is apple and pineapple.
What is Regression?
Regression is a type of supervised learning which is used to predict continues
value. example: Regression is used to predict weather. It is also used widely for weather
forecasting.
Unsupervised Learning
In terms of machine learning, unsupervised learning is in which a system learn through data-
sets created by its own. In this the training is not labeled.
Learning by own is termed as Unsupervised learning.
Basically, in unsupervised learning where the data is un-tagged or un-named, the machine create
a learning algorithm using its structural data-sets present in its input.
Example: Suppose a boy sees someone performing tricks by a ball, so he also learnt the tricks by
himself. This is what we call as unsupervised learning.
Reinforcement Learning
Learning through feed-back or trial and error method is called Reinforcement learning.
In this type of learning, the system works on Reward or Penalty policy. In this a agent perform a
action positive or negative, in the environment which is taken as input from the system, then the
system changes the state in the environment and the agent is provided with a reward or penalty.
The system also builds a policy, that what action should be taken under a specific condition.
Example: A very good example of these is Vending machines.
Suppose you put a coin (action) in a Juice Vending machine(environment), now the system
detects the amount of coin give(state) you get the drink corresponding to the amount(reward) or
if the coin is damaged or there is any another problem, then you get nothing (penalty).
Here the machine is building a policy that which drink should be provided under what condition
and how to handle a error in the environment.
Rule Based Approach
Rule Based Approach Refers to the AI modelling where the relationship or patterns in data are
defined by the developer.
That means the machine works on the rules and information given by the developer and performs
the task accordingly.
For example: Suppose have a dataset containing 100 images of apples and bananas each. Now
you created a machine using Computer-Vision and trained it with the labelled images of apples
and bananas. If you test your machine with an image of an apple it will give you the output by
comparing the images in its datasets. This is known as Rule Based Approach.
Evaluation
Evaluation is the method of understanding the reliability of an API Evaluation and is based on
the outputs which is received by the feeding the data into the model and comparing the output
with the actual answers.

Neural Network & AI Ethics

Neural Network
The neural networks are the model that how neurons in the human brain behave. It is also known
trained as ANN(Artificial Neural Network) that copy the working of the human brain neurons or
cells inside the computers. The greatest thing of ANN is it can extract the features of data
without any programming or input. The computer can learn, recognize, and make decisions like
human beings.
The neural network works on machine learning algorithms to fulfil the need of the user or
perform the task. It basically used to solve the problems for large dataset.
The traditional Machine Learning algorithm cannot improve the performance of the model after
certain levels and then saturation will start. Whereas Small ANN performs better than as
Medium and Large Neural Network dataset.
How neural network works?
Neural network is divided into different layers and each layer is divided into a block that
accomplish its own task and then passes to the next layer. The first layer of neural network is
known as input layer that acquires the data and feed it to the neural network.
Some hidden layers are there which are not visible, but all processing occurs in these layers.
These hidden layers have its own machine learning algorithm which is executes on the data
received from the input layer.
Then the processed output is fed to subsequent hidden layer. Similarly, at the last hidden layer
passes the final processed data to the output layer.

Features of Neural Network

1. NN systems are modelled on the human brain and nervous system.
2. It can extract data without any input from the user.
3. Every node is essentially a machine learning algorithm.
 4. Useful when solving problems for which the data set is very large.
Neural Networks Vs Nervous System
As you know computers can perform complex tasks which human beings can’t do in an easy
manner. We can’t do complex millions of computations per second. Similarly, computers also
can’t do some easy tasks.
Here Artificial Intelligence plays a role. ANN creates that are based on the working of the human
brain. These networks solve complex computation problems by regulating how the computing
cells are activated.
The human brain is made up of billions of interconnected neurons. The interconnections are
highly complex. The neurons working in parallel exchanging information through their
connectors ‘synapses’. Billions of connections among billions of neurons!
Each neuron is talking to millions of other neurons. Each neuron of the brain is made up of a cell
body. These cell bodies are tiny. An area of a single square millimeter can contain approximately
100 cell bodies. There are several dendrites attached to the cell body and a single axon.
How neural networks learn!
There are three ways of neural networks learning:
1. Supervised Learning
2. Unsupervised Learning
3. Reinforcement Learning
Supervised Learning
As the name supervised learning indicates there is a supervisor like teacher who teaches or trains
the model with respect to the output. In this type of learning, networks are trained to provide the
correct output by using several example inputs. For example, the network can be trained on the
data of students and marks. After training the network will be able to calculate the marks based
on various elements like the length of the answer, correct facts written in the answers,
comprehension length etc.
Unsupervised Learning
In this learning no output related information received by the neural network and it provides only
input. The system evaluates and find out how different elements are related. This method used
for solving clustering problems, estimation problems, self-organizing maps etc.
Reinforcement Learning
Reinforcement learning, the neural network learns based on learning from experience. Unlike
supervised learning, reinforcement learning doesn’t have any output information. It is employed
by various software and machines to find the best possible behavior or path it should take in a
specific situation.
Ethics of Artificial Intelligence
Ethics is a branch of philosophy that involves systemizing, defending and recommending
concepts of right and wrong behavior.
It has a subfield 'ethics of technology' which tries to answer if it is always, never, or
contextually right or wrong to invent and implement a technological innovation. For example:
computer viruses, nuclear weapons, environmental stability.
AI Ethics is a part of 'ethics of technology' that is specific to robots, and other artificially
intelligent beings.
It is again divided into:
1. Roboethics: Deals with moral behaviour of human beings as they design, construct, use
and treat artificially intelligent beings.
2. Machine Ethics: Deals with the behaviour of Artificial Moral Agents (AMA).
The need for AI ethics
If AIs were to have no effective intrusion into our lives then whether they could be ethical would
be of interest to only those who engage in thought experiments. But AIs do intrude in our lives !
The kinds of intrusion are broadly of two sorts :
a) Intrusions in which we have no choice but to interact with.
b) Intrusions which cause and are a result of significant changes to culture and human
interaction.
An example of the first kind is: Autopilot in passenger flights. While ATMs come under the
second category as they influence us by forcing to take currency of specified denominations.
A consequence of this relinquishing control is that we are taking less and less active part in
decisions which have moral import.
A "harm" is caused when a prediction or end outcome negatively impacts n individual ability to
establish their rightful identity or access resources.
AI Inclusion
a) Inclusion in AI is the ability to imagine and achieve a good life in every area that is
meaningful.
b) Research to open data and skills development. Ex: Clean water, Energy conservation and
Gender Equality.
Bias
Bias is a phenomenon that occurs when an algorithm produces results that are discriminatory due
to the built-in biases created by the programmer.
a) Bad data can contain implicit racial, gender, or ideological biases.
b) Bias in automated facial recognition and the associate datasets.
c) Bias in AI systems could erode trust between humans and machines that learn.
Privacy
a) Privacy protection typically concern regulating access to a person or what is known about
him/her.
b) Large amount of training materials are gathered from multiple and diverse sources.
Some examples of Ethical issues in AI Applications:
a) Amazon's automated hiring tool- Gender Bias
b) Uber's first self driving car hit and killed a women.

AI Ethical Objective:- The Ethical objective of AI includes:-

a) It should be Responsible.
b) It should be Equitable.
c) It should be Reliable.
d) It should be governable.
e) It should be traceable.
 Assignments
Multiple Choice Questions: -
1) Artificial Intelligence is about_____.
a) Playing a game on Computer
b) Making a machine Intelligent
c) Programming on Machine with your Own Intelligence
d) Putting your intelligence in Machine [ ]
2) Who is known as the -Father of AI"?
a) Fisher Ada
b) Alan Turing
c) John McCarthy
d) Allen Newell [ ]
3) Select the most appropriate situation for that a blind search can be used.
a) Real-life situation
b) Small Search Space
c) Complex game
d) All of the above [ ]
4) The application/applications of Artificial Intelligence is/are:-
a) Expert Systems
b) Gaming
c) Vision Systems
d) All of the above [ ]
5) If a robot can change its own trajectory as per the external conditions, then the robot is
considered as the________.
a. Mobile
b. Non-Servo
c. Open Loop
d. Intelligent [ ]
6) The component of an Expert system is_________.
a) Knowledge Base
b) Inference Engine
c) User Interface
d) All of the above [ ]

7) Ways to achieve AI in real-life are_________.

 a) Machine Learning
b) Deep Learning
c) Both a & b
d) None of the above [ ]

8) A strong AI is labeled as ________.

a) Artificial general intelligence
b) Artificial generate intelligence
c) Artificial general intro
d) Art general intelligence [ ]