4.4.1.2 Lab - Configuring Zone-Based Policy Firewalls

CCNA Security
Lab - Configuring Zone-Based Policy Firewalls

Topology
Note: ISR G1 devices have Fast Ethernet interfaces instead of Gigabit Ethernet Interfaces.
© 2021 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. This document is Cisco Public. Page 1 of 13
IP Addressing Table
Device Interface IP Address Subnet Mask Default Gateway Switch Port
R1 G0/1 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0 N/A S1 F0/5

S0/0/0 (DCE) 10.1.1.1 255.255.255.252 N/A N/A
R2 S0/0/0 10.1.1.2 255.255.255.252 N/A N/A
S0/0/1 (DCE) 10.2.2.2 255.255.255.252 N/A N/A
R3 G0/0 192.168.33.1 255.255.255.0 N/A N/A
G0/1 192.168.3.1 255.255.255.0 N/A S3 F0/5
S0/0/1 10.2.2.1 255.255.255.252 N/A N/A
PC-A NIC 192.168.1.3 255.255.255.0 192.168.1.1 S1 F0/6
PC-B NIC 192.168.3.3 255.255.255.0 192.168.3.1 S3 F0/1
PC-C NIC 192.168.33.3 255.255.255.0 192.168.33.1 N/A
Objectives
Part 1: Basic Router Configuration
 Configure host names, interface IP addresses, and access passwords.
 Configure the static routes to enable end-to-end connectivity.
Part 2: Configuring a Zone-Based Policy Firewall (ZPF)
 Use the CLI to configure a Zone-Based Policy Firewall.
 Use the CLI to verify the configuration.
Background
The most basic form of a Cisco IOS firewall uses access control lists (ACLs) to filter IP traffic and monitor
established traffic patterns. A traditional Cisco IOS firewall is an ACL-based firewall.
The newer Cisco IOS Firewall implementation uses a zone-based approach that operates as a function of
interfaces instead of access control lists. A Zone-Based Policy Firewall (ZPF) allows different inspection
policies to be applied to multiple host groups connected to the same router interface. It can be configured for
extremely advanced, protocol specific, granular control. It prohibits traffic via a default deny-all policy between
different firewall zones. ZPF is suited for multiple interfaces that have similar or varying security requirements.
In this lab, you build a multi-router network, configure the routers and PC hosts, and configure a Zone-Based
Policy Firewall using the Cisco IOS command line interface (CLI).
Note: The router commands and output in this lab are from a Cisco 1941 with Cisco IOS Release 15.4(3)M2
(UniversalK9-M). Other routers and Cisco IOS versions can be used. See the Router Interface Summary
Table at the end of the lab to determine which interface identifiers to use based on the equipment in the lab.
Depending on the router model and Cisco IOS version, the commands available and output produced might
vary from what is shown in this lab.
Note: Make sure that the routers and switches have been erased and have no startup configurations.
Required Resources
 3 Routers (Cisco 1941 with Cisco IOS Release 15.4(3)M2 image or comparable)
 2 Switches (Cisco 2960 or comparable)
 3 PCs (Windows Vista or Windows 7)
 Serial and Ethernet cables, as shown in the topology
 Console cables to configure Cisco networking devices
Part 1: Basic Router Configuration

In Part 1 of this lab, you set up the network topology and configure basic settings, such as the interface IP
addresses, static routing, device access, and passwords.
Note: All tasks should be performed on routers R1, R2, and R3. The procedures are shown for only one of
the routers.
Step 1: Cable the network as shown in the topology.

Attach the devices as shown in the topology diagram, and cable as necessary.
Step 2: Configure basic settings for each router.

a. Configure host names as shown in the topology.
b. Configure the interface IP addresses as shown in the IP addressing table.
c. Configure a clock rate for the serial router interfaces with a DCE serial cable attached.
R2(config)# interface S0/0/0
R2(config-if)# clock rate 64000
Step 3: Disable DNS lookup.

To prevent the router from attempting to translate incorrectly entered commands, disable DNS lookup.
R2(config)# no ip domain-lookup
Step 4: Configure static routes on R1, R2, and R3.

a. In order to achieve end-to-end IP reachability, proper static routes must be configured on R1, R2 and R3.
R1 and R3 are stub routers, and as such, only need a default route pointing to R2. R2, behaving as the
ISP, must know how to reach R1’s and R3’s internal networks before end-to-end IP reachability is
achieved. Below is the static route configuration for R1, R2 and R3. On R1, use the following command:
R1(config)# ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 10.1.1.2
b. On R2, use the following commands.

R2(config)# ip route 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 10.1.1.1
R2(config)# ip route 192.168.3.0 255.255.255.0 10.2.2.1
R2(config)# ip route 192.168.33.0 255.255.255.0 10.2.2.1
c. On R3, use the following command.
R3(config)# ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 10.2.2.2
Step 5: Configure PC host IP settings.

Configure a static IP address, subnet mask, and default gateway for PC-A, PC-B, and PC-C as shown in
the IP addressing table.
Step 6: Verify basic network connectivity.

a. Ping from R1 to R3.
If the pings are not successful, troubleshoot the basic device configurations before continuing.
b. Ping from PC-A on the R1 LAN to PC-C on the R3 LAN.
Note: If you can ping from PC-A to PC-C, you have demonstrated that the end-to-end IP reachability has
been achieved. If you cannot ping but the device interfaces are UP and IP addresses are correct, use the
show interface, show ip interface, and show ip route commands to help identify problems.
Step 7: Configure a user account, encrypted passwords and crypto keys for SSH.
Note: Passwords in this task are set to a minimum of 10 characters, but are relatively simple for the benefit of
performing the lab. More complex passwords are recommended in a production network.
a. Configure a minimum password length using the security passwords command to set a minimum
password length of 10 characters.
R1(config)# security passwords min-length 10
b. Configure a domain name.
R1(config)# ip domain-name ccnasecurity.com
c. Configure crypto keys for SSH
R1(config)# crypto key generate rsa general-keys modulus 1024
d. Configure an admin01 user account using algorithm-type scrypt for encryption and a password of
cisco12345.
R1(config)# username admin01 algorithm-type scrypt secret cisco12345
e. Configure line console 0 to use the local user database for logins. For additional security, the exec-
timeout command causes the line to log out after 5 minutes of inactivity. The logging synchronous
command prevents console messages from interrupting command entry.
Note: To avoid repetitive logins during this lab, the exec-timeout command can be set to 0 0, which
prevents it from expiring; however, this is not considered to be a good security practice.
R1(config)# line console 0
R1(config-line)# login local
R1(config-line)# exec-timeout 5 0
R1(config-line)# logging synchronous
f. Configure line aux 0 to use the local user database for logins.
R1(config)# line aux 0
g. Configure line vty 0 4 to use the local user database for logins and restrict access to SSH connections
only.
R1(config)# line vty 0 4
R1(config-line)# transport input ssh
h. Configure the enable password with strong encryption.
R1(config)# enable algorithm-type scrypt secret class12345
Step 8: Save the basic running configuration for all three routers.
Save the running configuration to the startup configuration from the privileged EXEC prompt.
R1# copy running-config startup-config
Part 2: Configuring a Zone-Based Policy Firewall (ZPF)

In Part 2 of this lab, you configure a zone-based policy firewall (ZPF) on R3 using the command line interface
(CLI).
Task 1: Verify Current Router Configurations.

In this task, you will verify end-to-end network connectivity before implementing ZPF.
Step 1: Verify end-to-end network connectivity.

a. Ping from R1 to R3 Using both of R3’s Gigabit Ethernet interface IP addresses.
b. Ping from PC-A on the R1 LAN to PC-C on the R3 conference room LAN.
c. Ping from PC-A on the R1 LAN to PC-B on the R3 internal LAN.
Step 2: Display the R3 running configurations.

a. Issue the show ip interface brief command on R3 to verify the correct IP addresses were assigned. Use
the IP Address Table to verify the addresses.
b. Issue the show ip route command on R3 to verify it has a static default route pointing to R2’s serial 0/0/1
interface.
c. Issue the show run command to review the current basic configuration on R3.
d. Verify the R3 basic configuration as performed in Part 1 of the lab. Are there any security commands
related to access control?
____________________________________________________________________________________
Task 2: Create a Zone-Based Policy Firewall

In this task, you will create a zone-based policy firewall on R3, making it act not only as a router but also as a
firewall. R3 is currently responsible for routing packets for the three networks connected to it. R3’s interface
roles are configured as follows:
Serial 0/0/1 is connected to the Internet. Because this is a public network, it is considered an untrusted
network and should have the lowest security level.
G0/1 is connected to the internal network. Only authorized users have access to this network. In addition, vital
institution resources also reside in this network. The internal network is to be considered a trusted network
and should have the highest security level.
G0/0 is connected to a conference room. The conference room is used to host meetings with people who are
not part of the organization.
The security policy to be enforced by R3 when it is acting as a firewall dictates that:
 No traffic initiated from the Internet should be allowed into the internal or conference room networks.
 Returning Internet traffic (return packets coming from the Internet into the R3 site, in response to
requests originating from any of the R3 networks) should be allowed.
 Computers in the R3 internal network are considered trusted and are allowed to initiate any type
traffic (TCP, UDP or ICMP based traffic).
 Computers in the R3 conference room network are considered untrusted and are allowed to initiate
only web traffic (HTTP or HTTPS) to the Internet.
 No traffic is allowed between the internal network and the conference room network. There is no
guarantee regarding the condition of guest computers in the conference room network. Such
machines could be infected with malware and might attempt to send out spam or other malicious
traffic.
Step 1: Creating the security zones.

A security zone is a group of interfaces with similar security properties and requirements. For example, if
a router has three interfaces connected to internal networks, all three interfaces can be placed under the
same zone named “internal”. Because all security properties are configured to the zone instead of to the
individual router interfaces, the firewall design is much more scalable.
In this lab, the R3 site has three interfaces; one connected to an internal trusted network, one connected
to the conference room network and another connected to the Internet. Because all three networks have
different security requirements and properties, we will create three different security zones.
a. Security zones are created in global configuration mode, and the command allows for zone name
definition. In R3, create three zones named INSIDE, CONFROOM and INTERNET:
R3(config)# zone security INSIDE
R3(config)# zone security CONFROOM
R3(config)# zone security INTERNET
Step 2: Creating Security Policies

Before ZPF can decide if some specific traffic should be allowed or denied, it must be told what traffic is to
be considered. Cisco IOS uses class-maps to select traffic. Interesting traffic is a common denomination
for traffic that has been selected by a class-map.
While class-maps select traffic, it is not their job to decide what happens to the selected traffic; Policy-
maps decide the fate of the selected traffic.
ZPF traffic policies are defined as policy-maps and use class-maps to select traffic. In other words, class-
maps define what traffic is to be policed while policy-maps define the action to be taken upon the selected
traffic.
Policy-maps can drop, pass or inspect traffic. Because we want the firewall to watch traffic moving in the
direction of zone-pairs, we will create inspect policy-maps. Inspect policy-maps allow for dynamic
handling of the return traffic.
First, you will create class-maps. After the class-maps are created, you will create policy-maps and attach
the class-maps to the policy-maps.
a. Create an inspect class-map to match traffic to be allowed from the INSIDE zone to the INTERNET zone.
Because we trust the INSIDE zone, we allow all the main protocols.
In the commands below, the first line creates an inspect class-map. The match-any keyword instructs the
router that any of the match protocol statements will qualify as a successful match resulting in a policy
being applied. The result is a match for TCP or UDP or ICMP packets.
The match commands refer to specific Cisco NBAR supported protocols. For more information on Cisco
NBAR visit Cisco Network-Based Application Recognition.
R3(config)# class-map type inspect match-any INSIDE_PROTOCOLS
R3(config-cmap)# match protocol tcp
R3(config-cmap)# match protocol udp
R3(config-cmap)# match protocol icmp
b. Similarly, create a class-map to match the traffic to be allowed from the CONFROOM zone to the
INTERNET zone. Because we do not fully trust the CONFROOM zone, we must limit what the server can
send out to the Internet:
R3(config)# class-map type inspect match-any CONFROOM_PROTOCOLS
R3(config-cmap)# match protocol http
R3(config-cmap)# match protocol https
R3(config-cmap)# match protocol dns
c. Now that the class-maps are created, you can create the policy-maps.
In the commands below, the first line creates an inspect policy-map named INSIDE_TO_INTERNET. The
second line binds the previously created INSIDE_PROTOCOLS class-map to the policy-map. All packets
matched by the INSIDE_PROTOCOLS class-map will be subjected to the action taken by the
INSIDE_TO_INTERNET policy-map. Finally, the third line defines the actual action this policy-map will
apply to the matched packets. In this case, the matched packets will be inspected.
The next three lines creates a similar policy-map named CONFROOM_TO_INTERNET and attaches the
CONFROOM_PROTOCOLS class-map.
The commands are as follows:

R3(config)# policy-map type inspect INSIDE_TO_INTERNET
R3(config-pmap)# class type inspect INSIDE_PROTOCOLS
R3(config-pmap-c)# inspect
R3(config)# policy-map type inspect CONFROOM_TO_INTERNET
R3(config-pmap)# class type inspect CONFROOM_PROTOCOLS
R3(config-pmap-c)# inspect
Step 3: Create the Zone Pairs

A zone pair allows you to specify a unidirectional firewall policy between two security zones.
For example, a commonly used security policy dictates that the internal network can initiate any traffic
towards the Internet but no traffic originating from the Internet should be allowed to reach the internal
network.
This traffic policy requires only one zone pair, INTERNAL to INTERNET. Because zone-pairs define
unidirectional traffic flow, another zone-pair must be created if Internet-initiated traffic must flow in the
INTERNET to INTERNAL direction.
Notice that Cisco ZPF can be configured to inspect traffic that moves in the direction defined by the zone
pair. In that situation, the firewall watches the traffic and dynamically creates rules allowing the return or
related traffic to flow back through the router.
To define a zone pair, use the zone-pair security command. The direction of the traffic is specified by the
source and destination zones.
For this lab, you will create two zone-pairs:
INSIDE_TO_INTERNET: Allows traffic leaving the internal network towards the Internet.
CONFROOM_TO_INTERNET: Allows Internet access from the ConfRoom network.
a. Creating the zone-pairs:
R3(config)# zone-pair security INSIDE_TO_INTERNET source INSIDE destination
INTERNET
R3(config)# zone-pair security CONFROOM_TO_INTERNET source CONFROOM
destination INTERNET
b. Verify the zone-pairs were correctly created by issuing the show zone-pair security command. Notice
that no policies are associated with the zone-pairs yet. The security policies will be applied to zone-pairs
in the next step.
R3# show zone-pair security
Zone-pair name INSIDE_TO_INTERNET
Source-Zone INSIDE Destination-Zone INTERNET
service-policy not configured
Zone-pair name CONFROOM_TO_INTERNET
Source-Zone CONFROOM Destination-Zone INTERNET
service-policy not configured
Step 4: Applying Security Policies

a. As the last configuration step, apply the policy-maps to the zone-pairs:
R3(config)# zone-pair security INSIDE_TO_INTERNET
R3(config-sec-zone-pair)# service-policy type inspect INSIDE_TO_INTERNET
R3(config)# zone-pair security CONFROOM_TO_INTERNET
R3(config-sec-zone-pair)# service-policy type inspect CONFROOM_TO_INTERNET
b. Issue the show zone-pair security command once again to verify the zone-pair configuration. Notice that
the service-polices are now displayed:
R3#show zone-pair security
service-policy INSIDE_TO_INTERNET
service-policy CONFROOM_TO_INTERNET
To obtain more information about the zone-pairs, their policy-maps, the class-maps and match counters,
use the show policy-map type inspect zone-pair command:
R3#show policy-map type inspect zone-pair
policy exists on zp INSIDE_TO_INTERNET
Zone-pair: INSIDE_TO_INTERNET
Service-policy inspect : INSIDE_TO_INTERNET
Class-map: INSIDE_PROTOCOLS (match-any)

Match: protocol tcp
0 packets, 0 bytes
30 second rate 0 bps
Match: protocol udp
0 packets, 0 bytes
Match: protocol icmp
0 packets, 0 bytes
Inspect
Session creations since subsystem startup or last reset 0
Current session counts (estab/half-open/terminating) [0:0:0]
Maxever session counts (estab/half-open/terminating) [0:0:0]
Last session created never
Last statistic reset never
Last session creation rate 0
Maxever session creation rate 0
Last half-open session total 0
TCP reassembly statistics
received 0 packets out-of-order; dropped 0
peak memory usage 0 KB; current usage: 0 KB
peak queue length 0
Class-map: class-default (match-any)

Match: any
Drop
0 packets, 0 bytes
[output omitted]
Step 5: Assign Interfaces to the Proper Security Zones

Interfaces (physical and logical) are assigned to security zones with the zone-member security interface
command.
a. Assign R3’s G0/0 to the CONFROOM security zone:
R3(config)# interface g0/0
R3(config-if)# zone-member security CONFROOM
b. Assign R3’s G0/1 to the INSIDE security zone:
R3(config)# interface g0/1
R3(config-if)# zone-member security INSIDE
c. Assign R3’s S0/0/1 to the INTERNET security zone:
R3(config)# interface s0/0/1
R3(config-if)# zone-member security INTERNET
Step 6: Verify Zone Assignment

a. Issue the show zone security command to ensure the zones were properly created, and the interfaces
were correctly assigned:
R3# show zone security
zone self
Description: System defined zone
zone CONFROOM
Member Interfaces:
GigEthernet0/0
zone INSIDE
Member Interfaces:
GigEthernet0/1
zone INTERNET
Member Interfaces:
Serial0/0/1
b. Even though no commands were issued to create a “self” zone, the output above still displays it. Why is
R3 displaying a zone named “self”? What is the significance of this zone?
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
Part 3: ZPF Verification

Task 1: Verify ZPF Firewall Functionality
Step 1: Traffic originating on the Internet

a. To test the firewall’s effectiveness, ping PC-B from PC-A. In PC-A, open a command prompt and issue:
C:\Users\NetAcad> ping 192.168.3.3
Was the ping successful? Explain.
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
b. Ping PC-C from PC-A. In PC-A, open a command window and issue
Was the ping successful? Explain.
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
c. Ping PC-A from PC-B. In PC-B, open a command window and issue
d. Was the ping successful? Explain.
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
Ping PC-A from PC-C. In PC-C, open a command window and issue
e. Was the ping successful? Explain.
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
Step 2: The Self Zone Verification

a. From PC-A ping R3’s G0/1 interface:
Was the ping successful? Is this the correct behavior? Explain.
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
b. From PC-C ping R3’s G0/1 interface:
Was the ping successful? Is this the correct behavior? Explain.
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
Challenge (optional)
Create the proper zone-pair, class-maps, and policy-maps and configure R3 to prevent Internet originating
traffic from reaching the Self Zone.
Appendix – Multiple Interfaces under the Same Zone (optional)

One benefit of ZPF firewalls is that they scale well compared to the classic firewall. If a new interface with the
same security requirements is added to the firewall, the administrator can simply add the new interface as a
member of an existing security zone. However, some IOS versions will not allow devices connected to
different interfaces of the same zone to communicate by default. In those cases, a zone-pair must be created
using the same zone as source and destination.
Traffic between similarly zoned interfaces will always be bidirectional due the fact that the zone-pair’s source
and destination zones are the same. Because of that, there is no need to inspect traffic to allow for automatic
return traffic handling; return traffic will always be allowed because it will always conform to the zone-pair
definition. In this case, the policy-map should have a pass action instead of inspect. Because of the pass
action, the router will not inspect packets matched by the policy-map, it will simply forward it to its destination.
In the context of this lab, if R3 had a G0/2 interface also assigned to the INSIDE zone, and the router IOS
version did not suppport allowing traffic between interfaces configured to the same zone, the extra
configuration would look like this:
New zone-pair: Inside to Inside; allows routing of traffic among the internal trusted interfaces.
Creating the policy-map (notice that no explicit class-map is needed because we use the default “catch-all”
class):
R3(config)# policy-map type inspect inside
R3(config-pmap)# class class-default
R3(config-pmap-c)# pass
Creating the zone-pair and assigning the new policy-map to it. Notice that the INSIDE zone is both the source
and the destination of the zone-pair:
R3(config)# zone-pair security INSIDE source INSIDE destination INSIDE
R3(config-sec-zone-pair)# service-policy type inspect inside
To verify the existence of the new pair, use show zone-pair security:
R3# show zone-pair security
service-policy INSIDE_TO_INTERNET
service-policy CONFROOM_TO_INTERNET
Zone-pair name INSIDE
Source-Zone INSIDE Destination-Zone INSIDE
service-policy inside
Router Interface Summary Table
Router Interface Summary
Router Model Ethernet Interface #1 Ethernet Interface #2 Serial Interface #1 Serial Interface #2
1800 Fast Ethernet 0/0 Fast Ethernet 0/1 Serial 0/0/0 (S0/0/0) Serial 0/0/1 (S0/0/1)
(F0/0) (F0/1)
1900 Gigabit Ethernet 0/0 Gigabit Ethernet 0/1 Serial 0/0/0 (S0/0/0) Serial 0/0/1 (S0/0/1)
(G0/0) (G0/1)
(F0/0) (F0/1)
(F0/0) (F0/1)
2900 Gigabit Ethernet 0/0 Gigabit Ethernet 0/1 Serial 0/0/0 (S0/0/0) Serial 0/0/1 (S0/0/1)
(G0/0) (G0/1)
Note: To find out how the router is configured, look at the interfaces to identify the type of router and how many
interfaces the router has. There is no way to effectively list all the combinations of configurations for each router
class. This table includes identifiers for the possible combinations of Ethernet and Serial interfaces in the device.
The table does not include any other type of interface, even though a specific router may contain one. An
example of this might be an ISDN BRI interface. The string in parenthesis is the legal abbreviation that can be
used in Cisco IOS commands to represent the interface.

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CCNA Security

Lab - Configuring Zone-Based Policy Firewalls

Device Interface IP Address Subnet Mask Default Gateway Switch Port

R1 G0/1 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0 N/A S1 F0/5

Part 1: Basic Router Configuration

Step 1: Cable the network as shown in the topology.

Step 2: Configure basic settings for each router.

Step 3: Disable DNS lookup.

Step 4: Configure static routes on R1, R2, and R3.

b. On R2, use the following commands.

Step 5: Configure PC host IP settings.

Step 6: Verify basic network connectivity.

Part 2: Configuring a Zone-Based Policy Firewall (ZPF)

Task 1: Verify Current Router Configurations.

Step 1: Verify end-to-end network connectivity.

Step 2: Display the R3 running configurations.

Task 2: Create a Zone-Based Policy Firewall

Step 1: Creating the security zones.

Step 2: Creating Security Policies

The commands are as follows:

Step 3: Create the Zone Pairs

Step 4: Applying Security Policies

Service-policy inspect : INSIDE_TO_INTERNET

Class-map: INSIDE_PROTOCOLS (match-any)

Class-map: class-default (match-any)

Step 5: Assign Interfaces to the Proper Security Zones

Step 6: Verify Zone Assignment

Part 3: ZPF Verification

Step 1: Traffic originating on the Internet

Step 2: The Self Zone Verification

Appendix – Multiple Interfaces under the Same Zone (optional)

Router Interface Summary Table

Router Interface Summary

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