HEAR ⁕ The heart continues to pump at

approximately that rate for more

12.1 FUNCTIONS OFT

than 75 years.
THE ⁕ During short periods of vigorous
HEART ღ exercise, the amount of blood
A. List the major functions of the heart.
pumped per minute increases
several-fold.
⁕ If the heart loses its pumping
Heart ability for even a few minutes,
- is a muscular organ that is blood flow through the blood
essential for life because it pumps vessels stops, and the person’s life
blood through the body. is in danger.
⁕ Fluids flow through a pipe only if
they are forced to do so. The force
is commonly produced by a pump.
⁕ Thus, the liquid flows from the
pump through the pipe from an area
of higher pressure to an area of It is a single structure, the heart is
lower pressure. actually two pumps in one:
» If the pressure produced by the » The right side of the heart
pump increases, flow of liquid pumps blood to the lungs through
through the pipe increases. vessels of the pulmonary circulation
» If the pressure produced by the » The left side of the heart pumps
pump decreases, flow of liquid blood to all other tissues of the
through the pipe decreases through vessels of the systemic
circulation.
⁕ The heart contracts forcefully to
pump blood through the blood The functions of the heart are:
vessels of the body.
1. Generating blood pressure
⁕ The heart, blood vessels, and ⇢ Contractions of the heart
blood make up the cardiovascular generate blood pressure, which
system forces blood through the blood
⁕ The heart of a healthy adult, at vessels.
rest, pumps approximately 5 liters
(L) of blood per minute. 2. Routing blood
⇢ The heart separates the Apex - the blunt, rounded point of
pulmonary and systemic the heart
circulations, which ensures the flow Base - larger, flat part at the
of oxygenrich blood to tissues. opposite end of the heart

3. Ensuring one-way blood flow (LOCATION )

⇢ The valves of the heart ensure a ⁕ The heart is located in the
one-way flow of blood through the thoracic cavity
heart and blood vessels. Mediastinum - a midline partition
4. Regulating blood supply formed by
⇢ Changes in the rate and force of heart, trachea, esophagus, and
heart contraction match blood flow associated structures
to the changing metabolic needs of ⁕ The heart is surrounded by its
the tissues during rest, exercise, and own cavity, the pericardial cavity.
changes in body position.
It is important to know the
location and shape of the heart in
12.2 SIZE, FORM, AND the thoracic cavity. This
LOCATION OF THE knowledge enables to accurately
place a stethoscope to:
HEART ✿
» to hear the heart sounds,
A. Describe the size, shape, and location » to place chest leads for an
of the heart, and explain why knowing its electrocardiogram
location is important. » administer cardiopulmonary
resuscitation
(SIZE AND SHAPE)
⁕ The adult heart is shaped like a CPR - is an emergency procedure
blunt cone and is approximately the that maintains blood flow in the
size of a closed fist. body if a person’s heart stops.
» It is larger in physically active
adults than in less active but ⁕ The heart lies obliquely (at an
otherwise healthy adults. angle) in the mediastinum
» The heart generally decreases » the base directed posteriorly
in size after approximately age 65, and slightly superiorly
especially in people who are not » the apex directed anteriorly and
physically active. slightly inferiorly
 connective tissue called the Serous
pericardium.

The Serous pericardium is

composed of two parts:
» The part lining the fibrous
pericardium is the parietal
pericardium
12.3 SIZE, FORM, AND » The part covering the heart
LOCATION OF THE surface is the visceral pericardium
HEART ☻ or epicardium

A. Describe the structure of the ⁕ The Pericardial cavity, between

pericardium. the parietal pericardium and visceral
B. Give the location and function of the
coronary arteries.
pericardium, is filled with a small
C. Describe the chambers of the heart. amount of Pericardial fluid.
D. Name the valves of the heart, and state
their locations and functions.
E. Describe the flow of blood through the
heart, and name each of the chambers and
EXTERNAL ANATOMY
structures through which the blood passes. ⁕ The right and left atria are
located at the base of the heart
PERICARDIUM ⁕ The right and left ventricles
⁕ The heart lies in the Pericardial extend from the base of the heart
cavity. toward the apex
⁕ Pericardial cavity is formed by ⁕ The Coronary sulcus extends
the pericardium, or pericardial around the heart, separating the atria
sac - which surrounds the heart and from the ventricles.
anchors it within the mediastinum.
⁕ The Anterior interventricular
sulcus extends inferiorly from the
The Pericardium consists of two
coronary sulcus
layers:
» The outer layer, fibrous ⁕ The Posterior interventricular
connective tissue called the Fibrous sulcus extends inferiorly from the
pericardium. coronary sulcus
» The inner layer consists of flat
epithelial cells with a thin layer of
Six large veins carry blood to the
atria of the heart:
• superior vena cava
• inferior vena cava carry blood
from the body to the right atrium
• four pulmonary veins (2) Right and Left Ventricles
• two arteries, often called the great
vessels or great arteries ⁕ The ventricles of the heart are its
• pulmonary trunk major pumping chambers.
• aorta
Right ventricle - pumps blood into
the pulmonary trunk
HEART CHAMBERS AND
INTERNAL ANATOMY Left ventricle - pumps blood into
the aorta.
Heart
⁕ The two ventricles are separated
- is a muscular pump consisting of from each other by the muscular
four chambers: Interventricular septum
(1) the right and left atria
(2) the right and left ventricles
HEART VALVES
(1) Right and Left Atria
⁕ The one-way flow of blood
Veins - blood enters the atria of the through the heart chambers is
heart through blood vessels called maintained by the Heart valves.
veins.
Atria - function primarily as There are two types of heart
reservoirs. valves:
(1) atrioventricular valves
The right atrium receives blood (2) semilunar valves.
from three major openings: (1) Atrioventricular (AV) valve is
(1) the superior vena cava located between each atrium and
(2) the inferior vena cava ventricle.
(3) the coronary sinus (2) Semilunar valve is located
between each ventricle and its
Interatrial septum - partition that
associated great artery
separated the two atria from each
other
Tricuspid valve - the right atrium connective tissue consists mainly of
and the right ventricle has three fibrous rings to give a solid support
cusps - serves as electrical insulation

Bicuspid valve or mitral - the left ROUTE OF BLOOD FLOW

atrium and the left ventricle has two THROUGH THE
cusps
HEART
Papillary muscles - contains cone-
shaped, muscular pillars that a
ventricle contains

Chordae tendineae - are attached

by thin, strong, connective tissue
strings where muscles attached
Pulmonary semilunar valve is
located between the right ventricle
and the pulmonary trunk

Aortic semilunar valve is located

between the left ventricle and aorta

⁕ Each valve consists of three

pocketlike semilunar (half-moon-
shaped)

Cardiac skeleton or fibrous

skeleton
–a
plate
of
BLOOD SUPPLY TO THE
HEART
Coronary Arteries
⁕ Coronary arteries and cardiac
veins provide the pathway for blood
through the heart wall. (1) anterior interventricular artery
⁕ Two coronary arteries supply (2) circumflex artery
blood to the wall of the heart. (3) left marginal artery.

Right coronary artery originates on (1) Anterior interventricular

the right side of the aorta. artery lies in the anterior
interventricular sulcus
Left coronary artery originates on
the left side of the aorta. It has (2) Circumflex artery extends
three major branches: around the coronary sulcus on the
left to the posterior surface of the
heart.

(3) Left marginal artery extends

inferiorly along the lateral wall

Cardiac Veins

Cardiac veins - drain blood from

the cardiac muscle.
Coronary sinus - a large vein
located within the coronary sulcus
on the posterior aspect of the heart
12.4 HISTOLGY OF THE modified the surfaces of the interior
HEART ツ walls of the ventricles

A. List the components of the heart wall,

and describe the structure and function of CARDIAC MUSCLE
each.
B. Describe the structural and functional Cardiac muscle cells
characteristics of cardiac muscle cells.
- are elongated, branching cells that
contain one, or two, centrally
HEART WALL located nuclei
- contain actin and myosin
Heart wall is composed of three
myofilaments
layers of tissue:
(1) Epicardium ⁕ The actin and myosin
(2) Myocardium myofilaments are responsible for
(3Endocardium muscle contraction
⁕ Development of a large oxygen
(1) Epicardium deficit could result in muscular
- also called visceral pericardium fatigue and cessation of cardiac
- is a thin, serous membrane muscle contraction.
forming the smooth outer surface of
the heart. Intercalated - specialized cell-to-
- consists of simple squamous cell contacts
epithelium Gap junctions - specialized cell
membrane structures in the
(2) Myocardium
intercalated disks
- thick, middle layer of the heart
- is composed of cardiac muscle 12.5 HISTOLGY OF THE
cells and is responsible for
contraction of the heart chambers. HEART ツ
A. Describe the characteristics of
(3) Endocardium
action potentials in cardiac muscle.
- smooth inner surface of the heart
B. Explain the structure and
chambers - consists of simple
function of the conduction system
squamous epithelium over a layer of
of the heart.
connective tissue.
C. Describe the waves of an
electrocardiogram, and relate each
Trabeculae carneae - ridges and of them to contractions of the heart.
columns of cardiac muscle that
ACTION POTENTIAL IN the heart wall that form the
CARDIAC MUSCLE Conduction system of the heart

⁕ Action potentials in cardiac

muscle take approximately 200 to
500 ms to complete. The conduction system of the
heart includes: (1) sinoatrial node
(1) Depolarization phase (2) atrioventricular node
 Na+ channels open. (3) atrioventricular bundle
 Ca2+ channels open. (4) right and left bundle branches
(5) Purkinje fibers.
(2) Plateau phase
 Na+ channels close. (1) Sinoatrial (SA) node
 Some K+ channels open, - the heart’s pacemaker
causing repolarization. - is located in the superior wall of
 Ca2+ channels are open, the right atrium and initiates the
producing the plateau by contraction of the heart.
slowing further
repolarization. (2) Atrioventricular (AV) node
- second area of the heart
(3) Repolarization phase - is located in the lower portion of
the right atrium.
 Ca2+ channels close.
 Many K+ channels open. (3) Atrioventricular (AV) bundle
- a bundle of specialized cardiac
(4) Refractory period effect on muscle when action potentials reach
tension the AV node
 Cardiac muscle contracts and
relaxes almost completely (4) Left and right bundle
during the refractory period branches
(purple shaded area) - the AV bundle then divides into
two branches of conducting tissue

(5) Purkinje fibers

- small bundles formed on the
CONDUCTION SYSTEM OF
conducting tissue at the tip of the
THE HEART
left and right bundle.
⁕ Contraction of the atria and
ventricles is coordinated by
specialized cardiac muscle cells in ELECTROCARDIOGRAM
⁕ Electrocardiogram Action potentials
conducted through the heart during the
cardiac cycle

⁕ Electrodes placed on the body surface

and attached to a recording device can detect
the small electrical changes

Electrocardiogram - record of these electrical

events