NATION-STATE IN THE GLOBALIZING WORLD

 The role of the nation-state has changed in many ways as a result of globalization.
- Politically: state interdependence and independence
- Socially: terrorism and deadly diseases
- Technologically: media and the internet
- Economically: shift from national to global economies

Script:

The role of the nation-state has changed in many ways as a result of globalization. First, politically – through state
interdependence and independence. Interdependence refers to the state of being dependent upon one another. It describes
when two or more international actors impact and rely on each other. Consider the flour industry, for example. One person
specializes in growing crops, another on milling, one on packing, distributing, and finally selling it. They need each other
to deliver the final product, and if one day the mill stops, everyone is affected; they are all interdependent. / On the other
hand, independence means freedom of trade with any nation by crossing the borders of one's nation by which the world is
a market for every country.

Second, socially through terrorism and deadly diseases. One of the great challenges that have evolved through
globalization is the rise of terrorism. In today’s world, terrorists can reach their targets more easily, their targets are
exposed in more places, and news and ideas that inflame people to resort to terrorism spread more widely and rapidly than
in the past. Thus, we can conclude that globalization has facilitated the development of terrorism, making the impact of
terrorism and its activities much easier to spread across the globe. / Moreover, in today's globalized world, the disease can
spread quickly and is no longer contained to isolated geographical areas. Malaria is one example. Twenty years ago only
20% of the world's population was living in areas where malaria is endemic but now that number has risen to 40%. While
globalization increases the risk of the spread of infectious diseases, it also facilitates more collaboration and better
communication that will allow for a more comprehensive global effort towards controlling these diseases.

Third, technologically through media and the internet. These two facilitated the expansion of the movement
toward a global village through the creation of cheaper, faster, and easier means of communication, the provision of a vast
pool of information, and the expansion of e-commerce. For instance, CNN, a global news network, can spread and telecast
its news globally by using technology, including the Internet.

Lastly, economically through the shift from national to global economies. Globalization is changing the world
economy, opening up new opportunities for countries worldwide. Some experts see it as a driving force for economic
development. Others blame it for the environmental damages we’re facing today. However, one thing is for sure: this
process allows national economies from all around the world to expand across borders and build mutually beneficial
relationships. Businesses worldwide are no longer confined to national borders. They can expand across the globe,
diversify their operations and reduce their costs by moving their manufacturing operations to countries that have the
cheapest labor resources or better access to raw materials. The booming trade and rising global connectivity help money
to travel further than ever before. Companies are now able to operate across borders and reach more customers, which
leads to higher profits and ultimately, economic growth.

Between the sovereign state era and today's unfailing interconnectedness, the state has transitioned from a controlling to a
protecting role internally in response to the challenges that globalization has brought along, as well as from an
authoritative to a dependent figure externally.
REGIONALISM

There is a sharp contrast between “old regionalism” and “new regionalism.”

 Old Regionalism
- countries siding with hegemonic powers
- implementing protectionist policies
- acting inward-oriented
- holding the structural realist approach
 New Regionalism
- constituent states experience the need for cooperation in order to tackle new global challenges
- not only includes trade and economic development but also environmental, social, and security issues

Script:

Regionalism, like globalization, can also be seen as somewhat vague in its meaning. First off, a region
is defined not just as a geographical unit but also a social system, organized cooperation in a certain field
(security, economy, cultural), and an acting subject with a distinct identity. It should be explained that there is a
sharp contrast between “old regionalism” which existed during the Cold War period and “new regionalism”
which is seen arising in the modern day. Old regionalism revolved around countries siding with hegemonic
powers, implementing protectionist policies, acting inward-oriented, and holding the structural realist approach
of concerning itself with the actions of states. 
 
First, it states that old regionalism involved countries that sided with those with dominant authorities.
They also adopt “protectionism,” or the government policies that restrict international trade to help domestic
industries. Protectionist policies are usually implemented to improve economic activity within a domestic
economy but can also be implemented for safety or quality concerns. Then, they perform inward-oriented
strategies which are adopted by a country to restrict international trade as well. Import restriction and import
substitution are the two components of the inward-oriented strategy. Import restriction is limiting imports by
imposing high tariffs etc., while import substitution is producing importable goods domestically. Lastly, they
practice structural realism in their state behaviors which holds that the nature of the international structure is
defined by its ordering principle, anarchy, and by the distribution of capabilities (measured by the number of
great powers within the international system).
 
NATO and the Warsaw Pact are both excellent examples of old regionalism as they were forced regional agreements as a
result of the bipolar system their creators resided in.

Then, new regionalism emerged in the 1980s (Keating, 1998). This was driven by economic change,
globalization, and European integration, and the transformation of the state. This, on the other hand, has taken
shape out of the multi-polar world order and is a more spontaneous process from within the regions, where
constituent states now experience the need for cooperation to tackle new global challenges. New regionalism is
a more comprehensive and multidimensional process that not only includes trade and economic development
but also environmental, social, and security issues. Not to mention, it forms part of a structural transformation in
which non-state actors are also active and operating at several levels of the global system. Modern regionalism
goes far beyond free trade and addresses multiple concerns as the world struggles to adapt to the transforming
and globalizing world (Collins, 2010).
The role of the nation-state has changed in many ways as a result of globalization. In fact, it became more “complex”
because of the varying definitions and shifting concepts of globalization itself. Globalization is generally recognized as
the fading or complete disappearance of economic, social, and cultural borders between countries. Some scholars have
theorized that nation-states, which are inherently divided by physical and economic boundaries, will be less relevant in a
globalized world.
Why do you think they came up with this idea? We all know that globalization has indeed created a “borderless world.”
Borderless in terms that the goods, services, technology, information, capital, etc. flow through the borders from one
nation to other. In this present day world of globalization, components may be produced in one country, assembled in
second country, marketed in third country and financed from fourth country.
While increasingly reduced barriers regarding international commerce and communication are sometimes seen as a
potential threat to nation-states, these trends have existed throughout history. Air and sea transportation that made same-
day travel to other continents possible and greatly expanded trade among countries did not abolish the sovereignty of
individual nations. Instead, globalization is a force that changed the way nation-states deal with one another,
particularly in the area of international commerce.
Globalization also creates a sense of interdependence among nations, which could create an imbalance of power among
nations of different economic strengths.
The function of the nation-state in a global world is largely a regulatory one as the chief factor in global
interdependence. While the domestic role of the nation-state remains essentially unchanged, states that were previously
isolated are now required to engage with one another to set international commerce policies. These interactions may result
in diminished responsibilities for some countries and enhanced roles for others due to various economic imbalances.
REPORTER #3:

[Slide 1:]

NATION-STATE IN THE GLOBALIZING WORLD

 The role of the nation-state has changed in many ways as a result of globalization.
- Politically: state interdependence and independence
- Socially: terrorism and deadly diseases

[Slide 2:]
- Technologically: media and the internet
- Economically: shift from national to global economies

[Slide 3:]

There is a sharp contrast between “old regionalism” and “new regionalism.”

 Old Regionalism
- countries siding with hegemonic powers
- implementing protectionist policies
- acting inward-oriented
- holding the structural realist approach

[Slide 4:]

 New Regionalism
- constituent states experience the need for cooperation in order to tackle new global challenges
- not only includes trade and economic development but also environmental, social, and security issues