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    Air Sampling

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    Rajith Akalanka Perera
    This document discusses various methods for measuring air quality, including measuring emissions from stationary and mobile sources. It also describes measuring meteorological factors that influence pollutant transport and ambient air quality using different types of monitors. The document outlines active sampling methods using pumps and different devices like flasks, syringes and bags. It also discusses integrated and diffusive sampling techniques using liquid and solid sorbents like charcoal to collect gases and vapors over time. Particulate matter measurement and biomonitoring using organisms as bioindicators are also summarized.

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    Air Sampling

    Uploaded by

    Rajith Akalanka Perera
    45 views35 pages
    This document discusses various methods for measuring air quality, including measuring emissions from stationary and mobile sources. It also describes measuring meteorological factors that influence pollutant transport and ambient air quality using different types of monitors. The document outlines active sampling methods using pumps and different devices like flasks, syringes and bags. It also discusses integrated and diffusive sampling techniques using liquid and solid sorbents like charcoal to collect gases and vapors over time. Particulate matter measurement and biomonitoring using organisms as bioindicators are also summarized.

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    This document discusses various methods for measuring air quality, including measuring emissions from stationary and mobile sources. It also describes measuring meteorological factors that influence pollutant transport and ambient air quality using different types of monitors. The document outlines active sampling methods using pumps and different devices like flasks, syringes and bags. It also discusses integrated and diffusive sampling techniques using liquid and solid sorbents like charcoal to collect gases and vapors over time. Particulate matter measurement and biomonitoring using organisms as bioindicators are also summarized.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    45 views35 pages

    Air Sampling

    Uploaded by

    Rajith Akalanka Perera
    This document discusses various methods for measuring air quality, including measuring emissions from stationary and mobile sources. It also describes measuring meteorological factors that influence pollutant transport and ambient air quality using different types of monitors. The document outlines active sampling methods using pumps and different devices like flasks, syringes and bags. It also discusses integrated and diffusive sampling techniques using liquid and solid sorbents like charcoal to collect gases and vapors over time. Particulate matter measurement and biomonitoring using organisms as bioindicators are also summarized.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 35

    Measurement of Air Quality

    Measurement of emissions
    This is called stack sampling when a stationary
    source is analyzed.

    Samples are drawn out through a hole or vent in


    the stack for on-the-spot analyses. Mobile
    sources like automobiles are tested by sampling
    exhaust emissions while the engine is running
    and working against a load.
    Meteorological measurements.
    The measurement of meteorological factors
    • wind speed
    • wind direction
    • lapse rates etc
    - necessary to determine how pollutants
    travel from source to recipient.
    Measurement of ambient air quality
    Ambient air quality is measured by a variety of
    monitors.

    Almost all evidence of the health effects of air


    pollution is based on correlation of these
    effects with measured ambient air quality.
    Air Sampling
    1. Grab sampling
    An actual sample of air is taken in a flask,
    bottle, bag or other suitable container

    2. Continuous / Integrated sampling


    gases or vapours are removed from the air
    over a measured time-period and
    concentrated by passage through a solid or
    liquid sorbent.
    During integrated sampling,
    the gas or vapour is collected from air by

    a) solution in a liquid,
    b) reaction with a solution (or reagent therein), or
    c) collection onto a solid sorbent
    Active
    ie with a sampling pump

    Integrated
    sampling

    Diffusive or
    Passive
    Selection of sampling devices and
    Analytical procedure

    Literature MDHS
    NIOSH
    Manual of Analytical Methods
    Grab samplers

    Evacuated flasks
    Hypodermic syringes

    Syringes of 10 to 50 ml volume have been found


    satisfactory for air sampling.
    They are available in glass and disposable plastic.
    Gas and vapour storage and decay curves for these
    devices must be determined.
    Advantages are their low cost, convenience, and
    ease of use.
    ACTIVE SAMPLERS
    Liquid sorbents
    Four basic types of sampler using liquid sorbents
    for the collection of gases and vapours

    1. Simple gas washing bottles


    2. Spiral and helical sorbers
    3. Fritted bubblers
    4. Glass-bead columns
    Packed glass-bead columns

    used for special situations where a concentrated solution


    is needed.
    Glass pearl beads are wetted with the liquid sorbent and
    provide a large surface area for the collection of a
    sample.
    The method is especially useful when the liquid
    sorbent is very viscous
    Cold traps

    Cold traps are used for collecting materials in


    liquid or solid form primarily for qualitative analysis.

    Vapour is separated from air by passing it through a coil


    immersed in a cooling system,
    eg dry ice and acetone, liquid air, or liquid nitrogen.
    Plastic sampling bags
    Solid sorbents

    Charcoal

    Activated charcoal is an excellent sorbent for


    most organic vapours. The relative ease with
    which organic vapours can be extracted from
    activated charcoal by
    carbon disulfide and be analysed subsequently by
    GC
    DIFFUSIVE SAMPLERS

    capable of taking samples of gas or vapour


    pollutants from the atmosphere at a rate
    controlled by a physical process such as
    diffusion through a static air layer or
    permeation through a membrane,
    but which does not involve the active movement
    of the air through the sampler.
    MEASUREMENT OF PARTICULATE MATTER
    Biomonitoring

    “A method of observing the impact of


    external factors on ecosystems and their
    development over a long period, or of
    ascertaining differences between one
    location and another”

    B. Markert, O. Wappelhorst, V. Weckert, U. Herpin, U. Siewers, K. Friese, G. Breulmann,


    Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry,1999,240,425-429
    Bioindicators
    “Organisms or communities of
    organisms which react to
    environmental factors by changing
    their vital function and/or their
    chemical composition thus permitting
    to infer the state of their environment"
    Ex. Lichens, mosses etc.

    K. Andreas, G. Klumpp, European Network for the assessment of air quality by


    the use of bioindicator plants, 2004,15-30

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