3U# Devices used for sampling of gases and particulates; In the sampling of ambient air, the High-volume sampler

is the
basic instrument for the measurement of particulate matter. The major components in a high-volume sampler are the filter,
blower, and flow meter. Devices used for the sampling of gases and vapours are: n the sampling of ambient air, the High-
volume sampler is the basic instrument for the measurement of particulate matter. 1.Adsorbar. 2.plastic container.
3.collector under reduced pressure. 4.samplers for mass spectrometric analysis. 5.Absorber. The absorption process
involves bringing effluent gas into contact with liquid absorbent so that gas pollutants are absorbed in the absorber. Liquid
absorbers may be used either chemically reactive or non-reactive Water and limestone may be used as reactive absorbers
to remove sulphur dioxide from gas. Only water is used as non-reactive absorber in which gases are dissolved without
chemical change. The efficiency of this process depends on: 1) The properties of gas and absorber 2) Contact surface area
between gas and absorber Contact time. 6.Condenser. In the condensation process, the temperature of the gas is reduced
to its saturation temperature, this the condensation will occur. The condensation process is carried out by using various
coolant such as ice, liquid air, and liquid.

Method for sampling particular matter. 1.Impingment method 2. Electrostatic precipitation 3. Thermal precipitation 4.
centrifugal method 5. solution impinger 6. Sedimentation. It is one of the simplest techniques for the collection of particulate
matter. It is used for the collection of those particles whose size is greater than 10 pm. Particulate matter can be sampled by
placing an open container in the open atmosphere. Generally, a container made of plastic whose height is 20-30 cm and 10-
15 diameter. Particulate matters of a size greater than 10um are settled in the container due to gravity….7. Filtration. The
air stream is allowed to flow through a medium whose pore size is sub-micrometre. Particle collection occurs by the
combination of five distinct processes namely interception, internal deposition, diffusional deposition, electrical attraction,
and gravitational attraction. Only in the first of these processes must the particle be larger than the filter pores. The other
four involve the migration of particles which would otherwise pass through a filter pore. The selection of filter media depends
upon. Chemical nature of the filter.

DEVICES USED FOR THE SAMPLING OF PARTICULATE MATTER (OR SUSPENDED PARTICULATE MATTER).
High volume sampler is the basic instrument for the measurement of suspended particulate matter (SPM) The analysis of
suspended particulate matter is gravimetric Le filter paper is weighted before and after the analysis. The difference between
two measurements gives the amount of particulate collected Standard high-volume sampler collects particles in the range
of 0.1 um 100 m (PM2.5 and PM 10 are collected). …. High volume sampler is defined as a device used for sampling a large
volume of atmospheric air for collecting or determining suspended particulate matter by filtration The major unite present
in high volume sampler are high-capacity blower, filter (paper) to collect pended matter and Bow rate measuring device….
The blower supplies the air to the filter at the rate of 1.13 mis-1.70 main (40-60 h). The simplest and cheapest filter media
is Whatman filter paper No. 41. This is the most common filter. Is can remove particles of size less than 0.3 The of Whatman
filter paper is its capacity to absorb moisture. The efficiency of this filter is about 99.2%.... The flow rate is measured before
and after the sampling time, and the average is used in the calculation. High volume sampler is also used to determine
gaseous pollutants such as NO, 80, etc.

Purpose of ambient air sampling…The main purpose of ambient air sampling is to determine the quality of ambient air i.e.,
concentration of air pollutants in the air. To compare the concentration of air pollutants with NAAQS. whether the pollutant's
concentration reaches the maximum value or it is within desirable limit. To protect living and non-living thing from damage.
To ensure continuous use of natural resources for recreational purposes and to provide opportunities for healthy industrial
and agricultural development.

Traverse point. • To achieve a representative sample, it should be collected at various points across the stack. Collection of
samples at different points minimizes the error in sampling. Depending upon the shape of the stack, the number of traverse
points is calculated. For circular stacks, divide the cross section into equal parts of two right angle diameter. Locate half the
traverse points symmetrically along each diameter. For rectangular stack, divide the cross section into as many equal
rectangular areas as there are traverse points such that the ratio of length to width is between one and two. Locate the
traverse point at the centroid of the smaller rectangle. Minimum number of traverse points for sampling sites that meet
specified criteria.

U3# Stack emission monitoring. Stack emission monitoring is the experimental process for evaluating the characteristics of
industrial waste gas stream emissions into the atmosphere. The scope of the stack monitoring is:(1) Determination of stack
gas velocity and volumetric flow rate (2) Determination of moisture content and temperature in stack gases. (3)
Determination of gaseous pollutants such as SO₂NO, F, etc. (4) Determination of suspended particulate matter. The success
of stack sampling depends on proper initial planning prior to the conduction of a survey. The planning includes: (1) Schedule
of the process and operation should be known. It will be useful in determining peak loading. (2) Method of sampling. (3)
Sampling time. (4) Frequency of sampling. (5) Method of analysis of samples Quantity of sample required.
3U# Purpose of stack gas sampling…. (1) To determine the amount of pollutant emitted from the stack. This limit will be as
per the regulation of central and state boards. (2) To measure the efficiency of control equipment by measuring the pollutant
concentration at the inlet of control equipment and at the cutlet i.e., concentration in stack gas sampling. (3) To determine
the effect on emission due to change of raw material and process. (4) To compare the efficiency of different control
equipment for a given condition. (5) To acquire data from an innocuous individual source so as to determine cumulative
effect of many such sources.
Selection of sampling location…As mentioned earlier, emission testing is based on the assumption that a sample obtained
at a given point is representative of the concentration at that point. Therefore, a system in which the concentration is non
uniform with respect to the stack cross sectional area will require more sampling point compared to the system of uniform
concentration. The sampling site is at any cross section of the stack that is at least eight stack diameters downstream and
two diameters upstream. For rectangular across section larger dimension shall be used to represent stack diameter.

Stack sampling train…Stack sampling is carried out by diverting a part of the gas stream through a sampling train of which a
general arrangement is known below.
Particulate Gas gas flow gas control vacuum
collector collector collector valve pump

A stack sampling train enlists of a role placed in the gas stream, a sampling probe through which the sale is drawn at different
traverse points, particulate and gas inflection devas, a now meaning device, and a prime mover such as a vacuum pump.
1.Nozzle. It is attached at the end of the probe. It is made of stainless steel with a glass or Teflon lining. Depending on the
diameter of opening, there are three types of sale (1) 1/4 (2) and (3) 1/2″. Select the right size nozzle depending on the stack
gas velocity i.e., signaller Natale for high velocity and a bigger notable for low velocity. 2.Thimble and thimble holder. The
thimble pipe is to be connected along with silicon Oaring to the thimble holder. The particulate matter is collected in the
filter thimble. 3.Sampling probe. It is made up of stainless steel and contains a nuzzle, thimble holder, and a long stainless-
steel tube which is attached with a flexible hose. The sample le removed from the stack is a sampling probe. The sample le
removed from the stack is a sampling probe. 4.Collection media…. The collections media for the particulates will be the
thimbles. An absorption liquid is used for the gas. An absorption liquid is used for the gas. 5.Rotameter. It is used for the
measurement of flow rate 0-60 imp for particulate sampling and 0-3 Jym for gases sampling. Anta meter is used to maintain
end kinetic condition. 6.Pitat tube. The stack gas velocity is measured by wrings-type petit tube. A standard pitot tube may
be out where plugging if the tube openings due to particulate matter is not likely to occur. 7.Thermocouple. Thermocouple
sector shall be provided with analogy er digital dial gangs capable of measuring temperature from 0-600°C covered with
stainless steel or mild steel casing with and resistant. 8.Impinge bas. Two glass impinges of 240 ml opacity and three of 120
ml capacity are used. 9.Vacuum. A vacuum pump is used to pull the gas through a sampling train with a capacity of 0-100/pm.
Pump shall also have a moisture trap and air inlet value It shall be minted inside the pump bonding and shall be potable.
Vacuum pump is necessary to overcome the resistance in sampling train and also the negative pressure in the flue gas stream.
10.Dry gas meter. Dry cat mater with the facility of measuring temperature and static pressure of the gas.

Isokinetic sampling. The efficiency of sampling depends on the condition at which sampling was carried out. As isokinetic
condition exists when the velocity in the stack equals the velocity at the tip of the sampling port. …The principle of kinetic is
that a sharp-edged nozzle is positioned in the stack facing into the moving gas stream and sample gas is extracted through
it, at the same velocity as the gas in the stack, for a measured period of time. To allow for non-uniformity of particulate
distribution, samples are taken at pre-selected number of. points across the sample plans. If the velocity of gas within the
sampling zone is less than the gas velocity in the stack, then the gas stream approaching at the higher velocity are deflected.
This results in the deflection of lighter particles that follow the gas stream and do not enter the probe. On the other side,
due to inertia, the heavy particles go into the probe, resulting in high concentration.

Emission standard for Stationary sources… Emissions from stationary sources include stationary sites, processes, stacks,
chimneys, or vent intended to help achieve the desired air quality. Emission standards from stationary sources provide the
standards for buffer zones, stack height, equipment design and fuel composition, and those directly limit the amount or
concentration of pollutant emitted from source.
Emission standard for parameters CO and HC mobile sources. Generally mobile sources of air pollution are aircrafts, ships,
motor vehicles, and railroad locomotives. Motor vehicles are subdivided into automobiles, trucks, buses & motor cycles.
Emission standards for motor vehicles of one of the significant developments in the field of the air pollution control. Emission
standards set the limit for the discharge of contaminants into the atmosphere. If the discharge of contaminants into the
atmosphere is within the standards, then the effect on the environment will be minimized. Hence, the emissions from the
source should not exceed the emission standards. Pollutant from Crankcase, Fuel system and Exhaust of an uncontrolled
vehicle are:
Unit 4….

EMISSION INVENTORY. it is the systematic collection, explication, and collation of data concerning air pollution emission in
a given industry or an area that is referred to as the emission inventory. It can give you a long range of options for emission
control. The purpose of an emission inventory is to indicate the air pollution sources for a given area. The other purpose is
to define the types and magnitude of pollution are likely to produce, their projected emissions of pollutants, frequency, and
duration, and the relative contribution of pollutant emissions from each source.
Application of the emission Inventory. 1) guidance for pollution control.2) assist in air quality surveillance program .3)
Seasonal and Geographical distribution of pollution loads. (4) To establish sampling programs and interpret the results of
sampling activities. Types of Emission Inventory. There are four types of emission inventory Annual average Seasonal,
Forecasted or Future Emissions and Gridded or Modeled inventories.
(1) Emission Inventory …. Source of the criteria pollutants…. Amount of each pollutant emitted. Any processes or control
devices utilized. (2) Emission Factor… The statistical average of the massof pollutants emitted from each source per unit
quantity of material handled, processed or burned. By knowing the emission factor, emissions produced can be calculated
as…. Emission produced = Emission factor Quantity used.
APPROACH FOR DEVELOPING EMISSION INVENTORY. An emission Inventory is the first step towards understanding the
sources and their strength. These sources depend upon where they are located, at what elevation they emit,
what is their frequency and duration of emission, etc…. An emission Inventory can provide the major information about the
character of a city in terms of air pollution… It is used for preparing dispersion models if the emissions from the particular
location and time are identified and quantified.
BASIC EQUATION OF EMISSION ESTIMATION. The general equation for emission estimation is. E=A×EF×(1-ER/100)
… where… E =emissions… A =activity rate. The amount of fuel burns (fuel combustion). The distance of vehicle travelled
(exhaust gas emissions from vehicles). The rates of production of the commodity (industrial process without combustion).
EF= emission factor, and. Sox emission per the amount of fuel burnt calculated based on the sulfur content of fuel, the sulfur
retained in the ash and the reduction achieved by emission control technology (fuelcombustion). NOx emission per distance
(exhaust gas emissions from vehicles). Sox emissions per the amount of copper smelted (copper smelting). ER= overall
emission reduction efficiency %.

EMISSION INVENTORY FRAMEWORK DEVELOPED BY CPCB… (1) Detailed in situ primary surveys within 2x 2 km² zone of
influence around each monitoring location were planned to identify all significant pollution sources (egg construction
activities, industries fuel use. domestic fuel combustions size and activities of DG sets, etc) and also to collect activity data
through personal interviews. (2) Diurnal traffic count surveys on different categories of roads along with personal interviews
at parking lots/petrol pumps with vehicle owners for obtaining data on vintage, fueluse vehicle kilometer traveled (VKT) per
day, etc (3) Use of refined Emission Factors (EF) for vehicular exhaust emissions. (4) Selection of appropriate EF for non-
vehicular emission sources roadside dust, domestic fuel combustions, industries construction activities, etc.

AIR QUALITY MODELING… Air quality modeling is used by air quality managers to make decisions on effective and efficient
ways to implement the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) and improve air quality… Air quality modeling helps
to develop the relationship between sources of pollution and their effects on ambient air quality. Air quality models use
mathematical and numerical techniques to simulate the physical and chemical processes that affect air pollutants as they
disperse and react in the atmosphere… These models are important to our air quality management system because they are
widely used in controlling air (source identification and strategies to reduce harmful air pollutants). BASIC COMPONENTS.
1) Emissions: It gives an idea of the concentration of pollutants emitted from the source.2) Source parameters: It gives
detailed information about thesource. For example, if the stack is there, what is the height and diameter of the stack, the
exit velocity of flue gas,etc. (3) Receptor location: It is the point of interest, where we want to find the concentration of
pollutants. If we want to check the deterioration of the air quality of the village due to the industrial area the village area, is
known asthe receptor location 4) Meteorology. Meteorological parameters like wind velocity and direction stability category,
etc are very useful while preparing an air quality model .5) Initial concentrations: it is the concentration of air pollutants at
receptor location other than emission source .6) Total concentration: It is the concentration of airpollutants at receptor
location due to the emission source and initial concentration.
Unit 4
CLASSIFICATION OF AIR QUALITY MODELS… 1) Based on time periods: Short-term models… For a few hours to a few days,
worst case episode conditions. It is used for acute exposure, where the exposure is for a shorter duration but the motivation
of air pollutant is very high…: Long-term models… To predict was Onal er annual average incantations health effects doe so
exposure. It is used for chronic exposure where continuous or repeated contact with a tie reheats ever a long period of time
in the at year). 2) Based on number of pollutant types. ; Non-reactivemodels… It is used for non-reactive Pollutants such as
SO2 and CO, FPNG, Ar-41. : Reactive models… It is used for reactive pollutants such as one formation, secondary aerosol
formation, NO2. 3) based on coordinate system used.Grid-based… It divides the complete area into different grids and
measure emissions from such grid The measured emissions are compared with National Ambient Air Quality Standards
(NAAQS).: Trajectory …. It is used to estimate the effect of airborne particulate matter from a single source like a prime as it
moves downwind.

TYPES OF AIR QUALITY MODELS…

1.Physical models. Physical models developed to describe the air pollution dispersion. Physical models are sometimes used
to simulate atmospheric processes by means of a small- scale representation of the actual system, for example, a small- scale
replica of an urban area or portion thereof in a wind tunnel…
2.Deterministic models. Deterministic models are based on a mathematical description of physical and chemical processes
taking place in the atmosphere. These models are divided into different categories on the basis of source characteristics such
as print fine and area sources or on the basis of the topography of the region such as flat er complex terrain. Deterministic
models are divided into three categories according to different approaches as Eulerian LaGrange and Gaussian...
3. Statistical models. Statistical models are valuable tools in the diagnosis of present air quality by means of interpolation
and extrapolation of past monitoring air quality data. The model relatesair pollutant concentrations with averaging time and
frequency of occurrence… Statistical models have been used to establish an empirical relationship between air pollutant
concentrations and meteorological parameters. They are divided into two categories, such as Regression and Empirical
models (Statistical models are very useful to situations such as real-time short-term forecasting, where the information
available from measured trends in concentration is generally more ore relevant (for immediate forecasting purposes) than
that obtained from deterministic analyses.

AERMOD MODEL USEPA… The AERMOD model is developed by the United States Environment Protection Agency (USEPA
AERMO) is a near field steady state Gaussian plume model. It is based on boundary layer turbulence structure and veiling
concepts. It can predict surface and elevated source concentrations in both simple and complex terrains. .
Assumption. For the purpose of calculating 1-hour average concentrations, the plume is assumedto travel in a straight line
without significant changes in stability as the plume travels from the source to a receptor.
Strengths. ln general, Gaussian models are limited to the treatment of flows over a simple terrain. However. AERMOD
incorporates a simple method to approximate flows over complex terrains.
Limitations. The model assumptions can likely be invalid at distances on the order of tens of kilometres downwind. changes
in stability, winddirection, and wind speed. 2) AERMOD shall not be used for modeling at receptors beyond 50 kilometres.
UNIT 5

Q. CONTROL OF AIR POLLUTANT AT SOURCE…. In terms of long-range control of air pollution, control of contaminants can
be more desirable and effective method than dilution or dispersion in atmosphere. Control of pollutants at their source can
be accomplished by several different means.
The following are the methods used to control the pollution: 1) Modification of the process. In this method, new or
modified techniques offer important ways of lowering atmospheric pollutant emissions. For example, replacing open-hearth
furnaces with controlled basic oxygen furnace or electrical furnaces can reduce smoke, carbon monoxide, and fumes and
also save energy. Process modification will include the replacement or elimination or addition of the operating unit or any
step. The output of the process can be obtained in various ways. Hence, choose the method that will produce less air
pollutants but should not change the quality of the output product. 2) Change of raw material. If a particular raw material
is responsible for causing air pollution, use of good quality of raw material may reduce emission of air pollutant. Low sulphur
content fuel can be used instead of high sulphur content fuel. The burning of natural gas produces less pollution than that
of coal, but a major drawback of such law sulphur fuels is their limited availability.

. SETTLING CHAMBER. Settling chambers are generally used to remove large particles (usually > 50 um) from the gasstream.
1) Working of Setting Chamber… The setting chamber consists of a long box like structure with an inlet and outlet at opposite
end, chamber, and dust hoppers for collecting dust…. The simplest form of a horizontal type settling chamber… The gas
stream is allowed to flow at a low velocity, allowing sufficient time for the particles to settle down. The solid particles having
higher density than the surrounding gas, settle under the influence of gravity at the base of the chamber…. Then the settled
particles are removed through hoppers. To achieve higher efficiency, the gas velocity must be sufficiently low (0.3-0.5 m/s)
… Advantages… 1) Low initial cost and energy cost 2) Construction is simple.3) Low maintenance cost as there is no moving
parts.4) Low pressure drop.5) Dry and continuous disposal of solid particulates… Disadvantages. 1) Area requirement is large
2) Only comparatively large particles (definitely not less than 10 um) can be collected.3) Unable to handle sticky material.
Applications. 1) Settling chambers are used in metallurgical and food industries as a first step in dust control cleaners).2) It
is widely used as pre-cleaners for high efficiency collectors. 3) It is also used in metals refining industries.

CYCLONE. A cyclone collector is defined as a structure without moving parts in which the velocity of an inlet gas stream is
transformed into a combined vertex from- which centrifugal forces tend to drive the suspended particles tothe wall of the
cyclone body… Cyclone consists of a vertical. Cylinder, an inverted come attached to vertical cylinder, an inlet, outlet at the
top of the cylinder… The working principle of a cyclone depends on the centrifugal force generated by a spinning gas stream
to separate the particulate matter from the carrier gas… (1) Working of cyclone.The gas stream containing particulate matter
enters the cylinder near the top… The gas stream, after entering a cyclone, moves downward as a descending outer vertex
because of its tangential velocity. The gas stream reaches almost to the bottom of the cone, and then it reverses its direction,
moving upward as an ascending vertex… Advantages. 1) Low initial cost.2) Low maintenance cost as it has no moving parts.
3) Dry and continuous disposal ofsolid particulates.4) Low pressure drop. Disadvantages. 1) It has low efficiency for particles
less than 5-10 um in diameter.2) Unable to tackle sticky material.3) Low collection efficiency for low particle concentration….
Applications. 1) Cyclones are used in cement manufacture, grain processing, food and beverage processing, paperand textile
industries. 2) Cyclones are also used in disintegration operations such as stone crushing, ore handling, and sand
conditioning.3) They are also used in dust sampling equipment.

Q. FABRIC FILTER… In a fabric filter, the particulate-laden gas stream passes through a woven or felted fabric that removes
the particulate matter and allows the gas to pass through…. A fabric filter, also known as a bag filter uses tubes (made of
cloth) open at one end and closed at the other end. Several tubes are suspended vertically in a filter house from a wire frame
with open ended located at the bottom… 1) Working of fabric filter, … The polluted gas containing particulate matter enters
a filter house near its bottom and moves up the tubes through their open ends. The clean gas flows out through the
cylindrical surfaces of the tubes while the dust particles are retained inside. Thecollection efficiency in the initial stages is
rather poor. .2) Cleaning of fabric filter. (1) Shaking Mechanical shaking of bags by flexing them is quite effective in dust
removal unless the particles are too deeply imbedded in the fabrics. Reverse flow cleaning. It is carried out by taking off
stream a module. High-volume low-pressure air is allowed toflow counter- current to the normal flow direction. Because of
reverse flow, dust layer is dislodged. (3) Pulse jet cleaning. Advantages. (1) Simple construction and operation. (3) Collection
of particulates in dry form. (2) Retentionof finer particles. (4) Relatively low pressure drops.
UNIT 5
ELECTGROSTATIC PRECIPITATORS (ESP). The electrostatic precipitator is one of the most widely used devices for controlling
particulate emissions at industrial installations ranging from power plants, cement, paper mills to oil refineries. They are
extremely efficient (greater than 90% efficiency) for a wide range of particle sizes; even submicron-size particles can be
collected.
electrostatic precipitator consists of six major components:1) A source of high voltage.2) Discharge electrode and collecting
electrode.3) Inlet and outlet for the gas.4) Hopper for disposal of collected material.5) Electronic cleaning system.
Working Of ESP. The gas stream is passed between two electrodes,across which a high potential difference is maintained.
(100 kV). Because of the high potential difference, a powerful ionizing field is formed. When the gas stream is passed through
this electric field, the particulate matter gets charged and migrates to the oppositely charged collecting electrode. The
particles, once deposited on the collecting electrode, lose their charge and are removed mechanically by rapping, vibration,
or washing into a hopper. In short there are four steps in the process are: (1) Place the charge on the particle to be collected.
(2) Migrate the particles to the collector. (3) Neutralise the charge at collector. (4) Removal of collected particles.

Q. SCRUBBER OE WET COLLECTOR. A wet collector removes particulate matter from gas streams by incorporating the
particles into liquid droplets directly on contact. The basic function of wet scrubbers is to provide contact between the
scrubbing liquid (usually water) and the particulates to be collected.
The major types of scrubbers are: (1) Venturi scrubbers. Venturi scrubbers offer high performance collection of fine
particles, usually smaller than 2 and 3 ums in diameter. They are particularly suitable when the particular matter is sticky,
flammable in this, thegas stream containing particulate matter is directed through a various tube at throat velocity of 60-
100 m/I. Water sprays are introduced just ahead of the venture throat. 2) Spray tower. The simplest type of wet scrubber is
a spraytower into which water is introduced by means of spray nozzles. The polluted gas flows up and the particle collection
results because of inertial impaction and interception on the droplets. 3) Centrifugal scrubbers. The collection efficiency for
particles smaller than those recovered in the spray tower can be increased through the use of centrifugal scrubbers. The
simplest type of centrifugal scrubber can be constructed by inserting banks of nozzles inside a conventional dry cyclone.
Advantages of wet scrubber. (1) Simultaneous removal of gases and particulates. (2) High efficiency. (3) Less space
requirement as compared to other central devices. (4) Applicable to high temperature and moisture content of gas.

MOBILE EMISSION SOURCES. Mobile source air pollution includes any air pollution emitted by motor vehicles, airplanes,
locomotives, and other engines and equipment that can be moved from one location to another. Mobile sources are
regulated differently from stationary sources due to their ability to move from one location to another. According to the
Environmental Protection Agency, mobile sources can be categorized as either on-road mobile sources. Road Mobile Sources:
1) Trucks (2) Buses. Non-road Mobile Sources:(1) Passenger cars (2) Motorcycles (3) Locomotives (4) Marine vessels

CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM MOBILE SOURCES. (1) Ride a bike or walk: If you are only going a short distance, consider
riding a hike or walking instead of driving. You can get exercise and enjoy the fresh air while getting where you need to go
(2) Take public transit: If you need to go somewhere that is along a bus or light rail line, consider taking public transit instead
of going in a car.
(3) Carpool: When going to school or work, try to carpool together withother people who are headed in the same direction.
You can save money and reduce the amount of fuel burned at the same time.
(4) Avoid idling: When idling, you waste fuel by burning it when you aren't moving. If you will be in the same spot for more
than a minute or two, consider turning off your vehicle's engine (as long as it is safe to do so).
(5) Use alternative fuels Promote the use of CNG based vehicle, electric vehicles and flex-fuel vehicles than regular gasoline
or diesel.
UNIT 6

Causes of indoor pollution. (1) Combustion of fuel. Gases and particulates are emitted by the fuel burning processes
such as wood or gas stoves, water heaters, and dryers which use the raw materials like wood, anal, dung, solid waste,
kerosene, etc. Hazardous gases may be produced, such as nitrogen dioxide and carbon monoxide. (2) Environmental
tobacco smoke. It is the combination of smoke coming from the burning end of a cigarette, pipe, or cigar, as well as the
smoke exhaled by the smoker.it is the most dangerous indoor air pollutant. Environmental tobacco smoke contains more
than 3,800 different chemical compounds. (3) Radon. An odourless colourless radioactive gas that comes from the
natural breakdown of uranium in rock is called as radon. It can be found underneath your home in various type of bedrock
and other building materials. (4) Household products. Paints, varnishes, hobby products, and cleaning products all
contain organic chemicals that are released during use and storage. (5) Pesticides or Insecticides, Residue of some
pesticides evaporates after application of pesticides or insecticides on the floor. There are twelve pesticides that are
dangerous to human beings. (6) Biological contaminants. Bacteria, viruses, animal dander, mildew, mold, dust mites and
pollen are the examples of biological contaminants

Sources of air pollution… (1) Asbestos. It is the most common indoor air pollutant found in older homes in pipes,
asbestos shingles, floor tiles, ceiling tiles, and panels. Undisturbed asbestos-containing materials generally do not pose
a health risk. (2) Radon The most common source of indoor radon is uranium in soil rock. Radon is a colourless,odourless,
radioactive gas released from the breaking of uranium. Radon cause lung cancer. 3. Biological contaminants. The source
of biological contaminants are plants, human beings, and animals’ biological contaminants include animal dander, saliva,
urine, bacteria, cockroaches, house dust mites, mildew, molds, pollens, and viruses. (5) Environmental tobacco smoke
or second-hand smoke. Environmental tobacco smoke is a mixture of smoke that comes from the burning end of a
cigarette or cigar as well as the smoke exhaled by the smoker. (8) Nitrogen dioxide, Nitrogen diamide is released from
kerosene heaters, tobacco smoke, gas stoves, etc. Nitrogen dioxide is highly reactive oxidant and corrosive.

Effects of indoor air pollution. Dust can affect respiratory allergies in people who are sensitive to them. Insecticides,
herbicides, and pesticides can cause to cancer. Tobacco smoke causes cancer. Biological pollutants can cause fever and
asthma. Household cleaning chemicals, paints, and solvents can cause mick building such an headaches, skin, and throat
irritation.

Changes in indoor pollution. (A) Physical changes (1) Rise in temperature If proper ventilation in not present, then the
heat released from our body’s spreads in indoor atmosphere. The dispersion of heat in the indoor atmosphere causes
the rise in temperature, during respiration, carbon dioxide exhaled by human beings also absorb the beat, which results
in an increase in temperature.2) Increase in humidity. 1) Drying laundry inside (2) Gas heater (3) Costalarea (4) Rising
damp (B) Chemical changes. If proper ventilation is not present, the concentration of carbon dioxide increases and the
concentration of oxygen decreases. An average man exhales 0.02 m² of CO, per hour.

Sick building syndrome. Sick building syndrome is a condition affecting office workers, typically marked by headaches
and respiratory problems, attributed to unhealthy or stressful factors in the working environment. No specific illness or
cause can be identified. The complaints may be localized in a particular room or zone. Sick buildingsyndrome reduces
the work efficiency. Symptoms of sick building syndrome. (3) Headache (2) Bye, nose and throat irritation (8) Dry caught
(5) Dizziness and nausea (4) Dry or itchy skin (6) Difficulty in concentrating (7) Fatigue. Causes of Sick Building Syndrome
(SBS). (1) Inadequate ventilation (3) Artificial fragrance (2) Indoor air pollution (4) Inadequate lightning (5) Bad acoustics
(6) Poor ergonomics Prevention to Sick Building Syndrome (SBS). Pollution source removal or modification is an effective
approach to resolve indoor air quality problem. Increasing ventilationrates and distribution often can be a cost-effective
means of reducing Indoor pollution levels. Legislation: Banning smoking in the workplace or restricting smoking to
designated well-ventilated area. Buildings should have proper maintenance (hygiene and operation) and sufficient
cleaning to avoid SBS.
FACTORS AFFECTING EXPOSURE TO INDOOR AIR POLLUTION. (1) Human activities. Pattern of human behaviour and
activity determines the time spent in any specific location, and thus knowledge of them is essential in estimating
exposures of populations to pollutant. (2) Geographic and local variation. The air quality of an indoor environmentis
often described on the basis of one 24-hour average from one indoor sampling location obtained. The types aid
concentration of pollutants varies between locations within a structure, between the structure within geographic area,
and across geographic area. (3) Urban, suburban and neighbourhood variation Outdoor air quality affects indoor air
quality. The urban complex leads to the formation of a heat island, which affects the indoor air quality, The exact nature
of the impact on air quality is known, it is fair to expect heat island to have an impact an indoor environment. 4) Site
characteristics. The characteristics of the site influence indoor air quality are air flow around the building, proximity to
various sources of outdoor air pollution and the type of utility service available. (5) Occupancy. Occupancy factors that
affect the indoor air quality include the type and intensity of human activity, spatial characteristics of human activity,
and the operation schedule of a building. Building occupancy is expressed an occupant density and the ratio of building
volume to flour area.

ACTIVE AND PASSIVE SAMPLERS. Active sampling requires the use of a pumping device to actively pass air throughan
air sample container, whereas passive sampling does not. Passive sampling relies on the kinetic energy of gas molecules
and the diffusion of gases in an enclosed space onto a sorbent medium. Active samplers require some source of power
or energy for their operation, whereas passive samplers are independent of energy or power.
Passive sampling in like something is pasted at the particular wall or hanging at some place. Passive samplers rely onthe
kinetic energy of the pollutant and the diffusion of the gases on absorbent/adsorbent medium. Active sampler needs
some type of pump to suck the air and then this air will pass to solution or filter paper. Depending upon the situation,
we can go for Active or Passive samplers: (1) Active samplers are used for short exposures. (2) Passive ampler are used
for long term exposure.

Use of plants for control. (1) Aloe vera (Aloe barbadense). Aloe vera is a succulent, perennial plant that has the ability
to filter benzene and formaldehyde. It is easy to grow and requires lots of sunlight. 2) Spider plant (Chlorophyta Como
sum). It is one of the best indoor plants for removing formaldehyde from the air. It can also remove benzene, carbon
monoxide and xylene. (3) Snake plant (Sansevieria trifecta 'Laverne'). Its other names are mother-in-law's tongue and
bedroom plant. The biggest advantage of this plant is that it converts carbon dioxideinto oxygen at night a well.

Odour pollution. Odour can be defined as the "Perception of smell or in scientific term as a sensation resulting fromthe
reception of stimulus by the olfactory sensory system". With a growing population, industrialization and urbanisation,
the odour problem has been increasingly objectionable.
Characteristics of odour are: (1) Substances ofsimilar or dissimilar chemical constitution may have similar odours. (2)
Weak odour is not detected in presence of strong odour. (3) Odours of the same strength blend to produce a combination
in which one or both may be unrecognizable. (4) Constant intensity of odour causes an individual to quickly lose
awareness of the sensation and only noticed when it varies in intensity.
Sources of odour. The most commonly reported odour producing compoundsare hydrogen sulphide (rotten egg odour)
and ammonia (Sharp pungent odour). Carbon disulphide, mercaptans, product of the decomposition of proteins
(especially of animal origin), phenols and some petroleum hydrocarbons are other common odorants Most offensive
odours are created by the anaerobic decay of wet organic matter such as flesh, manure, etc.
Other sources of odour can be classified as:(1) Point sources: Point sources are confined emissions from vents, stacks
and exhaust. (2) Aren sources: Area sources may be unconfined, like sewage treatment plants, wastewater treatment
plant, solid landfills, composting, household manure spreading, settling lagoons, etc.
Building sources: Building sources of odour like pig a bed and hop confinement chicken.
Odour control. (1) Modification of the process (2) Dilution by ventilation/Dispersal (4) Adsorption (6) Catalytic oxidation
(8) Irradiation (10)Chemical treatment (12) Green belt development (14) Mist filtration.
1) Dilution by ventilation/dispersal If the odour is present in the enclosed area, then it's better to provide ventilation
in the enclosed• Proper well-designed ventilation can effectively remove odour from enclosed area. Sometimes tall
stacks are used to disperse odour in theatmosphere and consequent decrease in ground level concentration.