Important Process piping questions

11 அக்டோபர் 2013 இல் 12:57 PM

These are the  important things in  piping.

Q1. What is the minimum distance to be maintained between two welds in a pipe?

Answer: - The thumb rule is that the minimum distance between adjacent butt welds is 1D. If
not, it is never closer than 1-1/2". This is supposedly to prevent the overlap of HAZs. Minimum
spacing of circumferential welds between centerlines shall not be less than 4 times the pipe wall
thickness or 25 mm whichever is greater.

Q2. What are Weldolet and Sockolet? And where they are used?

Answer:-Weldolet and Sockolet are basically self-reinforced fittings.

Weldolet is used for Butt weld branch connection where standard tee is not available due to size
restrictions and the piping is of critical / high-pressure service. Sockolet is used for socket
welding branch connection, which require reinforcing pad.

Q3. What do you mean by Jacketed Piping?

Answer: - Piping which is recognized as providing the most uniform application of heat to the
process, as well as maintaining the most uniform processing temperatures where steam tracing is
not capable of maintaining the temperature of fluid constant. Usually used for molten sulphur,
Polymers service.

Q4. What is the basis of using of short radius & long radius elbow?

Answer:- Long radius elbow are used for small pressure drop whereas short radius elbow are
used for high pressure drops. For catalyst flows vary long radius elbows are used.
 

Q5. Normally where do we use the following?

A. Eccentric reducers. B. Concentric reducers.

Answer:

A. Eccentric reducers = Pump suction to avoid Cavitation, To maintain elevation (BOP) in rack.

B. Concentric reducers = Pump discharge, vertical pipeline etc.

Q6. Concentric reducer is used in pump suction. (Yes / No). Explain.

Answer:No. Air pockets may form if concentric reducer is used at pump suction, which results in
cavitation and cause damage to Pump. To avoid this problem, Eccentric Reducer with flat side
up (FSU) is used in Pump Suction.

Q7. How the pipe fittings are classified based on end connections?

Answer: - Pipe fittings are classified based on end connection as: -

A. Socket weld fittings.

B. Screwed end fittings.

C. Beveled end or Butt weld fittings.

D. Spigot socket fittings.

E. Buttress end fittings.

Q8. From which side of pipe will you take a branch connection?

Answer:-W hen fluid is Gas, Air or Steam and Cryogenic Service – Topside.
When Fluid is Liquid – Bottom Side.

Q9. What is the difference between Pipe and Tube?

Answer: - Pipe is identified by NB and thickness is defined by Schedule whereas Tube is

Q10. From which size onwards NB of pipe is equal to OD of Pipe?

Answer: -From the size 14” and onwards NB = OD of pipe.

Q11. What should be the radius of long radius elbow?

Answer:1.5D (Where “D” is the diameter of the pipe.)

Q12. How can flanges be classified based on Pipe Attachment?

Answer: - Flanges can be classified based on pipe attachment as: -

Slip – on. : - The Slip-on type flanges are attached by welding inside as well as outside. These
flanges are of forged construction.

Socket Weld. : - The Socket Weld flanges are welded on one side only. These are used for small
bore lines only.

Screwed. : - The Screwed-on flanges are used on pipe lines where welding cannot be

carried out.
 

Lap Joint. : - The Lap Joint flanges are used with stub ends. The stub ends are welded

with pipes & flanges are kept loose over the same.

Welding Neck. : - The Welding neck flanges are attached by butt welding to the pipe. These are
used mainly for critical services where the weld joints need radiographic inspection.

Blind. : - The Blind flanges are used to close the ends which need to be reopened.

Reducing. : - The reducing flanges are used to connect between larger and smaller sizes without
using a reducer. In case of reducing flanges, the thickness of flange should be that of the higher
diameter.

Integral. : - Integral flanges are those, which are cast along with the piping

component or equipment.

 
ASME Code
11 அக்டோபர் 2013 இல் 12:21 PM

These are the ASME/ASTM code used in oil and gas, power and chemical industry. Every  oil
and gas, power and chemical industry has to follow these standard for safety of their plants

 ASME 31 code for pressure piping 

 
A. ASME B31.1 - Power piping.

B. ASME B31.2 - Fuel Gas Piping.

C. ASME B31.3 - Process piping.

D. ASME B31.4 - Pipeline Transportation system for liquid hydrocarbon & other liquid.

E. ASME B31.5 - Refrigeration Piping.

F. ASME B31.8 - Gas transmission & distribution piping system.

G. ASME B31.9 - Building services piping.

H. ASME B31.11 - Slurry transportation piping system.

American institute standard used for Oil & Gas, Power

A. The American Petroleum institute (API).

B. The American Iron & Steel institute (AISI).

C. The American Society for Testing and materials (ASTM).

D. The American National standard institute (AISI).

E. The American welding society (AWS).

F. The American Water Works Association (AWWA).

G. The American Society for Mechanical Engineers (ASME). 

Different sections of ASME code

A. ASME section I : - Rules for construction of power boiler.

B. ASME Section II : - Materials.

Part A – Ferrous materials.

Part B – Non-Ferrous materials.

Part C – Specification for electrodes & filler wire.

Part D – Properties.

C. ASME Section IV : - Rules for construction of Heating Boiler.

D. ASME Section V : - Non- destructive Examination.

E. ASME Section VI : - Recommended rules for care & operation of heating boiler.

F. ASME Section VII : - Recommended guidelines for care of power boiler.

H. ASME Section VIII : - Rules for construction of pressure vessels. (Division I & II)

I. ASME Section IX : - Welding & Brazing qualification.

ASME standard used  for piping element

 Flanges 

1. ASME B16.1 : - Cast iron pipes flanges & flanged fittings.

2. ASME B16.5 : - Carbon steel pipes flanges & flanged fittings. (Up to 24”)

3. ASME B16.47 : - Large Diameter steel flanges. (Above 24”)

Butt welded fittings 

2. ASME B16.28 : - Butt-welded short radius elbows & returns bends.

 Gasket 

1. ASME B16.20 / API -601: - Metallic gaskets for pipe flanges- Spiral wound,

Octagonal ring Joint & Jacketed flanges.

2. ASME B16.21 : - Non metallic gasket.

Socket & Threaded fittings 

1. ASME B16.11 : - Forged steel socket welding & threaded fittings.

 Valves 

1. ASME B16.10 : - Face to face & end to end dimension of valves.

2. ASME B16.34 : - Flanged & butt-welded ends steel valves (Pressure &Temperature ratings)
except Ball, Plug & Butter fly Valves.

Pipes 

1. ASME B36.10 : - Welded & Seamless wrought iron pipes.

2.ASME B36.19 : - Stainless steel pipes.

ASTM Material
11 அக்டோபர் 2013 இல் 12:32 PM
These are ASTM material code   used for piping material  section as the service of the fluid. 

ASTM Material used in Pipes

1. Carbon Steel:- ASTM A53 Gr. A/B, ASTM A106 Gr. A/B/C, ASTM A333 Gr.1/Gr.6

2. Alloy Steel:- ASTM A335 Gr.P1/P2/P5/P7/P9/P11/P12/P22

3.Stainless Steel:- ASTM  A312TP304/TP304L/TP304H/TP308/TP310/TP316/ TP316L/ 

                           TP316H/TP317/TP321/TP321H/TP347/TP347H/TP348/TP348H. 

4. Nickel Steel:- ASTM A333Gr.3/ Gr.8.

ASTM Material  Wrought Iron Fittings

1. Carbon Steel:- ASTM A234Gr.WPA/B, ASTM A420 Gr.WPL6.

2. Alloy Steel:- ASTM A234 WP1/WP5/WP7/WP9/WP11/WP12/WP22

3. Stainless Steel:- ASTM A403 WP304/WP304L/WP304H/WP309 /WP310/WP316/ 

4. Nickel Steel:- ASTM A420WPL6/WPL8.

ASTM Material  Forged Fittings

1. Carbon Steel:- ASTM A181. ASTM A105, ASTM A350 LF1/2.

2. Alloy Steel:- ASTM A182F1/F2/F5/F7/F9/F11/F12/F22.

3. Stainless Steel:- ASTM A182F6/F304/F304L/F304H/F310/ F316/F316L/F316H/F321/ 

                               F321H/F347/F347H/F348.

4. Nickel Steel:- ASTM A350 LF3, ASTM A522.

ASTM Material  Cast Fittings

1. Carbon Steel:- ASTM A216, ASTM A352 LCB/C.

2. Alloy Steel:- ASTM A217 WC1/WC6/WC9/C5/C12.

3. Stainless Steel:- ASTM A217 CA15, ASTM A296 CA15, ASTM A351 CF8/CF3/CH20/
CK20/CF 8M/CF 3M/CF 8C/HK40

 
34 Nickel Steel:- ASTM A352LC3.

ASTM Material  Plates

1. Carbon Steel:- ASTM A285, ASTM A515, ASTM A516

2. Alloy Steel:- ASTM A387 Gr.2/Gr.5/Gr.7/Gr.9/Gr.11/Gr.12/Gr.22.

3.Sainless Steel:- ASTM A240 TP410/TP405/TP430/TP304/TP304L/ /TP310S/ 

                               TP316/TP316L/TP317/TP321/TP347/TP348

4 Nickel Steel:- ASTM A203 Gr.D/Gr.E, ASTM A353