Q1 M8 SHS - General-Chemistry-1 - Limiting-Reagent

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Department of Education

National Capital Region


S CHOOLS DIVIS ION OFFICE
MARIK INA CITY

General Chemistry 1
First Quarter-Module 8:
Limiting Reagent

Writer: Coleen Michelle L. Magalong


Illustrator: Coleen Michelle L. Magalong
Cover Illustrator: Christine Ann G. Faraon

1
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What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you
master the concepts and ideas in Chemistry. The scope of this module permits it to
be used in many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the
diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard
sequence of the course.

After going through this Lesson, you are expected to


1. define limiting and excess reagent;
2. differentiate limiting reagent with excess reagent;
3. recognize the role of limiting reagent in the amount of product produce during
chemical reaction;
4. use stoichiometric calculation to determine excess and limiting reagents in a
chemical reaction; and
5. explain the concept of limiting reagent in a chemical reaction; identify the
excess reagents STEM_GC11MRIg-h-40.

What I Know

Read each question carefully. Choose the letter of the best answer.

1. In the chemical equation C + O2 → CO2, CO2 is called___________.


A. catalyst
B. elements
C. product
D. reactant

2. During cellular respiration, our body utilizes glucose to produce energy the
complete chemical formula for this is C 6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O.
Glucose and oxygen in this chemical equation are called _________________.
A. catalyst
B. elements
C. product
D. reactant

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DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE 1
For numbers 3 to 6 refer to the following equation.
Mg + HCl → MgCl2 + H2

3. What type of chemical reaction is shown in the chemical equation?


A. synthesis reaction
B. decomposition reaction
C. single displacement reaction
D. double displacement reaction

4. To balance this chemical equation a coefficient of 2 must be placed in front


of _______________.
A. Mg
B. MgCl2
C. HCl
D. H2

5. If the equation is balance, what will be the molar ratio between Mg and
MgCl2?
A. 1 mole of Mg :1 mole MgCl2
B. 1 mole of Mg : 2 moles of MgCl2
C. 24 g/mol of Mg : 95 g/mole of MgCl 2
D. 24. 3 g/mol of Mg : 95.2 g/mol of MgCl 2

6. If the equation is balance, what will be the molar ratio between HCl and
MgCl2?
A. 1 mole of HCl :2 mole MgCl2
B. 2 moles of HCl : 1 mole of MgCl2
C. 34 g/mol of Mg : 95 g/mole of MgCl2
D. 34. 5 g/mol of Mg : 95.2 g/mol of MgCl 2

7. What is the molecular mass of MgO?


A. 39 g/mole
B. 40 g/ mole
C. 41 g/mol
D. 42 g/mol

8. If you have 2 moles of NaCl, how many grams of NaCl do you have?
A. 58 g NaCl
B. 59 g NaCl
C. 116 g NaCl
D. 117 g NaCl

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2 DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE
9. Mixing carbon and oxygen will produce 132 g of CO2. How many CO2 in
moles will be produced in this reaction?
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4

For numbers 10 to 12 refer to the following statement.

Sarah is making hamburgers for her friends; she has 4 burger buns,
4 slices of cheese and 3 burger patties.

10. How many hamburgers can Sarah make?


A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4

11. Which ingredient is limiting the number of burgers Sarah can make?
A. Burger buns
B. Slices of cheese
C. Burger patties
D. both a and b

12. Which ingredient is in excess?


A. Burger buns
B. Slices of cheese
C. Burger patties
D. both a and b

13. Which of the following is completely consumed during a chemical reaction?


A. product
B. reactant
C. limiting reagent
D. excess Reagent

14. Which of the following is not completely used up during a chemical reaction?
A. product
B. reactant
C. limiting reagent
D. excess Reagent

15. Which of the following determines when a chemical reaction will stop?
A. product
B. reactant
C. limiting reagent
D. excess Reagent

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DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE 3
Lesson Limiting Reagent

What’s In

A balance chemical equation describes that reactants combine with one


another with a specific molar ratio.
Example:
2H2 + O2 → 2H20
2 moles of H2 reacts with 1 mole of O2 to produce 2 moles of H20

Chemical equations are used by chemist as a guide during experiments, but


there are times they do not exactly use the exact same ratios of reactants as stated
in the chemical equation.

In the previous module, you learned that the actual yield (product produced)
is not always equal to the theoretical yield of the given chemical equation because of
several factors. The maximum amount of yield can also be influence by the number
of reactants use in a chemical reaction. When this happens, the reactant can now
determine the amount of product that will be produced or when a chemical reaction
will stop.

What’s New

Activity 1. Limiting and excess reagent analogy


Read the following statement carefully then answer the questions below.

In your entrepreneurship class your group decided to put up a sandwich stand


during foundation day as your business project. A class president in grade 10
decided to order 4 dozen of ham and cheese sandwich for all his classmates. You
look at your inventory and found out that you have 50 slices of cheese, 50 slices of
Ham, and 35 pcs of buns.
a. How many ham and cheese sandwich do you need to make? (theoretical yield)
b. How many ham and cheese sandwich can you make? (actual yield)
c. Which of the ingredients is your limiting reagent/s?
d. Which of the ingredients is your excess reagent/s?
e. How much of your excess reagents was left unused after you have made all
the sandwiches?

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4 DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE
What Is It

Limiting and Excess Reagent

Consider this following chemical reaction between carbon and oxygen.

In the diagram shown above, we need 1 carbon atom and 2 oxygen atoms to
make 1 carbon dioxide molecule. However, there are not enough oxygen atoms to use
up all the carbon atoms. Since we do not have enough oxygen atoms, the production
of carbon dioxide stops. In this case, oxygen is the limiting reagent and carbon is the
excess reagent.

Limiting reagent is the reactant that you completely consumed during a


chemical reaction and the other reactant which was not fully consumed is the excess
reagent.

How to calculate for the limiting reactant and excess reactant.

Example 1. The chemical equation of a fuel mixture of N2H4 and N2O4 is shown below.
How many grams of N2 gas was produced when 80 g of N2H4 and 180 g of N2O4 are
mixed? What is the limiting and excess reagents in this chemical reaction?

2N2H4 + N2O4 → 3N2 + 4H2O

Step 1. Assume each reactant is the limiting reagent.


Limiting reagent N2H4 = 80 g
Limiting reagent N2O4 = 180 g

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DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE 5
Step 2. Use stochiometric calculations to find the limiting reactant and excess
reactant. Use mass – mole calculation/ mole – mole calculations.

Since we are looking for the mass of N 2, let us find the number of moles of N 2
produced.
A. 80 g of N2H4

B. 180 g of N2O4

Step 3. Compare the results of step 2.

The resulting number of moles of limiting reactant N2H4 = 3.75 mol N2, is less than
that of limiting reactant N2O4 = 5.87 mol N2. Therefore, the limiting reagent is N 2H4
and the excess reagent is N2O4

Step 4. Find how many grams of N2 gas was produced. Use Mole – mass calculation.

Final answers: Limiting reagent = N2H4


Excess Reagent = N2O4
N2 gas produced = 90 g

Example 2. A 30 g sample of ammonia (NH 3) is mixed with 45 g of oxygen (O2). Find


which among the two is the limiting reagent and how much excess reagent is unused
after the reaction has stopped?

4NH3 + 5O2 → 4NO + 6H2O

Step 1. Assume each reactant is the limiting reagent.


Limiting reagent NH3 = 30 g
Limiting reagent O2 = 45 g

Step 2. Use stochiometric calculations to find the limiting reactant and excess
reactant.

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6 DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE
NOTE: You may use any of the two products, but the same product must be used
for both reactants so that the amounts can be compared.

Step 3. Compare the results of step 2.

The LR NH3 = 1.76 mol NO is more than LR O2 = 1.13 mol NO.


Therefore, the limiting reagent is O2 and the excess reagent is NH3

Step 4. Find how much excess remains after the chemical reaction stops.
a. Calculate how much of the excess reactant (NH 3) react with the limiting
reactant (O2)

b. Subtract the amount of NH3 reacted from the amount in the original
sample.

Final answers: Limiting reagent = O2


Excess Reagent = NH3
Amount unused NH3 = 10.87 g

What’s More

Activity 2. Calculating limiting and excess reagents


Read the problem carefully. On a separate sheet of paper answer the following
question.

1. A 75.0g of Al and 200.0 g of oxygen reacted to form aluminum oxide:


4Al + 3O2 ---> 2Al2O3
a. Which of the two reactants is the limiting and excess reagents?
b. What is the maximum yield of aluminum oxide in grams?
c. How much excess reagent is left unused after the reaction stops?

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DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE 7
Assume both LR Al = 75 g
reactants are LR O2 = 200 g
limiting reactants
Find the true
limiting reactant

Find how much


product was
produced (Al2O3)

Find the
remaining excess
reactant

Final Answers a.

b.

c.

2. Chloroform reacts with chlorine to form carbon tetrachloride and hydrogen


chloride
CHCl3 + Cl2 -------> CCl4 + HCl
In an experiment 35 grams of chloroform (CHCl3) and 35 grams of chlorine
(Cl2) were mixed.
a. Which of the two reactants is the limiting and excess reagents?
b. What is the maximum yield of CCl4 in grams?
c. How much excess reagent is left unused after the reaction stops?

Assume both
reactants are limiting
reactants

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8 DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE
Find the true limiting
reactant

Find how much


product was
produced (CCl4)

Find the remaining


excess reactant

Final Answers a.

b.

c.

What I Have Learned

Activity 3
Fill in the blanks with word/s that will best complete the following statements.

1. The reactant that theoretically yields ________________amount of product is the


limiting reagent.
2. The reactant that theoretically yields ________________amount of product is the
excess reagent.
3. When one of the reactants is all used up the process of chemical reaction will
____________________.
4. To find the number of moles or grams produced in a chemical reaction, a
____________________ chemical equation is needed.
5. To find the mass or number of moles of a product produced, use
________________________calculations for each individual reactant.
6. To find the amount of remaining excess reactant, subtract the
____________________ consumed from the total mass of excess reagent given.
7. If there are 2 moles of O2, its mass is ___________.
8. If there are 36 grams of H2O, its number of moles is ____________.
9. If the excess reagent is 1.5 g and the total mass of the reagent is 2.5 g, the
mass of unused reagent is ___________.
10. If in a reaction the amount of product produce by X is 2 g and Y is 4 g, the
excess reagent is _____________.

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DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE 9
What I Can Do

Activity 4
Read the problem carefully, on a separate sheet of paper answer the following
question.

1. Methanol (CH3OH) also known as wood alcohol or methyl alcohol, is used as


replacement for gasoline in many industries. Methanol can be manufactured
by mixing carbon monoxide and hydrogen.
CO + H2 → CH3OH

Suppose 8.5 kg CO is mixed with 5.60 kg H2. What will be the maximum yield
of this reaction in grams and in moles? Which of the reactants is the limiting
reactant?

2. When ammonia reacts with oxygen gas it will produce nitric oxide and water.
In an experiment, a 4.25 g of NH3 was mixed with a 4.50 g of O2.
4NH3 + 5O2 → 4NO + 6H2O

a. Which reactant is the limiting reagent?


b. How many grams of NO are formed?
c. How much of the excess reactant remains after the reaction?

3. In a volcano experiment vinegar is usually mixed with a baking soda.


Acetic acid in vinegar readily reacts with baking soda (sodium bicarbonate)
to form sodium acetate and carbon dioxide.
NaHCO3 + HC2H3O2 → NaC2H3O2 + H2O + CO2

When 3.5 moles of baking soda (NaHCO3) is mixed with a 2.8 moles of acetic
acid HC2H3O2), how many grams of sodium acetate (NaC2H3O2) will form?
Which is the limiting reactant?

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10 DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE
Assessment

Read each question carefully then choose the letter of the best answer.

1. Which of the following is not completely used up during chemical reaction?


A. Product
B. Reactant
C. Limiting reagent
D. Excess reagent

2. What is the molecular mass of MgO?


A. 39 g/mole
B. 40 g/ mole
C. 41 g/mol
D. 42 g/mol

3. If you have 2 moles of NaCl, how many grams of NaCl do you have?
A. 58 g NaCl
B. 59 g NaCl
C. 116 g NaCl
D. 117 g NaCl

4. Mixing carbon and oxygen produced 132 g of CO2. How many CO2 in moles
was produced in this reaction?
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 7

5. During cellular respiration, our body utilizes glucose to produce energy the
complete chemical formula for this is C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O.
Glucose and oxygen in this chemical equation are called _________________.
A. Catalyst
B. Elements
C. Products
D. Reactants

6. Which among the following is completely consumed in a chemical reaction?


A. Product
B. Reactant
C. Limiting reagent
D. Excess reagent

City of Good Character


DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE 11
7. In the chemical equation C + O2 → CO2, CO2 is called___________.
A. catalyst
B. elements
C. products
D. reactants

8. Which among the following determines when a chemical reaction will stop?
A. Product
B. Reactant
C. Limiting reagent
D. Excess reagent

For numbers 9 to 11 refer to the following statement.

Sarah is making hamburgers for her friends; she has 4 burger buns, 4 slices of
cheese and 3 burger patties.

9. How many hamburgers can Sarah make?


A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4

10. Which ingredient is limiting the number of burgers Sarah can make?
A. Burger buns
B. Slices of cheese
C. Burger patties
D. both a and b

11. Which ingredient is in excess?


A. Burger buns
B. Slices of cheese
C. Burger patties
D. both a and b

For numbers 12 to 15 refer to the following equation.


Mg + HCl → MgCl2 + H2

12. What type of chemical reaction shown in the chemical equation?


A. Synthesis reaction
B. Decomposition reaction
C. Single displacement reaction
D. Double displacement reaction

City of Good Character


12 DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE
13. To balance this chemical equation a coefficient of 2 must be placed in front
of _______________.
A. Mg
B. MgCl2
C. HCl
D. H2

14. If the equation is balance, what will be the molar ratio between Mg and
MgCl2?
A. 1 mole of Mg :1 mole MgCl2
B. 1 mole of Mg : 2 moles of MgCl2
C. 24 g/mol of Mg : 95 g/mole of MgCl 2
D. 24. 3 g/mol of Mg : 95.2 g/mol of MgCl 2

15. If the equation is balance, what will be the molar ratio between HCl and
MgCl2?
A. 1 mole of HCl :2 mole MgCl2
B. 2 moles of HCl : 1 mole of MgCl2
C. 34 g/mol of Mg : 95 g/mole of MgCl2
D. 34. 5 g/mol of Mg : 95.2 g/mol of MgCl 2

Additional Activities

Read each question carefully choose the letter of the best answer.

For numbers 1- 5, refer to the following statement.

Nitric acid can be neutralized by any base to form a salt and water, as shown in the
equation: Mg (OH)2 + 2HNO3 → Mg (NO3)2 + 2H2O

1. What is the molecular mass of magnesium hydroxide?


A. 18 g/mol
B. 58 g/mol
C. 63 g/mol
D. 148 g/mol

2. What is the molecular mass of nitric acid?


A. 18 g/mol
B. 58 g/mol
C. 63 g/mol
D. 148 g/mol

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DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE 13
3. What is the molar ratio between magnesium hydroxide and magnesium
nitrate?

4. How much magnesium nitrate salt will be formed by the reaction of 250 g
magnesium hydroxide with 250 g nitric acid?
A. 293 g
B. 294 g
C. 637 g
D. 638 g

5. How much excess reagent will be left unused after the chemical reaction has
stopped?
A. 115 g
B. 116 g
C. 134 g
D. 135 g

For numbers 6 – 10, refer to the following statement.

In a small-scale experiment, silver nitrate in solution is reacted with excess


copper wire:
2AgNO3 + Cu → Cu (NO3)2 + 2Ag

6. What is the molecular mass of copper II nitrate?


A. 64 g
B. 108 g
C. 170 g/mol
D. 188 g/mol

7. What is the molecular mass of silver nitrate?


A. 64 g
B. 108 g
C. 170 g/mol
D. 188 g/mol

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14 DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE
8. What is the molar ratio between silver nitrate and copper II nitrate?

9. How much magnesium nitrate salt will be formed by the reaction of 180 g of
AgNO3 with 140 g of Cu?
A. 99 g
B. 100 g
C. 411 g
D. 412 g

10. How much excess reagent will be left unused after the chemical reaction has
stopped?
A. 33 g
B. 34 g
C. 106 g
D. 107 g

City of Good Character


DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE 15
References

(1) Limiting reactant. (n.d.). ScienceDirect.com | Science, health and medical


journals, full text articles and books.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/limiting-reactant

(2) Limiting reagents | Introduction to chemistry. (n.d.). Lumen Learning –


Simple Book Production.
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/introchem/chapter/limiting-
reagents/

(3) Limiting reagents. (2019, November 9). Chemistry LibreTexts.


https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Modu
les_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Chemical_Reactions/Limitin
g_Reagents

(4) Stochiometry limiting reactant. (n.d.). Department of Chemistry | Texas


A&M University.
https://www.chem.tamu.edu/class/fyp/stone/tutorialnotefiles/fund
amentals/limiting.htm#:~:text=Limiting%20Reactant%20%2D%20The
%20reactant%20in,limiting%20reactant%20is%20completely%20cons
umed

(5) What is a limiting reactant? Review your chemistry concepts. (n.d.).


ThoughtCo. https://www.thoughtco.com/definition-of-limiting-
reactant-605310

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16 DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE
Development Team of the Module
Writer: Coleen Michelle L. Magalong (SEHS)
Editor: Reynald Alfred A. Recede (MHS)
Emily G. Santos (PSDS)
Reviewer: Jessica S. Mateo (EPS - Science)
Illustrator: Coleen Michelle L. Magalong (SEHS)
Layout Artist: Christine Ann G. FAraon (BNHS)
Management Team:
Sheryll T. Gayola
Assistant Schools Division Superintendent
OIC, Office of the Schools Division Superintendent

Elisa O. Cerveza
Chief, Curriculum Implementation Division
OIC, Office of the Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

Ivy Coney A. Gamatero


Education Program Supervisor – Learning Resource Management Section

For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Schools Division Office- Marikina City

191 Shoe Ave., Sta. Elena, Marikina City, 1800, Philippines

Telefax: (02) 8682-2472 / 8682-3989

Email Address: sdo.marikina@deped.gov.ph

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