PHASE DIAGRAMS

for GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2/Grade 12

Quarter 3 / Week 2

NegOr_Q3_GenChem2-12_SLK Week2_v2 1 NegOr_Q3_GenChem2-12_SLK Week2_v2

 FOREWORD

This learning kit will serve as guide for learners to their

understanding phase changes of matter. This learning kit is carefully
prepared with a set of activities guided with contextualized
discussions and illustrations that meet the standards of the K12
curriculum.

In using this learning kit, learners will realize that chemistry is a

central science because it connects to other fields of science like
physics and life science. The activities included herein are simple,
readily understandable, and easy to do. In doing so, learners will be
given opportunity to broaden their knowledge and enhance their
resourcefulness and creativity in performing activities provided to
them. This will enable them to develop their critical thinking skills. It
is hoped that their understanding of the basic concepts will benefit
them in many ways and the skills they acquired in using this kit may
help them in dealing with practical problems. Students will find this
self-learning kit very interesting and useful.

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OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson the learners are expected to:
K : describe the features of a phase diagram
S : interpret the phase diagram of water and carbon dioxide and
changes it undergoes
A : appreciate the importance of crystalline and amorphous solids
in daily life

LEARNING COMPETENCY

- Interpret the phase diagram of water and carbon dioxide

(STEM_GC11 IMFIIIa-c-107)
- Determine and explain the heating and cooling curve of a
substance (STEM_GC11IMFIIIa-c-109)

I. WHAT HAPPENED
Pre-activities/Pre-test

Direction: Study the phase diagram of water as shown below and

answer the corresponding questions. Write your answers on your
notebook.
(atm)

(°C)
Source: https://scilearn.sydney.edu.au/fychemistry/chem1102/ws10_answers.pdf

1. Which section represents the solid phase? _____

2. Which section represents the liquid phase? _____
3. Which section represents the gas phase? _____
4. What letter represents the triple point? ______
5. At what temperature and pressure do all three phases co-
exist? ___________________________

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II. WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW
DISCUSSION

A substance can exist in all three states of matter. To describe

the phase changes of a substance at various conditions of
temperature and pressure, a phase diagram is constructed, which
combines the liquid-gas, solid-liquid, and solid-gas curves. A typical
phase diagram consists of distinct regions that represent the
different phases exhibited by a substance. Each region
corresponds to the range of combinations of temperature and
pressure over which that phase is stable. The combination of high
pressure and low temperature corresponds to the solid phase,
whereas the gas phase is favored at high temperature and low
pressure. The combination of high temperature and high pressure
corresponds to a supercritical fluid.

E
LIQUID
D
solid & liquid evaporation
SOLID
condensation
melting
Pressure

solidification
C

liquid & gas

solid & gas A

sublimation GAS
deposition
B
Temperature
Figure 4. graph of pressure versus temperature showing phase boundaries and the conditions for equilibrium
between phases. Two phases can co-exist with each other at the following phase boundaries: AB: solid & gas
AD: solid & liquid AE: liquid & gas. The triple point A, the point at which all three phases (solid, liquid, gas) come
together. The critical point E, the point at which the liquid and gaseous phases of a pure stable substance
become identical.
Source: https://studylib.net/doc/9524768/a.2-heat-curves-phase-diagram-worksheet-key

The lines separating the regions represent the phase transition

curves. Any point along a line shows the pressure and temperature
at which the two phases exist in equilibrium. The solid liquid line
slants to the right with increasing pressure because, for most
substances, solid is denser than the liquid. Because the liquid
occupies slightly more space than the solid, an increase in pressure
favors the solid phase but water is the major exception. The liquid-

4 NegOr_Q3_GenChem2-12_SLK Week2_v2
gas line ends at the critical point. This is the point at which the liquid
and gaseous phases of a pure stable substance become identical.
The temperature above which the gas cannot be liquefied no
matter how much pressure is applied; because the kinetic energy
is simply too great for attractive forces to overcome. Any substance
beyond this critical point is a supercritical fluid--- indistinguishable
between gas or liquid. The three phase-transition curves meet at
the triple point---the pressure and temperature at which three
phases are in equilibrium. As strange as it sounds, at the triple point,
CO2 is subliming and depositing, melting and freezing, and
vaporizing and condensing simultaneously. The CO2 phase
diagram explains why dry ice (solid CO2) doesn't melt under
ordinary conditions. The triple-point pressure for CO2 is 5.1 atm;
therefore, at around 1 atm, liquid CO2 does not occur. When solid
CO2 is heated at 1.0 atm, it sublimes at -78°C to gaseous CO2 rather
than melting. If normal atmospheric pressure were 5.2 atm, liquid
CO2 would be common.

Figure 4. Phase diagrams for carbon dioxide (left) and water (right).

Source: https://www.bartleby.com/questions-and-answers/figure-13-23-phase-diagram-for-carbon-dioxide.-
critical-73-point-solid-liquid-56-triple-point-5.11-l/badb7357-9588-4d4f-90da-b96117576489

The phase diagram for water differs in one key respect from
the general case and reveals an extremely important property.
Unlike almost every other substance, solid water is less dense than
liquid water. Because the solid occupies more space than the
liquid, water expands on freezing. This behavior results from the
unique open crystal structure of ice. As always, an increase in
pressure favors the phase that occupies less space, but in the case
of water, this is the liquid phase. Therefore, the solid-liquid line for

5 NegOr_Q3_GenChem2-12_SLK Week2_v2
water has a negative slope (slants to the left with increasing
pressure): the higher the pressure, the lower the temperature at
which water freezes. The vertical dashed line at -1°C crosses the
solid-liquid line, which means that ice melts at that temperature
with only an increase in pressure. The triple point of water occurs at
low pressure (0.006 atm). Therefore, when solid water is heated at
1.0 atm, the horizontal dashed line crosses the solid-liquid line (at
O°C, the normal melting point) and enters the liquid region. Thus, at
ordinary pressures, ice melts rather than sublimes. As the
temperature rises, the horizontal line crosses the liquid-gas curve (at
100°C, the normal boiling point) and enters the gas region.

Phase Transitions

Heat and phase changes are transitions between solid, liquid,

and gaseous phases. This typically involved large amounts of
energy.

Heating Curves of a Substance

What do you think happens to the temperature of a block of

ice when you put a flame underneath it? You might think that the
temperature goes up easily, but that's not what happens. The
graph of temperature against time is called a heating curve. Let's
look at the heating curve for water.

Figure 5. Heating curve of a pure substance.

Source: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/cheminter/chapter/heating-and-cooling-curves-also-called-
temperature-curves/ 6 NegOr_Q3_GenChem2-12_SLK Week2_v2
 Notice that, in general, the temperature goes up the longer
the heating continues. However, there are two horizontal flat parts
(segments BC and DE) to the graph. These happen when there is a
change of state. The plateaus are also called phase changes. The
first change of state (segment BC) is melting (changing from a solid
to a liquid). The temperature stays the same while a substance melt.
For water, this temperature is 0°Cbecause the melting point for
water is 0°C.As heat is steadily added to the ice block, the water
molecules will begin to vibrate faster and faster as they absorb
kinetic energy. Eventually, when the ice has warmed to 0°C, the
added energy will start to break apart the hydrogen bonding that
keeps the water molecules in place when it is in the solid form. As
the ice melts, its temperature does not rise. All of the energy that is
being put into the ice goes into the melting process and not into
any increase in temperature. During the melting process, the two
states – solid and liquid – are in equilibrium with one another.

The second change of state (segment DE) is boiling (changing

from a liquid to a gas). The temperature stays the same while a
substance boil. For water, this temperature is 100°C because the
boiling point for water is100°C. Over the course of this line segment,
both liquid and gas exist in various ratios, starting at 100% liquid and
ending at 100% gas. Different substances have different melting
points and boiling points, but the shapes of their heating curves are
very similar.

Cooling Curves of a Substance

Cooling curves are the opposite of heating curves. They show

how the temperature changes as a substance is cooled down. Just
like heating curves, cooling curves have horizontal flat parts where
the state changes from gas to liquid, or from liquid to solid. These
are mirror images of the heating curve.

Steam above 100°C could be steadily cooled down to 100°C,

at which point it would condense to liquid water. The water could
then be cooled to 0°C, at which point continued cooling would
freeze the water to ice. The ice could then be cooled to some point
below 0°C. This could be diagrammed in a cooling curve that
would be the reverse of the heating curve.

7 NegOr_Q3_GenChem2-12_SLK Week2_v2
 Figure 6. Cooling curve of a pure substance.

Source: https://www.teachinghighschoolchemistry.com/blog/heating-cooling-curves

WHAT I HAVE LEARNED

Evaluation/Post-test

A. Direction. Refer to the phase diagram of water below, to answer

the questions numbered 1 to 4 in your notebook.

Source: https://theory.labster.com/phase_diagram/

1) Determine the
a.) normal boiling point of water (T, P) __________________
b.) normal freezing point of water (T, P) __________________

8 NegOr_Q3_GenChem2-12_SLK Week2_v2
 c.) triple point of water (T, P) __________________
d.) critical point of water (T, P) __________________
2) State what phase(s) is (are) present at point B?
3) How would you convert the sample of water at B to water vapor?
4) What would happen if the temperature of the sample at point B
is decreased at constant pressure?

B. Direction: Study and use the heating curve below to answer the
following questions:

Source: https://studylib.net/doc/9524768/a.2-heat-curves-phase-diagram-worksheet-key

1. What is the melting point of the substance? __________

2. What is the boiling point of the substance? ___________
3. Which letter represents heating of the solid? __________
4. Which letter represents heating of the gas? ___________
5. Which letter represents boiling of the liquid? __________

9 NegOr_Q3_GenChem2-12_SLK Week2_v2
REFERENCES:

Silberberg, M. (2006). Chemistry: The molecular nature of matter

and change, 4th ed. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.: New York.

“The Solid State of Matter.” Chemistry, OpenStax.

opentextbc.ca/chemistry/chapter/10-5-the-solid-state-of-
matter/.

“Heating and Cooling Curves (The Basics)”

https://www.rcboe.org/cms/lib/GA01903614/Centricity/Do
main/1951/Heating%20and%20Cooling%20Curves%20new.
pdf

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 DIVISION OF NEGROS ORIENTAL
SENEN PRISCILLO P. PAULIN, CESO V
Schools Division Superintendent

JOELYZA M. ARCILLA EdD

OIC - Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

MARCELO K. PALISPIS EdD JD

OIC – Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

NILITA L. RAGAY EdD

OIC - Assistant Schools Division Superintendent/CID Chief

ROSELA R. ABIERA
Education Program Supervisor – (LRMDS)

ARNOLD R. JUNGCO
PSDS – Division Science Coordinator

MARICEL S. RASID
Librarian II (LRMDS)

ELMAR L. CABRERA
PDO II (LRMDS)

ANDRE ARIEL B. CADIVIDA

Writer

GERALD T. UBAG
Lay-Out Artist

ALPHA QA TEAM
EUFRATES G. ANSOK JR.
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NILO JAY A. BAYBAY

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11 NegOr_Q3_GenChem2-12_SLK Week2_v2
SYNOPSIS ANSWER KEY
This self-learning kit discusses the
phase changes of substances at
various conditions of temperature and
pressure. The learners will also gain an
understanding that the phase
diagram can be used to describe
phase transition or change. This has
important implication on day-to-day
living and is a vital to life.
In using this learning kit, learners
are expected to develop their
scientific abilities and critical thinking
skills as they perform various activities
included herein. Hence, this learning
kit serves as their way of expanding
their knowledge of the things in nature
Pre-activities/Pre-test
and apply these in daily lives. 1.1
2. 2
Come and let us make learning fun. 3. 3
4. A
5. 0.01oC, 0.00603 atm
Evaluation/Post-test
ABOUT THE AUTHOR A. 1.) a.)100°C, 1.00 atm
b.) 0.001°C, 1.00 atm
. ANDRE ARIEL B. CADIVIDA finished0.006
c.) 0.01°C, Bachelor
atm of Science
in Biology at Negros d.)373.99°C,
Oriental State University
217.75 atm Main
Campus in 2013. He is2.)
currently
Solid and teaching
Liquid at Cansal-ing
Provincial Community High School the
3.) by increasing as a senior high
temperature
teacher, library designate and
4.) it will the focal
become solidperson of the
senior high department. He is currently completing
B. 1.) 5°C
Master of Arts in Science Teaching at Negros Oriental
2.) 15°C
State University Graduate3.) School.
a
4.) e
5.) c

12 NegOr_Q3_GenChem2-12_SLK Week2_v2