Cities Readiness Report (High Res)

Climate Centre for Cities Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs
Government of India
ClimateSmart Cities Assessment Framework 2.0

Cities Readiness Report
2021

2021
Climate Centre for Cities

Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs
Government of India
June 2021
Developed by:
In association with the Climate Centre for Cities, National Institute of Urban Affairs
Authors:
Dr. Umamaheshwaran Rajasekar, Ms. Vaishnavi Shankar, Ms. Raina Singh,
Ms. Ahona Datta Gupta, Ms. Ankita Mandal, Ms. Manjaree Dutta, Mr. Punit Gandhi,
Ms. Mohini Bhaisare, Mr. Empati Uday Kumar, Ms. Shravani T, Ms. Pallavi Thool,
Mr. Anshul Abbasi, Ms. Amanjot Kaur and Mr. Akshay Atreja
Contributors:
Mr. Vibhor Sood, Ms. Prerna Mehta, Ms. Prarthana Borah,
Mr. Kanagaraj Ganesan and Mr. Manzoor Khan
In support with:
Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, GoI, The German Federal Ministry
of the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (BMU) Agence Française
de Développement (AFD), International Urban Cooperation, Clean Air Asia, The Nature
Conservancy, UN Environment, GIZ India, ICLEI South Asia Secretariat, Resilient Cities
Network, UN Habitat India, WRI India, Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation
(SDC), The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI), GRIHA Council, GBCI India, Asian
Development Bank, CEGET/ GCNI, WWF India, C40 Cities, Rocky Mountain Institute,
Public Health Foundation of India, AEEE, KFW, CII – IGBC, AIILSG, IRADe, ISOCARP,
United Nations University Institute for Environment and Human Security (UNU-EHS),
Energy Systems Catapult, International Energy Agency, Austrade, UNDP, University of
British Columbia, India, European Union Delegation to India, GCoM South Asia, Save the
Children, Kerala Institute of Local Administration (KILA), Thrissur, Wetlands International,
SEEDS India, Dr Bhanuben Nanavati College Of Architecture For Women (BNCA), Pune,
School of Planning and Architecture, Bhopal, Institute of Spatial Planning and Environment
Research (ISPER), Panchkula, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute
(NEERI), Nagpur, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Roorkee, Agile Group,
The Ramphal Institute, India Smart Grid Forum, Gorakhpur Environment Action Group,
Enking International, TCE – EcoFirst, Children’s Investment Fund Foundation
Designed by:
Mr. Deep Pahwa, Mr. Devender Singh Rawat and Mr. Bhavnesh Bhanot
Maps:
The maps printed here are intended for information purposes only and are not to scale
Terms of use:
The Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs poses no restriction to reproduction of materials.
We request that the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs is made reference of and that
representative(s) are informed. In case you wish to change or further develop the materials,
please contact the representatives of the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs.

Government of India
Credits:
Aerial view of Mumbai,

by Hardik Joshi, 2019
Cities Readiness Report 2021 | iii

Executive Summary
A third of India’s population is currently living in cities and contribute to 63% of the national GDP. Based on the current trend
it is projected that in the next 10 years (by 2030) India’s urban population will increase by 590 million and its GDP contribution
will increase to 75%. Indian cities are key economic engines but face complex infrastructure challenges and environmental
degradation due to rapid urbanization and climate change risks. Therefore, it is imperative that cities undertake sustained
actions to prepare for and develop their ability to thrive in the changing environment.
With an intent to institutionalise the climate actions in India, Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA) in partnership
with the National Institute of Urban Affairs (NIUA) established the Climate Centre for Cities (C-Cube) in June 2020.
Understanding the need for sustainable urban planning and climate informed development actions across Indian cities, the
ClimateSmart Cities Assessment Framework (CSCAF) was developed and rolled out by the MoHUA. This is a first-of-its-kind
self-assessment framework on climate relevant parameters with an intent to provide a roadmap for Indian cities towards
mainstreaming climate actions within current and future policies, programs and projects.
A total of 126 cities including 100 Smart Cities, capital cities and other cities undertook the assessment in 2020. With a vision
to be more aspirational and progressive the current CSCAF framework captures the climate performance of cities including
the national and international initiatives including but not limited to National Mission on Sustainable Habitat, Nationally
Determined Contributions, Sustainable Development Goals and Sendai Framework for Disaster Management.
The CSCAF 2.0 has been assessed across 28 indicators under five themes (i) Urban Planning, Green Cover and Biodiversity (ii)
Energy and Green Buildings; (iii) Mobility and Air Quality; (vi) Water Management and (v) Waste Management. The indicators
formulated are progressive and aspirational in nature. Each indicator not only assess but also provides guidance to cities
to progress. CSCAF 2.0 aims to be Specific, Measurable, Actionable, Relevant and Time-bound. The framework has been
designed to capture the contribution of cities to the national and international initiatives like National Mission on Sustainable
Habitat, Intended Nationally Determined Contributions and Sustainable Development Goals.
Several initiatives have been taken by C-Cube to enhance the framework and the process of engagement with 126 cities.
Various consultation meetings were conducted with MoHUA, Executive Committee and Thematic-sub group members, and
Municipal Commissioners/ CEOs to simplify the ease of reporting of the assessment. To avoid duplication of data collation,
the indicators of Waste Management were aligned with Swachh Survekshan 2020. Standardized templates were given to
cities with description of various data points for easy understanding and faster data collection from line departments. All
the data points were collected via a simplified portal with improved dashboards and guidance. Considering the ongoing
pandemic, strategic handholding support and capacity building was provided to the city nodal officers. More than 1,000 city
representatives were trained through 56 virtual city training workshops and theme specific mentoring sessions. These were
conducted by thematic experts supported by members of C-Cube’s core team. In addition, 8 webinars and 13 podcasts on
climate sensitive urban development were conducted for knowledge sharing. Extensive communication and support were
maintained with all 126 cities through one-to-one handholding sessions in preferred language. On-ground support to 121
cities was provided with the support of national and international partners.
iv | ClimateSmart Cities Assessment Framework 2.0

CSCAF 2.0 Performance Overview of 126 cities
65 Cities
are meeting the prescribed URDPFI norm of
more than 12% green cover within their
municipal boundaries
10 Cities
have more than 15% of their electricity needs
generated through renewable energy
21 Cities
have attained MoHUA’s SLB for the
availability of public transport
44 Citieshave initiated flood/

water stagnation risk assessment
40 Cities
have instituted mechanisms for processing
100% of collected wet waste
87 Cities
have some form of air quality
monitoring stations in their cities
41 Cities
conduct regular (annual) energy audits of
their water supply system
Cities Readiness Report 2021 |v

This report is a detailed compilation of the CSCAF 2.0 assessment outcome across the five themes. Based on the overall and
thematic scores, the 126 cities are given the progressive titles of – Five Stars, Four Stars, Three Stars, Two Stars and One Star.
The assessment presents a transition of Indian cities towards reduction of GHG emissions with 10 cities fulfilling more than
15% of their energy needs through renewable sources and 88 cities converting all their streetlights to energy-efficient or
renewable energy operated. 21 cities have attained MoHUA’s SLB for availability of public transport and 14 cities having
more than 35% of their road network with Non-Motorized Transport (NMT) infrastructure.
Besides reducing the energy consumption through fossil fuels, Indian cities have also initiated adaptation measures through
blue green planning and city level action plans. 65 cities are currently meeting the green cover requirements of more than
12% as prescribed by URDPFI Guidelines (2014). 38 cities have formulated strategies or allocated budget for conservation
and rejuvenation for water bodies and open spaces.
Further, cities are realising the importance to plan ahead for tackling extreme weather events. 35 cities have initiated the
development of city disaster management plans and 30 cities have initiated vulnerability assessments and GHG inventories
to inform their climate action plans. The increased efforts towards improving air quality monitoring are showing positive
results with 87 cities having some form of air quality monitoring stations in their cities.
The C-Cube intends to build on the assessment outcomes to drive climate actions in cities. One of the pathways for
mainstreaming is to build capacity of city officials through targeted training workshops, master classes, e-learning modules,
podcasts and webinars. These engagements not only provide technical and strategic support to cities, but also provides a
platform for peer-to-peer learning.
C-Cube is also dedicated towards promoting data driven and evidence-based approach for policy planning and resilience
building. In line with this, the Climate Data Observatory and the Innovation Facilitation Centre envisaged at C-Cube will act
as a common platform for cities, solution providers, institutions, and various other organizations as a data repository and a
platform to collaborate on climate initiatives. Moving forward, the C-Cube will help bring convergence at national, state and
city policies for building urban climate actions in association with all our partners.
vi | ClimateSmart Cities Assessment Framework 2.0

CSCAF 2.0 Performance Overview of 126 cities
35 Cities
have initiated preparation of
city disaster management plans
101 Cities
have green buildings and are
actively promoting the same
19 Cities
have achieved National Air Quality
Standards with two or more
pollutants
67cities
have initiated water resource
assessment
45 Cities
are scientifically managing landfill
sites, meeting CPEEHO, Solid
Waste Management Rules, 2016
have developed
Clean Air Action Plans
88 Cities
have converted all streetlights
to energy-efficient or renewable
energy operated
Cities Readiness Report 2021 | vii

viii | ClimateSmart Cities Assessment Framework 2.0
Humanity is battling a global pandemic right
now. And, this event is a timely reminder that
the grave threat of Climate Change has not
disappeared. For humanity to combat Climate
Change, concrete action is needed. We need
such action at a high speed, on a large scale,
and with a global scope.
Shri. Narendra Modi

Hon’ble Prime Minister of India
April 2021, The Leaders’ Summit on Climate
Cities Readiness Report 2021 | ix

Building climate resilience is a continuous process and not a one-time
activity. With that objective, we implemented the second phase of the
ClimateSmart Cities Assessment Framework assessment. I am hopeful
that this exercise will provide an overarching roadmap for cities to
move towards achievement of Sustainable Development Goals and
Government of India’s Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs).
Shri Hardeep Singh Puri

Hon’ble Minister of State (Independent Charge)
Ministry of Housing & Urban Affairs
x | ClimateSmart Cities Assessment Framework 2.0

The COVID19 experience has shown us that effective leadership,
empowered local governments and a participatory multi-stakeholder
approach can play a key role in managing crises and strengthening the
resilience of our communities. The ClimateSmart Cities Assessment
Framework will pave the way for unlocking this potential and
strengthening India’s climate response that is driven and led by cities.
I credit the efforts made by the Smart Cities Mission and the Climate
Centre for Cities (C-Cube). NIUA and members of the ClimateSmart
Cities Alliance for successfully completing the assessment in 2020. With
collective effort we will be able to build climate actions in Indian cities.
Shri Durga Shanker Mishra

Secretary
Ministry of Housing & Urban Affairs
Cities Readiness Report 2021 | xi

Abbreviations
AIR - Air Information and Response (Ahmedabad) Electric/Hybrid vehicles
AMRUT - Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban FAR - Floor Area Ratio
Transformation GDCR - The General Development Control
AMRUT - Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Regulations
Transformation GEM - Green and Eco-friendly Movement
AQI - Air Quality Index GHGs - Green House Gases
BEE - Bureau of Energy Efficiency GIS - Geographic Information System
BMC - Biodiversity Management Committee GoI - Government of India
BPCL - Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited GPC - Global Protocol for Community-Scale
BRT - Bus Rapid Transit Greenhouse Gas Emission Inventories
C&D - Construction and Demolition GRIHA - Green Rating for Integrated Habitat
CAAP - Clean Air Action Plan Assessment
CAP India - Clean Air Project in India HPCL - Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited
CBD - Convention on Biological Diversity HRVA - Hazard, Risk and Vulnerability Analysis
CDMP - City Disaster Management Plan ICCC - Integrated Command and Control Centre
CDWM - Construction and Demolition Waste IGBC - Indian Green Building Council
Management IL&FS - Infrastructure Leasing and Financial Services
CNG - Compressed natural gas Limited (IL&FS) Environment
CO2 - Carbon dioxide IMD - Indian Meteorological Department
CPCB - Central Pollution Control Board IOCL - Indian Oil Corporation Limited
CPHEEO - Central Public Health and Environmental IUCN - International Union for Conservation of
Engineering Organization Nature
CSCAF - ClimateSmart Cities Assessment Framework IWRM - Integrated Water Resource Management
CSR - Corporate Social Responsibility Kw - Kilo Watt
CWC - Central Water Commission KwH - Kilo Watt Hour
DBOFT - Design Build Operate Finance and Transfer LBSAP - Local Biodiversity Strategies and Action
Plans
DCR - Development Control & Regulation
LEED - Leadership in Energy & Environmental
DISCOMs - Distribution Companies Design
DMA - District Metered Areas LPG - Liquefied Petroleum Gas
DMP - Disaster Management Plan MLD - Million Liters per Day
DPR - Detailed Project Report MMSCMD - Million Metric Standard Cubic Meter Per
DRR - Disaster Risk Reduction Day
DTE - Down to Earth MoEFCC - Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate
Change
ECBC - Energy Conservation of Building Codes
MoHUA - Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs
EDGE - Excellence in Design for Greater Efficiencies
MRF - Material Recovery Facility
EESL - Energy Efficiency Services Limited
MRTS - Mass Rapid Transit System
ENS - Eco-Niwas Samhita
MRV - Measurement, Reporting and Verification
EOC - Emergency Operation Centre/Cell
MSW - Municipal Solid Waste
EWS - Early Warning System
MSWM - Municipal Solid Waste Management
FAME - Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of
xii | ClimateSmart Cities Assessment Framework 2.0

MT - Million Tonnes SBA - Swachh Bharat Abhiyan
MuDSM - Municipal Demand Side Management SBM - Swachh Bharat Mission
NAAQS - National Ambient Air Quality Standards SCADA - Supervisory control and data acquisition
NAPCC - National Action Plan for Climate Change SCM - Smart Cities Mission
NBC - National Building Code SDG - Sustainable Development Goal
NCAP - National Clean Air Programme SEDA - State Energy Development Agencies
NDMA - National Disaster Management Authority SLNP - Street Lighting National Program
NGT - National Green Tribunal SOP - Standard Operating Procedure
NLCP - National Lake Conservation Plan SOx - Sulphur oxides
NMSH - National Mission for Sustainable Habitat SPCB - State Pollution Control Board
NMT - Non-Motorised Transport SPV - Special Purpose Vehicle
NOx - Nitrogen oxides SRF - Solid Recovered Fuel
NRW - Non-Revenue Water SS - Swachh Survekshan
NUTP - National Urban Transport Policy T&D - Transmission and Distribution
O&M - Operation & Maintenance TCPO - Town and Country Planning Organisation
OEM - Original Equipment Manufacturer TPD - Tonnes Per Day
PIB - Press Information Bureau UHI - Urban Heat Island
PM 10 - Particulate Matter 10 UJALA - Unnat Jyoti by Affordable LEDs for All
PM 2.5 - Particulate Matter 2.5 ULB - Urban Local Body
PPP - Public Private Partnership ULs - Urban Local Bodies
PTU - Public Transport Unit URDPFI - Urban and Regional Development Plans
PWD - Public Works Department Formulation and Implementation
RDF - Refused Derived Fuel URMP - Urban River Management Plan
RO - Reverse Osmosis USD - United States Dollar
RWA - Residential Welfare Association WRM - Water Resource Management
Cities Readiness Report 2021 | xiii

Guide to read the document
Chapter Outline
The report has eight chapters which are categorised into three broad areas as mentioned below.
Chapter 1 - 2 Context, Methodology and Approach
Chapter 3 - 7 Climate Smart Cities Assessment Framework 2.0 Results
Chapter 8 Recommendations and Way Forward
Colour Indication of Thematic Areas

The report presents the results across five thematic areas (the colour codes are given below). Each thematic area comprises of
multiple indicators that are used to arrive at the results. Read the indicators as per the colour codes of their parent thematic
area.
Urban Planning, Green Cover The thematic area focuses on safeguarding biodiversity, conserving water bodies and open
& Biodiversity areas, increasing green cover, building disaster resilience and adopting climate action
planning.
Urban Planning, Green Cover The thematic area focuses on transitioning to clean energy and bringing efficiency in
Energy & Green Buildings
& Biodiversity energy consumption besides promoting green buildings in cities.
The thematic area focuses on transitioning to low carbon mobility besides ensuring
Mobility & Air Quality adequate availability of non-motorized transport infrastructure and public transport. In
addition, focus on clean air through monitoring, planning and implementation of measures
are considered.
The thematic area focuses on efficient water management to address current and future
Water Management water demand besides bringing energy efficiency into water and waste water systems. In
addition, focus on minimizing flood and water stagnation risks are also considered.
The thematic area focuses on waste minimization, recycling of dry and wet waste,
Waste Management
management of construction and demolition waste and scientific remediation of landfills.
Colour Indication of Cities’ Performance Levels

The cities’ performance is presented as 3 sub-sections, - 1) Overall performance, 2) Thematic performance and 3) Indicator
wise performance. Read the performance levels as per the colour codes given below.
Five Stars - Cities that have showcased implementation of climate actions and are
monitoring impacts.
Four Stars - Cities that have initiated implementation of climate measures or have allocated
budgets.
Three Stars - Cities that have initiated climate action planning or have established
institutional mechanisms to enable planning.
Two Stars - Cities that have initiated data collection to conduct assessments or have
established committees to guide the development of climate strategies.
One Star - Cities that are in the early stages and are yet to conduct studies to inform the
Waste Management
adoption of climate actions.
xiv | ClimateSmart Cities Assessment Framework 2.0

Layout for Indicator-wise Performance Description
INDICATOR 1
Rejuvenation and 1 Title of the indicator

Conservation of Water
Bodies and Open Areas
Urban Water Bodies and Open Areas play a critical role in lakes, now only 10 hold water. Similarly, in 2001, 137 lakes
climate change mitigation and adaptation as they help in were listed in Ahmedabad city, and over 65 were reported
combating urban heat islands. They also act as reservoirs for being built over.2
drinking water, retention basins for groundwater recharge, Recent initiatives such as the Jal Shakti Abhiyan, AMRUT and
mitigate flooding, maintain biodiversity and help reduce the Smart Cities Mission address these key issues and provide
Indicator description
local temperature. With rapid urbanization and demand for guidelines to cities to formulate and implement conserva-
built space, open areas and urban water bodies have been tion and rejuvenation actions. The National Guidelines for 2
either reclaimed or encroached for development. Besides, Preparation of Action Plan – Prevention and Management
management and maintenance the unplanned development of Heatwave by NDMA (2019) provides guidance to prepare
remains a key issue catering to environmental degradation. heat island maps.
For instance, at the beginning of 1960s Bangalore had 262
50 Cities
32 Cities
24 Cities
14 Cities
6
Cities
Performance criteria
Cities have initiated
Cities have spatial mapping of Cities have established
not conducted water bodies and Cities have allocated budgets, taken informed monitoring mechanism
assessments to
understand the status
of water bodies and
open areas and have
conducted assessments
to understand status
actions and are at various stages of implementing
measures for conserving and rejuvenating water
bodies and open areas
to review and
maintain rejuvenated
water bodies and
3 Performance of cities
open areas of water bodies and open areas
open areas
Performance Levels
    
Performance of 126 cities

9 For this indicator, 8 cities have extensively mapped water bodies, open spaces and heat islands. Of these, 7 cities are covered
under the AMRUT mission which has been a key enabler in helping these cities to formulate and implement informed actions in
the form of rejuvenation and restoration of these areas.
9 26 cities have initiated mapping of water bodies and open spaces. While they have mapped the spatial extent, they need to
build on attribute information and qualitative aspects to inform action planning. 36 cities (17 Four Stars and 19 Three Stars) have
formulated strategies/ action plans along with budget allocation for implementation.
9 5 out of 8 Five Stars cities and 11 out of 17 Four Stars cities are Metropolises (million plus cities). On the contrary, almost
all participating small towns (8 cities) and half of the medium towns (19 cities) are One Star cities. It shows that large cities have
4 Key highlights
adequate financial and technical resources to implement rejuvenation projects for water bodies and open spaces.
9 7 out of the 8 Five Stars cities are in Uttar Pradesh (north) , Gujarat (west) , Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu (south), which also
host most of the million plus cities. This is in line with the finding that most good performing cities are metropolises.
9 All the 8 participating cities in the cold zones of the country are at One Star and Two Stars stages indicating that they are
beginning their efforts for rejuvenation of water bodies and open spaces. It is interesting to note that these cities fare well in terms
of availability of open spaces (area wise), but lack conservation/rejuvenation efforts.
Actions
AHMEDABAD 5 Click to read more on the

For the assessment of this indicator, all natural and manmade
Ahmedabad heat action plan is the first
comprehensive early warning system and
actions undertaken by
the city
water bodies bound on all sides, listed under Census of Wa-
preparedness plan for extreme heat events
terbody and 6th MI Census of Ministry of Water Resources,
urban & peri-urban lakes under National Lake Conservation in India launched in 2013 and updated in 2016.
Plan (NLCP) and wetlands identified as per Wetland Man- The Plan creates immediate and longer-term
agement Conservation Rules 2017 were considered for
actions to increase preparedness, information-
assessment. For assessing the water quality monitoring, the
Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) guidelines have been
sharing, and response coordination to reduce
considered. The open areas for this indicator are defined as the health impacts of extreme heat on
recreational spaces, planned greens and green buffer zones as vulnerable populations.
per URDPFI (Urban and Regional Development Plans Formu-
lation and Implementation) Guidelines, 2014.
The indicator on rejuvenation of water bodies and open bodies and open spaces have been considered for advanced
areas assesses cities based on the mapping of water bodies, marking. Furthermore, cities that have provided evidence on
open areas and heat islands. The informed actions along with the improvement in the status of water bodies and open areas
the fund allocation for rejuvenation & conservation of water have also been marked advantageously.
Way forward to improve Rejuvenation and

Conservation of Water Bodies and Open Areas
The cities which are in the One Star category can initiate implementing bylaw, notification of the area, constitution
the process for preparing GIS maps of water bodies with of a committee, DPRs. These cities can also consider state
attributes for their area, depth, volume and current status level conservation regulations regarding encroachment
including encroachments. The cities may also prepare GIS and land acquisition for conservation initiatives, if any.
maps for open areas in the city with attributes of area, For instance, the Akrama Sakrama Scheme 2013/14 by
foliage cover, type of land, ownership of land, current the Karnataka government for managing encroachments.
Way forward to progress

status including encroachments and prepare GIS based
temporal map series for urban heat islands. This can be 38 cities (14 Four Stars and 24 Three Stars) have initiated
done through remote sensing techniques (for example, actions and allocated budgets for the rejuvenation and 6
using Landsat imagery) and by collecting air and surface
area temperatures across the city.
conservation of water bodies and open spaces. They
are recommended to develop a spatial database to
monitor the rejuvenated and conserved water bodies
in this indicator
The cities which are in the Two Stars category have already and open spaces over the time and monitor the changes/
mapped water bodies and open areas and are further improvement in the status and quality of water bodies
recommended to initiate preparation of a city-wide a and open spaces as per the CPCB guidelines for Water
strategy for conservation and rejuvenation as per the Quality Monitoring 2017. These cities can integrate the
guidelines for Urban Water Conservation under Jal Shakti strategy for rejuvenation and conservation of water
Abhiyan and also allocate a portion of the budget for bodies and open spaces within the City Development
the rejuvenation and conservation of water bodies and Plan/Master Plan.
open spaces with sub task such as utilization certificate;
References
2.
Centre for Science and Environment (CSE), 2012. Protection and Management of Urban Lakes in India. [Online] Available at: https://
www.cseindia.org/protection-and-management-of-urban-lakes-in-india-7995 [Accessed March 2021].
7
Cities Readiness Report 2021 | xv

xvi | ClimateSmart Cities Assessment Framework 2.0
Contents
Executive Summary....................................................................................................................... iv
Abbreviations................................................................................................................................xvi
Guide to read the document..................................................................................................xviii
1. Introduction........................................................................................................ 1
2. ClimateSmart Cities Assessment Framework 2.0............................... 8
3. Urban Planning, Green Cover and Biodiversity................................. 21
4. Energy and Green Buildings...................................................................... 43
5. Mobility and Air Quality.............................................................................. 65
6. Water Management...................................................................................... 85
7. Waste Management....................................................................................107
8. Way Forward to Build Climate Actions...............................................129

- Way Forward for City Level Climate Actions...................................................130
- Climate Centre for Cities..........................................................................................136
- ClimateSmart Alliance...............................................................................................138
Annexure.......................................................................................................................................146
Cities Readiness Report 2021 | xvii

Credits:
Aerial view of Leh city
by Ashwini Chaudhary, 2018
1
Introduction
Introduction
I
ndia has been one of the fastest growing economies in the world as per the World Economic Outlook in 20201 and 20212.
Much of this growth has been driven by cities and towns. In 2011, India’s urban centres constituted approximately 31% of
the total population, contributing to 63% of the national GDP3, and are projected to accommodate close to 40%4 of the
total population, contributing to 75%5 of the national GDP very soon. An analysis of urban GDP growth to 2035 found
17 out of 20 the fastest-growing cities in the world would be in India.6 As cities continue to fuel India’s economic growth and
remain centres for development, they also face challenges with respect to physical infrastructure, institutions, health and
environmental degradation. Studies indicate that poor planning and urban management are expected to cost Indian cities
somewhere between $2.6 and $13 billion annually.7
With a vision to provide a better quality of life for citizens through sustainable and inclusive development, and cater to the $5
trillion economy by 2025, the Ministry launched 6 key urban missions8, including the Smart Cities Mission, in 2014. Through
these missions, during 2014-2019, Government of India has allocated more than $30 billion9 towards integrated and
comprehensive development of cities and implementing several initiatives for promotion of sustainable transport, reduce
air pollution, generation of renewable energy, scientific waste management, smart water and wastewater management. In
addition, the recently launched Jal Jeevan Mission (urban) and the National Urban Digital Mission focus on universal coverage
of water supply, sewage management and digital infrastructure for improved urban governance.
However, these investments and development goals would be severely affected unless cities address the impacts of climate
variability and environmental changes manifesting in the increasing instances of extreme events such as floods, heat waves
and droughts, cyclones and storm surges, among others. The recently released Global Climate Risk Index 2021 ranks India
as the 7th most affected country from climate related extreme weather events (storms, floods, heatwaves etc.) based on
the recorded data for loss and damage during 2000-2019 in terms of fatalities per 100,000 inhabitants and losses per unit
GDP in percentage.10 As hubs of population, infrastructure and economic activities, cities have been most impacted by
extreme events which are expected to increase in frequency and intensity with the changing climate.
1
International Monetary Fund (IMF), 2020. World economic outlook. [Online]
Available at: https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/Issues/2020/09/30/world-economic-outlook-october-2020 [Accessed March
2021].
2.
International Monetary Fund (IMF), 2021. World economic outlook update. [Online]
Available at: https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/Issues/2021/01/26/2021-world-economic-outlook-update [Accessed March
2021].
3.
Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs, Govt of India, 2015. Smart Cities: Mission Statement and Guidelines. [Online] Available at:
https://smartcities.gov.in/themes/habikon/files/SmartCityGuidelines.pdf [Accessed March 2021].
4.
Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations, 2018. World Urbanization Prospects 2018. [Online] Available at: https://
population.un.org/wup/Country-Profiles/ [Accessed March 2021].
5.
Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs, Govt of India, 2015. Smart Cities: Mission Statement and Guidelines. [Online] Available at:
https://smartcities.gov.in/themes/habikon/files/SmartCityGuidelines.pdf [Accessed March 2021].
6.
Oxford Econonics, 2018. Global Cities: The Future of the World’s Leading Urban Economies to 2035
7.
Mani, M. et al., 2018. South Asia’s Hotspots: The Impact of Temperature and Precipitation Changes on Living Standards, Washington
D.C.: World Bank Group.
8.
Smart Cities Mission, Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT), Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY-U),
Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM-U), National Heritage City Development and Augmentation Yojana (HRIDAY), National Urban Livelihood
Mission (NULM)
9.
Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs, Govt of India, 2019. Transforming Urban Landscape 2014-19. [Online]
Available at: http://mohua.gov.in/upload/5c7faf00eac57UT%20Book1.pdf [Accessed March 2021].
10.
Eckstein, D., Kunzel, V. & Schafer, L., 2021. Global Climate Risk Index 2021, s.l.: Germanwatch e.V.
2 | ClimateSmart Cities Assessment Framework 2.0

The Smart Cities Mission of Government of India focuses on sustainable, people-centric
and climate resilient approach to urban development driven by innovation, digital
governance and partnerships. The ClimateSmart Cities Assessment Framework is an
initiative launched to support cities in assessing their development from a climate
Shri Kunal Kumar lens and further inform data driven decision making while designing their future plans
Joint Secretary & Mission and programs. The framework was developed after an extensive review of existing
frameworks and assessment approaches adopted across the world followed by series of
Director (SCM)
consultations with national and international organizations and experts. This report is an
Ministry of Housing &
outcome of a gigantic cross-sectoral and multi-stakeholder effort to understand where
Urban Affairs we stand and how we can proceed towards building better climate action in cities.
Overview of Urban India
$ 2.94 3Rank
rd
135
Trillion World Ranking in Crore in 2019
World’s 5 largest economy
th start-up ecosystem World’s 2nd largest population
(nominal GDP) (IMF, 2019) (Economic Survey, 2018-19) (IMF, 2019)
81%
Workers in informal
27,668 Number of
56.6 Crores
economy registered start-ups Internet users in India
(ILO, 2018) (StartupIndia website, 2020) (2018)
60
4400+ 53
CITIES WITH MILLION+
Crore
people will be living in India’s
cities by 2031 (The Global
CITIES AND TOWNS POPULATION Commission on the Economy
(Census 2011) (Census 2011) and Climate, 2014)
Germany applauds India for its leadership in making cities more climate-
friendly and more resilient and the current pandemic has shown us how
Dr. Antje C. Berger important that is. We are committed to continue supporting India’s Urban
Councillor, Climate & Environment, Missions and its efforts to find green and sustainable solutions for rapidly
growing Indian cities for the benefit of the people, nature and climate.
Embassy of the Federal Republic
of Germany in India
Cities Readiness Report 2021 |3

Initiating and sustaining cohesive climate action in urban India requires intensive
capacity building of cities, robust research, innovation and knowledge sharing to
leverage the available skills and resources towards meeting these goals.
Results from this assessment will help not only mainstream climate actions at local
level but also create action plans and capacities to address climate challenges and
Shri Hitesh Vaidya strive towards low carbon cities. NIUA established the Climate Centre for Cities
Director (C-Cube) with support from MoHUA in 2020. As cities starts striving towards
National Institute of Urban Affairs climate actions, we will establish and foster partnerships with cities to develop
tools, templates, trainings, technologies to build local capacities to address
challenges on a sustainable basis in the Indian context.
The frequency and severity of disasters have increased considerably in the country. In 2019, we experienced the highest
rainfall since 1994 and the severe heatwave that swept the country put 10 Indian cities among the world’s hottest places11.
Between June and October 2020, the eastern coast of India experienced severe impacts from cyclone Amphan and extreme
rainfall, and at least 10 million-plus cities were severely impacted12 . Further, 43 smart cities in India are facing poor air quality
that poses serious health concerns. Additionally, the CoVID-19 pandemic has severely impacted cities and highlighted the
need for strengthening local capacities to address climate, environmental and public health risks.
Cities are also critical from a climate mitigation point-of-view as 70-80% of greenhouse gas emissions globally come from
cities. As of 2017, India is the 3rd largest emitter of GHG emissions in the world.13 While our per capita emissions are much
lower - less than half - as compared to the global average, it is estimated that climate change will have an impact on Indian
economy if emissions continue at their current rates14. India’s Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), formulated
in response to the Paris Climate Agreement, identify cities as one of the key sub-national actors and include commitments
towards increasing energy efficiency of the buildings sector, developing climate resilient cities, emission reduction from the
waste sector and developing sustainable transportation systems. The latest report from the Coalition for Urban Transitions
(2021) projects substantial emission reduction potential in India’s cities. It estimates that a set of proven low-carbon measures
could reduce urban emissions from buildings, transport, waste and materials for infrastructure by 89% in 2050, saving 1,784
Mt CO2e relative to a baseline scenario15. To that end, number of cities including Pune, Chennai, Indore, Surat, Coimbatore,
Kochi, Gorakhpur, Bhubaneshwar, Guwahati and Shimla have been formulating and implementing urban climate actions16.
However, there is a need to scale up and create a road map for cities to achieve various national and international targets and
commitments while planning and implementing their local development agenda and urban infrastructure investments (ibid).
To build climate actions in cities, the Climate Centre for Cities (C-Cube) was established by Ministry of Housing and Urban
Affairs (MoHUA), Government of India within the National Institute of Urban Affairs (NIUA). C-Cube is intended to support
capacity building and knowledge retention for mainstreaming climate change action across urban India. C-Cube’s work
focuses on six key verticals – P4 Support; Research and knowledge Management; Technology, Data Solutions and Innovation;
Capacity Building; Advocacy and Communication; and Partnerships.
Since its inception, the Centre has also set up the ClimateSmart Cities Alliance, which is a multi-stakeholder group of
institutions and partners to support mainstreaming of climate actions across Indian cities. As of January, 2021, the Alliance
has 50+ partner organizations including international agencies and networks, donors, (I)NGOs, private sector organizations,
rating agencies, incubators, data and technology firms.
11.
Bhattacharya, B., 2020. Is extreme heat making India unlivable?. Livemint, 26 Sep [Online]
Available at: https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/features/is-extreme-heat-making-india-unlivable-11601034638011.html [Ac-
cessed March 2021].
12.
Thakkar, H., 2020. Where’s the roadmap to prevent the next Hyderabad-like flood?, Citizen Matters. 28 Oct [Online]
Available at: https://citizenmatters.in/preventing-urban-floods-the-real-problem-and-solution-22015 [Accessed March 2021].
13.
Sethi, M., 2015. Decoding Urban India’s Carbon Footprint: Spatial Numerical Mapping of Thermal Energy Emissions. JSTOR, 10 May,
108(No. 9), pp. 1616-1623.
14.
Ricke, K., Drouet, L., Caldeira, K. & Tavoni, M., 2018. Country-level social cost of carbon. Nature Climate Change, Volume 8, p. 895–900
15.
Coalition of Urban Transitions, 2021. Siezing the Urban Opportunity. [Online]
Available at: https://urbantransitions.global/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Seizing_the_Urban_Opportunity_WEB-1.pdf
[Accessed March 2021].
16.
NIUA and TERI, 2020. Mainstreaming Urban Resilience: Lessons from Indian cities. Policy Brief, New Delhi

Overview of Climate Impact on India
7 th most affected country on Global

Climate Risk Index (in 2019)
2.8 %
of the GDP could be the
Climate Change cost for India
as per The World Bank (2018)
70% GHG emissions from cities
21
major cities in India including Delhi,
Bengaluru, Chennai, and Hyderabad
heading towards zero groundwater
levels, affecting access for 100 million
people (2020)
18 Smart Cities and 124 AMRUT

Cities prone to high risk of flooding
89% emission reduction potential

through low-carbon measures in
Indian cities by 2050
Cities Readiness Report 2021 |5

Credits:
VIP model road, Surat:

Redevelopment of around 5Km road length into a user
friendly model road that enhances pedestrian access and
safety besides merging the blue and green infrastructure
Smart Cities Mission, MoHUA
2
ClimateSmart Cities
Assessment Framework 2.0
ClimateSmart Cities
Assessment Framework 2.0
I
ndia’s GHG emissions have doubled between 1990 The Union Budget 2020-21 emphasized investments
and 2015 and is expected to continue the trend.1 CO2 to infrastructure by allocating US$ 24.27 billion in the
emissions from the energy sector is the largest driver of transport sector. Further, India plans to invest 1.4 trillion
the overall GHG emissions and the country is one of the US$ on infrastructure between 2019-23.4 With a massive
top energy consumers in the world (ibid). With the projected push to develop cities and drive the economy, it is crucial to
urbanization and GDP growth, the energy demand will safeguard the investments from climate disasters and build
increase significantly and with it the GHG emissions as well. forward looking cities. There is a need for cities to develop
The majority of emissions from Indian cities comes from a clear roadmap for embedding climate change mitigation
industries followed by the energy consumed by the built and adaptation strategies within their urban planning and
environment (28% of all emissions) and the transportation development, including investments. To enable cities in
sector (24% of all emissions).2 taking this informed decision making a holistic assessment
and benchmarking of urban development from climate
While cities play a key role in contributing toward climate lens is essential. To bridge this gap, the Ministry of Housing
change, cities are also adversely impacted by the changing and Urban Affairs developed the ClimateSmart Cities
climate. According to the IPCC 1.5°C Special Report, Assessment Framework, the first-of-its-kind assessment on
India is projected to experience more cyclones with high climate relevant parameters. The framework builds on the
intensity storms, and has higher risk due to extreme rainfall National Mission on Sustainable Habitat and is intended to
and annually occurring heat waves. Cities, in addition to be used as a tool for cities to inform investments, showcase
addressing the urbanization challenges are increasingly evidence of their climate actions and monitor the impact.
tackling extreme events like flooding, heat waves and
cyclones. According to the National Disaster Management The Climate Centre for Cities, with the support of MoHUA
Authority (NDMA), 77 cities in the coastal regions of the has conducted CSCAF 2.0 and is expected to conduct
country including some of the largest and most dense regular monitoring of the performance of Indian cities with
urban agglomerations are prone to frequent cyclones. The respect to their climate action. In order to institutionalize
frequency of urban floods have also increased drastically the process the following structure has been established:
in the last decade and the 2020 devastating flood in z MoHUA is the apex funding agency supporting through
Hyderabad resulted in a loss of Rs.567 crores to the Greater its Smart Cities Mission.
Hyderabad Municipal Corporation(GHMC).3 z C-Cube, NIUA being the project implementation unit
has established the secretariat for ClimateSmart Cities
Understanding the losses and damages from disasters, Alliance and continues to conduct various training to
identifying the vulnerability hotspots, safeguarding urban build the capacity of cities for taking up climate actions.
assets, developing city level action plans to not only build z Chaired by JS and Mission Director (Smart Cities), an
disaster resilience but also adapt to the changing climate is 18-member Executive Committee and 5 Thematic Sub-
becoming a key concern for Indian cities. While the national committees have been formed. The Executive Committee
government has initiated 8 missions under the National provides technical guidance and validation, and the
Climate Action Plan for Climate Change (NAPCC) and Thematic Sub-committees provides technical inputs to
indicated NDCs at the Paris Climate Agreement to mitigate development and review of indicators. Member details are
emissions, cities can play a crucial role in greatly reducing available in Annexure 1.
GHG emissions by addressing energy consumption in the z The ClimateSmart Cities Alliance member organizations
building and transportation sector in particular. associated with C-Cube to provide on-ground support
to cities in the implementation of CSCAF 2.0.
1 .
Climate Transparency, 2018. Brown to Green: The G20 transition to a low carbon economy. India Country facts. Available at: https://
www.teriin.org/sites/default/files/2018-11/BROWN%20TO%20GREEN_2018.PDF [Accessed 26 April 2021]
2.
Sridhar, K. 2010. Carbon Emissions, Climate Change, and Impacts in India’s Cities. India Infrastructure Report 2010. Available at: https://
irade.org/Program%20Details%20&%20reading%20Materials/Reading%20Materials/Impact%20on%20Indian%20Cities.pdf [Accessed
26 April 2021]
3.
Ishaqui, S. 2020. Telangana tells Centre: State suffered nearly 9K crore loss due to floods. Deccan Chronicle [Online] Available at: https://
www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/231020/telangana-state-informs-centre-on-flood-damage.html [Accessed 26 April 2021]
4.
IBEF, 2021. Infrastructure Sector in India. [Online] Available at: https://www.ibef.org/industry/infrastructure-sector-india.aspx [Ac-
cessed 26 April 2021]

CSCAF 2.0 Journey
A first-of-its-kind city assessment on climate relevant parameters
2008 2016
8 missions under the National Action Plan India signed the Paris Climate Change
for Climate Change were launched by the First climate Agreement
Government of India steps
2019 2019
January July
ClimateSmart Cities Assessment Frame- City consultations and trainings
work (CSCAF) was conceptualized under • 9 national level workshops conducted
the Smart Cities Mission. • 350+ state and city officials trained
around the framework
26 organizations supported in the • 27 government departments and
development of the framework and the agencies supported in providing data
ClimateSmart Alliance was established
CSCAF 1.0
2019
September - October
2019 Evaluation of the assessment and final
February review
CSCAF 1.0 launched
2020
January
2020 Performance of cities announced
June
Climate Centre for Cities established with- Institution-
in the National Institute of Urban Affairs in alizing climate
association with MoHUA to drive climate mandate
actions in cities
2020
November
2020 Data Validation and feedback to cities for
improving evidences
June – September
Revision of CSCAF 2.0 based on experience
and feedback from cities and experts
2020
December
Continued support to cities in enhancing
their evidences
2020
September
Launch of the CSCAF 2.0
2021
January – March
CSCAF 2.0 Final evaluation of the assessment
• Compiling city specific
recommendations
2020 • Updating relevant information on the
portal
September - November
City consultations, trainings and hand
holding to cities
• 56 e-trainings conducted 2021
• 1000+ city representatives trained
around the framework April
• ClimateSmart Alliance Partnership Assessment review by the executive com-
onground engagement mittee and sub-thematic committees
Improvements in the framework
The CSCAF 2.0 framework has been improved to capture the contribution of cities to the national and
international initiatives like INDCs and SDGs respectively. This was done by capturing comprehensive feedback
from 16 cities on the evidences and assessment methodology. In addition, deep-dive consultations with the
thematic sub-committee and executive committee members were conducted. The improvements made in
the framework with respect to indicators, scoring, evidence, support, engagement, coordination and the IT
infrastructure are highlighted in this section.
Improved indicators
To avoid duplication and replication of data collation by cities

for various MoHUA frameworks, indicators under the theme of
waste management were aligned to Swach Survekshan. The data
for these waste management indicators were sourced directly
from the mission to avoid dual reporting.
Few indicators under the thematic area of mobility, urban

planning, green cover and biodiversity were merged to enable
ease of reporting. As a result, the total number of indicators were
reduced from 30 to 28 within this assessment.
Standardized data templates were developed to ease the process

of data collection from internal and external agencies. The design
of the template helped in standardizing the data collected from
line departments and other government agencies.
Spatial mapping support cities with better visualization and

analysis is likely to improve decision making. Therefore, in addition
to mandatory evidence, cities were encouraged to provide maps
as an additional evidence document.
The definition and description of indicators and data points

relevant to climate actions were simplified within this assessment
to support ease of understanding.

Rapid pace of urbanisation made cities more vulnerable to the adverse
impact of climate change with little time to act. Smart Cities Mission has
launched the ‘ClimateSmart Cities Assessment Framework’ to sensitize
Shri Lal Chhandama cities to swiftly take up climate-oriented actions. This framework paves
Director - SC I the way for increasing climate resilience and development of sustainable
Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs urban centres
Better Coordination
C-Cube’s core team coordinated and managed the assessment.
6 thematic experts provided technical support to the cities on a

need to basis.
The team was supported by executive committee and sub-thematic

committee members in reviewing and improving the framework
The ClimateSmart Alliance was established one month from the

launch of the CSCAF to support on ground coordination and
climate action
During the assessment, more than 50 ClimateSmart Alliance

institutional members comprising both national and international
organizations working in the area of climate change extended on
ground staff support to 121 cities.
Comprehensive data for green building performance indicators

were collated for all participating cities with support from Indian
Green Building Council (IGBC), Green Business Certification
Inc. (GBCI) and Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment
(GRIHA).
Cities Readiness Report 2021 | 11

This report is a culmination of contribution and support C-Cube
received from Climate Alliance Partners spanning a multitude of
developmental organizations and practitioners from cities, states,
national and international institutions. This report outlines the key
Dr. Umamaheshwaran Rajasekar findings from the 2020 assessment and provides future directions
Chair Urban Resilience – Global including opportunity for increased collaboration and need for
Resilience Cities Network collective climate actions across Indian cities.
National Institute of Urban Affairs
Increased Engagement
Online orientation sessions were conducted for city nodal
officers and the supporting partner coordinators during the first
two weeks of the assessment. The focus of these orientation and
training sessions were to introduce the city nodal officers the
framework, its indicators, our assessment methodology and the
evidence required.
Daily mentoring sessions were conducted with the cities for the
duration of the assessment period. During these sessions the nodal
officers and other city officials got an opportunity to personally
interact with the thematic experts. These sessions further helped
nodal officers in not only understanding the requirements but also
seek suggestions on data source and its access. A total of 56 such
sessions were conducted during the assessment period and over
1,000 city officials participated in these sessions.
Enhanced Digital Interactions
A help-desk to expedite the process of addressing queries from the

cities was established. The desk addressed over 800 queries and
responded to over 2,200 calls from city officials.
Support was provided in 8 different regional languages to city

officials from varied geographies.
An online portal was developed in coordination with the National

Informatics Centre (NIC). Carefully designed dashboards with
enhanced user interface combined with real time updates were
some of the added features.
Training videos on using the online portal were developed to

further help the city officials.

Credits:
Discussion on CSCAF 2.0

implementation in Pune
by Pune Smart City Development Corporation Limited
Credits:
Discussion on CSCAF 2.0

implementation in Thiruvananthapuram
by Smart City Thiruvananthapuram Limited Cities Readiness Report 2021 | 13
Introduction to the Themes
The CSCAF 2.0 has five themes that captures both mitigation and adaptation aspects of various
sectors in a city. The themes have varying weightages in the assessment based on their contribution
to GHG emissions. The five themes of CSCAF are:
ediation
Clean Tech
Scientific Rem mpsite
s
tion
Shared Ve
& o andfill
pera
Pub
Ava ran
Landfill / du
labi fic L
lic T
Pe of N nsp an a e cit
s ed
ilab spo
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Pro We
nologies
rce o or nd y
hicles
ility rt
avai Scienti
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(p
nt n-M t ne bi
ste t of
Tr estr n th
ed i
ag o tw cy
a i
ag ) w tionn &
Wa ten
of
e o to o cle
an D oli tio
en e
Ex
f c riz rk )
m st
t
m & m uc
e a
ov ed
Le
(C Denstr
era
ve e
lo ast ed
Co
ge
fA
y w cycl

ir r
Po d e
C llu & of r
nt ed &
M
Pla lean tio

T Y IT Y
n te r n
Ex ove tio y
W AG %
AN 1
n A
Im (Pl ir A I iza ken b
IL AL c
AS E M
pe an ct re m
ni ta
OB QU % mi der
lm nin io
TE E
en g n ste es un City
tat an a
M R 20
5
ion d W tiv he
AI t ia
) t
ini
N
nt
-efficie
T
T
consu otal electr Energytewater
mptio ic was nt system
n in t ity eme
he cit
y manag
ClimateSmart
1 5 % M E N T
Total electrical energy

GRE
Energy-efficient water
in the city derived
from renewable sources Cities Assessment supply system
E N E U I L DI
MANWATER
EN B25%
Framework 2.0
AGE
n Floo
umptio stagnad/ water
RG Y N G S
f u el cons y t
Fo ss il
in the
c it managion risk
ement

&
eet Wa
i e nt strity stew
effic the c and ater R
rgy in Ex Reu ecyc
Ene ghting n URBAN PLANNING, ten se le
li ree to
ofg GREEN COVER & fN
on gs BIODIVERSIT Y W on
m oti ildin ate -R
r eve
o u
Pr b 25%
W Ma
n g
nu
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ate na
e
Areater
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r R gem
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as
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es en
ctio
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ou t
ee
Gr
rc
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A
Bo nserv venat
en
Urban Biodiversity
es
lim n
s & on
Green tion of

e
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Cover
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at
Co Reju
e
r
ter R
Propo
Cit
Disas

Urban Planning, Green Cover and Biodiversity
Water bodies and green spaces not only provide a better living environment but also help
people to adapt to the adverse impacts of extreme climate events. Green areas also aid in carbon
sequestration and minimising the impacts of air pollution. In this thematic area cities were assessed
based on the measures taken to rejuvenate water bodies and open spaces, increase their green
cover and conserve biodiversity. In addition, strategies, plans and actions adopted to build disaster
resilience and climate actions were also considered.
Energy and Green Buildings
Growing urban population contributes to an increase in energy consumption. Currently, much

of the energy consumed is derived from burning fossil fuels thereby contributing to GHG
emissions. This theme therefore focused on assessing cities on their measures taken to reduce
energy consumption, increase energy use efficiency and transition to clean energy (renewables).
Further, the promotion and adoption of green buildings were also emphasised to address the built
environment as they are prime contributors to GHG emissions.
Mobility and Air Quality
Vehicles plying within cities usually contribute to a significant portion of GHG emissions also
result in deteriorating air quality. This thematic area assessed cities on the availability of public
transportation, non-motorised transport infrastructure along with initiatives undertaken for
transitioning to low carbon mobility. While these measures support in mitigating future GHG
emissions, cities also need to address the challenges of air pollution. On these lines, cities were
assessed based on measures taken to monitor air pollution and develop clean air city action plans.
Water Management
Achieving water security will be the key to growth and sustainable development of all Indian cities.
Climate variability and change is expected to impact water resources especially its availability,
accessibility and quality. To ensure sustainable development, this thematic area focused on water
resource management considering the current supply and future demand. Other indicators in
this thematic area include reduction of non-revenue water, recycling and reusing of waste water,
energy efficiency in water supply and waste water management, flood and water stagnation risk
management.
Waste Management
Urbanisation has resulted in tremendous increase in waste generation. Solid waste directly
contributes to GHG emissions, treating waste / storm water / sewage consumes energy and
indirectly contributes to GHG emissions. Further, the increased construction activity in cities results
in waste that can also lead to air pollution. A detailed assessment of urban waste management is
already being carried out within Swachh Survekshan (SS). Therefore the data provided by cities for
the SS 2019 was used for assessing the performance of cities across selected indicators aligning to
waste minimization, recycling of dry and wet waste, management of construction and demolition
waste and scientific remediation of landfills.

Overview of cities’ performance
To illustrate cities’ performance in addressing climate Marks wre allocated to cities based on the evidences
change 5 performance levels were used. The levels capture provided for the indicated measures across each of the
the progressive nature of cities and provide directions that indicators. The technical document can be referred to for
are needed to build climate actions. more details on the scoring methodology.5
z One Star - Cities that are in the early stages of In order to better understand the performance of the cities,
development. These cities are yet to consider climate key insights based on city tiers, geographical regions and
change or are in the process of conceptualizing climate climatic zones are presented for each of the indicators. 4
actions. tier classifications i.e. small towns (< 50,000 population),
z Two Stars - Cities that have initiated data analysis, medium cities (50,000 - 5 lakhs population), large cities (5
established committees and are in the process of hiring - 10 lakhs population) and metropolitan cities (>10 lakhs
technical agencies to initiate climate planning. population) based on the URDPFI population classification
z Three Stars - Cities that have institutional mechanisms as per Census 2011 has been followed. Geographical
in place, this includes but not limited to functioning regions such as Central, Northern, Eastern, North-
committees. These are also cities which have developed Eastern, Southern and Western regions are considered for
action plans or in the process of doing so. classification of cities. Further, the climatic zones of cities
z Four Stars - Cities that have allocated budgets and have based on cold, composite, hot-dry, temperate and warm-
initiated the implementation of identified projects humid zones are also considered for analysis. More details
z Five Stars - Cities that have showcased successful are available in Annexure 2.
implementation of climate actions and were able
to showcase the impacts/ benefits of such actions.
66
64
31
25
22
9
4
1 0 0
1.0 2.0 1.0 2.0 1.0 2.0 1.0 2.0 1.0 2.0
One Star Two Stars Three Stars Four Stars Five Stars
Performance of participating cities in CSCAF
The CSCAF 2.0 assessment indicates that cities have developing action plans. Cities progressing to the
been able to showcase considerable progress since the performance level of Three Stars have been able to
first assessment conducted in 2019. Significant progress establish institutional mechanisms for taking up relevant
has been reported specifically in the themes of urban climate actions and have progressed to initiate the
planning, green cover and biodiversity; energy and green preparation of action plans. 9 cities have made good
buildings; and waste management. progress by implementing some of the identified climate
initiatives and have moved to the performance level of
This year, considerable number of cities have progressed Four Stars.
to the performance level of Two Stars by documenting
data and initiating assessment studies that can inform
Note: The number of cities participating in CSCAF 2.0 has increased by 30 cities
The technical document for CSCAF 2.0 can be accessed here - https://www.niua.org/csc/assets/pdf/CSCAF_2_Booklet.pdf
5

CSCAF 2.0 55 40 22 6 3
URBAN
PLANNING,
    
GREEN COVER &
BIODIVERSITY
CSCAF 1.0 62 27 7 0 0
CSCAF 2.0 9 57 52 7 1
ENERGY &
    
GREEN
BUILDINGS
CSCAF 1.0 67 15 13 1 0
CSCAF 2.0 64 38 19 5 0
MOBILITY & AIR     

QUALITY
CSCAF 1.0 60 34 2 0 0
CSCAF 2.0 77 37 9 3 0
WATER
MANAGEMENT     
CSCAF 1.0 81 15 0 0 0
CSCAF 2.0 53 5 15 22 31
WASTE
MANAGEMENT     
CSCAF 1.0 64 32 0 0 0
Note: The number of cities participating in CSCAF 2.0 has increased by 30 cities

Performance Levels
Four Stars
Three Stars
Two Stars
One Star
City Population
<0.5 million
0.5-1 million
>1 million
Performance of 126 cities in CSCAF 2.0

0
In CSCAF 2.0, conducted between September 5 Stars
to December 2020, 126 cities have reported on 9

4 Stars
96 data points across 28 indicators under five

themes. The participating cities included all 22
3 Stars
100 Smart Cites and 26 cities with population

64
over that include state capitals and other 2 Stars
interested cities.
31
1 Star


n Ahmedabad n Pune n Vadodara
n Indore n Rajkot  Vijayawada
n Pimpri Chinchwad n Surat n Visakhapatnam

n Agra n Delhi n Nashik n Thane
n Bengaluru n Gandhinagar  Naya Raipur n Udaipur
n Bhopal  Gurugram n Raipur n Ujjain
n Chandigarh  Jamshedpur n Shimla n Varanasi
n Chennai n Lucknow n Silvassa
n Coimbatore n Nagpur n Solapur

n Ajmer  Gorakhpur n Ludhiana n Sagar
n Aligarh n Guwahati n Madurai n Saharanpur
 Amravathi n Gwalior n Mangalore n Salem
n Amravati n Hubli Dharwad  Mira Bhayandar  Sangli Miraj &Kupwad
n Amritsar n Jabalpur  Mysore n Satna
n Barielly n Jaipur  Namchi n Shillong
 Bhavnagar n Jhansi  Nanded n Shivamogga
n Bhubaneshwar n Kakinada n New Town Kolkata  Siliguri
n Bilaspur n Kalyan Dombivali n Panaji n Srinagar
 Dahod n Kanpur  Pasighat n Tiruchirapalli
n Dehradun n Karimnagar n Patna n Tirunelveli
 Dharamshala n Karnal n Port Blair n Tirupati
 Durgapur n Kavaratti n Prayagraj n Tiruppur
n Faridabad n Kochi n Puducherry n Tiruvanantapuram
n Gangtok n Kohima n Ranchi n Tumakuru
 Ghaziabad  Kolhapur n Rourkela n Warangal

n Agartala  Diu n Jammu n Moradabad
n Aizawl n Erode  Jodhpur n Muzaffarpur
n Aurangabad  Gulbarga  Kargil  Palampur
n Belagavi  Guntur n Kota  Solan
n Bhagalpur  Hamirpur  Leh n Thanjavur
n Bihar Sharif n Imphal  Loni n Toothukudi
 Cuttack n Itanagar  Mandi n Vellore
n Davangere n Jalandhar  Meerut
n Smart and AMRUT cities  Smart cities  AMRUT cities  Other cities *Million + population cities

Credits:
Aerial view of Gangtok

by ICLEI South Asia
3
Urban Planning, Green

Cover and Biodiversity
Urban Planning,
Green Cover and Biodiversity
C
ities are a complex system of natural and built Loss of biodiversity can result in several direct and indirect
environments. With 4000+ urban centres and impacts including reduced resilience to disasters (for
some of the fastest growing cities, Indian cities instance, mangroves provide natural protection against
are facing immense urban planning challenges. cyclones and storm surges), reduced air/water/soil
Climate change impacts and the increasing number of quality, changes in pest and disease patterns, changes in
extreme weather events pose additional risk to critical hydrological systems etc. The Biological Diversity Act, 2002
infrastructure and aggravate the vulnerability of residents. mandates constituting city level Biological Management
It is, therefore, important for our cities to adopt a climate Committees (BMCs), preparing inventories for local
sensitive approach to urban planning. This theme aims biodiversity, formulation of Local Biodiversity Strategies
to assess the preparedness of cities for addressing and and Action Plans (LBSAPs). The City Biodiversity Index or
mitigating climate change impacts and disaster risks. It Singapore Index helps cities to evaluate and monitor the
also focuses on nature-based solutions and conservation progress of their biodiversity conservation efforts against
of natural systems like the water bodies, green cover, open their own individual baselines.
spaces and biodiversity in the city for climate mitigation and
adaptation. To that end, cities have been assessed based Another critical step for cities towards resilience building
on formulation of strategies and action plans, integrating is developing city-level strategies, institutional and
and mainstreaming climate actions in the masterplans, governance mechanisms for disaster risk reduction. While
infrastructure DPRs and city budgets, implementation it is understood that the existing framework in India
of projects, and functioning institutional, monitoring and provides for formulation of a disaster management plan
review mechanisms. and committee at the district level, recent experience has
shown that urban centres are at the frontline of managing
Conserving, rejuvenating and increasing blue and green and facing the brunt of disasters. This calls for focused
cover in a city can play a critical role in terms of climate local action to mitigate the impacts of extreme events
mitigation and adaptation aspects by decreasing local on communities and infrastructures. National Disaster
temperature, carbon sequestration, protection in case of Management Authority (NDMA) guidelines of 2010, 2014,
floods and helping recharge groundwater. For instance, 2019 and the Ministry’s SOP on urban flooding, 2017
urban forests can help mitigate some of the impacts of provide guidance to cities on the subject.
climate change by reducing Urban Heat Islands (UHIs)
and heat stress, reducing storm water runoff, improving The last indicator under this theme focuses on a
air quality, and improving health and wellbeing. In the comprehensive City Climate Action Plan addressing
US, urban forests reduce building energy use by 7.2%, mitigation as well as adaptation aspects for cohesive local
equating to an emissions reduction of 43.8 million tonnes action. National and international guidelines recommend
of CO2 annually1. For rejuvenation and conservation of coordinated multi-stakeholder action; applying a climate
water bodies and open spaces, cities may refer the various lens to urban development plans, infrastructure investments
schemes and policy guidelines to promote urban forestry as & projects; and mainstreaming climate resilience in
identified under India’s National Redd+ Strategy 2018, the development codes, regulations & bylaws as key steps
National Clean Air Action Plan 2019, Jal Shakti Abhiyan, Jal in the process. Cities may refer to the National Mission
Jeevan Mission, and the URDPFI guidelines. on Sustainable Habitat that provides the overarching
framework and guidance to cities to undertake these actions.
CSCAF 2.0 has presented a number of proofs-of-concept on city-level initiatives

towards climate-smart urban planning, rejuvenation and conservation of water
bodies, green cover and biodiversity. As cities increasingly face compounded
risks emerging from urbanisation stresses, climate change and the pandemic, it
Ms. Raina Singh is encouraging to note that they are acknowledging their key role and building
Lead, Policy & Partnerships coordinated efforts to address the same.
Climate Centre for Cities, NIUA

1.
Nowak, D. J., Appleton, N., Ellis, A. & Greenfield, E., 2017. Residential building energy conservation and avoided power plant emissions
by urban and community trees in the United States. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, pp. 158-165.

Thematic
INDICATOR 1 indicators and
assessment
6 outcome
14
50 Rejuvenation
and Conservation
of Water Bodies 24 INDICATOR 2
and Open Areas
32 26
54
Proportion of
INDICATOR 3 15 Green Cover
3 12
14
19
16
59 Urban
Biodiversity INDICATOR 4
34 10
11
50
Disaster
INDICATOR 5 Resilience
27
9
7 28
9
5
City Climate
Action Plan
5 Stars
96 4 Stars
3 Stars
2 Stars
1 Star

Performance Levels
Five Stars
Four Stars
Three Stars
Two Stars
One Star
City Population
<0.5 million
0.5-1 million
>1 million
Performance of 126 Cities 3

5 Stars
3 cities (Visakhapatnam, Surat and Indore) are in the Five Stars category under the theme of Urban
Planning, Green Cover and Biodiversity. The 3 cities have a population of more than a million and are
covered under the Smart Cities Mission as well as AMRUT. 8 out of the 9 well performing cities (Four 6
Stars and Five Stars) are from western and southern regions of the country. Overall, cities from the 4 Stars
states of Gujarat and Maharashtra are relatively performing better.
Nearly all the cities are performing well in terms of the extent of green cover and water bodies present 22
in the city. However, the evaluation indicates a gap in implementation of conservation actions and 3 Stars
maintenance of these areas. Cities need to strengthen efforts through regular mapping, monitoring
and targeted budget allocation to address these gaps. On the other hand, most cities - both under the
Smart Cities and AMRUT Missions - are presently exploring the areas of urban biodiversity, disaster 40
resilience and climate action planning at the local level. While recent guidelines from the Government 2 Stars
of India, State Governments and the NGT have been instrumental in raising awareness and initiating
the discourse on these aspects, cities are at a nascent stage of setting up institutional structures,
planning and implementing measures. The evaluation reflects the key role of non-state actors in 55
driving this process at city level. 1 Star


n Indore n Surat n Visakhapatnam

n Ahmedabad n Pune n Thane
n Pimpri Chinchwad n Rajkot  Vijayawada

n Bengaluru n Delhi n Port Blair n Tiruvanantapuram
n Bhopal n Gangtok n Salem n Udaipur
n Bhubaneshwar  Jamshedpur n Shimla n Vadodara
n Chandigarh  Mira Bhayandar n Silvassa n Varanasi
n Chennai n Nagpur n Solapur
n Coimbatore n Nashik n Tiruppur

n Agra n Guwahati n Mangalore  Sangli Miraj &
n Amravathi n Gwalior  Namchi Kupwad
n Amritsar n Kakinada  Naya Raipur n Shillong
n Aurangabad n Kalyan Dombivali n Panaji n Shivamogga
 Bhavnagar n Kanpur n Patna
 Siliguri
n Bihar Sharif n Kavaratti n Puducherry
 Dahod n Kochi
n Tiruchirapalli
n Raipur
n Tirunelveli
 Durgapur n Kohima n Rourkela
n Gandhinagar  Kolhapur n Tumakuru
n Sagar
 Gorakhpur n Madurai n Ujjain
n Saharanpur
 Gurugram  Mandi

n Agartala  Ghaziabad n Karnal  Pasighat
n Aizawl  Gulbarga n Kota n Prayagraj
n Ajmer  Guntur
 Leh n Ranchi
n Aligarh  Hamirpur
 Amravati n Hubli Dharwad
 Loni n Satna
n Barielly n Imphal n Lucknow  Solan
n Belagavi n Itanagar n Ludhiana n Srinagar
n Bhagalpur n Jabalpur  Meerut n Thanjavur
n Bilaspur n Jaipur n Moradabad n Tirupati
 Cuttack n Jalandhar
n Muzaffarpur n
n Davangere n Jammu Toothukudi
n Dehradun n  Mysore n Vellore
Jhansi
 Dharamshala   Nanded n Warangal
Jodhpur
 Diu n New Town Kolkata
 Kargil
n Erode 
n Karimnagar Palampur
n Faridabad

INDICATOR 1
Rejuvenation and
Conservation of Water
Bodies and Open Areas
Urban Water Bodies and Open Areas play a critical role in of 1960s Bangalore had 262 lakes, now only 10 hold water.
climate change mitigation and adaptation as they help in Similarly, in 2001, 137 lakes were listed in Ahmedabad city,
combating urban heat islands. They also act as reservoirs and over 65 were reported being built over.2
for drinking water, retention basins for groundwater
recharge, mitigate flooding, maintain biodiversity and help Recent initiatives such as the Jal Shakti Abhiyan, AMRUT
reduce the local temperature. With rapid urbanization and Smart Cities Mission address these key issues and
and demand for built space, open areas and urban water provide guidelines to cities to formulate and implement
bodies have been either reclaimed or encroached for conservation and rejuvenation actions. The National
development. Besides, management and maintenance the Guidelines for Preparation of Action Plan – Prevention
unplanned development remains a key issue catering to and Management of Heatwave by NDMA (2019) provides
environmental degradation. For instance, at the beginning guidance to prepare heat island maps.
50 Cities
32 Cities
24 Cities
14 Cities
6
Cities
Cities have initiated
Cities have spatial mapping of
Cities have established
not conducted water bodies and Cities have allocated budgets, taken informed
monitoring mechanism
assessments to open areas and have actions and are at various stages of implementing
to review and maintain
understand the status conducted assessments measures for conserving and rejuvenating water
rejuvenated water
of water bodies and to understand status of bodies and open areas
bodies and open areas
open areas water bodies and open
areas
Performance Levels
    

9 For this indicator, 6 cities have extensively mapped water bodies, open spaces and heat islands. All the 6 cities are covered
under the AMRUT mission which has been a key enabler in helping these cities to formulate and implement informed
actions in the form of rejuvenation and restoration of these areas. Two cities each from the states of Uttar Pradesh
(Varanasi and Gorakhpur) , Gujarat (Ahmedabad and Surat) and Andhra Pradesh (Visakhapatnam and Vijayawada)
constitute the cities in the Five Stars category.
9 32 cities have initiated mapping of water bodies and open spaces. While they have mapped the spatial extent, they need to
build on attribute information and qualitative aspects to inform action planning. 38 cities (14 Four Stars and 24 Three Stars)
have formulated strategies/ action plans along with budget allocation for implementation.
9 5 out of 6 Five Stars cities and 7 out of the 14 Four Stars cities are metropolitan cities. On the contrary, almost all
participating small and medium towns are One Star cities. This reflects increased awareness and availability of resources -
both technical & financial - to implement rejuvenation and conservation actions in metropolitan and large cities.
9 All the 8 participating cities in the cold zones of the country are either in the One Star or Two Stars category indicating that
they are beginning their efforts for rejuvenation of water bodies and open spaces. It is interesting to note that these cities
fare well in terms of availability of open spaces (area wise), but lack conservation/rejuvenation efforts.

Actions
AHMEDABAD
Ahmedabad heat action plan is the first
comprehensive early warning system and
For the assessment of this indicator, all natural and
manmade water bodies bound on all sides, listed under
preparedness plan for extreme heat events in
Census of Waterbody and 6th MI Census of Ministry of India launched in 2013 and updated in 2016.
Water Resources, urban & peri-urban lakes under National The Plan creates immediate and longer-term
Lake Conservation Plan (NLCP) and wetlands identified as
actions to increase preparedness, information-
per Wetland Management Conservation Rules 2017 were
considered for assessment. For assessing the water quality sharing, and response coordination to reduce
monitoring, the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) the health impacts of extreme heat on
guidelines have been considered. The open areas for this
vulnerable populations.
indicator are defined as recreational spaces, planned greens
and green buffer zones as per URDPFI (Urban and Regional
Development Plans Formulation and Implementation) with the fund allocation for rejuvenation & conservation
Guidelines, 2014. of water bodies and open spaces have been considered for
advanced marking. Furthermore, cities that have provided
The indicator on rejuvenation of water bodies and open evidence on the improvement in the status of water bodies
areas assesses cities based on the mapping of water bodies, and open areas have also been marked advantageously.
open areas and heat islands. The informed actions along
Way forward to improve Rejuvenation and

Conservation of Water Bodies and Open Areas
z The cities which are in the One Star category can certificate; implementing bylaw, notification of the area,
initiate the process for preparing GIS maps of water constitution of a committee, DPRs. These cities can also
bodies with attributes for their area, depth, volume and consider state level conservation regulations regarding
current status including encroachments. The cities may encroachment and land acquisition for conservation
also prepare GIS maps for open areas in the city with initiatives, if any. For instance, the Akrama Sakrama
attributes of area, foliage cover, type of land, ownership Scheme 2013/14 by the Karnataka government for
of land, current status including encroachments and managing encroachments.
prepare GIS based temporal map series for urban z 38 cities (14 Four Stars and 24 Three Stars) have initiated
heat islands. This can be done through remote sensing actions and allocated budgets for the rejuvenation and
techniques (for example, using Landsat imagery) and by conservation of water bodies and open spaces. They are
collecting air and surface area temperatures across the recommended to develop a spatial database to monitor
city. the rejuvenated and conserved water bodies and
z The cities which are in the Two Stars category have open spaces over the time and monitor the changes/
already mapped water bodies and open areas and are improvement in the status and quality of water bodies
further recommended to initiate preparation of a city- and open spaces as per the CPCB guidelines for Water
wide a strategy for conservation and rejuvenation as Quality Monitoring 2017. These cities can integrate the
per the guidelines for Urban Water Conservation under strategy for rejuvenation and conservation of water
Jal Shakti Abhiyan and also allocate a portion of the bodies and open spaces within the City Development
budget for the rejuvenation and conservation of water Plan/Master Plan.
bodies and open spaces with sub task such as utilization
2.
Centre for Science and Environment (CSE), 2012. Protection and Management of Urban Lakes in India. [Online] Available at: https://
www.cseindia.org/protection-and-management-of-urban-lakes-in-india-7995 [Accessed March 2021].

INDICATOR 2
Proportion of
Green Cover
Protected greenspaces reduce the impact of human Guidelines, 2014, the National Mission for Green India
activities on climate as they help in carbon sequestration, (GIM) under National Action Plan for Climate Change
and maintaining urban microclimate, improving air and (NAPCC), and the National Clean Air Programme (NCAP)
water quality, buffering noise pollution and conserving also provide spatial standards for city level green cover
biodiversity. The World Health Organisation (WHO) and identify key stakeholders for implementing greening
prescribes 9 sqm of green space per capita in urban areas. initiatives like eco-restoration in urban and peri urban areas
In India, this figure varies from city to city with cities like and plantation schemes for pollution hotspots. In addition,
Chennai and Pune having only 0.81 sqm per capita and the state horticulture policies and city master plans provide
1.4 sqm per capita of green cover3, respectively. At the context specific policies and regulations based on the city’s
national level, URDPFI (Urban and Regional Development growth pattern.
Plans Formulation and Implementation) Guidelines,
2014, recommends at least 12%-18% green cover. Other As per the CSCAF assessment of 126 cities, it is observed
policies and guidelines including MoHUA’s Urban Greening that cities have green cover ranging from less than 1% to
26 Cities
15 Cities
12 Cities
19 Cities
54 Cities
Cities have 12%

Cities have ≥ 18%
Cities have Cities have to < 18% green
Cities have green cover exceeding
5% to < 9% green 9% to < 12% green cover meeting the
< 5% green cover the prescribed norm
cover cover prescribed norm by
by URDPFI
URDPFI
Performance Levels
    

9 Cities have performed well in this indicator with 65 cities meeting the prescribed URDPFI norm of 12% - >18% green
cover within their municipal boundaries.
9 The distribution of well performing cities (Five Stars and Four Stars) is almost equal across all types of towns- metropolitan
cities, large cities, medium towns and small towns. Moreover, most of the participating small towns have performed well,
with 7 out of the 9 participating small towns featuring among the Four Stars and Five Stars category with 12% - >18% or
more green cover.
9 The participating cities from Gujarat and Maharashtra have performed well with proactive local governments ensuring
timely preparation and implementation of city planning and greening measures.
9 Cities in the north-eastern region have also shown advanced actions with 8 out of 10 participating cities from the region
in the Four Stars and Five Stars category. The hilly terrain along with conserved forest areas have contributed to this
performance.
9 27 cities have taken qualitative initiatives for maintaining native tree species and density and taking measures to conserve
and rejuvenate green cover under NACP and other applicable schemes.
9 Of the top performing cities, 10 cities are of special mention as they have exhibited qualitative actions in addition to
championing prescribed spatial standards for green cover, namely, Indore, Rajkot, Thane, Pune, Jamshedpur, Coimbatore,
Salem, Varanasi, Sangli Miraj and Agra. All these cities are part of Smart City Mission and/or AMRUT except for Jamshedpur.

Actions
THANE
The Green Thane initiative, implemented
between 2015-18, focused on a plantation
almost 90%. However, the equitable distribution and quality
of the urban green cover remains a key issue, with most
drive and regeneration of degraded forest
cities not monitoring or taking cohesive actions to improve cover within the city limits. The co-benefits
the same. The Forest Survey of India and respective state included recharge of ground water table to
forest departments have outlined measures like conducting
deal with water scarcity.
Tree Census, but there remains a gap in its implementation
at city level (by ULBs) and documentation of the qualitative
aspects like tree density, canopy cover, native flora, etc. Guidelines, 2014. To encourage conservation of native
This may be attributed to limited mandate/guidelines for vegetation and promote green cover action planning,
monitoring and reporting qualitative aspects of green bonus marks were given to cities that provided additional
cover management specific to urban areas. This indicator evidence on list of native tree species, tree density and tree
attempts to bridge this gap by assessing both quantitative canopy density, and strategy for increasing green cover
and qualitative aspects. in the city in line with the National Clean Air Plan (NCAP)
with action initiated for the same. Cities were encouraged
The indicator on green cover assesses cities based on to provide a spatial mapping of the green cover within the
the proportion of existing green cover4 within the city municipal boundary that can help in monitoring changes
boundaries based on the standards set by URDPFI over the years.
Way forward to increase urban green cover

z 26 One Star cities are encouraged to leverage on the » Align with state or national greening guidelines
existing schemes like Smart City Mission and AMRUT (National Greening Guidelines, MoHUA, 2014 and
to increase and maintain green cover. National Clean Air Action Plan, MoEFCC, 2019 ) to
z Cities with existing environmental cells/committees, develop action plans.
horticulture or parks & garden or forest department » Convergence with other national/ state policies
within the ULB may engage with various stakeholders for promoting city and community level greening
and include representatives from town planning dept, initiatives. For example, cities can leverage various
development authority, PWD, horticulture dept., policies and schemes to promote urban forestry as
civil society and community group representatives identified under India’s National Redd+ Strategy,
wherever possible. Further attention can be drawn to 2018. Similarly, the National Mission for Sustaining
document the establishment of the committee along the Himalayan Ecosystem, 2010 , can be referred by
with its activities such as DPR preparations, budget cities in this region.
allocations and record of maintaining green spaces that » Encourage the private sector to increase the green
can support in making informed decisions. cover as part of Corporate Social Responsibility
z In order to prioritize native tree species, cities are (CSR).
recommended to initiate a tree census in collaboration » Engage various stakeholders to foster community
with local stakeholders like the CSOs, nature clubs, level activities such as plantations, developing
schools/colleges. At the same time, People’s Biodiversity community gardens, training sessions for household
Register (PBR) can also be initiated. level gardening/ terrace gardening/vertical garden-
z Cities can adopt various measures like: ing wherever possible.

3.
Imam, A. U. K. & Banerjee, U. K., 2016. [Online] Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4824703/

4.
For the purpose of this indicator, Green cover is defined as man-made city level and zonal/ district level greens; and reserved/ protected
areas as per MoHUA’s Urban Green Guidelines, 2014 and protected areas under Wildlife Protection Act 1972

INDICATOR 3
Urban
Biodiversity
The SDG 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities) and SDG Biological Diversity Act, 2002, came into effect in India. The
15 (Life on Land) outline the need to halt biodiversity loss. Act mandated formation of National Biodiversity Board in
Urban biodiversity provides significant ecosystem services Chennai, State Biodiversity Boards and city level Biological
and any imbalance poses major challenges to sustainable Management Committees (BMCs) to strategize for local
development and affects the lives and livelihoods of biodiversity conservation.
residents. Extreme weather events due to climate change
have grave impacts on urban biodiversity causing loss The Act also mandated comprehensive recording and
of habitats. The Rio Earth Summit 1992 was the first reporting of local flora and fauna through preparation
significant step towards formulating a policy/mandate for of People’s Biodiversity Register (PBR). The role of local
conserving biodiversity. In response to the Convention community and nature enthusiasts is key to preparation
on Biological Diversity (CBD) signed at the Summit, the of this register. The PBR Guidelines, 2013, provide step-
59 Cities
34 Cities
16 Cities
14 Cities
3
Cities
Cities have identified Cities have
Cities have not measures within implemented
Cities have set-up Cities have an
established master plan and other measures and
city level Biodiversity inventory of urban
Biodiversity greening/ rejuvenation demonstrated
Management ecosystems and
Management plans to safeguard/ improvements in
Committee as per the species, and developed
Committee to guide increase biodiversity urban biodiversity in
Biological Diversity a People’s Biodiversity
conservation of urban besides allocating funds addition to calculating
Act, 2002 mandate Register
biodiversity to implement some the city biodiversity
measures index
Performance Levels
    

9 3 cities of Maharashtra - Thane, Pimpri Chinchwad and Pune have performed well in urban biodiversity management.
9 While more than 50% of the participating cities have instituted a BMC and have started exploring biodiversity conservation
measures, most of them are yet to initiate substantial actions on this indicator. In this regard, nearly all participating cities
of Maharashtra have established BMCs and are at various stages of progress in their actions.
9 17 progressive cities (3 Five Stars and 14 Four Stars) have collaborated actively with scientific and technical experts/
organisations as well as the local community. Involvement of non-state actors is seen to be advantageous for strengthening
technical support which is reflected in actions taken by Kochi, Gangtok, Coimbatore and most of the cities of Maharashtra.
9 More than 90% of the participating cities of Northern India (27 One Star and 8 Two Stars) require to step up their efforts
significantly. Considering northern India has a climate ranging from hot-dry to cold, it is important to leverage local
biodiversity knowledge to understand the species type and richness.
9 Along with these, 13 cities in biodiversity rich States/UTs of Himachal Pradesh, Lakshadweep, Andaman and Nicobar
Islands, Imphal, Mizoram, and Meghalaya given their geography and rich biodiversity need to strengthen their actions to
preserve and manage their pristine ecosystems in a sustainable manner.
9 It was also evident from the assessment that none of the participating cities have allocated separate resources for bio-
diversity management within their municipal budgets as of yet..

Prepared under
Kochi Municipal Corporation
LOCAL BIODIVERSITY
STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN
FOR
KOCHI MUNICIPAL CORPORATION
Actions
KOCHI
Kochi has developed Local Biodiversity
Strategy and Action Plan (LBSAP) which
by-step guidance to local departments/BMCs
Funding Support Supported ininvolved
India by in
Project Implemented in Kochi by
preparation of PBR. The CBD Conference of Parties 2009

Supported by:
allows the municipal corporation and other
departments along with the local community
Ministry of Environment,
and 2019 introduced two other tools for self-assessment Forest and Climate Change
Government of India
based on a decision of the German Bundestag
and plan making regarding urban biodiversity- the City to work together and deliver continued action
Biodiversity Index or Singapore Index and Local Biodiversity
for biodiversity stewardship. It includes the
Strategies and Action Plans (LBSAPs). The Singapore
Index is a self-assessment tool for cities to evaluate and city profile, institutional and legal framework,
monitor the progress of their biodiversity conservation actions and strategies, and its linkage with
efforts against their own individual baselines. LBSAPs are
national and state objectives for biodiversity
integrated planning tools to manage internal and external
biodiversity, and build a healthy and sustainable future conservation.
for city dwellers. Therefore, the Convention of Biological
Diversity (CBD) initiatives along with the Biological formation of Biodiversity Management Committees (BMC)
Diversity Act, 2002, provide the fundamental framework and preparation of People’s Biodiversity Register (PBR).
for urban biodiversity management in India. The cities are ranked highly based on other advanced
actions taken viz. calculation of city biodiversity index,
The indicator on urban biodiversity assesses cities based incorporation of biodiversity conservation measures in
on their compliance with the above legislation and policies master plans and other thematic plans, and allocation of
in terms of institutional setup, inventory creation, action financial resources for relevant biodiversity measures.
planning, review and monitoring at local level. This includes
Way forward to enhance urban biodiversity

z 59 One Star cities are recommended to prioritize the legislation can initiate or update the calculation
urban biodiversity in their planning and development of the City Biodiversity Index (also called Singapore
by establishing a city-level biodiversity management Index) to assess and monitor the city biodiversity status
committee as per the Biological Diversity Act, 2002. using the user’s manual . Further, cities can initiate
The committee shall include representatives from the spatial mapping of biodiversity hotspots for better
state horticulture department, state forest department, understanding and taking informed decisions regarding
TCPO, ULB, development authority, civil society and conserving biodiversity.
community representatives among others. z Based on their baseline assessment (inventory/ PBR),
z 34 cities which already have BMCs instituted within their 14 Four Stars cities are recommended to plan and
respective ULBs can initiate preparation of a People’s implement appropriate measures for biodiversity
Biodiversity Register (PBR) with active involvement of conservation and management. This would include
the local community. The revised guidelines for PBR identifying measures to increase biodiversity within
by the National Biodiversity Authority (2013) can the master plan, greening plans and rejuvenation plans
be referred for the same. Cities can also refer to the such as development and maintenance of a buffer
IUCN guidelines to prepare an inventory (all forms of zone between built and large natural areas to preserve
technical reports/studies) of urban ecosystems and biodiversity or also developing biodiversity parks.
species (including International Union for Conservation z All 126 cities are recommended to prioritize allocation
of Nature, IUCN-listed ones). of funds within the municipal budget for various
z 16 cities that have complied with the institutional initiatives related to promotion of biodiversity in and
setup and baseline assessment requirements as per around the municipal boundaries.

INDICATOR 4
Disaster
Resilience
As hubs of population and economic activity, urban was ravaged by cyclone Hudhud with 40 persons losing
areas face the brunt of disasters, affecting development their lives and infrastructure damages of over Rs. 21,000
gains and quality of life, infrastructure investments and crore. Thousands of trees were uprooted causing habitat
environment. In the last two decades, urban India has loss and damage to its only biodiversity park at that time.
experienced unprecedented and erratic rainfall, flash Chennai has faced recurring urban flooding, the worst
floods of high intensity, super cyclonic storms and heat being the 2015 floods which led to loss of lives of more than
and cold waves in many cities across the country including 250 people with more than 1.3 lakh people rescued.6 It is
Visakhapatnam, Surat, Chennai, Kochi, Srinagar, Delhi and evident that cities are the frontline bearing the immediate
Bangalore among others. Floods and tropical cyclones shocks of the disaster along with responding and managing
contribute almost 75% to the total mortalities per year the disaster. These events coupled with the ongoing
due to extreme weather events5. In 2014, Visakhapatnam pandemic has added to the complexity of the challenges
50 Cities
28 Cities
27 Cities
11 Cities
10 Cities
Cities have conducted
Cities have
Cities have conducted Cities have established regular monitoring
established a Disaster
Cities have not detailed hazard, early warning systems to update their
Management Cell/
established a Disaster risk, vulnerability for priority risks linked CDMP, mainstream
Emergency Operation
Management Cell/ assessment and weather forecasting disaster risk reduction
Centre within their
Emergency Operation developed a City Level system to their ICCC measures in city
ULB and conduct
Centre within their Disaster Management to better monitor and departmental plans,
regular mock drills for
ULB Plan (CDMP) as per manage emergency building bylaws,
disaster response
the NDMA guidelines situations development codes to
mitigate risks
Performance Levels
    

9 10 cities in the Five Stars category have adequate preparedness, response and recovery systems in place for tackling
disasters. It is observed that a thrust from non-state actors has helped better performing cities like Shimla, Visakhapatnam,
Surat, Vijayawada, among others. They have benefited via technical support in preparing Hazard, Risk & Vulnerability
Assessment (HRVA) and mapping vulnerable areas, which is a precursor to preparing city disaster management plans.
9 It is also noted that cities who have faced extreme weather events or natural disasters in the recent past have actively
initiated adoption of city level guidelines for disaster management. For instance, 4 out of the 7 participating cities of Gujarat
have shown increased adoption of the DM Act and NDMA guidelines at city level. With a history of plague epidemic and
frequent urban flooding in Surat and Vadodara and the devastating Bhuj earthquake in 2001, city administrations have
shown considerable preparedness for disaster management.
9 A total of 35 cities have initiated preparation of city disaster management plans.
9 30 cities in states of Bihar, Himachal Pradesh (except Shimla), Uttarakhand, Arunachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir,
Ladakh, Kerala, Karnataka and West Bengal that are prone to cyclones, urban flooding and landslides, and 23 cities in
Uttar Pradesh, Punjab and Rajasthan that are prone to heat and cold waves need to be proactive in gearing up their city
level resilience structures considering the increased frequency of extreme weather events.

Actions
VISAKHAPATNAM
Visakhapatnam has prepared a comprehensive
City Disaster Management Plan comprising of
faced by cities. Therefore, there is an urgent need for cities
to not only be able to provide prompt disaster response
risk assessment of disasters and vulnerabilities
but also be prepared better through identification of their and capabilities. The plan details out
potential hazards, vulnerabilities, risk and capacity. It is preparedness, response and action plan with
important for cities to have robust plans in place to mitigate
focus on coastal mitigation measures.
potential disaster risks and “build back better” including
recovery, reconstruction and rehabilitation.
limited till district level with limited ULB level action. It is
The SDG 11 recognises the importance of disaster risk largely due to the fact that the city level institutional setup
reduction (DRR) practices for disaster management. and planning is not a statutory requirement as per the
The existing international frameworks for disaster Act, but only a prescribed guideline. This indicator seeks
management- the Sendai Framework for DRR and the to address this challenge and encourage cities for prompt
2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development-provide adoption of NDMA guidelines.
the foundational guiding principles. The Disaster
Management Act, 2005, is the key legislation for disaster The indicator on disaster resilience assesses the readiness
management in India. It mandates the setup of National of cities/ULBs to tackle natural and manmade disaster
Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), State Disaster events, and mitigate the loss and damages from the same
Management Authorities (SDMAs) and District Disaster by taking actions prescribed in the NDMA guidelines. This
Management Authorities (DDMAs), and provides disaster includes identifying vulnerable hotspots, developing HRV
specific guidelines/SOPs. Any transformative action based assessments, developing city disaster management plans
on the national and sub-national decisions needs to be aligning to district disaster management plans, establishing
implemented on-ground through local government or ULBs. end-to-end early warning system and adopting relevant
The National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) actions to reduce vulnerability to identified disasters. Cities
guidelines prescribe constitution of disaster management are scored based on the progressive steps taken towards
committee/cell and Emergency Operation Centre (EOC) building disaster resilience such as institutionalizing a
at ULBs and preparation of City Disaster Management dedicated disaster management cell that can initiate basic
Plans (CDMPs).It is to be accompanied with a vulnerability disaster response actions, conducting assessments to
and risk assessment for various hazards (HRVA) and understand their vulnerability and action taken towards
detailed mapping of the same. In spite of the robust policy building resilience, besides establishing communication
framework, disaster management initiatives are largely networks in case of emergency.
Congratulations! CSCAF is a significant milestone for Indian cities to move towards

a climate resilient future and adopt sustainable pathways. The framework captures
contextual nuances, complexities of scale and diversity, and the socio-cultural, economic
Dr. Divya Sharma and political underpinning under which Indian cities operate. It can be a remarkable tool to
India Executive Director help cities tackle climate-related vulnerabilities while building long-term resilience.
Climate Group
5.
Ray, K. et al., 2021. An assessment of long-term changes in mortalities due to extreme weather events in India: A study of 50 years’
data, 1970–2019. Weather and Climate Extremes, Volume 32.
Available at:https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221209472100013X
6.
National Institute of Urban Affairs. (2016). India- Urban Climate Change Fact Sheets: Urban Flooding. (NIUA, Ed.) Retrieved October
22, 2020 from Smartnet.niua.org: https://smartnet.niua.org/sites/default/files/resources/FS%203_Urban%20Flooding.pdf

Way forward to build disaster resilience
z 50 cities which are at the early stage of development part of the plan by creating relevant GIS maps. The
(One Star) are yet to streamline city level disaster Hazard, Risk and Vulnerability Assessment can be
management actions. These cities are suggested to documented spatially (as GIS files) at the ward level for
institutionalize dedicated City Disaster Management better monitoring, analysis, and quick response in the
Cell/Emergency Operation Centre (EOC) within ULB emergency situation.
as per the NDMA Guidelines. This would involve setting z 27 Three Stars cities that have a city level EOC and a
up a committee /communication channel between the city level disaster management plan are recommended
city, district, state disaster management cells/authority, to establish early warning systems (EWS) for disaster
district magistrate, revenue departments and technical response which include setting up forecasting
experts. mechanisms with IMD, developing communication with
z All cities, through the district disaster management facilities like SMSs, helplines, and regional coordination
authority/revenue department and disaster z These cities can link the early warning system and
management cell at ULB, can start to document the weather forecasting system to the Integrated Command
annual loss and damage incurred due to disasters. and Control Centre (ICCC) maintained by the Smart
This would include capturing the hazard/event, date, City SPV and/or ULB. Through this, the city can start
number of injured persons, deaths and infrastructure targeting vulnerable people and locations by providing
damage (INR), natural resource loss. Such a record of alerts using GIS.
disaster events will help in understanding the trends, z 11 cities with established EOCs and EWS are
vulnerable hotspots/ communities/ assets, and take recommended to regularly monitor, update and
informed decisions in mitigating future disaster risks maintain the city disaster management plan, the early
and stock-taking of resources. warning system and an inventory of activities of the
z All cities are recommended to conduct and document department wise special task force and their training
regular annual mock drills as capacity building exercises modules.
to develop a trained task force and identify volunteers z Key departments of the ULB in the 11 Four Stars and 10
for disaster response. Five Stars cities can have initiatives to reduce disaster
z 28 Two Stars cities that have established city level EOC risk and/or emergency management action plans of
can prioritise spatial mapping and plan making. The their own. This could include capacity building of the
cities are recommended to conduct ward level Hazard technical as well as response staff for the emergencies,
Risk, Vulnerability and Capacity Assessment (HRVA) precautionary measures required by the departments,
based on the last five years of disaster profiling and equipment inventory, response team shift plans, and
socio economic profile plus community participation also separate funds for the execution. For example,
as per NDMA Guidelines (2010, 2014 and 2019) drainage department should have clearance of storm
covering risk assessment (disaster type, frequency, water drainages prior to monsoon, should check upon
impact), vulnerability profiling (social, environmental, equipment (JCB, waste collection trucks, etc) for the
financial,physical), and also capacity/asset mapping emergency situation. The city should also ensure that
(for quick response).The above step paves way for a the states/city-level building bylaws/development
comprehensive city level disaster management plan controls/codes are addressing the hazards and
to be prepared as per NDMA Guidelines (2010, 2014 vulnerabilities identified for the city. The Compendium
and 2019) and the Ministry’s standard operational of Laws on Disaster Management by NDMA (2015) can
procedure (SOP) on urban flooding (2017). Cities be referred.
are suggested to prioritize spatial documentation as
Every investment in climate readiness is an opportunity to enhance equity,

to build more inclusive communities and protect people in an uncertain
world. This Framework will help cities to seize this opportunity and to
Ms. Lauren Sorkin build and urban future that is more equitable and more resilient.
Executive Director
Resilient Cities Network

Credits:
ICCCC, Kochi:
The Integrated Command Control and Communication Centre (ICCCC)
at Kochi aims to assist with disaster management operations besides
supporting with governance and improved service delivery.
Smart Cities Mission, MoHUA

INDICATOR 5
City Climate
Action Plan
As of 2017, India’s per capita emissions are much lower - 2%-6% in its GDP, predicted to reduce incomes by 9.8%8.
less than half - as compared to the global average. However,
more than 70% of our emissions are coming from urban On one side, cities are key contributors to emissions, on
areas7. As part of the Paris Agreement on climate change the other, they also experience severe impact of climate
(2015), wherein nations committed to take immediate change with various degrees of risk to basic services,
action to keep the global temperature rise below 2oC of infrastructure, housing, livelihoods, health posing a serious
pre-industrial levels, urban areas have been identified as threat to economic growth.
one of four critical global systems that can accelerate and
upscale climate action. In 2016, India ratified the Paris The indicator on the City Climate Action Plan assesses
Agreement and committed under its ‘nationally determined the cities on the basis of initiatives undertaken for
contributions’ (NDCs) among others to reduce the mainstreaming and addressing climate change - mitigation
emission intensity of its GDP by 33-35% from 2005 level and adaptation - in the urban planning and development
by 2030. It is estimated that by 2050, under the carbon- process. For instance, in master plans, infrastructure
intensive scenario India will experience a decline of about development plans and allocation of municipal budgets.
96 Cities
5
Cities
9
Cities
7
Cities
9
Cities
Cities have prepared
and implemented
Cities have established a dedicated climate Cities have allocated
Cities have not Monitoring, Reporting
coordination cell within their ULB, conducted budgets and initiated
established a climate and Verification (MRV)
GHG inventories and HRV assessments, and implementation of
coordination cell systems in addition to
developed a City Climate Action Plan (CCAP) some of the measures
within their ULB mainstreaming CCAP
identified in the CCAP
measures in city master
plan/development plan
Performance Levels
    

9 9 cities have prepared and implemented city-level climate action plans, and are regularly monitoring and streamlining
their climate actions. Support of non-state actors has been observed to be a key factor in this process, for e.g. Surat city
has prepared a Sustainable Energy and Climate Action Plan with the support of IUC (International Urban Cooperation).
Similarly, Udaipur and Rajkot have also prepared a city climate action plan with external support .
9 96 One Star cities are at the early stages of developing climate action planning. These cities need to initiate vulnerability
assessment and GHG inventory preparation. Comprehensive training modules and climate assessment tool being
developed by MoHUA will enable cities to prioritise and undertake contextualised climate actions. Cities are encouraged
to initiate implementation of recommended measures in an integrated and participatory manner to build climate actions
to advance in their performance.

Actions
UDAIPUR
Udaipur city has prepared the Climate Resilient
City Action Plan that includes the preparation
Cities have been scored for setting up dedicated climate
change cells, nodal officers & agencies within the ULB
of the GHG emissions inventory for the city
to coordinate actions with various departments & along with the vulnerability assessment and
stakeholders, prepared climate action plans including identification & prioritization of resilience
mitigation and adaptation aspects based on ward level
interventions.
assessment and city GHG inventory.
Way forward to prepare City Climate Action Plan

z 96 One Star cities are recommended to establish a mapping exercise.
city level stakeholder committee with key members z Cities are recommended to develop a climate action
from different agencies including, but not limited to, plan, in a participatory manner and in accordance with
Municipal Corporation, Smart City SPV, Chamber of national guidelines such as Guiding Principles for City
Commerce, Local University / Educational Institution, Climate Action Planning from UN-HABITAT and the
NGO/ INGOs, Regional or State Level Government National Mission on Sustainable Habitat, to reduce
Agencies such as State Disaster Management and civil GHG emissions and reduce the negative impacts of
society representatives. climate change. This would also include a financial plan
z These cities may document the institutionalization and allocation of dedicated funds within municipal
of committee and climate coordination cell, and their budget for implementation of the climate action plan.
activities (work plan timeline, initiatives/project z 9 Three Stars cities with climate action plans may
reports, stakeholder engagement annual calendar). coordinate with respective state line departments and
Climate coordination cell can develop and implement development agencies for implementation of the same.
a work plan and annual reporting mechanism for Cities can choose to identify relevant/ responsible
activity tracking and performance evaluation in form departments and seek their support for the same or
of meeting time sheets, project reports, and annual can implement the climate action plans through public
reports. Regular monitoring/auditing of Climate Cell private partnerships (PPP) models.
can be done by Climate Experts (State/Central agency) z 7 Four Stars cities that have initiated implementation of
for each year. The City Municipal Commissioner/Officer climate action plans are recommended to periodically
may be responsible for the performance of Climate Cell monitor the same through monitoring and review
of respective cities. framework or third party assessments.
z Further, these cities can prepare a GHG emissions z City climate cells can ensure that climate action plans
inventory for all sectors on the basis of established are reviewed and updated at least every 5 years
methodologies by IPCC, the Global Protocol for (preferably annually) in a participatory manner through
Community Scale GHG Emissions (GPC) and MoEFCC the city level stakeholder committee. Cities are also
guidelines. City is also suggested to conduct a Climate suggested to document this process.
Change Vulnerability assessment along with a GIS z All cities are recommended to initiate mainstreaming
-based map of vulnerable areas/eco-sensitive zones. climate action plans within the master plans and
Cities can seek support from the Forest Department, infrastructure development DPRs to ensure
National/State Remote Sensing Agencies, academia/ sustainability.
research institutions and/or civil society for this
7.
Sethi, M. (2015, May 10). Decoding Urban India’s Carbon Footprint: Spatial Numerical Mapping of Thermal Energy Emissions. JSTOR,
108(No. 9), 1616-1623.
8.
Mani, M., Bandyopadhyay, S., Chonabayashi, S., Markandya, A., & Mosier, T. (2018). South Asia’s Hotspots: The Impact of Temperature
and Precipitation Changes on Living Standards. South Asia Development Matters. Washington, DC, United States of America: The
World Bank Group.

Credits:
Aerial view of Mumbai city before cyclone Nisarga, 2020

by Ambuj Soni under CC BY 2.0 (https://bit.ly/3wFi467)

Actions in the cities
Vijayawada
Greenery Development on Vijayawada Hills

Vijayawada has prepared a strategy for converting a dumpsite into Model Park at Ajith Singh
Nagar and allocated Rs.2.37 crores for the same. The city has prepared a detailed project report
for Greenery Development on Vijayawada Hills with the objective of conserving all open spaces
and hillocks withing the city.
Agra
Action Plan to increase Green Cover

The city of Agra has prepared an action plan to increase green cover in the city by 15%. The action
plan includes current status of green cover and assessment of the master plan of the city to devise
long term strategies for increasing green cover.
Gangtok
Local Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (LBSAP)

The LBSAP of Gangtok sets out a framework and a plan of action for conservation and sustainable
use of biological diversity and equitable sharing of benefits derived from this use. The city has
defined its LBSAP vision as ‘a prosperous Gangtok with focus on climate-smart development while
ensuring the conservation of its cultural and ecological heritage’.
65cities 38cities 35cities

are meeting the have formulated have initiated
prescribed URDPFI strategies/action preparation of
norm of more than plans and have city disaster
12% green cover allocated a budget management plans
within their municipal for rejuvenation
boundaries & conservation of
water bodies and
open areas

Shimla
Multi-Hazard Risk and Vulnerability Assessment (HRVA)

Shimla has conducted a Hazard, Risk and Vulnerability Analysis (HRVA) and developed a city
level Risk Atlas to help stakeholders make risk-based choices to address vulnerabilities, mitigate
hazards and prepare for response to and recovery from hazard events.
Chennai
City Disaster Management Plan

The Greater Chennai Corporation had prepared the first city disaster management plan as
prescribed in the NDMA guidelines. The CDMP has taken into account the vulnerabilities present
in the city based on its geography, demography, history and social and environmental aspects..
Surat
Sustainable Energy and Climate Action Plan

Surat has prepared the Sustainable Energy and Climate Action Plan that proposes actions for
both climate change mitigation and adaptation based on a GHG emissions inventory and a climate
change vulnerability assessment respectively.
62cities 30cities
have instituted have initiated/
a Biodiversity completed
Management vulnerability
Committee (BMC) assessments and
GHG inventory

Credits:
Evening view of Bangalore city,

by Sarath Babu is licensed under CC BY 2.0 (https://tinyurl.com/mcfevf5d)
4
Energy and
Green Buildings
I
ndia is leading the race to meet its climate change (NSM) under NAPCC is targeted towards increasing the
mitigation commitments1. The energy sector is expected renewable energy penetration in the grid infrastructure,
to contribute to 73% of India’s GHG emissions2. To leading to lower carbon emissions besides increasing the
achieve the climate goals, Indian cities, will have to energy usage of urban centres. India is already working
focus on sustainable and resilient actions. With the urban towards achieving 175 GW of renewable energy target
population projected to increase from 30% to 60% by by 2022, which includes 100 GW of solar (JNNSM) and 60
20503 it is likely that India’s residential electricity will GW of wind. This will facilitate the reduction of per capita
triple4. Urban India is expected to build 700 million to 900 emissions as the rise in urban development will increase
million square meters of residential and commercial spaces, per capita energy consumption. The first four indicators in
350-400 kilometres of metros and subways, and 19,000 to the thematic area of Energy and Green Buildings attempts
25,000 kilometres of road lanes every year5. This provides to capture some of the key goals of the above mentioned
a unique prospect for cities to combine the climate goals missions. The indicator assesses the electricity consumption
and develop in a sustainable and resilient approach. per capita in cities, the electricity derived from renewable
energy sources, overall fossil fuel consumption and the
The National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) coverage of energy efficient street lighting in the city.
initiated by the central government in 2008 draws attention
to enhancing energy efficiency, heightening the penetration Apart from the multiple missions, many standard
of renewable energy and driving the construction of frameworks and ratings such as Green Rating for Habitat
sustainable habitats. Additionally, guidance on reducing Assessment (GRIHA), the global standard Leadership in
the energy intensity for municipal services as well as for the Energy and Environmental Design or LEED (administered
construction sector is provided by the Bureau of Energy by GBCI India) and the Indian Green Building Council
Efficiency (BEE). The National Mission on Sustainable (IGBC) are available for cities to promote the construction
Habitat (NMSH) under NAPCC is steering energy efficiency of green buildings. The indicators on promotion of green
in buildings that contribute to overall reduction in energy buildings and adoption of green buildings tries to assess the
consumption by the built environment besides improving cities based on the current and upcoming development.
the quality of life. Further, the National Solar Mission
Roll-out of a comprehensive City Energy Action Plan considering energy access,

energy efficiency and renewable energy integration will improve the quality of
life of the citizens while reducing the climate impacts of city development and
Mr. Kanagaraj Ganesan operations. The city administrators can also evaluate the implementation of
Director innovative low carbon strategies like district energy or cooling systems, cool
Integrative Design roofs and building energy codes.
Solutions Pvt. Ltd. (IDSPL)
1.
Mirror Now Digital, Times Now News :2020. India only country among G20 national to meet climate change mitigation Commitments.
[Online] Available at: https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/india-only-country-among-g20-nations-to-meet-climate-change-
mitigation-commitments/683884 [Accessed 20 March 2021].
2.
PIB, 2018. Cabinet approves submission of India’s Second Biennial Update Report (BUR) to United Nations Framework Convention
on Climate Change (UNFCCC). [Online] Available at: https://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1557609 [Accessesd 20 March
2021]
3.
PTI, 2016. 60% of India’s population to live in cities by 2050: Government. [Online] Available at: https://www.livemint.com/Politics/Cy-
aMfUgL7r9dEAPKIRYMkI/60-of-Indias-population-to-live-in-cities-by-2050-governm.html
4.
IEA, 2021. India Energy Outlook. [Online] Available at: https://www.iea.org/reports/india-energy-outlook-2021 [Accessed 25 February
2021]
5.
McKinsey and Company, 2010. India’s Urban Awakening: Building inclusive cities, sustaining economic growth. [Online] Available at:
https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/urbanization/urban-awakening-in-india [Accessed 25 February 2021]

Thematic
assessment
5 outcome
7 31
44
Electricity
Consumption
of the City
INDICATOR 2
10
2
46 34
Total Electrical
4 Energy in the
INDICATOR 3 City Derived from
Renewable
Sources
14 9
80
26
Fossil Fuel
Consumption
48 in the City
INDICATOR 4
29 10 9
10
9
Energy Efficient
Street Lighting
INDICATOR 5 in the City
23 88
5
Promotion of
Green Buildings
7
INDICATOR 6
6
85
7 4
25
12
Green Building 5 Stars

Adoption
4 Stars
3 Stars
2 Stars
78
1 Star

Performance Levels
Five Stars
Four Stars
Three Stars
Two Stars
One Star
City Population
<0.5 million
0.5-1 million
>1 million

Within this thematic area, cities have performed well with respect to green buildings and are in the 5 Stars
process of adopting initiatives on energy efficiency and transitioning to clean energy. All states and
Union Territories have established green building cells. Promotion and adoption of green buildings
in cities are evident from this assessment. 7
4 Stars
Among the 8 well performing cities (Five Stars and Four Stars), 4 cities are metropolitan and 4 are
large cities. Also, 4 of these 8 cities are also from the Western region showcasing their energy policy
initiatives. 52
3 Stars
All the cities in Warm-Humid climatic zones are either in the Three Stars or Two Stars categories
(except for Pune). These cities need to focus on energy efficiency and adoption of green buildings
to address the cooling requirements of the built environment especially in light of extreme heat and 57
GHG emissions. 2 Stars
Majority of the cities have adopted energy efficient street lighting solutions. Majority of cities have
initiated installation of renewable energy systems in their cities. 9
1 Star


n Pune

n Gandhinagar n Ujjain
n Rourkela n Vadodara
n Solapur n Warangal
n Surat

n Ahmedabad n Delhi n Madurai n Shimla
n Ajmer  Dharamshala n Muzaffarpur n Thane
n Aligarh  Diu n Nagpur n Tiruchirapalli
n Amravathi n Faridabad  Namchi n Tirunelveli
 Amravati  Ghaziabad  Naya Raipur n Tirupati
n Amritsar  Gurugram  Pasighat n Tiruppur
n Bengaluru n Indore n Prayagraj n Tiruvananthapuram
 Bhavnagar n Kanpur n Puducherry n Toothukudi
n Bhubaneshwar n Karnal n Raipur n Udaipur
n Bilaspur n Kavaratti n Rajkot n Varanasi
n Chandigarh n Kohima n Ranchi n Vellore
n Chennai n Kota n Salem  Vijayawada
 Dahod n Lucknow n Shillong n Visakhapatnam

n Agartala  Gorakhpur n Kakinada n Nashik
n Agra  Gulbarga n Kalyan Dombivali n New Town Kolkata
n Aizawl  Guntur  Kargil n Panaji
n Aurangabad n Guwahati n Karimnagar n Patna
n Barielly n Gwalior n Kochi n Pimpri Chinchwad
n Belagavi  Hamirpur  Kolhapur n Port Blair
n Bhagalpur n Hubli Dharwad  Leh n Saharanpur
n Bhopal n Imphal n Ludhiana n Satna
n Bihar Sharif n Itanagar  Mandi n Shivamogga
n Coimbatore n Jabalpur n Mangalore  Siliguri
 Cuttack n Jaipur  Meerut n Silvassa
n Dehradun n Jalandhar  Mira Bhayandar  Solan
 Durgapur  Jamshedpur n Moradabad n Srinagar
n Erode n Jhansi  Mysore n Thanjavur
n Gangtok

n Davangere  Loni n Sagar
n Jammu  Nanded  Sangli Miraj & Kupwad
 Jodhpur  Palampur n Tumakuru

INDICATOR 1
Electricity Consumption
of the City
Growing urban areas and urban population increase India’s average in the year 2018-20 was 1,181kWh per
electricity consumption of cities around the world. capita per annum7. The target for electricity consumption
Electricity generation is primarily dependent on fossil by 2040 is 3,000kWh per capita per annum where 60%
fuels, leading to higher GHG emissions. The global average demand is met from non-fossil fuel based sources8. While
for electricity consumption was 3,000kWh per capita per the per capita consumption in India is comparatively lower,
annum in 20176. Controlling the per capita consumption of it is important to ensure electricity access to all and improve
electricity will lead to lower GHG emissions. efficiency for controlling per capita consumption. To enable
0
Cities
44 Cities
46 Cities
31 Cities
5
Cities
The per capita The per capita elec- The per capita elec- The per capita elec- The per capita elec-
electricity tricity consumption tricity consumption tricity consumption tricity consumption in
consumption in cities in cities is > 4 and < in cities is > 2 and < in cities is > 1.1 and < cities upto 1.1 times
is >10 times compared 10 times compared to 4 times compared to 2 times compared to compared to the city
to the city with lowest the city with lowest the city with lowest the city with lowest with lowest per capita
per capita electricity per capita electricity per capita electricity per capita electricity electricity consump-
consumption consumption consumption consumption tion
Performance Levels
    

9 The 5 Five Stars cities - Belagavi, Hubli Dharwad, Mysore, Bilaspur and Namchi, are growing cities. To sustain their
performance, the cities will have to adopt new and energy efficient technologies as they expand. The average consumption
across these cities is 394kWh per capita per annum.
9 31 Four Stars cities are taking advanced actions in this sector. The average consumption across these cities is 656kWh per
capita per annum.
9 46 Three Stars cities have initiated some actions. The average consumption across these cities is 1,118kWh per capita per
annum.
9 44 Two Stars cities have started mapping the ecosystem to enable climate actions. Average consumption across these
cities is 1710kWh per capita per annum.
9 None of the cities are in the One Star category, showcasing that all the cities have started mapping their consumption and
initiated actions for the same.
9 Based on the data collection, average consumption of all 126 cities is 1182kWh per capita per annum of which, more than
50% of large cities, and more than 60% of medium, small & metropolis cities are using less energy per capita than average
of 126 cities.

Actions
SURAT
Surat Municipal Corporation has an energy
efficiency cell which conducts energy audits,
this, cities need to understand the energy consumption
pattern and adopt relevant energy efficient measures to
promotes energy conservation and renewable
lower per capita electricity consumption. energy projects, and monitors usage of
electricity of entire corporation. The Solar City
An early adoption of energy efficient technologies will help
Masterplan along with initiatives under Smart
in reducing per capita consumption in the long run. With this
intent, the indicator on electricity consumption assessed City Mission has ensured that the municipal
cities based on per capita consumption and were scored corporation fulfils 34% of it’s energy needs
relative to cities with similar population. Refer Annexure 2
through renewable sources (as of 2019).
for population data.
Way forward to regulate electricity consumption

z Cities may consider deploying Energy Monitoring Municipal Energy Efficiency Projects and Energy Audits
Information System (EMIS) to segregate and record to be energy efficient.
major electrical loads for municipal services, commercial, z Cities have various opportunities to develop and
industrial, and residential electricity consumption implement energy efficient projects:
separately. This will help cities to monitor and document » Cities can to utilize central schemes such as BEE
sector wise use of EMIS can be embedded within the facilitated energy audits and situational surveys
existing Integrated Command and Control Centre (ICCC) to identify suitable projects to save electrical
platform wherever possible to help monitor and document energy under Municipal Demand Side Management
sector wise use of electricity consumption which can (MuDSM).
support strategic planning for improving efficiency. » Cities can to explore financing support through BEE’s
z Establishing a monitoring and evaluation cell that can work Partial Risk Guarantee Fund for Energy Efficiency
along the Energy Service Company (ESCO) will enable (PRGFEE). With the use of viable technology to
cities to develop energy efficient projects and investment monitor savings, cities can achieve demonstrable
grade audits as part of BEE’s municipal DSM program. energy savings and mitigation in GHG emissions.
This cell can also facilitate energy efficiency in the existing Financial support through SIDBI’s Partial Risk Sharing
projects. Cities can refer more about Development of Facility (PRSF) can also be availed.
Historic as well as real-time data can be transformative for climate action and
has become a key instrument into building resilient cities. While most data are
aggregated at the national level, a lot of decision making happens at the local
level. Cities need to be empowered with granular and real-time community
Dr. Debjani Ghosh embedded data to provide inclusive decision-making and ensure resilient
Associate Professor communities for future crises.
6.
Kahan, A., 2020. Global electricity consumption continues to rise faster than population. [Online]
Available at: https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=44095 [Accessed 25 February 2021]
7.
Kahan, A., 2020. Global electricity consumption continues to rise faster than population. [Online] Available at: https://www.eia.gov/
todayinenergy/detail.php?id=44095 [Accessed 25 February 2021]
8.
Niti Aayog, 2017. Draft National Energy Policy. [Online]
Available at: http://niti.gov.in/writereaddata/files/new_initiatives/NEP-ID_27.06.2017.pdf [Accessed 25 February 2021]

INDICATOR 2
Total Electrical Energy in

the City Derived from
Renewable Sources
India has witnessed the fastest rate of growth in renewable 36% of the country’s installed power capacity and around
energy (RE) capacity addition among all large economies, with 26% of the electrical energy generation10. To foster this,
renewable energy capacity growing by 2.5 times and solar the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) has
energy expanding by over 13 times from 20159. Production launched a number of initiatives including National Solar
of energy from cleaner renewable energy sources (solar Mission and Green Energy Corridor (Wind & Solar PV) to
PV, solar thermal, wind energy, hybrid-hydel power, small increase the share of clean technologies in the electricity
hydro, geo-thermal energy, tidal energy, biogas, waste to sector in order to mitigate the negative environmental
energy) will be the key for India to achieve its sustainable effects of coal-based electricity generation. These national
development goals. Renewable energy now constitutes over level initiatives envisages to achieve 175 GW of installed
34 Cities
80 Cities
2
Cities
0Cities
10 Cities
Cities have not

Cities’ electricity Cities’ electricity Cities’ electricity con-
demonstrated Cities’ electricity con-
consumption derived consumption derived sumption derived from
consumption of sumption derived from
from renewable from renewable renewable energy
electricity generated renewable energy
energy sources is less energy sources is less sources is more than
from renewable sources is less than 5%
between 5 - 10% between 10 - 15% 15%
energy sources
Performance Levels
    

9 10 Cities have performed well in this indicator with more than 15% of its total energy needs generated through renewable
sources. These cities have championed by increasing their renewable energy capacity by promoting and developing Solar
Parks and Ultra Mega Solar and Hydro Power Projects.
» States like Maharashtra (2 cities) and Himachal Pradesh (2 cities) have set up the renewable energy policies in place
for the cities to improve generation through renewable sources.
» Cities from Union Territories like Kargil, Diu, and Kavaratti have been progressive by using a higher share of solar &
hydro powered energy systems.
» Cities like Surat, Pune, Jabalpur, Amravati and Coimbatore are the examples where the RE generation has been given
priority.
» Hilly cities like Shimla, Shillong, Kargil and Dharamshala have the geographical advantage of using higher hydro
electric energy and also with lower energy intensity per capita have championed the indicator.
9 Around 80 cities inTwo Stars category generate less than or equal to 5% of their total energy needs through renewable
sources. Also, 53 of these cities which are a part of the Smart Cities Mission have less than 2% of generation through
renewable energy. Although systems and processes to implement renewable energy projects are in place, cities from the
states of Kerala, Odisha, Assam, Madhya Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra have further scope for improvement.
9 29 (out of which 21 are smart cities) of 34 cities which are in One Star category that participated in the assessment have
not been able to provide the required information. Efforts to acquire relevant information should be a priority for these
cities.

Actions
DIU
Diu had introduced a Renewable Energy Policy
in 2017 to meet the central government’s
capacity of renewable energy in the power sector by 2022.
In addition, the Government of India has proposed a target
targets on solar power generation and other
of 450 GW of renewable energy generation capacity by renewable energy technologies. Diu Smart
20309. City has been successful to meet its goals
and runs on 100% renewable energy during
This particular indicator encourages the replacement
of existing electricity generation from fossil fuels with daytime and is saving around 13,000 tonnes
cleaner renewable energy sources. Total renewable energy of carbon emissions every year. The city has
contribution in the city was calculated based on the ratio
adopted a two-pronged approach whereby a
of total electrical energy consumption derived from both
on-grid and off-grid renewable energy sources to total 9 MW solar park spread over 50 hectares rocky
connected electrical load in the city. barren land has been developed besides
installing solar panels on the roof tops on 79
government buildings thereby generating
Way forward for cities to 1.3 MW annually. Diu also offers its residents
a subsidy of Rs 10,000-50,000 for installing
increase Electrical Energy 1-5KW roof top solar panels. Due to low-cost
derived from Renewable solar energy, power tariffs have been cut in
Sources residential category by 10% last year and 15%

this year.
z 34 One Star Cities can initiate a dialogue with local power their distribution tariffs through wheeling /banking
distribution companies (DISCOMs) and the state energy arrangements to implement business models such as
distribution agency (SEDA), State Electricity Regulatory RESCO, EPC etc.
Commission (SERC) to improve coordination and data z The 10 Five Stars cities are recommended to develop
sharing to make informed decisions for implementing proposals to actively take part in various Government
recommended actions. of India schemes such as the “Solar Cities” program
z There is huge potential for 80 Two Stars cities to increase of MNRE. This includes steps such as preparing an
their share of renewable energy. These cities can energy baseline for the city, demand-based forecasts/
leverage government schemes and initiatives like the projections for the city’s energy needs and then
Rooftop Solar programme, Solar Net Metering and Grid creating a sector-wise strategy for increasing the share
Connected Wind-Solar Hybrid Power Projects, availing of renewable energy.
existing concessions in transmission and enhancing
9.
PIB, 2018. Press Information Bureau. [Online] Available at: https://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1685046 [Accessed 25
February 2021]
10.
MNRE Report: YEAR END REVIEW-2020

INDICATOR 3
Fossil Fuel Consumption

in the City
Global energy consumption in 2018 increased at nearly of gas. Against an 88% total share of fossil fuels globally in
twice the average rate of growth since 2010, driven by the primary energy mix in the year 2005, the same fell to
a robust global economy and higher heating and cooling 86% in the year 201511.
needs in some parts of the world. Demand for fossil fuels
increased by nearly 70% of the growth, led by natural gas. India’s dependence on imported fossil fuels rose
As a result of higher energy consumption, CO2 emissions significantly, despite the country having substantial
rose 1.7% last year and hit a new record10. The world is domestic fossil fuel resources. India ranked as the fourth-
moving away from overwhelming dependence on fossil fuel, largest energy consumer in the world in 2011, following
and within the fossil fuels, away from coal and oil in favour China, the United States, and Russia. In 2015, India
14 Cities
48 Cities
29 Cities
26 Cities
9
Cities
The per capita per The per capita per The per capita per The per capita per The per capita per
annum CO2 emissions annum CO2 emis- annum CO2 emis- annum CO2 emis- annum CO2 emis-
from fossil fuel sions from fossil fuel sions from fossil fuel sions from fossil fuel sions from fossil fuel
consumption in consumption in cities consumption in cities consumption in cities consumption in cities
cities is >10 times is > 4 and < 10 times is > 2 and < 4 times is > 1.1 and < 2 times is up to 1.1 times as
as compared to the as compared to the as compared to the as compared to the compared to the
city with lowest per city with lowest per city with lowest per city with lowest per city with lowest per
capita per annum CO2 capita per annum CO2 capita per annum CO2 capita per annum CO2 capita per annum CO2
emissions emissions emissions emissions emissions
Performance Levels
    

9 The results from this assessment indicate two cities in Five Stars category, namely Thane and Varanasi fair relatively better
in this indicator. This may be due to the availability and accessibility of public transportation and pedestrian friendly
infrastructure leading to less fossil fuel consumption. Across the remaining 7 cities in the Five Stars category, given their
relatively smaller size, it is quite likely that citizens largely prefer to use two wheelers or use non-motorised transport,
leading to relatively low consumption of fossil fuels.
9 All cities in Four Stars category have relatively small size of population except 5 cities which have a population of 1.5 lakhs
or above. The per capital consumption of fossil fuels in these cities are less due to the likelihood of citizens’ preference to
use two wheelers and paratransit for commute. Also, given their small city size and issues related to parking within the
core areas prevent people from using four wheelers.
9 In Indian cities, petrol is generally used for transportation and diesel for both transportation and electricity backup
(private use of generators). Average per capita petrol and diesel consumption across participating cities are as follows:
» Five Stars - In this category, cities consume on an average 23 and 22 litres per capita per annum of petrol and diesel
respectively.
» Four Stars - In this category, cities consume on an average of 61 and 67 litres per capita per annum of petrol and diesel
respectively.
» Three Stars - In this category, cities consume on an average of 100 and 148 litres per capita per annum of petrol and
diesel respectively.
9 Only 37 cities managed to submit data related to CNG and PNG consumption respectively. This indicates that the majority
of the cities either do not have sufficient infrastructure or were unable to collect data from the concerned authorities
during the assessment period.

Actions
PUNE
Pune has initiated adoption of Smart E-buses
as a clean public transport option. This will
consumed 121 million tonnes of petroleum products, of
which high speed diesel accounted for 40.42%, petrol
reduce consumption of fossil fuels in long
accounted for 11.83% and LPG accounted for 10.63% 12. run and in turn reduce GHG emissions. The
Diesel, petrol, CNG, and LPG are the major sources of buses have also achieved 10 to 20 % rise in the
energy for municipal services in India, leading to increasing
revenue compared to the old buses.
GHG emissions. Vehicular emissions account for a major
chunk of the emissions in India owing to the fuels used to run
them. The share of transport-based emissions contributes This indicator aims to incentivize cities to lower their CO2
in a large measure to the release of GHGs. Fossil fuel emissions per capita per area by encouraging them to
consumption in the transport sector contributed to 17.8% switch to alternative cleaner fuel sources and to lower the
or 245 million tonnes of CO2 emissions in India in 201513. per capita emissions from the consumption of fossil fuels
Hence this sector has been identified as an area which by shifting to lower emitting fossil fuels and non-fossil fuel
needs immediate intervention to see desirable results. The based sources. Availability of data through a single point
Target 2030 envisions that natural gas will cater to 20% source has led to challenges in reporting. Approximately 90
of the primary energy mix compared to 11% in 201014. As cities did not submit data for PNG and CNG. Therefore, the
the country’s energy demand continues to climb due to its assessment across the 126 cities were done based on data
dynamic economic growth and modernization, therefore provided for petrol, diesel and LPG. Cities were scored in
there is a need to switch to a safe, smart and sustainable relative to cities with similar population. Refer Annexure
energy consumption as key means of limiting greenhouse 2 for population data. Additional points were given to the
gas emissions in India. cities which managed to submit PNG and CNG data.
Way forward to reduce per capita fossil fuel emissions

z Cities are suggested to initiate a dialogue with petroleum LPG, Renewable energy). An action plan can be
products distribution companies (eg. BPCL, IOCL, HPCL, developed with the Regional Transport Department,
Shell etc.) to facilitate data collection which will enable for the transition of vehicles (used by Municipality and
them with the implementation of recommended actions. Citizens) towards low carbon and renewable energy
z From our analysis it is evident that cities with improved options.
public transportation have managed to bring down their z Cities can improve renewable energy generation, adopt
per capita fuel consumption. Therefore, augmentation electric/clean fuel vehicles and haul the EV charging
of public transport, particularly based on clean energy infrastructure by participating in the FAME-II program
like CNG, electric etc, is recommended. initiated by the Ministry of Heavy Industries and Public
z Cities should promote the use of cleaner fuels for Enterprises.
vehicular fuel consumption (Example: Biofuels, CNG,
10.
Global Energy & CO2 Status Report, 2019. [Online]
Available at: https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-co2-status-report-2019 [Accessed 6 April 2021]
11.
Draft National Energy Policy NITI Aayog, Government of India, 2017. [Online]
Available at: https://niti.gov.in/writereaddata/files/new_initiatives/NEP-ID_27.06.2017.pdf [Accessed 6 April 2021]
12.
Central Statistics Office, 2017. Energy Statistics 2017, New Delhi: Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation.
13.
Shakti Foundation, 2017. Vehicles and Fuels. [Online]
Available at: https://shaktifoundation.in/work/transport/fuel-efficiency-norms-in-india/ [Accessed 25 February 2021]
14.
PNGRB, 2013. Vision 2030 Natural Gas Infrastructure in India. [Online]
Available at: https://www.pngrb.gov.in/Hindi-Website/pdf/vision-NGPV-2030-06092013.pdf [Accessed 25 February 2021]

INDICATOR 4
Energy Efficient Street

Lighting in the City
Street lighting is a major contributor to the city’s Energy efficient street lighting in India has seen a slew of
electricity consumption. Energy efficient and renewable transformations with advent of the government’s initiatives
energy operated street lighting systems will reduce the like Unnat Jyoti by Affordable LEDs for All (UJALA), the
dependence on electricity from fossil fuels thus indirectly Smart Cities Mission and Street Lighting National Program
reduce GHG emissions in the city. As a city grows, the energy (SLNP), under which the Energy Efficiency Services Limited
needs increases proportionately. Since street lighting is (EESL) has set the ambitious target for replacement of
one of key mandates of ULBs and municipal corporations traditional streetlights. Street Lighting National Program
it is also one of the major contributors to the ULB’s total (SLNP) aims to replace 1.34 crore conventional streetlights
electricity consumption. Further, replacing the conventional in India with smart LEDs. This ambitious goal will make a
streetlights with LEDs in countries across globe, could result tremendous difference, enabling peak demand reduction
in a potential annual savings of 4,300 million KWh, which is of about 1500 MW, annual energy savings of 9 billion kWh,
about 50% of total energy consumed15. and reduction in 6.2 Million tons of CO2 per year16.
9
Cities
10 Cities
10 Cities
9
Cities
88 Cities
Cities have not

Up to 25% streets Up to 50% streets Up to 75% streets
demonstrated the use All streets lights in
lights in the city are lights in the city are lights in the city are
of energy efficient the city are energy
energy efficient or energy efficient or energy efficient or
or renewable energy efficient or renewable
renewable energy renewable energy renewable energy
operated street energy operated
operated operated operated
lighting
Performance Levels
    

9 The performance for cities across this indicator is very progressive with 97 cities in Five Stars and Four Stars categories
moving towards 100% conversion of energy efficient street lights.
» Bangalore, Chennai, Jaipur, Pune and Lucknow are top 5 cities in Five Stars category with highest numbers of total
energy efficient street lights accounting for more than 1.5 lakh installations per city.
» Uttar Pradesh (11), Tamil Nadu (9), Gujarat (5), Bihar (4) and Andhra Pradesh (6) are the states which have managed to
achieve almost 100% conversion rate to energy efficient street lights.
9 10 cities in Three Stars category are from the states of Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Haryana, Sikkim and Mizoram.
9 10 cities in Two Stars category are from Karnataka (6), Madhya Pradesh (1), Punjab (1), Kerala (1 city) and Jammu &
Kashmir (1). Given their progressive reforms, these states have tremendous potential for supporting the transition of
their cities from existing street light fixture to energy efficient street lights.
9 9 cities in One Star category currently have limited energy efficient street light installations. Except for two small towns,
the rest are large and metropolitan cities which can scope existing government schemes and PPP arrangements for
conversion of their existing street light fixtures.

Actions
RAJKOT
Rajkot has retrofitted the conventional street
lights in the city with energy efficient LED in
The indicator on energy efficient street lighting, projects
the extent to which cities have shifted to use of energy
a span of three months in 2016-17. This led
efficient street lights and smart street-lighting automation to energy savings of 60% and GHG reduction
systems for better monitoring, operation and control of of around 7,000 tonnes CO2 eq. The initiative
street lights. Energy efficient streetlights should have
helped the city government in saving INR
lamps with luminous efficacy of more than 85 lumens per
watt. LED and renewable energy operated street lights, 50 million, at the same time providing better
have been successful in improving energy efficiency of illumination and enhancing public safety.
municipal services in cities across India.
Way forward for increasing Energy Efficient

Street Lighting in the City
z 10 Two Stars cities are recommended to improve upon of all streetlights in the city with attributes for type
the existing design and implementation of smart street of lighting (energy efficient and renewable energy
lighting automation for remote operation, monitoring operated) which can further be monitored through
and control of streetlights. This involves site selection the Integrated command and control centres (ICCCs)
(road type/width, electrical infrastructure, location etc), established under the smart cities mission.
an investment grade audit and baseline assessment of z 97 Five Stars and Four Stars cities are recommended
the proposed sites. to focus on innovative solutions including but not
z 10 Three Stars cities are suggested to expand the limited to EV charging units, smart poles with wireless
number of energy efficient and renewable energy communication systems in tandem with renewable-
operated streetlights in the city and implement smart energy based street lighting systems.
street-lighting automation projects. This includes z The non-performing cities can also avail benefits from
expanding the stakeholders network and designing PPP Street Lighting National Program (SLNP) and Atal Jyoti
models/ ESCO models for financing. Yojana (AJAY) scheme for installation of solar street
z All Municipal corporations can create a GIS based map lights.
Rapid pace of urbanisation has made cities vulnerable to impacts of climate

change. MoHUA’s initiative “ClimateSmart Cities Assessment Framework”
helps sensitize cities and empowers them to take informed climate-oriented
actions. GIZ through the Indo German ‘Climate Smart Cities’ Project is
supporting MoHUA and C-Cube to achieve the vision for sustainable
Mrs. Vaishali Nandan
urban centres. As a member of the ClimateSmart Cities Alliance, GIZ is
Project Head, Climate Smart Cities mainstreaming local climate actions across 17 Smart Cities
GIZ
15.
World Bank, 2015. India: Energy Efficient Street-Lighting--Implementation and Financing Solutions. [Online]
Available at: https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/22275 [Accessed 25 February 2021]
16.
PIB, 2020. Press Information Bureau: Government of India’s UJALA & Street Lighting National Programme Complete Five Successful
years of Illuminating India. [Online]
Available at: https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=197275 [Accessed 25 February 2021]

INDICATOR 5
Promotion of Green
Buildings
Buildings and the construction industry together account of the country’s total energy consumption18, energy rise
for 36% of global energy use and 39% of energy-related from buildings is increasing at 8% annually19. According to
CO2 emissions annually17. Green buildings provide some the International Finance Corporation (IFC), 70 percent of
of the most effective means of achieving a range of global the buildings required by 2030 are yet to be constructed
goals, such as addressing climate change, economic growth in India. In a business as usual scenario, buildings would
and social aspects. account for over 70% of the emissions by 205020, thus
posing a major threat to India’s green ambitions. With this
In India, the building stock accounts for more than 40% in consideration, Government of India (GoI) notified the
85 Cities
6
Cities
7
Cities
5
Cities
23 Cities
Cities have imple- Cities have imple- Cities have imple- Cities have implement-
mented 1 measure meted 2 measures mented 3 measures ed all 4 measures of in-
among including green among including green among including green cluding green building
Cities have not
building codes, enforc- building codes, enforc- building codes, enforc- codes, enforcing code
initiated any of
ing code compliance, ing code compliance, ing code compliance, compliance, establish-
the four measures
establishing green establishing green establishing green ing green building cell
indicated to promote
building cell and high building cell and high building cell and high and high level green
green buildings
level green building level green building level green building building committee
committee to promote committee to promote committee to promote to promote green
green buildings green buildings green buildings buildings
Performance Levels
    

9 23 cities in Five Stars category have implemented all four key measures both at city and state level with majority of the
cities to be metropolitan cities.
9 18 cities in Four, Three and Two Stars categories belong to large and metropolitan city with majority of them to be smart
and AMRUT cities.
9 85 cities in One Star category majorly belong to large towns (26), medium (24) and metropolitan cities (26) with northern
region, southern region and western region.
9 41 cities have implemented all the measures at the state level. These cities have integrated the green buildings norms and
guidelines in their bye laws and Development Control Regulations (DCRs). Within these, 32 cities have also implemented
the promotional and penalty schemes.
9 While all the participating cities have a Green Building cell at the state level, 28 out of 126 cities have dedicated cells within
their ULBs to strengthen the implementation of green building measures. Nevertheless, 40 medium cities belonging to
Madhya Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, North-Eastern states and Union Territories are yet to establish a city
level unit for implementation and monitoring of green building measures.

Actions
WARANGAL
Warangal has included Energy Conservation
Building Codes (ECBC) in its building bye laws
National Building Code (NBC), 2016, Energy Conservation
of Building Codes (ECBC), 2007 and Eco-Niwas Samhita
and also established green building cells/
(ENS) 2018 in order to encourage the construction and use committees at local level. The Telangana
of green and energy efficient buildings. Besides, various Energy Conservation Building Code Guidelines
green building rating systems monitoring and measuring
(TSECBC) has prescribed compliance
the adoption and promotion include Bureau of Energy
Efficiency (BEE), Leadership in Energy & Environmental guidelines for adoption of ECBC in building
Design (LEED), Excellence in Design for Greater Efficiencies codes and building permission systems at
(EDGE), Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment
ULB level.
(GRIHA), Indian Green Building Council (IGBC), Green and
Eco-friendly Movement (GEM).
green building committee acting as strategic advisory
The indicator on promotion of green buildings addresses and promotional/ penalty schemes available for code
four key measures on green buildings that indicates the compliance, pre- certification, certification of green
readiness of the city regarding its compliance procedures, buildings. Since cities were facing trouble in collating the
penalty/ reward schemes, stakeholder co-operation for NBC, ECBC and ENS approval information, all data for this
promotion of new and existing green and construction indicator was secured directly from green building approval
of energy efficient buildings. The other measures include agencies within the country. This also ensured the validity
institutionalizing a green building cell at the ULB level for of the information analysed and reduced the additional
knowledge dissemination, and a functioning high-level burden on the cities for reporting on this indicator.
Way forward for the Promotion of Green Buildings

z 40 Cities are recommended to adopt Part 11 (approach public institutions (school, colleges, hospitals), and
to sustainability) in NBC 2016 or ECBC 2017 or Eco- private sector.
Niwas Samhita 2018 in their building rules/bye-laws/ z 100 cities that have green building cells or green building
development control regulations. committee at the state level but not at city level can aim
z 45 cities that have not started the practice of to establish green building committees at the city level to
promotional/ penalty schemes for the code compliance, promote implementation of measures including strategic
pre-certification and certification of green buildings can and technical guidance. The committee may include
initiate this measure. representatives from PWD, relevant government
z 49 cities that have not utilized the green building department representatives, city planners, building
incentives available at the state level can start architects, construction developers, material suppliers,
promotional awareness raising campaigns for third party certification agencies, consultants and other
community, government buildings/institutions, other relevant green building stakeholders.
17.
UN Environment and International Energy Agency, 2017. Towards a zero emissions, efficient and resilient buildings and construction
sector. [Online]
Available at: https://www.worldgbc.org/sites/default/files/UNEP%20188_GABC_en%20%28web%29.pdf [Accessed 25 February
2021]
18.
Soi, U. & Ahuja, M., 2020. The case for green buildings in India. [Online]
Available at: https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/case-green-buildings-india/ [Accessed 25 February 2021]
19.
Khosla, R. & Janda, K. B., 2018. India’s building stock: towards energy and climate change solutions. [Online]
Available at: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09613218.2019.1522482 [Accessed 25 February 2021]
20.
McKinsey & Company, 2010. India’s Urban Awakening: Building inclusive cities, sustaining economic growth. [Online]
Available at: https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/urbanization/urban-awakening-in-india [Accessed 25 February 2021]

INDICATOR 6
Green Building
Adoption
Buildings account for more than 40% of India’s total change plays a critical role in India’s actions towards
energy consumption, 20% of the raw material use, 20% addressing climate risks and achieving sustainable
of water use, and 20% of land use in cities21. They are also development goals.
responsible for 40% of total carbon emissions, 30% of solid
waste generation, and 20% of water effluents (ibid). Studies Currently, India’s ‘Green Buildings’, constitute for only 5%
indicate that the energy use from buildings is increasing at of the building market23. However, current evidence shows
8% annually and, in a business-as-usual scenario buildings promising potential in reduction of energy consumption and
would account for over 70% of emissions by 205022. The emissions through appropriate policies and implementation
growth of buildings sector and its contribution to climate procedures in place. A study indicates that the national
25 Cities
78 Cities
12 Cities
4
Cities
7
Cities
The occupant load in The occupant load in The occupant load in The occupant load in
green buildings is green buildings is green buildings is green buildings is
No indication of green
1-200 persons 201-400 persons 401-600 persons >600 persons
buildings in the city
for every 10,000 for every 10,000 for every 10,000 for every 10,000
population population population population
Performance Levels
    

9 7 cities in Five Stars category are performing well with relatively high green building adoption factor. Out of these, 4 are
metropolitan cities and 3 are large cities.
9 4 cities in Four Stars category are mostly metropolitan (1), medium sized cities (2) and small towns(1). The average green
building adoption factor per 10,000 population in this category is 468.
9 12 cities in Three Stars category are mostly metropolitan cities (5) with majority being Smart and AMRUT cities that are
likely to have initiated the adoption of green buildings under these missions. However, they will need dedicated efforts to
take progress in improving their green building adoption
9 With 78 cities in Two Stars category, it is evident that majority of the participating cities are progressing towards improved
green building adoption.
» This includes 50% of the participating metropolitan and large cities that are mostly from the northern, western and
southern regions of the country.
» Over 75% of the cities in this category are from the composite or warm-humid climatic zone and can greatly contribute
towards GHG reduction by addressing the heating and cooling requirements of their buildings.
9 50% of the cities in One Star category are medium sized cities. 22 out of 25 cities in One Star category are from composite
and warm humid climatic zone and focus on green buildings can help reduce cooling requirements in the buildings.

Actions
CHANDIGARH
Chandigarh master plan has encouraged
adoption of the green building rating system
power demand can be reduced by as much as 25 per cent
in 2030 by improving energy efficiency of buildings and
and design concepts in line with the Energy
operations24. Conservation Building Code (ECBC), 2007. The
administration has also adopted the CPWD
This indicator focuses on the adoption of green building
guidelines for placing a minimum three-star
wherein cities are assessed based on the ratio of green
buildings to the total number of buildings approved for GRIHA rating in all public buildings in the
construction and occupancy in the city for the assessment future.
year. Data for this indicator was centrally collected from
the central green building councils/rating agencies - BEE,
IGBC, GRIHA and GBCI.
Way forward for Green Buildings Adoption

z Cities are recommended to create a green building Group (LIG) and Medium Income Group (MIG) housings
cell or committee consisting of stakeholders like ULB to increase the green building penetration and also
green building cell, PWD, city planners, architects, to aid awareness amongst citizens to rent/purchase
developers, material suppliers, and other relevant energy efficient or green buildings.
stakeholders to promote green building development z Cities can consider implementing incentive programs
through knowledge dissemination and construction like fast-track approval, extra FAR, property tax rebate,
of demonstration projects. The tasks can include EIA approvals, and other benefits (Towards building
awareness programs to the stakeholders, advertisement developers and end users) for the development of
to the public, constructing/retrofitting buildings for energy efficient buildings.
ECBC/ENS Compliance or Green building certification. z Cities may regulate the building approval process with
z Cities can start capitalizing on the technical assistance the rules and regulations for compliance with ECBC
available at the state level from ECBC Cells and other and ENS. It is also suggested to put in place an effective
government schemes like PMAY(U) and AMRUT. enforcement system into the online building approval
z Cities are suggested to initiate the ECBC/ ENS system.
Compliance and/or green building certification for the z Cities may initiate discussions with third party building
government buildings, institutional buildings such as certification agencies, planners, architects, engineers,
schools, colleges and hospitals and residential buildings developers and vendor OEMs who support the
constructed or promoted by ULBs such as Low Income construction of green buildings in the city.
21.
The Economic Times, 2012. Nearly 70% of building stock that will be there in 2030 is yet to be built in India.[Online]
Available at: https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/realty-trends/nearly-70-of-building-stock-that-will-be-there-in-2030-is-yet-to-be-
built-in-india/articleshow/14732400.cms [Accessed 8 April 2021]
22.
U.S. Energy Information Administration, 2010. Buildings energy consumption in India is expected to increase faster than in other
regions. [Online]
Available at: https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=33252 [Accessed 8 April 2021]
23.
(IFC) International Finance Corporation - World Bank Group, GREEN BUILDINGS MARKET INTELLIGENCE. [Online]
Available at: https://edgebuildings.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/India-Green-Building-Market-Intelligence.pdf [Accessed 9 April
2021]
24.
7 Down To Earth, 2012. Construction boom will make cities unliveable. [Online]
Available at: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/construction-boom-will-make-cities-unliveable-centre-for-science-and-environ-
ment-3854 [Accessed 9 April 2021]

Credits:
Pimpri Chinchwad:
This is the Pimpri Chinchwad New Town Development Authority building
with 5 star certification under the GRIHA green building rating system.
The design concentrates on natural ventilation, bringing higher efficiency
of electro mechanical system installed and utilization of renewable energy
system in the building.
by TERI and GRIHA

Tirupati
Solar Energy Generation through efficient usage of land, water and rooftop surface
To contribute towards national goals of GHG reduction, Tirupati has undertaken a giant leap
towards renewable source of energy through “11 MW Solar Power projects”. The projects
include rooftop solar installations and land based solar park along with an innovating floating
solar park at at Kailashgiri Reservoir.
Pimpri Chinchwad
GRIHA rated development authority building

The Pimpri Chinchwad municipal corporation has adopted GRIHA, the national rating system
for green buildings in India, with the objective of promoting sustainable development and
wise use of natural resources. Incentives like discounted premium for developers and reduced
property tax for home owners have been implemented to promote adoption of green buildings.
The Pimpri Chinchwad Navnagar Development Authority building designed in 2008 is also a
certified green building which is naturally ventilated and runs on solar energy.
Nagpur
Project green light

Nagpur has initiated retrofitting the existing conventional street lighting system with LED
lights that has resulted in energy savings of more than 40% of electricity annually and has led
to reduction in carbon footprints. It is one of the largest environmental friendly LED (Light
Emitting Diode) lights project ever undertaken by a city with an aim to replace 1,36,000
streetlights.
All States and

88cities
Average electricity
consumption per UTs
capita per annum have established
Five Stars cities – green building cells
394 kWh have converted
Two Stars cities –
all streetlights to
1710 kWh energy-efficient or
renewable energy
operated

Climate action has to become the measure of the health of an economy and its
resilience. Cities need to lead the way in structuring this as an integrated effort
Ms. Shruti Narayan part of their budgets ensuring inclusive stakeholder consultation and leading to
Regional Director job creation and quality of life.
South and West Asia
C40 Cities
CSCAF being a first-of-its-kind city assessment framework on climate relevant

parameters for Indian cities, has addressed unique challenges and brought out
the environmental responsiveness in participating cities. Going forward it shall
provide directions to enhance energy and water efficiency, waste management Ms. Mili Majumdar
and improve urban mobility and air quality in Indian Cities. GBCI is very Managing Director
honored to have been a part of this key initiative.
GBCI, India and Senior
VP,USGBC,USA
GIZ is committed to support India in the areas of Climate Change and

Sustainable Urban Development. In close cooperation with the Ministry, States
Mr. Ernst Doering and Cities, GIZ jointly-develops customised solutions to meet local needs and
Cluster Coordinator, achieve sustainable, climate relevant and inclusive development.
Sustainable Urban & Industrial
Development Cluster, GIZ
101cities 10cities
Average fuel
consumption (MS &
HSD) per capita per
annum
Five Stars cities –
have green buildings have more than 15%
and are actively
22 litres of their electricity
Three Stars cities –
promoting the same needs generated
124 litres through renewable
energy

Credits:
Chennai:
A pedestrian plaza with the aim of utilizing the additional road space to
incorporate all essential pedestrian amenities besides creating a traffic-
free social space has been developed at Sir Thyagaraya Nagar
by Chennai Smart City Corporation
5

T
he mobility requirements are bound to increase and Bus Rapid Transit System (BRTS). State departments
with the projected urbanization trend in cities are identifying gaps in infrastructure to approve funds for
and this entails increased CO2 emissions, a key city-level schemes. While cities recognize the significance
contributor to climate change. The SDG 11 and need for efficient and sustainable transport systems,
acknowledges the role of sustainable urban transport transitioning into low carbon mobility requires holistic
in achieving targets of Paris Agreement. In India, 13% of planning and dedicated implementation.
CO2 emissions is attributed to the transport sector and
this is three times the emissions since 19901.Increasing Besides reducing CO2 emissions from the transport sector,
CO2 deteriorates the air quality and cities are beginning to cities need to focus on improving their air quality. In order to
experience its adverse impact, especially on human health. understand this concern, cities need to monitor air quality
Cities and the urban residents are, thus, both contributors regularly besides identifying the sources of pollution. With
and victims of poor air quality. Focus on urban mobility can this information, cities can develop clean air action plans
help address not only transport related challenges but also and further adopt sector specific actions to control air
mitigate climate change and improve air quality paving the pollution. Improvements in air quality would have the dual
way for sustainable and resilient cities. benefits for cities to achieve sustainable development goals
in mitigating climate change and improving the quality of
Cities are on the course of mobility transformation and lives.
central government policies and schemes such as the
National Urban Transport Policy (NUTP) 2014, Atal Under this theme, cities are assessed on measures
Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation taken to transition towards low carbon mobility along
(AMRUT), Automotive Mission Plan 2026 and Faster with improving the coverage of public transport and
Adoption and Manufacturing of Electric/Hybrid (FAME) infrastructure for non-motorized transport. Cities are also
India are supporting and guiding cities in the process. Under assessed based on the steps taken to monitor air quality
AMRUT, cities are improving non-motorized transport and measures initiated towards developing clean air action
infrastructure like footpaths and walkways and developing plans and implementing some of the actions.
infrastructure for Multimodal Integrated Transit (MRT)
As the world grapples with climate change, India’s growing cities will not only
become significant contributors of GHG emissions but will also be adversely
impacted by extreme weather events. India’s efforts at building future cities will,
Dr. O.P. Agarwal
therefore, need to be climate conscious, inclusive and resilient.
CEO
WRI India
CSCAF is an innovative program that integrates air quality within a climate

framework, thus highlighting the co-benefit approach. It mainstreams
addressing air pollution in the city development process, to drive data
generation, communication, and mitigation activities for clean air. It sets an
example of including air quality within a structured multi-year program that can Ms. Prarthana Borah
track air quality management progress and highlight solutions. India Director
Clean Air Asia

1.
S, Ralph et. al, 2014. Transport. In: Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth
Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and
New York, NY, USA.Available at: https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/ipcc_wg3_ar5_chapter8.pdf[Accessed 31 March
2021]

Thematic
assessment
16
outcome
2
3
14
Clean Technologies
Shared Vehicles INDICATOR 2
21
91
9
50
Availability of
INDICATOR 3 Public Transport
16
6
8
30
Percentage of
coverage of Non-
8
Motorized Transport
network (pedestrian INDICATOR 4
and bicycle) in the
94 city 10
13
44 14
Level of
Air Pollution
INDICATOR 5 (Monitoring)
30
1
23
39 25
Clean Air
Action Plan 15
(Planning and
Implementation) 5 Stars
4 Stars
3 Stars
48 2 Stars
1 Star

Performance Levels
Four Stars
Three Stars
Two Stars
One Star
City Population
<0.5 million
0.5-1 million
>1 million
Performance of 126 Cities

0
5 cities have shown progress and are at Four Stars category. These are metropolitan cities which are 5 Stars
actively leveraging Smart City Mission for their mobility needs.
Almost 50% of the participating cities (57 cities) are in Two Stars and Three Stars category. Among 64 5
One Star cities 25 cities are from the northern region of India. 4 Stars
Considering that the northern states have been facing severe air pollution for the past few years, it
is crucial for cities from the states of UP, Rajasthan, Punjab and Delhi to take up more measures in 19
this thematic area. 3 Stars
All the participating cities from hilly and cold climatic zones are either in One Star orTwo Stars
categories. Hilly terrain can be challenging in developing transport infrastructure. Further due to 38
their terrain, these cities also lack adequate air quality monitoring sensors. 2 Stars
All participating small-towns in the assessment are in One Star and Two Stars categories. Lack of
infrastructure and resources in these cities pose challenges in planning and implementing new 64
technologies for improving transportation and monitoring air quality. 1 Star


n Ahmedabad n Pimpri Chinchwad n Ranchi
n Indore n Surat

n Agra  Gurugram  Naya Raipur n Thane
n Amravathi n Jaipur n Patna n Vadodara
n Amritsar n Lucknow n Pune  Vijayawada
n Bhopal  Mysore n Raipur n Visakhapatnam
n Coimbatore n Nagpur n Rajkot

n Aizawl n Gandhinagar n Madurai  Siliguri
n Belagavi  Gulbarga n Nashik n Silvassa
n Bengaluru n Guwahati n Port Blair n Solapur
n Bhubaneshwar  Jamshedpur n Prayagraj n Tiruchirapalli
n Bilaspur n Kalyan Dombivali n Rourkela n Tiruppur
n Chandigarh n Karimnagar  Sangli Miraj & Kupwad n Tiruvanantapuram
n Chennai n Kochi n Satna n Udaipur
 Dharamshala n Kohima n Shillong n Ujjain
 Durgapur  Leh n Shimla
n Faridabad n Ludhiana n Shivamogga

n Agartala n Gangtok  Kargil n Panaji
n Ajmer  Ghaziabad n Karnal  Pasighat
n Aligarh  Gorakhpur n Kavaratti n Puducherry
 Amravati  Guntur  Kolhapur n Sagar
n Aurangabad n Gwalior n Kota n Saharanpur
n Barielly  Hamirpur  Loni n Salem
n Bhagalpur n Hubli Dharwad  Mandi  Solan
 Bhavnagar n Imphal n Mangalore n Srinagar
n Bihar Sharif n Itanagar  Meerut n Thanjavur
 Cuttack n Jabalpur  Mira Bhayandar n Tirunelveli
 Dahod n Jalandhar n Moradabad n Tirupati
n Davangere n Jammu n Muzaffarpur n Toothukudi
n Dehradun n Jhansi  Namchi n Tumakuru
n Delhi  Jodhpur  Nanded n Varanasi
 Diu n Kakinada n New Town Kolkata n Vellore
n Erode n Kanpur  Palampur n Warangal

INDICATOR 1
Clean Technologies
Shared Vehicles
Transportation accounts for a significant proportion of based taxis and autos have emerged as an alternative
energy-related CO2 emissions globally. In Asian countries, mode. The ease and comfort of availing these services is
a three-to-five-fold increase of transport related CO2 contributing to a modal shift especially among private car
is expected by 2030 compared to emissions in 20002. owners. If this is done in coherence with switching to low
Increasing urbanization coupled with inadequate public carbon fuels like electricity and CNG, it will be significantly
transport and increased affordability and aspiration of successful in reducing GHG emission of transport sector.
citizens has led to a tremendous increase in number of
motor vehicles plying on Indian roads where the growth in The central government is taking various initiatives to
ownership per 1,000 population has increased from 53 in switch to cleaner fuels and to reduce emissions, namely, the
2001 to 167 in 20153. This is not only contributing to global implementation of Bharat Stage-VI norms from April 2020,
warming but also deteriorating air quality in cities. Hence, promotion of electric/hybrid vehicles through National
there is a need to reduce dependence on private vehicles. Electric Mobility Mission Plan 2020 and Faster Adoption
With many cities still working on providing public transport and Manufacturing of (Hybrid &) Electric Vehicles (FAME),
options like buses and metros, shared vehicles like app- and introduction of cleaner / alternate fuels such as LPG,
91 Cities
14 Cities
3
Cities
2
Cities
16 Cities
Cities have not Cities have 5% to Cities have 15% to

Cities have <5% of Cities have >25% of
indicated the use of <15% of their shared 25% of their shared
their shared vehicles their shared vehicles
shared vehicles plying vehicles using clean vehicles using clean
using clean fuels like using clean fuels like
on clean fuels like fuels like CNG, LPG, fuels like CNG, LPG,
CNG, LPG, biofuels or CNG, LPG, biofuels or
CNG, LPG, biofuels or biofuels or are hybrid/ biofuels or are hybrid/
are hybrid/ electric are hybrid/ electric
are hybrid/ electric electric electric
Performance Levels
    

9 O nly 35 of the 126 participating cities have reported all the requisite details for this indicator. Among them, 32 cities
have provided partial data on the use of clean technology buses, taxis and/or e-rickshaws. The evidences for this indicator
had to be collected from external authorities including Roads and Transport Authority (RTA) and licensing agencies.
Coordination between departments and agencies outside the purview of Municipal Corporations and ULBs during the
pandemic situation was cited as one of the key challenge by the cities.
9 Among the 35 cities that have reported on this indicator, 22 are metropolitan, 7 are large cities and 6 are medium sized
cities. Based on the results of the evaluation, 15 metropolitan, 1 large city and 2 medium sized cities have performed well
and are in the Five Stars and Four Stars category. None of the participating small towns have reported on this indicator.
9 Among all categories of shared vehicles, 59 cities have been able to report on the availability of low carbon autos and
e-rickshaws indicating high penetration of such transport options.

Actions
KOCHI
Under the Integrated Sustainable Urban
Transport Systems for Smart Cities (SMART-
CNG, Bio-Diesel Blends, Battery Operated, Hydrogen and
Solar Operated vehicles. These measures, in addition to
SUT) project, Kochi has prepared for pilot of
availability of renewable energy, skilled manpower and 100 e-autos with lithium-ion batteries including
technology, infrastructure transition and culture to accept options for a viable business model, demand
the sharing of assets have created an opportunity in India
analysis, technology selection, cost estimates
for accelerated adoption of cleaner technologies over
convention fuel vehicles enabling a conducive environment and supporting infrastructure. Pilot areas are
for sustainable mobility paradigm4. To successfully attain Fort Kochi, Kadavanthara and Elamkulam and
this transition, it will also be important to strengthen the
is intended to lead to upscaling to other parts
fragmented institutional framework as well as increase
cleaner fuel infrastructure like EV charging stations, CNG/ of the city.
Biofuel stations etc. along with increasing availability of
vehicles running on cleaner fuels/technologies. technologies shared vehicles included in this assessment
are buses, taxies, app- based cabs, app based two wheelers,
The indicator on Clean Technologies Shared Vehicles autos, e-rickshaws, private buses and ferries consuming
assesses the cities based on the percentage of clean fuel types like - CNG/ LPG/ Hybrid/ Biofuels/ Electric.
technology shared vehicles adoption. The clean
Way forward to transition towards low carbon shared mobility

z Cities are suggested to initiate a step-by-step process developed by the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural
for procuring low carbon vehicles, installing required Gas or setting up CNG stations.
infrastructure and developing plans for a phased z Cities are recommended to strategize the deployment
mobility transition. Cities which are part of the Faster of shared vehicles including buses, metros, trains,
Adoption and Manufacturing of Electric Vehicles in and leverage shared vehicles such as Ola, Uber,
India (FAME) phase-II scheme can procure electric Shuttl, Bykerr and other ride sharing services. They
buses. The NITI Ayog guidelines on shared mobility may can sensitize citizens to adopt ride splitting such as
be referred for enhanced actions. carpooling, car and bike sharing, and use of micro transit
z Cities can promote CNG paratransit (especially when possible. Such efforts can lead to the dual benefit
autorickshaws) and buses and incentivize the use of of reduced emissions and fuel consumption in addition
low carbon vehicles. To build infrastructure for clean to creating employment opportunities.
technology vehicles, cities can refer to the guidelines
Sectoral contributions are critical for advancing climate change discourse in cities.
Addressing the mobility sector is particularly crucial as it is one of the highest contributors
of GHG emissions in India. Measuring climate conscious actions of this sector, through
Ms. Prerna Mehta CSCAF, will boost climate action and enable cities to meet their targets.
Associate Director
WRI India
2.
Asian Development Bank, 2010. Reducing Carbon Emissions from Transport Projects. Evaluation study.
Available at: https://www.oecd.org/derec/adb/47170274.pdf[Accessed 31 March 2021]
3.
Shakti Sustainable Energy Foundation , n.d. Fuel Efficiency Norms in India. [Online]
Available at: https://shaktifoundation.in/work/transport/fuel-efficiency-norms-in-india/[Accessed March 2021].
4.
NITI Aayog & World Energy Council, 2018. ZERO EMISSION VEHICLES (ZEVs) : TOWARDS A POLICY FRAMEWORK, NITI Aayog.

INDICATOR 2
Availability of
Public Transport
European and North American cities have witnessed a In India, only 17 cities have operational city bus services, 12
reduction trend of car share over the years. Whereas, cities have rail transit option and 18 cities have operational
rapid urbanization in Asia has pushed its car share to metro systems with 1,016 km of Metro and Regional
40% of global usage, which 1.5 times the 2015 level5. The Rapid Transit System lines under construction in 27 cities7.
annual growth rate of motor vehicle numbers in India has Seeing the need, the government is actively promoting and
been about 10% during the last decade. It is important to investing in the public transport sector with Rs.18,000
note that 32% of these vehicles are plying in metropolitan crores allocated in the 2021-22 budget for public bus
cities alone, which constitute about only 11% of the total service augmentation. In addition, ‘MetroLite’ and
population6. This is resulting in increased GHG emissions, ‘MetroNeo’ will be deployed to provide metro rail systems
traffic congestion, increased travel times and poor air at much lesser cost with the same experience, convenience
quality in the cities. A switch to efficient, affordable and and safety in Tier-2 cities and peripheral areas of Tier-1
convenient public transport is the need of the hour. cities.8 Over the last two decades, the national, state and
50 Cities
30 Cities
16 Cities
9
Cities
21 Cities
Cities have not The availability of The availability of The availability of The availability of
indicated the public transport unit public transport unit public transport unit public transport unit
availability of public per 1000 population per 1000 population is per 1000 population is per 1000 population
transport is <0.2 between 0.2 and 0.4 between 0.4 and 0.6 is ≥ 0.6
Performance Levels
    

9 2 1 cities from the states of Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu managed to
provide adequate public transportation data and have advanced to the level of Five Stars in this indicator.
9 110 of the 126 participating cities have indicated the availability of public transport. However, only 76 cities have
managed to provide all requisite data.
9 37 of 50 metropolises, 12 of 34 large cities, 24 of 33 medium sized cities, 3 of 9 participating small towns were able
to report on this indicator. A major gap is evident among the large and medium cities where over 60 percent of the
participating cities have not been able to report on the availability of public transport.
9 76 cities have reported on availability of bus service, 5 cities have indicated the availability of metros, 4 cities on the
availability of suburban rail and 2 cities have reported on the availability of ferries. Although metro services are available in
many cities and ferries are available in many coastal and river dependent cities, coordination between multiple transport
departments was cited as the key reason for cities not securing the required evidences. With respect to data on use of
ferries, lack or absence of documentation owing to informal services is a challenge.
9 As per MoHUA, the ideal service level benchmark (SLB) for the availability of public transport per 1,000 persons is >=0.6.
From this analysis, it was evident that only 10 of 50 metropolitan cities, 1 of 34 large city, 8 of 33 medium cities and 2 of 9
small towns satisfy the SLB criteria. It was also evident that more percentage of medium sized cities have adequate fleet
size of buses compared to large or metropolitan cities.

Actions
AMRITSAR
Amritsar has a 31 km BRTS corridor which
has improved commuter conditions to
city governments have been driving the provision of bus a large extent. To further improve public
and rail-based mass transit systems through organized and transportation modal share and improve last
well-planned models. The Jawaharlal Nehru Urban Renewal mile connectivity, the city is implementing
Mission (JNNURM), launched in 2005, made provisions for
buses and has sanctioned over 23 lakh buses across 141 a range of sustainable mobility measures
cities.The National Urban Transport Policy, revised in 2014, under the CITIIS (City Investments to Innovate,
have indicated the benefit of metro rail system for cities Integrate and Sustain) program. It includes
with over 20 lakh population. The recently launched Green
provision of e-mobility options and feeder
Urban Mobility Scheme envisages 1,300 km of BRT in 28
cities supporting better management of bus transport. network to the BRTS corridor, enhancing
EV charging infrastructure and provision of
While a range of policies and projects are being
common smart card.
implemented, it will also be crucial to address the
institutional and operational challenges of public
transport expansion. Various agencies involved in the The indicator on Public Transport assesses cities based on
urban transport sector needs to be brought under a single availability of public transport per 1000 population.The
ambit for increased efficiency and accountability. Besides availability is measured as fleet size of buses, metro coaches,
this, dynamic data collection through urban analytics suburban rail coaches and ferries which is converted to
and transport modelling, improving public transport a comparable standard unit called Public Transport Unit
infrastructure and last mile connectivity will be required. (PTU). Refer Annexure 2 for details on population.
Way forward for expanding public transport

z Based on the demand as per transportation assessments transport. Campaigns for sensitizing people to use
and comprehensive traffic and transportation studies, public transport can also be conducted.
cities can invest in increasing the fleet size of public z In order to understand the usage of public transport,
transportation. Cities can explore PPP models for cities can develop a digital transportation database for
increasing the fleet size of buses and MoHUA’s documenting data regarding ridership, modal share,
guidelines on city bus operations can be referred for networks and fleet size of different modes of public
the same. transportation on a monthly basis. With this information
z In case of lack of demand, cities can improve cities can understand the supply and demand and take
efficiency, route rationalization, schedules and last appropriate actions. Cities can develop or revise their
mile connectivity to attract people to shift to public comprehensive mobility plan to address the need.
5.
International Transport Forum, 2017. Chapter 5, Mobility in cities, ITF Transport Outlook 2017. OECD. [Online] Available at: https://
www.oecd-ilibrary.org/sites/9789282108000-8-en/index.html?itemId=/content/component/9789282108000-8-en[Accessed 31
March 2021]
6.
Singh, S, 2005. Review of Urban Transportation in India. Journal of Public Transportation, 8(1), 79-97. DOI:http://doi.
org/10.5038/2375-0901.8.1.5
7.
The Hindu, 2 February 2021. Public Bus Scheme, Expansion of Metros. Union Budget 2021.New Delhi. [Online] Available at: https://
www.thehindu.com/business/budget/union-budget-2021-public-bus-scheme-expansion-of-metros/article33722572.ece [Accessed 31
March 2021]
8.
The Hindu, 2 Februrary 2021. Union Budget 2021 | Public bus scheme, expansion of Metros. [Online]
Available at: https://www.thehindu.com/business/budget/union-budget-2021-public-bus-scheme-expansion-of-metros/arti-
cle33722572.ece

INDICATOR 3
Percentage of coverage of Non-

Motorized Transport (NMT) network
(pedestrian and bicycle) in the city
Non-motorised Transportation (NMT) includes walking In India, around 50% of the population commute by foot or
and bicycling, and variants such as small-wheeled transport by cycle/cycle rickshaw. A 2008 study of 30 Indian cities
(cycle rickshaws, skates, skateboards, push scooters and found that in cities with more than 8 million population:
hand carts) and wheelchair travel9. NMT does not emit 22% walked all the way, 8% used cycles and 44% used
GHG, nor local air pollutants. Every increase in NMT public transport. This adds up to 74% of people who rely on
therefore leads to a direct decrease in GHG emissions non-motorized transport for at least part of the commute.11
and also contributes to SDGs 11 sustainable cities and During the pandemic, India witnessed bicycle sales
communities especially for promotion of inclusive public multiply, with nearly five million cycles sold between May
transport. A recent study conducted by the World Health and September 202012.Despite having a high share, most
Organization on global road safety concluded that only 68 Indian roads are unsafe for walking and cycling. Although
countries (out of 195 countries) in the world have national only 25% of trips are made using private vehicles there is
or local level policies that promote walking and cycling10. 75% dedicated road space The Central Government has
Traditionally, Asian cities have been characterized by short been actively addressing this concern through various
distance non-motorized transport trips. But this scenario policies and schemes. The National Urban Transport Policy
is rapidly changing as cities in Asia are getting increasingly (NUTP) of 2006, envisions a new planning paradigm which
motorized with limited attention to NMT facilities, extreme recognizes that, “people occupy center-stage in cities and
heat and cold conditions and poor road safetyleading to a all plans should be for their common benefit and well-
decrease in the overall NMT trip mode share. being”. The Code of Practice for Urban Roads developed
by MoHUA through updating on the IRC (Indian Roads
94 Cities
10 Cities
8
Cities
8
Cities
6
Cities
Cities that have 15% Cities that have 25% Cities that have 35%
Cities that have <15% Cities that have ≥ 50%
to <25% of road to <35% of road to <50% of road
of road network with of road network with
network with NMT network with NMT network with NMT
NMT infrastructure as NMT infrastructure as
infrastructure as per infrastructure as per infrastructure as per
per MoHUA’s street per MoHUA’s street
MoHUA’s street design MoHUA’s street design MoHUA’s street design
design guidelines design guidelines
guidelines guidelines guidelines
Performance Levels
    

9 86 of 126 participating cities have provided all requisite data for this indicator.
9 Among the reporting cities, only 6 cities (5 metropolitan and 1 medium sized city) have more than 50% NMT network.
9 38 of 126 participating cities have reported on the provision of cycle track as per MoHUA’s street design guidelines
respectively. These include 22 metropolitan cities, 7 large sized cities, 8 medium city and 1 small towns. None of the small
towns managed to showcase evidence on availability of cycle track/lane.
9 88 of 126 participating cities have reported on provision of footpath as per MoHUA’s street design guidelines respectively.
These include 40 metropolitan cities, 24 large sized cities, 20 medium sized cities and 4 small towns.

Actions
RANCHI
Ranchi initiated an almost overnight
transformation of one ot’s busiest streets,
Congress) codes helps cities in developing NMT street
design elements. Cities are leveraging funding from the
MG Road, through a quick tactical urbanism
Smart Cities Mission to introduce projects like Public intervention. Using simple temporary
Bicycle Sharing and Smart Roads paving a way for citizens measures like paint and traffic barricades,
to explore alternative and inclusive ways of transportation.
the street space was redesigned to create
Recent initiatives of Cycles for Change and Streets for
People challenge has brought a healthy competitive spirit colourful, dedicated walking paths for
and inspired cities to initiate pedestrian and cycling- pedestrians. This simple first step has created
friendly through a participatory approach.
a cascade of promising changes – a first in the
NMT is a highly cost-effective transportation strategy state of Jharkhand.
and brings about large health, economic and social co-
benefits. The unique nature of Indian sidewalks having a and innovative approach is needed for NMT development
mix of hawkers, property shop spillovers, advertisements and promotion. The indicator on NMT coverage assesses
and presence of public utilities (toilets, waste collection/ cities on the efforts made to increase NMT infrastructure
segregation points etc.) create a conflict in usage and poses based on the increase in efficient walking and cycling
complex challenges for street redesigning. In addition, tracks/lanes. The percentage of total NMT (walking and
difficulty in land acquisition for NMT development in prime cycling lanes) length with respect to the total road length of
locations of the city delays the process in some cases. the city is evaluated for this purpose along with evaluating
Keeping in mind these complexities, a more people centric if the city has a dedicated NMT plan.
Way forward to improve NMT infrastructure

z Cities can promote NMT modes by developing a safe actors and stakeholders who benefit from NMT and
environment for cycle lanes and footpaths. Better evaluating the readiness of the city will help cities to
regulation for signages and safe crossroad islands can prepare actions and implement to increase the NMT
be incorporated. Most importantly, improving NMT network. Cities can follow the Guidance document
connectivity to motorized-share mobility hubs will developed by MoHUA to develop NMT infrastructure .
attract more users to use NMT. z Allocating dedicated funds in the municipal budget for
z Cities can create awareness on road safety and promote improving NMT and creating new cycle lanes and foot
cycle sharing schemes in strategic locations. paths can also be considered.
z Preparing a baseline for NMT infrastructure, identifying
9 ,10.
Climate Technology Centre and Network, Promotion of non-motorised transport. [Online] Available at: https://www.ctc-n.org/technol-
ogies/promotion-non-motorised-transport[Accessed March 2021].
11.
Singh. K, 2018. Mobility and NMT in Sustainable Urban Development –Role of City Developers. Intergovernmental eleventh regional
environmentally sustainable transport (est) forum in Asia. United Nations Centre for Regional Development. Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.
[Online] Available at: https://www.uncrd.or.jp/content/documents/6988Background%20Paper%20for%20EST%20Plenary%20Ses-
sion%205-11th%20Regiona%20EST%20Forum.pdf[Accessed 31 March 2021]
12.
Desai. D, 2020. Non-motorised transport should top the global urban agenda in 2021.Urban futures. Observer Research Foundation.
[Online] Available at: https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/non-motorised-transport-should-top-global-urban-agenda-2021/[Ac-
cessed 31 March 2021]
13.
ITDP India, 2019. Cars take a back seat, People of Chennai coming through.[Online] Available at: https://www.itdp.in/tag/nmt/[Ac-
cessed 31 March 2021]

INDICATOR 4
Level of
Air Pollution (Monitoring)
Air pollution is one of the world’s largest health and provides a framework to reduce mortality due to air quality,
environmental problems, attributed to 5 million deaths each reduce urban GHG emissions and regulate safe handling of
year, with 9% being globally.15 The current energy model chemical/hazardous waste to avoid release in air.
is fuelling climate change and deprivation of air quality.
Asian cities, particularly Indian cities are facing severe In India, the National Air Quality Monitoring Program
consequences wherein the particulate matte are reaching states that nearly half of the cities monitored have reached
as high as five times above the safety limits creating a critical levels of particulate matter16. The National Clean Air
major health concern16. Globally, the SGDs 3, 11 and 12 Programme (NCAP) initiated in 2019 sets a target of 20 to
44 Cities
25 Cities
30 Cities
14 Cities
13 Cities
Cities have made air Cities have

Cities have installed Cities have achieved
quality data available demonstrated
Cities have not sensors to monitor air ambient air quality
in the public domain reduction in air
initiated regular quality. PM2.5, NOx standard for PM10,
through display pollution level in
monitoring of their air and SOx are being PM2.5, NOx and SOx
boards/ SAFAR/ compliance to NCAP
quality captured as per CPCB as per National Air
Sameer app/ any other with base year being
guidelines Quality Standards
apps 2017
Performance Levels
    

9 Improvement in the air quality has become most significant in recent years with ramping up of pollution monitoring and
implementation of mandates/guidelines pertaining to pollution mitigation. Among the 13 Five Stars and 14 Four Stars cities,
» 7 cities have achieved the National Air Quality standard in all the 4 main pollutants (PM10, PM2.5, NOx, Sox as per
CPCB).
» 12 cities have achieved the National Air Quality Standard in either 2 or 3 of the total main pollutants. The pollutants
which were mostly missing were NOx and SOx; as the capturing of PM10 and PM2.5 was highly prominent in cities.
» 13 cities have successfully achieved the reduction trend in air pollution as per NCAP target (base year 2017).
9 97 out of 126 cities were not able to achieve the reduction trend, as the measures of air pollution reduction is an emerging
concept for the Indian cities and have come into implementation in recent years. Hence, in the current stage, the capturing
of air pollutants has been observed as prominent, and not the reduction trend.
9 Only 16 out of 126 cities are in early stage of basic monitoring as these cities generally having annual/monthly AQI data.
However, 4 cities - Jamshedpur, Rourkela, Ujjain and Visakhapatnam are performing regular (minimum 104 readings in a
year) basic monitoring of PM10, PM2.5, NOx, Sox as per CPCB guidelines and CO, NH3, Pb, O3 as per NAAQS.
9 20 of the 126 cities are conducting basic monitoring of both main and additional pollutants at regular intervals. However,
monitoring of PM2.5, Pb, O3 is missing.
9 All 9 participating small towns and 6 of 8 hilly cities are in the category of One Star and Two Stars, indicating that the
promotion of air pollution in not active. While air quality may not necessarily be of priority concern in some of these
cities, absence of mandatory mandates to align with national level programmes also does not encourage cities to initiate
monitoring.

Actions
PUNE
The action plan for emission control details
out the activities undertaken for ambient air
30% reduction of air pollution levels with 2017 as the base quality monitoring and the identified sources
year and has mapped out priority strategies for multi-level
actions in cities to work towards targeting it.17 India has of pollution in Pune city. It takes stock of the
approximately 800 total monitoring stations, 200 of which actions taken and a proposed road-map for
are continuous real time monitoring stations (CAAQMS)18. improved monitoring and reduced pollution.
Only five percent of cities and towns (339 out of 6,166)
are monitored, and less than one percent (only 60 out of
6,166) of cities have CAAQMS.19 NCAP aims to increase In order to understand the status of cities and foster key
the monitoring stations across the country along with actions in monitoring air quality, this indicator on level of air
promoting and researching cost effective technology for pollution assesses cities based on PM10 PM2.5, NOx, SOx
source and ambient air quality monitoring. Monitoring data pollutants monitoring, measures taken to comply with the
on air quality and making it available to the public will help National Air Quality Standards and the extent of air quality
in framing policies and also allow citizens to make informed data made available to the public.
decisions that can improve the quality of their lives.
Way forward to improve air quality monitoring

z 44 cities which are in the category of One Star are boards, local apps developed, or data made available as
recommended to initiate coordinating with their State per the SAFAR/SAMEER apps of GoI.
Pollution Control Board (SPCB) to install continuous z 30 Three Stars cities can compile data from monitoring
air quality monitoring equipment’s in public places stations taking 2017 as the base year to document
to capture PM10, PM2.5, NOx and Sox. Using annual progress and aim to achieve the national level target of
arithmetic means of minimum 104 measurements in a 20%–30% reduction of PM2.5 and PM10 concentration
year at a particular site taken twice a week 24 hourly by 2024.
at uniform intervals needs to be followed to capture z 14 Four Stars cities are recommended to initiate
appropriate data . implementation of priority actions identified in their
z 25 Two Stars cities are recommended to calculate the Clean Air Action Plan to reduce air pollution and achieve
AQI and make it available to the public via display the national standard.
15.
Ritchie, H. & Roser, M., 2019. Air Pollution. [Online]
Available at: https://ourworldindata.org/air-pollution#air-pollution-is-one-of-the-world-s-leading-risk-factors-for-death
[Accessed 19 March 2021].
16.
McHardy, J. S., Aneja, K., Cinà, M. M. & Cinà, M. M., 2020. Delhi In A Chokehold: Air Pollution As A Public Health Emergency. [Online]
Available at: https://www.healthaffairs.org/do/10.1377/hblog20200130.710866/full/
17.
Ministry of Housing & Urban Affairs, 2020. Long-Term, Time-Bound, National Level Strategy to Tackle Air Pollution-National Clean Air
Programme (NCAP). [Online]
Available at: https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1655203#:~:text=The%20Central%20Government%20launched%20
National,2017%20as%20the%20base%20year[Accessed 19 March 2021].
18.
Central Control Room for Air Quality Management - All India, Jan 2020
Available at: https://app.cpcbccr.com/ccr/#/caaqm-dashboard-all/caaqmlanding[Accessed March 2021].
19.
Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC), Jan 2020, Clearing The Air: A Review Of 10 City Plans To Fight Air Pollution In India
Available at: https://www.nrdc.org/sites/default/files/10-city-plans-fight-air-pollution-india-202001.pdf [Accessed April 2021].

INDICATOR 5
Clean Air Action Plan (Planning

and Implementation)
Air quality, weather and climate, and human health are narrative around air quality management wherein clean air
closely linked. According to the Health Organisation is viewed necessary for poverty reduction and economic
(WHO), seven million people die prematurely from health growth.
risks every year owing to air pollution. The First WHO
Global Conference on Air Pollution and Health that took In India, air pollution is the 5th biggest cause of death.
place in 2018 passed a resolution that recognized the There is six times increase in the deaths from air pollution
health impacts of air pollution urging member countries to from 2000 to 2010 where high blood pressure that is one
implement interventions to improve indoor and outdoor of the top five leading causes of death in India has 6% direct
air quality. This action symbolized a radical shift in the linkage with air pollution21 With the Air (Prevention and
39 Cities
48 Cities
15 Cities
23 Cities
1City
Cities have conducted Cities have conducted

Cities have not Cities have established pollutant source Cities have impact assessments
indicated regular monitoring stations to apportionment implemented at least for implementing
monitoring of their measure ambient air studies and emission 2 measures identified the clean air action
air quality or have quality and have linked inventories in addition in the clean air action plan and have
developed city clean this mechanism with to developing a clean plan under the scope demonstrated
air action plan ICCC air action plan as per of ULB improvements in their
CPCB guidelines air quality
Performance Levels
    

9 CAAP is a recent mandate for cities in India and the NCAP has identified 122 non-attainment cities based air quality data
between 2014-18. Out of 122 cities which are required to submit an action plan to reduce their respective air pollution
levels in 2024 by at least 20-30%., only 57 are part of this assessment. 35 out of these 57 non-attainment participating
cities have successfully prepared CAAP.
9 Only Pune has managed to progress beyond implementing the identified actions under CAAP and have documented the
impact.
9 Among the 38 Three Stars and Four Stars cities, 24 cities have developed CAAP, action plans or other government related
studies and have implemented one to two initiatives towards combating air pollution.
9 48 Two Stars Cities have monitoring stations active at city level with varying types of Manual Stations, Continuous Ambient
Air Quality Monitoring Stations (CAAQMS), and Continuous Emission Monitoring System (CEMS). These cities are mostly
from the states of Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Gujarat, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu.
9 Among the 126 participating cities, based on the evidences submitted-
» 62 cities have CAAQMS which is highly suggested to get the accurate and regular readings of air pollutants;
» 18 cities have manual stations operating in their respective areas;
» 6 cities have sensor based monitoring stations.
» 1 city has CEMS.

Actions
AHMEDABAD
The Air Information and Response Plan
(AIR) plan is aimed to tackle the issue of air
Control of Pollution) Act, 1981, India had taken the first
step 40 years ago. Since then, various measures have been
pollution and creating healthier communities.
undertaken by the central government such as upgradation The plan is based on five key strategies-i) Pilot
of National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS), Health-Based AQI Warning and Interagency
launch of National Air Quality Index in 2015, and launch of
Coordination, ii) Public Awareness and
the National Clean Air Programme (NCAP) in 2019- with
special focus on comprehensive air quality management Community Outreach, iii) Focused Activities
in urban area. Following the NCAP, the Central Pollution for Vulnerable Groups, iv) Capacity Building
Control Board (CPCB) identified 122 non-attainment cities
Among Medical Professionals, and v)Initiate
for achieving the target of 20 to 30 percent reduction by
2024 with respect to 2017 levels22. Research on Future Exposure Reduction and
Mitigation Pathways.
The indicator of Clean Air Action Plan assesses cities based
on their efforts to develop Clean Air Action Plan (CAAP) assessment and implementation of CAAP are considered
and air quality management strategy in a comprehensive for assessing cities. 23 For a city to become climate smart it
manner addressing all sectors like transport, industry, should be able to address the issues of reducing air pollution
energy etc. Identifying the basic level of pollutant sources wherein the multiple benefits of good public health and
along with regular monitoring and the preparation, economic growth can also be achieved.
Way forward to implement Clean Air Action Plan in cities

z 39 One Star cities can install air pollutant monitoring z Based on the MoEFCC’s National Clean Air Program
stations based on the Central Pollution Control (NCAP), 48 Two Stars cities along with the State Pollution
Board (CPCB) guidelines for the Measurement of Control Board (SPCB) can initiate the development of a
Ambient Air Pollutants. It is important to calibrate Clean Air Action Plan.
the installed sensors in consultation with the CPCB/ z 15 Three Stars cities are recommended to strengthen
SPCB. These cities can also map the locations of air institutional capacity to implement actions as per the
pollution stations and air pollution sensors in the city Clean Air Action Plan (CAAP). This includes public
using a GIS database, by synchronizing Air Quality awareness campaigns and promoting air quality within
Monitoring mechanisms with the Integrated Command development projects at the planning and design stages.
and Control Centre of the Smart City (ICCC). Cities z 23 Four Stars cities can conduct an impact assessment
can refer to the Ministry of Housing and Urban study to understand air quality improvements upon
Affairs guidelines to unlock the potential of ICCC. implementing projects under the Smart City Mission
aligned with a clean air action plan.
21.
Centre for Science and Environment, 2020. Air pollution is now the fifth largest killer in India, says newly released findings of Global
Burden of Disease report. [Online]
Available at: https://www.cseindia.org/air-pollution-is-now-the-fifth-largest-killer-in-india-says-newly-released-findings-of-global-
burden-of-disease-report--4831#:~:text=Shocking%20increase%20in%20Indian%20death,%E2%80%93%20a%20six%2Dfold%20
increase.
22.
Press Information Bureau, 2019. Various Initiatives undertaken by Government for mitigation of Air Pollution. [Online]
Available at: https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=194865
23.
Ganguly, T., Selvaraj, K. & Guttikunda, S., 2020. National Clean Air Programme (NCAP) for Indian cities: Review and outlook of clean air
action plans. [Online]
Available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590162120300368

Credits:
Nariman Point in Mumbai,

by Satyajeet Mazumdar, 2019

Delhi
Electric Vehicle Policy

Delhi Electric Vehicle Policy launched in 2020 has a vision to make Delhi the EV Capital of India.
The Policy aims to achieve the overarching objective to improve Delhi’s air quality and create an
entire supply-chain ecosystem for this new segment of vehicles. In order to significantly benefit
Delhi’s air quality, the policy intends to deploy 25% of all new vehicles to be battery-operated
vehicles by 2024.
Naya Raipur
BRTS public transport

Naya Raipur has initiated a Bus Rapid Transit service for a seamless connectivity with Raipur and
within the city of Atal Nagar. “Intelligent Tracking System” are being used for managing the bus
system.
Chennai
Streets for People

Chennai is one of the first cities in India to adopt a NMT Policy in 2014. Since then it has implemented
a host of initiatives prioritising pedestrians, cyclists and public transport users. The ‘Streets for
People’ initiative has been instrumental in transforming more than 100 km the city’s streets
through adoption of complete street guidelines, segregation of vehicular and pedestrian traffic,
creation of pedestrian plazas, introduction of public bike sharing services and better management
of on-street parking.
59cities 87cities 19 cities

have reported the use have some form of air have achieved
of low carbon shared quality monitoring National Air Quality
vehicles like buses, stations in their cities Standards with two
e-rickshaws, cabs etc. or more pollutants

Coimbatore
City wide Cycling and Pedestrian Network Plan

Coimbatore has recently prepared a city wide cycling and pedestrian network plan which was
approved in January 2020. The plan sets out a comprehensive approach for building a network
of cycling and pedestrian routes in the city and sets forth a comprehensive set of measures which
would put city on a path of achieving sustainable transport goals. The plan has an implementation
period of 15 years.
Agra
Air Quality Monitoring enhanced through ICCC

Agra city has deployed 39 Polludrone sensors across the city to monitor ambient air quality It
assesses all the critical pollutants present in the air - PM2.5, PM10, CO2, CO, SO2, NO, NO2, and O3,
along with the weather parameters - noise, light, UV radiation, temperature, humidity, and rainfall.
The dashboard of the system has been integrated with the city’s Command and Control Centre.
Real-time pollution data can be observed here, which can assist in mitigating the root cause and
create awareness among local people and tourists about the current environmental health.
Dehradun
Clean Air Action Plan

Dehradun has prepared the Clean Air Action Plan (2018-22) with the aim to meet the prescribed
annual average ambient air quality standards. The Plan includes a city specific need assessment, a
detailed GHG inventory and a proposed action plan.
14cities 21cities
have more than 35% have attained
of their road network MoHUA’s SLB for the
with Non-Motorized availability of public
Transport (NMT) transport
infrastructure

Credits:
Ahmedabad:
Sabarmati river rejuvenated with accessible river front, 2012.
Pravin Indrekar at CC BY 2.0 (https://bit.ly/3uvvosg)
6
Water Management
Water Management
T
he stresses on natural resources and access to resources. Guidelines and initiatives undertaken by the
basic services like water is intensifying with Ministry of Water Resources includes Repair, Renovation &
the growing urban population. Unplanned Restoration (RRR), river basin management, ground water
urbanization leads to encroachments and disposal irrigation etc. can help cities ensure the conservation of
of untreated sewage and industrial waste into water bodies existing water resources and help meet future demand.
leading to pollution of urban water resources. Further, Cities can also follow the guidelines provided in the Urban
cities are adversely impacted by extreme events like heat River Management Plan (URMP ) framework for enhancing
waves, increased precipitation and flash floods triggered river management and conserving the quality of water.
by extreme weather. Most cities are unable to tackle the Conversely, embedding energy efficiency in pumping
twofold challenges of increasing demand for potable and treatment plants can help cities contribute towards
water during sumer time and management of excess mitigating GHG emissions.
water during extreme precipitation events mainly due to
ageing infrastructure, inadequate monitoring, improper This particular theme supports cities to better understand
management and lack of holistic planning. their water challenges, and infrastructure and management
gaps. The indicators allow cities to revisit their water
Achieving the SDG Goal 6 will require adopting various resource management plans, consider conserving and
measures such as recycle, reuse of water and reducing reviving water resources to cater future demand, address
loss in transmission. An effective water and waste water loss of water, increase recycle and promote efficient reuse
management plan can reduce the stress on existing water of recycled water.
The CSCAF is a thoroughly conceived, all-inclusive and truly valuable initiative

for Indian cities. We appreciated the cooperation and motivation of Mayors and
Dr. Panagiotis Karamanos cities during the fact finding process and believe that Indian cities will play a key
Urban Development Expert role addressing the climate change challenge. The CSCAF is an essential step
International Urban & Regional forward towards more sustainable, healthy and livable cities
Cooperation India
Water resources must be managed with respect and highest degree of

responsibility both individually and collectively. Climate change is a factor which
is impacting it in and around us. Hence more engineered and scientific ways of Mr. Manzoor Khan
managing our resources are the need of the day. CSCAF is a one step forward. Consultant- Urban Specialist
World Bank Group
Water is the primary medium through which the effects of climate change are
manifested. Invariably these effects are more pronounced in cities. A sound and
Dr. Victor Shinde holistic water management strategy is, therefore, at the heart of any robust
Sector Coordinator for Water climate change adaptation mechanism that a city develops. The CSCAF can
and Environment serve as a very useful tool in informing the design of such strategies.

Thematic
assessment
3
18 outcome
59 Water Resources 16
Management INDICATOR 2
1
30 23
45
Extent of Non
INDICATOR 3 Revenue Water
27
9
30
24
Waste Water
64
Recycle and Reuse
7
INDICATOR 4
6
22 7
10
Flood/Water
Stagnation Risk
INDICATOR 5 Management
21
82
11
39
Energy
Efficient Water
Supply System
INDICATOR 6
85
2
14
Energy
Efficient
Wastewater 5 Stars
Management
4 Stars
System
3 Stars
110 2 Stars
1 Star

Performance Levels
Four Stars
Three Stars
Two Stars
One Star
City Population
<0.5 million
0.5-1 million
>1 million

5 Stars
Overall, 3 metropolitan cities from Gujarat (2) and Andhra Pradesh (1) have emerged as Four
Stars. These cities have considered the climate change aspect in water management and are in the
process of implementing it. 46 cities that are Two Stars and Three Stars are at various stages of water 3
management plan preparation and have potential for addressing the climate change challenges 4 Stars
within the plans.
25 out of 126 participating cities are at high water risk as per the WWF Water Risk Filter. Out of 9
these, only 2 cities, namely, Ahmedabad and Surat are performing well. The rest of the 23 cities in 3 Stars
high risk states of Maharashtra, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh,
Punjab and Jammu & Kashmir need to take initiatives to enhance water security in their respective
cities. 37
2 Stars
77 One Star cities are mostly from the cold or hot-dry climatic regions. 21 out of 77 One Star cities
from mostly small and medium sized cities belonging to the Northern and North-Eastern regions are
most vulnerable to the climate change impact with respect to water management. 77
1 Star


n Ahmedabad n Surat  Vijayawada

n Agra n Nashik n Pune n Vadodara
n Indore n Pimpri Chinchwad n Rajkot n Visakhapatnam
n Madurai

n Amritsar n Gandhinagar n Ludhiana n Silvassa
n Aurangabad  Ghaziabad  Meerut n Solapur
 Bhavnagar  Gurugram  Mysore n Thane
n Bhopal n Gwalior n Nagpur n Tiruchirapalli
n Bilaspur  Jamshedpur  Naya Raipur n Tiruppur
n Chandigarh n Jhansi n Ranchi n Udaipur
n Chennai n Kalyan Dombivali n Saharanpur n Varanasi
 Cuttack n Kanpur n Salem
 Dahod n Karimnagar n Shimla
 Durgapur n Lucknow  Siliguri

n Agartala n Gangtok  Kolhapur n Rourkela
n Aizawl  Gorakhpur n Kota n Sagar
n Ajmer  Gulbarga  Leh  Sangli Miraj & Kupwad
n Aligarh  Guntur  Loni n Satna
n Amravathi n Guwahati  Mandi n Shillong
 Amravati  Hamirpur n Mangalore n Shivamogga
n Barielly n Hubli Dharwad  Mira Bhayandar  Solan
n Belagavi n Imphal n Moradabad n Srinagar
n Bengaluru n Itanagar n Muzaffarpur n Thanjavur
n Bhagalpur n Jabalpur  Namchi n Tirunelveli
n Bhubaneshwar n Jaipur  Nanded n Tirupati
n Bihar Sharif n Jalandhar n New Town Kolkata n Tiruvanantapuram
n Coimbatore n Jammu  Palampur n Toothukudi
n Davangere  Jodhpur n Panaji n Tumakuru
n Dehradun n Kakinada  Pasighat n Ujjain
n Delhi  Kargil n Patna n Vellore
 Dharamshala n Karnal n Port Blair n Warangal
 Diu n Kavaratti n Prayagraj
n Erode n Kochi n Puducherry
n Faridabad n Kohima n Raipur

INDICATOR 1
Water Resources
Management
More than 40% of the world’s population is estimated to India is at higher risk of water challenges as per WWF Water
live in water stressed river basins, and by 2025, about 1.8 Risk Filter about 30 Indian cities, mostly metropolitan cities
billion people will be living in regions or countries with have been identified as cities that will face increasing water
absolute water scarcity.1 By 2030, a gap of 40% in global risks in the next few decades.2 States like Andhra Pradesh,
water demand and availability is expected. In India, more Chhattisgarh and Tamil Nadu are already experiencing
than 40% of the annually available surface water is being water shortages due to changing rainfall patterns.3 India
consumed and the growing demand from urbanization holds only 4% of global freshwater and the projected
and the industrial water needs are further leading to the climate trends impact water availability along with the
exploitation of ground water resources.2 growing demand.2
59Cities
30 Cities
16 Cities
18 Cities
3
Cities
Cities have conducted Cities have developed

Cities have not assessment of current Water Resource
Cities have implemented measures specified in the
initiated action water resources along Management (WRM)
WRM Plan and have revised their current plan to
towards water with future demand Plan with short,
incorporate climate change factors
resources assessment and water availability medium and long term
for at least five years actions
Performance Levels
    

9 The participating cities from Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and Jharkhand have performed well by ensuring timely preparation
and implementation of actions to augment existing water resources through recharge, rejuvenation and storage including
rain-water harvesting, developing demand management plan and reviewing existing WRM plan to include climate
considerations.
9 27 cities have WRM plans. Of these, 3 cities have emerged as Five Stars (Surat, Ranchi and Indore) and have considered
the climate change factor in the existing WRM Plans and are in the process of implementing climate sensitive actions with
notable impacts.
9 30 Two Stars and 16 Three Stars cities have provided partial data for three sub-indicators namely existing water resources,
demand management and information on augmentation of the existing water resources.
9 59 One Star cities do not have or are not able to provide the WRM plan for their cities
9 Among the cities in hilly areas, only Namchi and Shimla are able to perform relatively better in this indicator. All the
participating small towns (except Namchi) have not performed well in this indicator. The North Eastern cities (except for
Namchi which is Four Stars) are yet to initiate substantial measures.
9 Cities with 10 million+ population especially from the states of Bihar, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh need
to conserve their surface & ground water resources, alongside assessing the availability of existing water resources to
meet the current and future water demand.

Actions
VIJAYAWADA
Vijayawada has prepared a Water Resource
Management Plan highlighting the assessment
of current water resources including both
Recognizing this significance, the National Water Mission
is working towards conserving water, minimizing wastage ground and surface water. The plan has taken
and ensuring more equitable distribution is achieved both into consideration the future water demand
across and within states. The Jal Shakti Abhiyan by the
and water availability for at least five years.
Ministry of Jal Shakti is campaigning for water conservation
and water security and promoting interventions like
rainwater harvesting, renovation of traditional and other capacity is a challenge in formulating strategies and
water bodies/tanks, reuse, bore well recharge structures, implementing the same.
watershed development and intensive afforestation.
With a focus on river management, Namami Gange has In this indicator, the cities are assessed based on
developed river centric planning framework and urban progress made on aspects, ground water management to
river restoration mechanisms that is currently benefitting mitigate water stress, development of a water resources
cities along the Ganges. While setting a path towards management with short, medium and long term actions, and
improved water resources management, cities face revision of the same aligning to projected climate trends to
various challenges in planning and implementation due to address future water demand. The latter also contributes to
institutional overlaps and lack of man power in managing SDG 6 where cities can contribute towards implementing
water bodies and area around it. Further, gaps in local Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM).
Way forward to improve water resource management

z 59 One Star cities need to establish a water resource urban planning, green cover and biodiversity. Cities can
management committee to guide them in the process of focus on preparing the water resource management
development of city/ catchment wide water management plan wherein short, medium and long-term actions can
plans. This committee can include representatives from be identified. Cities can follow the 2014 guidelines for
the water utility department/ water board, ULB, ground improving water use efficiency in irrigation, domestic and
water department, SPVs, and technical experts like industrial sectors to develop the plan.
engineers and infrastructure experts. z 16 Three Stars cities that have already developed
z Cities can refer to the guidelines for Integrated Water water management plans can start allocating budget
Resources Development and Management for detailing for implementing some of the actions identified and
out the functions of the team. Cities can initiate a study institutionalize monitor review verification for the
along with mapping of ground and surface water to activities performed. These cities can also think about
assess the status of existing water resources. Further, dovetailing some of their planned initiatives through
assessing the availability of water considering the the central government and state government funded
future demand can be conducted. schemes.
z 30 Two Stars cities can initiate the development of demand z 18 Four Stars cities can review and update their WRM
management plan to support improved utilization of plan as per the climate trends for a return period of 10-
water resources and adopt measures to rejuvenate water 30 years. They can conduct studies on assessing future
resources and replenish groundwater. This particular water availability in various climate change scenarios and
initiative also aligns with an indicator in the theme of drawing out plans to safeguard the availability of water.
1.
Guppy, L., Anderson, K., 2017. Global Water Crisis: The facts. United Nations University Institute for Water, Environment and Health.
Available at: https://inweh.unu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Global-Water-Crisis-The-Facts.pdf [Accessed 23 March 2021]
2.
WWF India, 2020. [Online] Available at: https://www.wwfindia.org/news_facts/pres/?19602/Cities-across-the-globe-face-an-alarming-
rise-in-water-risks#:~:text=About%2030%20Indian%20cities%20including,Dr. [Accessed March 2021].
3.
NITI Aayog, 2019. Composite Water Management Index. Ministry of Jal Shakti and Ministry of Rural Development. Available at: http://
social.niti.gov.in/uploads/sample/water_index_report2.pdf [Accessed 23 March 2021]

INDICATOR 2
Extent of
Non-Revenue Water
Non-Revenue Water (NRW) is a broader estimate of in developing countries, one-third to a half of the pumped
water loss, which includes loss of revenue not only from water is lost due to leakages.5 Considering the amount of
physical leakages of treated water but also from metering water loss, addressing NRW can be one of the key aspects
inaccuracies, unbilled consumption, and unauthorized for securing water availability.
connections. The estimated NRW in developed countries
like the United States and the United Kingdom varies Water loss is one of the key challenges faced by cities in
between 15-16% whereas in Asia, there is a broad variation India. The NRW loss varies from 40-50% and 50-60% in
between 4-65%.4 In addition, it is estimated that 30% of large metropolitan and smaller cities respectively.5 Water
global water abstraction is lost due to leakages5 whereas loss in cities happen mainly due to old pipes used for
45 Cities
30Cities
27 Cities
23Cities
1City
Cities have not Cities have conducted Cities have conducted

initiated any actions NRW study and have NRW study and have
NRW study and have NRW study and have
to conduct study on demonstrated >30% demonstrated ≥20%
demonstrated >40% demonstrated <20%
Non-Revenue Water to 40% NRW during to 30% NRW during
NRW during 2016-20 NRW during 2016-20
(NRW) 2016-20 2016-20
Performance Levels
    

9 24 (23 Four Stars and 1 Five Stars) cities have performed relatively well in this indicator. These cities have conducted NRW
study including strategies to reduce and achieve a minimal NRW percentage.
9 Participating cities from Gujarat, Jharkhand, West Bengal and Andhra Pradesh have performed relatively well. Some of
the measures undertaken by the cities include replacement of the existing assets, GIS mapping, metered connections,
establishment of District Metered Areas (DMA) and Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition (SCADA).
9 As per WWF Water Risk Filter, 25 out of 30 high risk cities have undertaken this assessment. 8 cities out of 25 have
performed well in this indicator.
9 The results from the assessment indicate that 45 One Star cities and 30 Two Stars cities with more than 40% NRW are still
at an early stage of targeting their NRW reduction. 45 One Star cities have not submitted NRW study reports or have not
secured the data. Cities that do not have metered water connections may pose a challenge in assessing NRW.
9 All small cities (except Mandi) and cities in hilly and coastal regions (except Shimla and Surat) are yet to initiate measures
to reduce their NRW considerably.
9 The One Star million+ cities from Bihar, Haryana, Jammu & Kashmir, Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh with an increasing
population, expanding service areas can focus on reducing water loss for efficient water utilization and limiting revenue
expenses.

Actions
SURAT
Surat has established a NRW cell to take up
dedicated actions. A comprehensive NRW
study along with leakage mapping has been
transmission and distribution due to broken or corroded
conducted. A scheme of 24 x 7 water supply
pipes. These conditions are also not favourable to maintain
the quality of ground water as there are chances for the with 100% metering has been in operation
sewage seeping into the ground water. In order to guide since 2015. This scheme has helped to monitor
states and cities in addressing NRW reduction and efficient
NRW by assessing the quantity of water treated
management, a toolkit was developed under JnNURM.
The toolkit also provides guiding principle for auditing versus the quantity of water supplied. Through
water supply and calculating losses at various stages that metering and levy of water charges, the city
cities can follow. Various measures for leak detection to has not only been able to monitor NRW but
minimize leakages and reducing other unaccounted water
losses are also captured in the draft general guidelines for also improved revenue income.
Water Audit and Water Conservation released in 2017
that can inform enhanced management. However, lack of
technical manpower and funds to conduct NRW study and cities based on the extent of water loss due to NRW. This
inefficient coordination and management across various comprises consumption which is authorized but not billed,
departments involved at the city and state levels pose such as public stand posts; apparent losses such as illegal
challenges in identifying priority areas of water loss and water connections, water theft and metering inaccuracies;
adopting relevant measures. real losses which are leakages in the transmission and
distribution networks. Cities provided data on the amount
As recognized in SDG 6, NRW is a powerful demand of water put into the distribution system after treatment
management instrument to reduce stress on existing water and the amount of water sold (billed) to the consumers for
resources and aligning to the same this indicator assessed calculating water loss due to NRW in this indicator.
Way forward to improve monitoring of Non-Revenue Water

z Majority of the cities can start understanding the and data acquisition (SCADA) , etc., can be explored.
gaps by identifying problem areas, leakage points and z Cities which have conducted the NRW assessment may
reduction of illegal connections. continue to monitor the leakages and loss of water in
z Cities can prepare Non-Revenue water study or conduct the existing water supply system and focus on reducing
a water audit in order to understand the real losses, the percentage of loss. This can include preparation
apparent losses and unbilled authorized consumption. of GIS database of water resource infrastructure
z 45 One Star cities can conduct NRW study through and preparation of strategy and action plan for NRW
specialized and experienced agencies/experts. This reduction. Measures such as Tariff revision and
will enable cities to understand the gaps and plan for organizing public awareness programs can lead to
its reduction. Initiatives such as water supply audit larger participation of stakeholders in water resource
and assessment, locating problem areas, implementing management.
supply monitoring system through supervisory control

4.
Kumar, P., Matto, M. & Sharda , C., 2017. Policy Paper on Mainstreaming Energy Efficiency in Urban Water and Wastewater Man-
agement in the Wake of Climate Change, Centre for Science and Environment, Ministry of Urban Development. https://tinyurl.com/
to995kgp [Accessed 23 March 2021]

5.
Guppy, L., Anderson, K., 2017. Global Water Crisis: The facts, United Nations University Institute for Water, Environment and Health.
https://inweh.unu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Global-Water-Crisis-The-Facts.pdf [Accessed 23 March 2021]

6.
Never, B., 2016. Wastewater systems and energy saving in urban India. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305308932_Waste-
water_systems_and_energy_saving_in_urban_India [Accessed 23 March 2021]

INDICATOR 3
Wastewater
Recycle and Reuse
Globally, only 20% of the total wastewater generated is are an important part of the sanitation cycle and critical
treated8. Two-third of the sewage from urban areas globally for water conservation, especially in conditions with
is let into water bodies untreated9. In the case of India, 32% decreasing freshwater availability and increasing costs for
of urban households have piped sewer systems and only delivering safe water, often from far distance. Moreover,
10% of the overall sewage generated is treated10. Around adopting recycle and reuse of water for non-potable
62% of total urban sewage generated in India is directly domestic use, horticulture, agricultural, power plants and
discharged into nearby water bodies11. This is a key reason industrial use can reduce water pollution and the stress
for water pollution that is impacting the water quality and on water availability which is expected to be adversely
the overall water ecosystem. impacted by climate change.
SDG 6 goal for sustainable management of water and At the national level, the National Water Policy, 2012
sanitation identifies the need for strengthening city encourages cities to increase the recycling and reuse
wastewater management and increasing the reuse of of wastewater after treatment and has set preferential
recycled waste water. Recycle and reuse of wastewater tariffs to incentivize the reuse of treated wastewater.
64 Cities
22 Cities
7
Cities
24 Cities
9
Cities
Cities have not Cities have recycled Cities have recycled Cities have recycled Cities have recycled
initiated actions to and reused < 5% of and reused 5% to and reused 10% to and reused ≥20% of
recycle and reuse treated wastewater as < 10% of treated < 20% of treated treated wastewater as
treated wastewater in per last twelve months wastewater as per last wastewater as per last per last twelve months
the last twelve months record twelve months record twelve months record record
Performance Levels
    

9 40 cities are in the category of Three Stars, Four Stars or Five Stars category among which 9 cities are currently recycling
and reusing more than 20% of their wastewater. 29 of the 40 cities are from western region, having either composite or
hot-dry climatic or warm-humid zones and are benefitting from the reuse of recycled water.
9 The relatively better performing cities are mostly metropolitan cities (except Gandhinagar and Udaipur)
9 Majority of the coastal cities and all cities in the hilly areas are yet to establish wastewater treatment facilities and
increase their capacity to cater to the current and future demand.
9 64 One Star and 22 Two Stars cities are in the early stages of development with less than 5% of their wastewater being
recycled and reused.
9 All the cities in the north-eastern region are in the One Star category.

Actions
BENGALURU
Bengaluru has conducted studies on
the wastewater treatment and reuse for
The National Urban Sanitation Policy, 2008 has also set a
establishing a Decentralized Wastewater
minimum of 20% reuse of waste water for cities. Further,
Smart Cities Mission, AMRUT mission and Namami Gange Treatment and Reuse Unit (DWTRU) using
supports cities with financial and technical resources small-scale on-site sewage treatment plants.
respectively for enhancing waste water treatment and
They have also incorporated the concept of
management.
zero liquid discharge and urban wastewater
In this indicator, cities are assessed based on the extent of recycling, an attractive solution for addressing
treated water being recycled wherein cities provided data
the problems of water pollution and scarcity.
on the quantum of wastewater recycled and reused for
various purposes for the last 12 months.
Way forward to increase Wastewater Recycle and Reuse

z Cities which are in the initial stage of assessment, with sectors and explore the possible avenues for treated
or without the wastewater management system can wastewater use within or nearby the city such as
initiate assessment of existing wastewater scenarios irrigation, horticulture, green belts within the transport
of the city and strategize the immediate measure to be network.
considered for managing the wastewater. z Cities can formulate the plans for reuse of wastewater
z All the cities, which are located along coastal regions for the different purposes, such as selling it to industries,
and situated along river stretches; impacting the water for landscaping at municipal roads, selling it to nearby
bodies and water ecosystem most, need to strengthen housing societies for gardening etc. Accordingly,
their wastewater management system with the help of required infrastructure such as laying of pipes etc., can
national programs as mentioned above. be budgeted in development projects.
z Cities can explore sustainable measures for recycling z The efficiency and effectiveness of wastewater
the wastewater, such as biogas, biofiltration, combined treatment plants can be enhanced as per CPHEEO
heat and power (CHP) technology, decentralised guidelines and also monitor to increase the quantum of
wastewater system, and many more. recycled/ reusable water.
z Cities can plan to re-evaluate the water demand
7.
Guppy, L., Anderson, K., 2017. Global Water Crisis: The facts, s.l.: United Nations University Institute for Water, Environment and
Health. https://inweh.unu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Global-Water-Crisis-The-Facts.pdf [Accessed 23 March 2021]
8.
UNEP, UN-Habitat, 2005. Coastal Area Pollution, The roles of city.
9.
Never, B., 2016. Wastewater systems and energy saving in urban India. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305308932_Waste-
water_systems_and_energy_saving_in_urban_India [Accessed 23 March 2021]
10.
to995kgp
11.
Shrivastava, M., Ghosh, A., Bhattacharyya, R. & Singh, S., 2018. Urban Pollution in India. In: Urban Pollution: Science and Management.
Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328216636_Urban_Pollution_in_India

INDICATOR 4
Flood / Water Stagnation

Risk Management
Globally, urban flooding13 events impacting large urban resulting in loss of more than 1,600 lives and damages to
populations have increased in frequency and intensity. Rise houses and public utilities exceeding over Rs.1,800
in sea levels and changing rainfall patterns due to global crores.16 Understanding the increased frequency in major
warming is a key reason for this. In addition to flooding, many floods due to climate variability, the National Disaster
cities also experience water stagnation14 due to various Management Authority (NDMA) along with MoHUA
urban development patterns such as increasing impervious has developed Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs)
surfaces deterring ground water absorption, inefficient for urban floods. Many states have also improved
storm water network, growing development activities their State and District Disaster Management Authority
in flood plains and decreasing green cover that has the (SDMA/DDMA) for taking up prevention, mitigation,
potential to slow down stagnation. Further, lack of adequate preparedness and capacity building for addressing
flood management makes cities vulnerable to floods. disasters. The Central Water Commission (CWC) along
with the Ministry of Water Resources has implemented a
India experienced the highest monsoon rainfall in 2019 flood forecast program to set up a network of forecasting
when compared to previous 25 years.15 Every year, stations covering all important flood prone river areas
around 75 lakhs hectares of land is impacted by floods supporting with early warnings.
82 Cities
21 Cities
10 Cities
7
Cities
6
Cities

Cities have conducted a flood risk assessment Cities are at various stages of implementing
Cities have not
a rapid flood/ water for various return recommendations from the flood management
initiated flood/
stagnation risk periods and developed plan including flood management SOP as per
water stagnation risk
assessment identifying flood management MoHUA guidelines and establishing early warning
assessment
vulnerable hotspots plan as per NDMA systems and
guidelines
Performance Levels
    

9 6 Five Stars cities have implemented more than one key measures for flood management plan, SOPs and have established
the urban flood alerts and early warning systems. The relatively better performance is evident in Metropolitan cities. 5
(Ahmedabad, Nagpur, Nashik, Pimpri Chinchwad and Pune) are from western and 1 (Vijayawada) is from the southern
region.
9 Of 6 Five Stars cities, 3 cities (Ahmedabad, Pune, Vijayawada) have implemented all 3 measures and 3 cities (Pimpri
Chinchwad, Nagpur and Nashik) have implemented at least 2 measures.
9 Only 10 Three Stars cities are able to provide information on detailed flood/water stagnation risk assessment and flood
management plan.
9 Out of 21 Two Stars cities, only 7 cities (Bhopal, Bilaspur, Delhi (NDMC), Ghaziabad, Ludhiana, Silvassa, Toothukudi) were
able to provide data on flooding hotspots, reasons of floods, level of floods etc.
9 82 One Star cities are at very early stage and have not conducted flood/water stagnation risk assessment. These cities are
currently referring to their District Management Plans and have not yet started preparing city level management plans.

Actions
CUTTACK
Cuttack, located at the confluence of Mahanadi
and Kuakhau rivers is highly vulnerable to floods
and water stagnation. The city has prepared
However, with growing cities and increasing floods, the an integrated city level disaster management
need for city level flood management plan in alignment
to the district disaster management plan is becoming
plan which consists of vulnerability & exposure
critical. Conducting assessments, identifying vulnerable analysis at ward-level, resource inventory and
hotspots, ensuring SOPs can be followed during a flood capacity analysis, preparedness plan, response
and establishing end-to-end Early Warning Systems (EWS)
plan, reconstruction & rehabilitation measures
are important for the cities that experience flooding and
water stagnation. Aligning to these pertinent measures, and mitigation plan. The ULB has also setup a
the indicator assessed cities based on the initiatives taken city control unit to monitor the water logging
to mitigate flood and water stagnation for becoming flood
and blocking of drains. The existing drainage
resilient. In the merged levels of Four Stars and Five Stars,
cities were marked based on initiatives implemented infrastructure has been improved by adopting
towards mitigating flood risk and establishing early warning structural measures such as building retaining
systems. walls, barrages and diversion channels etc.
Way forward for flood and water stagnation risk management

z 82 One Star cities do not have any plans and are and implementation methodology in accordance with
likely to be affected in extreme weather events. As parallel development plans. Cities can refer to the
an initial step, these cities can initiate the process of district level disaster management plan and detail out
interdepartmental consultation for collecting data on city level actions in alignment with the existing district
flood events and conduct Hazard Risk Vulnerability level disaster or flood management plans.
(HRV) assessments to understand reasons for flooding. z Establishing an end-to-end EWS will help cities prepare
WRM team can be mobilized to create a departmental better for the disaster. Cities can also enforce building
rapid risk assessment report and action plan. Spatial bylaws and development codes to address building
mapping of hotspots along with attributes such as vulnerabilities to floods. This entails updating DCRs and
frequency, impact level, and damage/loss, etc may be bylaws regularly as per 2015 national level guidelines.
carried out. z The cities which have advanced to the level of Four
z 21 cities are in the Two Stars category where there is Stars and Five Stars may continue to monitor the
evidence of increased awareness of the impacts due implementation of actions mentioned within the flood
on recent extreme events. These cities may ensure management plan. These cities may consult technical
that all departments have their departmental level agencies to a strong GIS database for drainage and
flood management plans. As an initial step, drainage storm water networks overlaid with historical and
master plan or the storm-water management plan can projected flood data. They can also coordinate with
be aligned with the flood management plan. The flood the local training institutions and community based
management plan of the city can include structural and organizations to establish a volunteer network and
non-structural strategies which may entail the designs trained task force for disaster response.
13.
Urban flood is the submergence of usually dry area by a large amount of water that comes from sudden excessive rainfall, an overflow-
ing river or lake, melting snow or an exceptionally high tide.
14.
Water accumulated for more than four hours with a depth of more than six inches.
15.
Masih, N., 2019. The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2019/10/01/more-than-have-people-have-died-
heavy-rains-india-heres-what-flooding-looks-like/ [Accessed 23 March 2021]
16.
National Disaster Management Authority, [Online]. Available at: https://ndma.gov.in/. [accessed on 23 March 2021]

INDICATOR 5
Energy-Efficient
Water Supply System
Water supply system includes the entire process of water Cities in India spend around 30-40% of their annual
extraction from source, treatment to meet standard quality, expenditure towards energy charges for pumping, storing,
storage as required and supply to the end users. This transporting and distributing water.18 With almost 50% of
system has a number of electro mechanical equipment that municipal budget spending20 and expanding urban areas
consumes energy, however, water pumps account for the that demand higher energy for water supply system, cities
maximum usage. The expanding urbanization increases the have the opportunity to cater the rising need in an energy
demand for electricity consumption that is required for the efficient manner. Cities in hilly areas leveraging the slopes
water supply system. With estimates for municipal water can benefit in conserving energy, however, cities that
and wastewater utilities demand in developing countries are pumping up water experience increased municipal
increasing by 40% by 2030,17 emphasizing the focus on expenditure and can focus on installing an energy efficient
energy efficient water supply system is of significance for system. BEE has indicated the potential for energy saving
reducing energy consumption and indirectly mitigating across municipal services wherein energy efficient water
GHGs emissions. supply can lead to substantial cost reduction and savings
85 Cities
39 Cities
1City
0
Cities
1City
Cities have conducted Cities have conducted Cities have conducted
Energy Audit for
Energy Audit for Energy Audit for water Energy Audit for
Cities have not water supply pumping
water supply pumping supply pumping stations water supply pumping
conducted Energy stations and treatment
stations and treatment and treatment plants, stations and treatment
Audit for water supply plants, and have
plants, and have and have reported plants, and have
pumping stations reported energy
reported energy energy reduction per reported energy
and treatment plants reduction per MLD
reduction per MLD MLD during 2016-20 as reduction per MLD
between 2016-20 during 2016-20 as
during 2016-20 as >10% to 15% of baseline during 2016-20 as >
>15% to 20% of
<10% of baseline data data 20% of baseline data
baseline data
Performance Levels
    

9 Only 2 cities, Ahmedabad (Five Stars) and Indore (Three Stars) have managed to showcase regular audits being conducted
and energy efficiency improvements achieved over the years. Both of these are metropolitan cities.
9 39 Two Stars cities have conducted an energy audit in the last 5 years but have not monitored the same regularly. Majority
of the cities that managed to conduct these studies are from the states of Gujarat, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu
and Uttar Pradesh.
9 85 One Star cities have not provided evidences/ requisite supporting documents for this indicator. All the cities from
north-eastern region, and majority of the participating small towns are in the One Star category. None of the coastal and
hilly cities are performing well in this indicator.

Actions
AHMEDABAD
Ahmedabad has conducted the energy audit
report where potential energy saving and cost
for the ULBs. Further, the Investment Grade Energy Audit
(IGEA) conducted around 2007 for municipal services in
saving has been highlighted with possible
134 cities estimated the potential to save 120 MW through measures. The city also has provided the
energy efficiency projects.19 trend for energy consumption from 2016 to
2020. It is evident that around 26% of energy
In India, the Section 18 of Energy Conservation (EC) Act
requires all states to regulate energy consumption and drive consumption has been reduced from 2018
energy efficiency for water and waste water management.20 to 2020 after taking appropriate measures
The AMRUT mission is also encouraging cities to conduct
proposed in the energy audit report.
an energy audit that can support in identifying inefficient
equipment such as pumps and replacing the same. This
particular indicator in the assessment focuses on bringing energy demand. Cities are assessed based on the energy
energy efficiency in the water supply system with a two- audit conducted and extent of measures taken to reduce
fold benefit of reducing municipal expenditure and reducing energy consumption.
Way forward to improve energy efficiency

in water supply system
z The first step for the 85 cities which are in the One Star z Maintain the monthly energy consumption records of
level is to conduct an energy audit. Central schemes such the water supply pumping stations, electro mechanical
as BEE facilitated energy audits and situational surveys equipment such as pumps, motors, aerators and other
to identify suitable projects to save electrical energy equipment in the entire water supply system, and
under as per MuDSM guidelines can be leveraged. prepare plans for making them more energy efficient.
z 39 Cities which are in Two Stars level can make plans for These cities can also plan to introduce design innovation
improving their efficiency by replacing their old pumps. for the energy efficiency of water supply system such as
These cities can also ensure that all new and upcoming network analysis, supply flow moderation and terrain
water supply systems may adhere to energy efficiency 3D modelling to use the gravitational force can be
systems and standards. Cities can also plan to install explored.
solar pumps and motors, BE rating pumps and motors,
auto operation and control systems to reduce the
energy consumption and O&M cost.
17.
to995kgp
18.
Kumar, P., 2013. Energy and Water Efficiency in Municipal Water Supply System. Guwahati: CSE India. http://cdn.cseindia.org/userfiles/
pradeep_kumar_director.pdf
19.
BEE India, n.d. Municipal Demand Side Management Programme. [Online] Available at: https://beeindia.gov.in/content/municipal-dsm.
[Accessed 20 03 2021]
20.
AEEE, 2019. State Energy Efficiency Index, Ministry of Power, GoI. https://beeindia.gov.in/sites/default/files/State-Efficiency-In-
dex-2019.pdf [Accessed 23 March 2021]

INDICATOR 6
Energy-Efficient Wastewater
Management System
Cities in India spend 50% of their municipal budget for BEE has indicated the potential for energy saving across
the energy charges of water supply and waste water municipal services wherein energy efficient can lead to
management21. With increasing urbanization, the amount substantial cost reduction and savings for the ULBs. The
waste water is bound to increase and energy consumed Investment Grade Energy Audit (IGEA) conducted around
to treat and manage the same will also increase. Further, 2007 for municipal services in 134 cities estimated the
around 10% of the waste water generated in India is potential to save 120 MW through energy efficiency
estimated to be treated using old pumping and electro- projects23. The Section 18 of Energy Conservation (EC) Act
mechanical equipment that consume high amounts of requires all states to regulate energy consumption and drive
energy22. Focusing on energy efficiency waste water energy efficiency for water and waste water management24.
management is key for reducing energy demand and hence The AMRUT mission is also encouraging cities to conduct
reduced municipal expenditure. Reduced energy demand an energy audit that can support in identifying inefficient
also provides a co-benefit of mitigating GHGs emissions. equipment such as pumps and replacing the same. This
110 Cities
14 Cities
0
Cities
2
Cities
0
Cities

Cities have conduct- Cities have conducted
Energy Audit for Energy Audit for
ed Energy Audit for Energy Audit for
Cities have not wastewater pumping wastewater pumping
wastewater pumping wastewater pumping
conducted Energy stations and treatment stations and treatment
stations and treatment stations and treatment
Audit for wastewater plants, and have plants, and have
plants, and have re- plants, and have
pumping stations reported energy reported energy
ported energy reduc- reported energy
and treatment plants reduction per MLD reduction per MLD
tion per MLD during reduction per MLD
between 2016-20 during 2016-20 as during 2016-20 as
2016-20 as <10% of during 2016-20 as >
>10% to 15% of >15% to 20% of
baseline data 20% of baseline data
baseline data baseline data
Performance Levels
    

9 Only 2 metropolitan cities namely Surat and Indore have performed well with respect to bringing energy efficiency in
their waste water management. They are able to demonstrate lower energy consumption in the last year based on the
audit conducted.
9 In total, 16 cities (14 Two Stars, 2 Four Stars) are able to assess the energy efficiency of their existing electromechanical
equipment used in wastewater management system and are gradually shifting towards energy efficient water supply
system which will help to mitigate GHG emissions. Majority of these cities are from Gujarat, Karnataka, Punjab, and Uttar
Pradesh.
9 110 One Star cities have not provided evidences/ requisite supporting documents for this indicator. All the cities from
eastern and north-eastern regions, and majority of the participating small towns are in the One Star category. All coastal
cities (except Surat) and hilly cities are also not performing well in this indicator.

Actions
INDORE
Indore has replaced the traditional electro-
mechanical equipment of the existing
particular indicator in the assessment focuses onbringing
energy efficiency in the wastewater management system
wastewater management system with a
where cities are assessed based on the energy audit solar energy system that has helped in 22%
conducted and extent of measures taken to reduce energy reduction in the energy consumption. The use
consumption in wastewater management.
of clean energy has resulted in the municipal
expenditure savings on electricity bills.
Way forward to improve energy efficiency

in waste water management
z Cities can conduct energy audits annually to understand z 14 Cities which are in Two Stars level and have conducted
energy usage trend in the waste water management energy audits can focus on bringing in efficiency based
system wherein potential areas to reduce energy cost on the identified priorities in the audit. They can
and consumption can be identified. 110 cities that are consider installing solar pumps and motors, BE rating
in the very early stages of bringing energy efficiency pumps and motors, auto operation and control systems
can follow MuDSM guidelines and leverage central to reduce the energy consumption and O&M cost.
schemes such as BEE facilitated energy audits and
situational surveys to identify suitable projects to save
electrical energy.
With increasing frequency of erratic and extreme weather events, it is

necessary to improve urban resilience through use of innovative & data-
Mr. Sanjay Seth driven solutions and systems that are dynamic & adaptive. The climate-
Senior Director – Sustainable sensitive approach of CSCAF provides cities with a roadmap to integrate
such considerations and solutions in their resilience building processes
Habitat Programme
across priority sectors.
The Energy and Resources
Institute (TERI)
21.
Kumar, P., 2013. Energy and Water Efficiency in Municipal Water Supply System. Guwahati: CSE India. http://cdn.cseindia.org/userfiles/
pradeep_kumar_director.pdf
22.
Kumar, P., Matto, M. & Sharda , C., 2017. Policy Paper on Mainstreaming Energy Efficiency in Urban Water and Wastewater Manage-
ment in the Wake of Climate Change, s.l.: Centre for Science and Environment, Ministry of Urban Development., https://cdn.cseindia.
org/attachments/0.73120800_1505297784_Policy-Paper-Mainstreaming-Energy-Efficiency-in-Urban-Water.pdf
23.
BEE India, n.d. Municipal Demand Side Management Programme. [Online] Available at: https://beeindia.gov.in/content/municipal-dsm.
[Accessed 20 03 2021]
24.
AEEE, 2019. State Energy Efficiency Index, Ministry of Power, GoI. https://beeindia.gov.in/sites/default/files/State-Efficiency-In-
dex-2019.pdf [Accessed 23 March 2021]

Credits:
Chennai:
Ongoing lake rejuvenation in the city, 2020
by NIUA

Namchi
Integrated water supply management, augmentation of existing distribution network
& strategy for water conservation & reuse
Namchi has implemented a strategy for water conservation & reuse using co-polymer based rain
water harvesting technology. The city aids towards the greater objective of water management
and conservation and to increase recharge of groundwater by capturing and storing rainwater.
Rainwater harvesting from rooftop run-offs and natural waterbodies augment the community
development.
Bhubaneshwar
Assessment and implementation for NRW reduction
The city has planned to expand the network to achieve universal coverage by providing every
household with water supply service connection. One of the key municipal reforms under AMRUT
programme, is to reduce NRW from current levels to 20% providing the following benefits: Ensuring
equitable water supply and reduce demand/supply gap; Improvement in network efficiency by
reducing water losses; Improvement in water supply coverage, reliability and quality of service;
Improving cost recovery from water supply operations.
Surat
Reuse & Recycle of Treated Wastewater Action Plan 2019
The city of Surat has prepared an action plan which promotes the reuse of treated sewage for
different purposes of gardening, industrial reuse, tanker filling, lake restoration, flushing and
construction with a vision to maximize the collection & treatment of generated sewage and reuse of
treated wastewater on a sustainable basis, thereby reducing dependency on freshwater resources.
Also, the reuse of treated wastewater can become a source for revenue generation.

have initiated water have initiated flood/ conduct regular
resource assessment water stagnation (annual) energy
risk assessment audits of their water
supply system

Pune
Standard Operation Procedure for Flood Control (SOP)
The city of Pune has prepared a SOP for taking timely action, systematic co-ordination among
department and public, streamlining communication and decision making. The core objectives
include identifying hazard potential on downstream of the dam, warning about probable floods in
advance, taking preventive actions in advance, monitor flood situation, protection of human lives
& infrastructure, restore damaged infrastructure due to floods.
Durgapur
Investment grade energy audit report
The city of has conducted an energy audit of the water supply system to carry out a performance
evaluation of pump sets. Based on the energy audit, the pump and pump set efficiencies for all
the pumping stations have been estimated. Along with estimation of efficiency of pump sets,
performance indicators such as specific energy consumption were also evaluated for the city.
The energy saving has been calculated on the basis of energy audit activity conducted, where the
estimated energy saving has a potential of 32%.
Saharanpur
Investment grade energy audit
The city has conducted an energy audit of the waste water management system to carry out a
performance evaluation of pump sets. Based on the the energy audit, the overall pump efficiencies
for each running pumps of borewells, sewage treatment plant and sewage pumping station have
been estimated. Along with estimation of efficiency of pump sets specific energy consumption was
also evaluated for pump. The energy saving calculated on the basis of energy audit estimates an
energy saving potential of 48%.
16cities 62cities
conduct regular have instituted
(annual) energy mechanisms for
audits of their promoting recycle
wastewater supply and reuse of waste-
system water

Credits:
Indore:
Biomethane plant at Chhoitram Mandi along with another plant process
35 tonne wet waste daily and produce over 1000 kg bio-CNG
by Indore Smart City Limited
7
Waste Management
Waste Management
S
ignificant increase in Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) in these wards ranges from 32 MT to 22,080 MT per day.
generation has been recorded world wide due The smaller towns and cities face challenges in managing
to rapid population growth accompanied with the waste effectively and are usually disposed in low-lying
industrialization, urbanization, and economic areas without taking necessary precautions or operational
growth. Globally, the average waste generated per capita controls. Hence, adopting government policies at national,
per day is around 0.74 kilogram but ranges widely, from state, and local level is required especially in the context of
0.11 to 4.54 kgs per capita per day1. Global municipal solid rapid urbanization of peri-urban areas. That said, India has
waste is expected to grow to 3.40 billion tonnes by 2050 shown progressive waste management approaches in recent
from the current 2.01 billion tonnes annually, with doubled years with the introduction Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM)
population growth over the same period.1 The statistical and Swachh Survekshan (SS) in 2014 and 2016 respectively.
data of waste production around the world is concerning.
Waste accumulation and improper disposal severely affects The waste management theme of CSCAF 2.0 is aligned
the environment causing air, water and soil pollution which with the SS 2020 and the same has been referred for this
affects public health and causes ecological damage. assessment. The 6 indicators in this theme include waste
minimization initiatives, extent of dry waste recovered,
In India, waste management is one of the major environmental extend to wet waste processed, construction and demolition
concerns, especially in metropolitan cities due to high (C&D) waste management, scientific land availability and
amount of waste generation in comparision to the capacity landfill/dumpsite scientific remediation. These 6 indicators
of landfill availability. According to the “Swachhata Sandesh are mapped with 11 relevant service level indicators of SS
Newsletter” by the MoHUA, as of January 2020, 147,613 2020. The total SS score of these 11 indicators across one
metric tonnes (MT) of solid waste is being generated per day, quarter was 620 and the same has been normalized to 600
from 84,475 urban wards. The amount of waste generation in CSCAF 2.0.
With launch of the ClimateSmart Cities Assessment Framework, an Mr. Vibhor Sood
attempt is made to look into waste management practices in cities Technical Expert
with a climate lens and adopt an outcome-oriented approach for Climate Smart Cities Project, GIZ and
implementation and monitoring. SWM Expert PMU Member, CSCAF 2.0
The scientific management of solid waste can substantially reduce the

GHGs arising out of the waste sector. This will require more aggressive
management of waste at source (source segregation) at the upstream, more
Ms. Paramita Datta Dey recycling and reuse, at midstream and safer disposal, at the downstream.
Team Lead (SCIAP) A great impetus to this has been the Swachh Bharat Mission and the
competitive process of the Swachh Survekshan. The CSCAF framework
will further strengthen and motivate more cities leapfrog to achieve its
cleanliness targets, thereby making them more climate resilient.
1.
The World Bank. Trends in Solid Waste Management. [Online]Available at: https://datatopics.worldbank.org/what-a-waste/trends_in_
solid_waste_management.html#:~:text=The%20world%20generates%202.01%20billion,from%200.11%20to%204.54%20kilograms.
[Accessed April 2021]

Thematic
1
assessment
outcome
Waste 45
41 Minimization
Initiatives
Undertaken by the
INDICATOR 2
City
18
21
43
52 Extent of Dry
INDICATOR 3 Waste Recovered
and Recycled
17 16
4
11
48 Construction & 17
Demolition (C&D)
Waste Management
INDICATOR 4
27
17
Extent of 51
56
Wet Waste
INDICATOR 5 Processed
4 15
45
Scientific Landfill
64 Availability and
Operations
INDICATOR 6
8
26
9
Landfill/ Dumpsite
64 Scientific 8 5 Stars
Remediation 4 Stars
11
3 Stars
17 2 Stars
1 Star

Performance Levels
Five Stars
Four Stars
Three Stars
Two Stars
One Star
City Population
<0.5 million
0.5-1 million
>1 million

In this thematic area, 31 cities have progressed to the level of Five Stars cities. 21 out of the 31 Five Stars 5 Stars
cities are metropolitan cities from Andhra Pradesh, Chattisgarh, Gujarat, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh,
Maharashtra, and Uttar Pradesh. These cities have managed to showcase evidences of practice and
performance in the areas of plastic waste management, 3R principles, treatment of domestic hazardous 22
waste, on-site processing of wet-waste by bulk waste generators, household/community level wet 4 Stars
waste processing, landfill availability and scientific remediation.
Half of the 53 One Star cities are medium size cities from the eastern, north-eastern and southern region 15
(except Jamshedpur). All hilly cities (with an exception of Shimla) are at early stages of improving their 3 Stars
waste management. Waste management requires adequate road infrastructure and the terrain in hilly
areas may posecomplex challenges in transportation and management of waste. Even the small-town
cities lack most aspects of waste management. This can be due to lower generation of waste owning to 5
relatively low population or lack of resources to contextualize solutions and implement them. 2 Stars
9 out of the 15 participating coastal cities are not performing well. These cities face a risk of improper
waste dumping in the sea, estuaries and creeks leading to negative impacts on coastal ecology. 53
1 Star


n Agra n Gwalior  Naya Raipur n Solapur
n Ahmedabad n Indore n Pimpri Chinchwad n Surat
n Aligarh n Jabalpur n Prayagraj n Tirupati
 Amravati  Kolhapur n Pune n Ujjain
n Bhopal n Lucknow n Raipur n Vadodara
n Delhi  Mysore n Rajkot  Vijayawada
n Gandhinagar n Nagpur n Saharanpur n Visakhapatnam
 Gorakhpur n Nashik n Shimla

n Bengaluru n Jhansi  Nanded n Tiruchirapalli
 Bhavnagar  Jodhpur n Sagar n Tumakuru
n Chandigarh n Kakinada n Satna n Udaipur
 Dahod n Kalyan Dombivali n Silvassa n Varanasi
 Ghaziabad n Kanpur n Srinagar
 Jamshedpur n Karimnagar n Thane

n Ajmer  Gurugram  Loni n Port Blair
n Chennai n Hubli Dharwad n Ludhiana  Sangli Miraj & Kupwad
n Coimbatore n Jaipur n Mangalore n Warangal
n Dehradun n Karnal  Mira Bhayandar

n Barielly  Guntur n Ranchi
n Bhubaneshwar n Moradabad

n Agartala n Erode n Kota n Salem
n Aizawl n Faridabad  Leh n Shillong
n Amravathi n Gangtok n Madurai n Shivamogga
n Amritsar  Gulbarga  Mandi  Siliguri
n Aurangabad n Guwahati  Meerut  Solan
n Belagavi  Hamirpur n Muzaffarpur n Thanjavur
n Bhagalpur n Imphal  Namchi n Tirunelveli
n Bihar Sharif n Itanagar n New Town Kolkata n Tiruppur
n Bilaspur n Jalandhar  Palampur n Tiruvanantapuram
 Cuttack n Jammu n Panaji n Toothukudi
n Davangere  Kargil  Pasighat n Vellore
 Dharamshala n Kavaratti n Patna
 Diu n Kochi n Puducherry
 Durgapur n Kohima n Rourkela

INDICATOR 1
Waste Minimization Initiatives

Undertaken by the City
This indicator is mapped with the marks of 5 service level indicators of Swachh Survekshan 2019. They are plastic waste management (1.8),
3R principles of dry and wet waste (1.9), domestic hazardous waste collected and processed (2.5), management of bulk waste generators
(2.9) and wet waste processing at household or community level (2.11). The performance levels are categorized based on resulting CSCAF
2.0 score.
1City
41 Cities
18 Cities
21 Cities
45 Cities
Performance Levels
    

9 Among the 126 cities, only Amravati (A.P) is in One Star category, since it is a new and developing city and is yet to inititate
necessary steps for efficient waste management.
9 Cities from the northern and western region are performing better than the cities from north-eastern and southern
region. Half of the Five Stars cities are from the northern and western regions. Half of the cities in the Two Stars category
are from the north-eastern and southern regions.
9 45 cities managed to showcase their efforts in minimizing waste generation through various methods. 29 out of these
45 cities are from the northern and western regions. Innovative ways for reduction of waste generation at a household/
community level, hazardous waste treatment and other technological interventions to strengthen existing waste
management practices have been explored by these 29 cities. Among the 45 cities, 24 are metropolitan cities where
infrastructure and technology available for waste management are good.
9 41 Two Stars cities have initiated comprehensive actions adopting waste reduction practices and are in process to develop
further. Among the Two Stars cities, 21 are medium sized cities where their waste management practices and especially
the 3R principles, plastic waste, and domestic hazardous waste management can be improved.
9 98 out of 126 cities have already banned single use plastic including plastic with <50 micron during all festivals/social
gatherings/events.
9 With respect to 3R Principles, measures are being taken by cities to reduce generation of Dry/Wet Waste. These include,
5 initiatives undertaken across 40 cities, 4 initiatives in 1 city, 3 initiatives across 19 cities, 2 initiatives across 11 cities, 1
initiative across 13 cities. Currently, no initiatives are being taken across 42 cities.
9 44 cities have more than 95% of their collected domestic hazardous waste are being treated either by decentralized or
centralized processing techniques. Also, only 35% of participating cities are scientifically collecting and processing their
hazardous waste.
9 25% of participating cities are successfully managing their waste at household level, thereby supporting the waste
management ecosystem. In 31 cities, more than 5% of their households process wet waste at home or community level.
9 All the participating cities (except Shimla) from hilly regions are under Two Stars category. Shimla has performed well and
is among Five Stars category and can act as an exemplar for other hilly cities .

Actions
JABALPUR
The city was awarded the title of “Best Big
City in Innovation and Best Practices” in
Around the world, with the growing population, waste
generation is rising rapidly. With rapid population growth
the SwachhSurvekshan 2019. With 100%
and urbanization, annual waste generation is expected to segregation at source, most of the city’s waste
increase by 70% from 2016 levels to 3.40 billion tonnes is transported to waste to energy plant at
in 2050.3 India is among the highest generators of waste
Kathonda, where the Municipal Corporation
globally, as per The World Bank report. Delhi, Greater
Mumbai and Chennai top the list of Indian cities with and Essel Infra projects Ltd. has set up 600
maximum waste generation. Goa and Delhi produce TPD processing plant.
as much as 60 grams and 37 grams per capita per day
respectively, whereas the national average as per SBM
is 11 grams per capita per day4. The current practice of provide implementation guidelines for all the aspects of
waste management in India involves collecting waste Municipal Solid Waste Management (MSWM) especially
from sources through a collective community bin system for segregation, collection, transportation, treatment and
followed by intermediate processing before transported to disposal.
a landfill. The major challenges experienced by Indian cities
include open dumping leading to various problems such as Many cities are innovating around waste minimization
contamination5, lack of scientific treatment, inadequate initiatives through public-private, community-public and
waste collection and increased generation of plastic waste.6 private-private partnerships. This indicator focuses on
capturing the impacts of interventions made to manage
During the recent past, the management of solid waste has waste generation. Aligning to the Swachh Survekshan,
received considerable attention from the Central, State and this indicator focuses on capturing the measures adopted
local governments in India. Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM), by cities in implementing Plastic Waste Management
an initiative by the Government of India, was launched in Rules 2016 and initiatives undertaken to reduce dry/
2014 with the vision of enhancing sanitation and hygiene wet waste, treatment of domestic hazard waste, onsite
in cities. In 2016, the MoHUA has also introduced a waste processing by non-bulk waste generators, measures
new scheme known as Swachh Survekshan to assess taken by bulk waste generators to treat dry and process
the progress made. Important guidelines published by wet wastes and processing of wet waste at household/
MOHUA through Central Public Health and Environmental community level.
Engineering Organisation (CPHEEO) in the year 2016
3.
TNN, 2020. In 30 years, India tipped to double the amount of waste it generates. [Online]
Available at: https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/in-30-years-india-tipped-to-double-the-amount-of-waste-it-generates/article-
show/74454382.cms [Accessed March 2021].
4.
Nair, S., 2020. Plastic waste is India’s and the world’s most formidable environmental challenge today, and the COVID-19 pandemic has
made matters worse: CSE. [Online]
Available at: https://www.cseindia.org/plastic-waste-is-india-s-and-the-world-s-most-formidable-environmental-challenge-10375#:~:-
text=A%20Central%20Pollution%20Control%20Board%20%28CPCB%29%20report%20%282018-19%29,frightening%20as%20
it%20is%2C%20might%20be%20an%20under
5.
Reddy, K. V. R. & Ram, A. S., 2019. Waste Management Initiatives And Activities In India For Society’s Welfare. International Journal of
Scientific & Technology Research, DECEMBER, 8(12), pp. 2995-2998.
6.
BBanerjee, A., 2019. India Is Generating Much More Plastic Waste Than It Reports. Here’s Why. [Online]
Available at: https://www.indiaspend.com/india-is-generating-much-more-plastic-waste-than-it-reports-heres-why/ [Accessed March
2021].

Swachh Survek-
Mapped Swachh Survekshan 2019 shan Total marks
CSCAF 2.0 Score
Service Level Indicators Swachh Survekshan of Mapped
indicators
Plastic Waste Management Rules: Whether the City has

1.8 banned single use plastic including plastic with <50 micron 30 27.5
during all festivals/social gatherings/events?
3R Principles: Whether measures taken to reduce generation

1.9 50 45
5 of Dry/Wet Waste? If yes, share details
Service Percentage of total domestic hazardous waste collected is
2.5 30 27.5
Level treated, either by decentralized or centralized processing
Indicators Percentage of Bulk Waste Generators (BWG), including
those generating more than 100 Kgs (or less as notified by
the State/city) of waste per day, practicing on site processing
2.9 50 45
of their wet waste or outsourced to private agency -pro-
cessing not outsourced to ULB. However, cities with <1 Lakh
population can outsource to ULB on a commercial rate.
Percentage of households processing their wet waste at

2.11 Home/ Community Level (Households under RWAs will 50 45
qualify under the BWG definition)
Total 210 190
Way forward to transition towards Waste Minimization

Initiatives Undertaken by the City
z Cities can implement Plastic Waste Management Rules issued an order (order NGT OA 72/2020) regarding the
2016 and enforce the Single Use Plastic Ban. same.
z Cities can encourage their citizens to reduce waste by z Cities can monitor all the Bulk Waste Generators
practicing source segregation, recycling and reuse of (BWGs) within their purview on a monthly basis and
dry waste at household level through citizen awareness ensure the segregated wet waste including kitchen/
programs and campaigns. garden waste are being processed onsite or collected
z Cities can promote segregation of Domestic Hazardous and processed by private parties authorized by ULB.
waste in accordance with Solid Waste Management
Rules 2016. Recently, National Green Tribunal has also
The private sector must be a primary catalyst in building a progressive business

case for climate action, scaling-up private investment in climate-smart urban
Ms. Shabnam Siddiqui infrastructure and supporting innovative ecopreneurs in this decade of action.
Executive Director Collective action and ethical leadership will help strengthen mitigation and
United Nations Global resilience strategies in the long run and provide a fillip to the commercial
Compact Network India opportunities that sustainability presents.

Credits:
Udaipur:
Waste to energy biomethanation plant that is capable of scientifically
disposing 730 tonnes of wet waste annually
by Udaipur Municipal Corporation

INDICATOR 2
Extent of Dry Waste

Recovered & Recycled
In many developed and developing countries the collection, recovery and recycling challenging. Furthermore, many
segregation and disposal of solid waste is a widespread Indian cities practice open dumping at sites which were
problem.7 Segregation, recycling and reusing of waste can originally allocated for developing sanitary landfills, leading
be a viable and cost-effective solution to reduce waste. to no further segregation to recover the usable waste.8 In
Recycling mostly involves recovering and reprocessing the last two decades, there has been a sharp increase in the
usable materials (predominantly dry waste) that generally use of plastics by citizens leading to increased plastic waste
might end up as waste such as plastic, paper, etc.8 Presently, generation.
around 7 million tons of paper is being consumed in India
for packaging, of which only 33% are being recycled.9 Dry Aligning to the Swachh Survekshan, section 2.3 and 2.4;
waste also contains several non-recyclable components, the focus of this indicator is on assessing the capacity of
such as plastic bags, laminated metallized plastics or dry waste processing facilities and the quantity of dry
mylar, shredded paper and textiles. This makes dry waste waste processed MRF, RDF or Waste to Energy plants.
This indicator is mapped with the marks of 2 service level indicators of Swachh Survekshan 2019. They are dry waste collected and
processed (2.1) and treatment/ recycle/ reuse of plastic waste collected (2.2). The performance levels are categorized based on resulting
CSCAF 2.0 score.
52 Cities
4
Cities
11 Cities
16 Cities
43 Cities
Performance Levels
    

9 23 metropolitan cities, 10 large cities and 10 medium sized cities are performing well in this indicator. This includes
measures such as secondary and tertiary sorting, and processing facilities in their cities.
9 24 out of 43 Five Stars cities are able to process 100% of their collected dry waste. Majority of these cities are from the
western, central and northern regions.
» Cities from Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh and Uttar Pradesh have performed relatively better.
» Shimla is the only hill city that has considered implementing waste management practices for recycle and reuse of dry
waste.
» Among the coastal cities, Kakinada, Surat, and Visakhapatnam have been successful in managing their dry waste with
initiatives like Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) facility and decentralized dry-waste recycling centers.
9 16 cities in the Four Stars category are mostly metropolitan cities from the northern, southern and western regions. This
includes 2 coastal cities, Chennai and Port Blair.
9 40 out of the 126 cities have more than 95% of their generated dry waste (excluding plastic and domestic hazardous
waste) collected and processed (re-used or recycled), either by decentralized or centralized facilities. These cities are
majorly from the states of Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Uttar Pradesh.
9 32 out of the 52 cities in One Star category are mostly from the southern (16), northern (14), eastern and north-eastern
regions (9). These cities are mostly small and medium towns indicating inadequate infrastructure and institutional
resources at local level to take actions.

Actions
VARANASI
Scrapshala, Ravindrapuri – is a unique initiative
that works toward creating decorative
This indicator assesses the efficiency of city’s waste
management systems based on the extent of recyclables
products from waste materials and discarded
recovered from the city’s total dry waste and further items. Non-degradable, dry trash/scrap is
processed by the authorized recycling units. used to customized products and is being
encouraged by the city.
Swachh Survek-
shan Total marks
Mapped Swachh Survekshan 2019 Service Level Indicators CSCAF 2.0 Score
of Mapped
indicators
2 Percentage of generated dry waste (excluding plastic and do-

Service mestic hazardous waste) collected that is actually processed/
2.1 60 60
Re-used/recycled, either by decentralized or centralized
Level facilities
Indicators
Percentage of total plastic waste collected is treated/
2.2 Re-used/recycled, either by decentralized or centralized 40 40
processing
Total of Indicator 2 100 100
Way forward to transition towards reducing the extent of

dry waste recovered and recycled
z Cities can focus on promoting source segregation of quantity of recyclables, SCF/RDF generated in the waste
dry waste through various awareness programs and stream for estimating the capacity of the treatment
rigorous campaigning to achieve 100% recycling and facility (Material Recovery Facility or Refused Derived
reuse of waste. Fuel).
z Cities should maintain proper baseline data for z Cities can refer to the following advisory and guideline
assessing the quantity of waste recycled per year. pertaining to Plastic waste management,
z Cities can announce incentives to encourage reuse and » Advisory on Material Recovery Facility
recycling of waste. » Guidelines on Usage of Refuse Derived Fuel in
z Cities should maintain the monthly record of the Various Industries
7.
Bhatia, A., 2017. 5 Cool Waste Management Ideas From The World That India Can Adopt. [Online]
Available at: https://swachhindia.ndtv.com/5-cool-waste-management-ideas-world-india-can-adopt-6190/
8.
Patel, U., 2018. Solid Waste Management in India An Assessment of Resource Recovery and Environmental Impact. [Online] Available
at: https://icrier.org/pdf/Working_Paper_356.pdf [Accessed March 2021].
9.
Singh, S., 2020. Solid Waste Management in Urban India: Imperatives for Improvement. [Online]
Available at: https://www.orfonline.org/research/solid-waste-management-in-urban-india-imperatives-for-improvement-77129/

INDICATOR 3
Construction & Demolition

(C&D) Waste Management
Construction waste at global level accounts to 2-3 quality, eventually increasing the pollutants level above
billion tonnes per year of which 30-40% is concrete.10 the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS). As
Construction and Demolition (C&D) waste management India’s construction sector is projected to grow at a rate
is highly important especially for the developing countries, of 7-8% over the next 10 years, it is likely to become the
where much of their infrastructure requirements are world’s third largest country in the construction sector by
mostly under development or expected to be implemented mid next decade.12
in the next two to three decades.
According to the Building Material Promotion Council,
Water bodies, green areas and public spaces in Indian India generates an estimated 150 million tonnes of C&D
cities are severely getting affected by unsafe disposal of waste every year, although the official recycling capacity
concrete, bricks, and metal waste from construction.11 is a meagre 6,500 tonnes per day which accounts to a little
Toxic dust particles from the debris further impact the air over 1% of the total generation of C&D waste11. In the year
This indicator is mapped with the marks of 1 service level indicator of Swachh Survekshan 2019 - Mechanism in place for Construction
and Demolition (C&D) waste as per C&D Waste Management Rule, 2016 (3.1). The performance levels are categorized based on resulting
CSCAF 2.0 score.
48 Cities
17Cities
27 Cities
17 Cities
17 Cities
Performance Levels
    

9 17 cities in the Five Stars category are from Gujarat (4), Maharashtra (4), Uttar Pradesh (4), Andhra Pradesh (3), Madhya
Pradesh (1) and Tamil Nadu (1). These cities have succeeded in implementing C&D Waste rules. 11 out of these 17 cities
are metropolitan cities.
9 20 out of the 27 cities in the Three Stars category are metropolitan and large cities. As per C&D Waste Management Rules
2016 it is mandated for large cities to set up recycling plants within 18 months. 10 of the 31 large cities participating in the
assessment have managed to set up such recycling plants.
9 32 of the 48 cities in the One Star category are medium sized cities and small towns. These cities have highlighted that they
do not have formal C&D waste collection system or related infrastructure for treatment and management.
9 All 10 participating cities from the north-eastern region and 15 of the 33 participating cities from the southern region are
in the One Star category.
9 8 of the 15 participating coastal cities are also in the One Star category wherein the sensitive water ecosystem and other
aquatic life may get severely impacted if safe practices of C&D waste management are not adopted.

Actions
CHANDIGARH
Chandigarh Municipal Corporation has set up the
construction and demolition waste processing
2017, 53 cities committed to set up the recycling facilities
to recover material from C&D waste, although only 13
plant in its industrial area for stacking, crushing,
cities were able to achieve the same by 202011. processing and manufacturing of various C&D
products. Till date 5000 MT C&D waste has
Under Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) and aligning to
been processed into recycled products saving
the Swachh Survekshan 2020, section 2.6; the focus
of this indicator is to document the mechanisms which natural resources, reducing the quantum of
are currently in place to collect, process and reuse C&D waste reaching landfills. Another major benefit
waste. Through this indicator we have managed to capture
has been the reduction in carbon footprints
the extent of decentralized management of C&D waste
generated and its utilization. and hence yielding numerous environmental
benefits.
SwachhSurvek-
shan Total marks
Construction & Demolition (C&D) waste management
of Mapped
1
indicators
Service
Level Any mechanism in place to manage Construction & Demolition (C&D) waste as per
3.1 C&D Waste Management Rule, 2016? Whether plans in place to initiate process- 50
Indicator
ing of C&D Waste?
Total of Indicator 3 50
Way forward to transition towards improving

C&D waste management
z Cities may prioritize setting up C&D Waste management to limited C&D waste generation, then cities can explore
system and maintain the inventories of construction options for setting up such a facility in partnership with
activities in the city. To begin with, cities can notify neighbouring towns or cities. The following documents
dumping points and storage facilities for C&D waste. can be referred for additional information:
z Cities are encouraged to form a collection mechanism » A Ready Reckoner for utilization of recycled
using a helpline system. Cities can enforce user charges, produce of C&D waste.
penalty for non-compliance while implementing a » Guidelines on Environmental Management of
robust C&D waste management system. Construction & Demolition Waste, CPCB, 2017.
z Cities can set up facilities for processing of C&D » Coarse and Fine Aggregate for Concrete –
waste in collaboration with private entities. If it is not Specification- IS 383: 2016.
financially viable to set up such a processing facility due
10.
Shrivastava, S. & Chini, A., 2016. Construction Materials and C&D Waste in India. [Online]
Available at: https://www.irbnet.de/daten/iconda/CIB14286.pdf
11.
DTE Staff, 2020. India recycles only 1% of its construction and demolition waste: CSE. [Online] Available at: https://www.downtoearth.
org.in/news/waste/india-recycles-only-1-of-its-construction-and-demolition-waste-cse-73027#:~:text=India%20recycles%20just%20
one%20per,25%2C%202020%2C%20has%20shown.&text=This%20demands%20a%20circular%20economy,C%26D%20waste%20
into
12.
Resource Efficiency & Circular Economy – Current Status and way forward, NITI Aayog: 2019, p16

INDICATOR 4
Extent of Wet Waste

Processed
Human wellbeing is affected by inadequate wet waste waste containing both recyclable and non-recyclable
management as it is a major cause of environmental and waste), with an annual growth rate of 4%. Organic waste
water pollution. Besides, burning of wet waste contributes (all types of biodegradable waste), dry waste (or recyclable
to the depletion of ozone layer which accelerates climate waste) and biomedical waste (or sanitary and hazardous
change. Globally, in comparison to the amount of waste waste) are the three major categories of waste produced
produced there are insufficient treatment plants for in our country13. Appropriate management of organic
wet waste processing. Therefore, the global wet waste waste is therefore essential as 50% of the waste generated
management industry is expected to expand in the future. in India is organic waste14. This will further substantially
reduce the volume of pollution induced by improper waste
By 2022, the global wet waste management market is management.
expected to be worth more than USD 130 billion, providing
an economic potential for improved waste management13. In order to mitigate climate change and improve quality
India generates 62 million tonnes of waste per year (mixed of lives, it is important for cities to manage wet waste by
This indicator is mapped with the marks of 1 service level indicator of Swachh Survekshan 2019 - Processing of wet waste generated (4.1).
The performance levels are categorized based on resulting CSCAF 2.0 score.
56 Cities
0
Cities
04 Cities
15 Cities
51 Cities
Performance Levels
    

9 The assessment of this indicator highlights that cities are either performing extremely well or poorly. Majority of cities
(66) are in either Five Stars or Four Stars categories, or are in One Star category (56).
9 Among the 51 Five Stars cities, 40 cities are able to process 100% of their collected wet waste.
9 Metropolitan cities (26 cities) have performed well in this indicator, followed by large cities (14 cities) and 11 medium
cities who have achieved wet waste handling, separation, storage and processing.
» Shimla is the only hill city, and Surat and Visakhapatnam are the only two coastal cities that have been successful
in undertaking wet waste management initiatives such as enforcement of onsite wet waste processing units (bio
methanation and vermicomposting plants) at various locations (industrial, restaurants, commercial).
» Port Blair and Kakinada are the only coastal cities in Four Stars category. These cities have managed to successfully
implement decentralized compost yard plants and city-wide strict cleanliness initiatives, respectively. 11 of the 15
participating coastal cities are in the early stages of processing their wet waste.
9 Majority of the participating medium sized cities (41) and all of the 10 participating small towns are in the One Star
category. A large portion of waste in these cities are often dumped in open areas, water bodies and stormwater drains
leading to water pollution and clogging of the drainage.
9 40 of the 56 One Star cities are part of both AMRUT and Smart Cities missions and can make use of the central government
funding to prioritise and initiate measures for improving their wet waste management systems.

Actions
NAGPUR
Nagpur has a centralized vermi-composting
plant at Bhandewadi operational since 2008.
setting up appropriate processing facilities and scientifically
operated systems.The focus of this indicator is on capturing
Large quantities of the city’s waste from
actions initiated by cities in wet waste processing as per the vegetable market, fruit market and hotels are
Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) and aligning to the section processed in this plant.
2.2 of Swachh Survekshan.
SwachhSurvek-
shan Total marks CSCAF 2.0
1 Extent of Wet Waste Processed
of Mapped Score
Service indicators
Level Percentage of wet waste generated actually processed,
4.1 150 150
Indicators either by decentralized or centralized facilities.
Way forward to transition towards reducing the

extent of wet waste processed
z Cities can treat their wet waste effectively by To promote such endeavours, cities should implement
segregating and processing of the same through incentive schemes and increase awareness generation.
decentralised approaches such as composting and z Cities can establish regulatory mechanisms by
community level biomethanation plants. mainstreaming advisory on on-site and decentralized
z Cities can encourage citizens for home composting to composting of municipal organic waste.
reduce the overall generation of Municipal Solid Waste.
CSCAF 2.0 has been a steep learning curve for Indore Smart City. It not only
challenged us to deliver beyond the realm of a Smart City but also launched us
into an arena of global best practices of building Climate resilient cities. Indore has
aimed to think out of the box, while at the same time keep a local flavour to our
solutions; and CSCAF2.0 has helped us do just that. It has enabled us to enhance our
capabilities and skills sets internally, build bridges with the community in tackling
Ms. Aditi Garg, IAS the challenge of climate change, and at the same time devise ongoing cooperative
CEO of Indore Smart City mechanisms for inter-departmental coordination which is our greatest tool in
(during the implementation designing a Climate Smart Framework for the city. CSCAF 2.0 has truly helped
of CSCAF 2.0) redefine and reinvigorate the role of a Smart City in the present context.
13
Press Information Bureau, 2018. Press Release Details. New Delhi. [Online] Available at: https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx-
?PRID=1532692 [Accessed 20 June 2020].
14
Ayilara, M., 2020. Waste Management through Composting: Challenges and Potentials. [Online]
Available at: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/12/11/4456/htm [Accessed March 2021].

INDICATOR 5
Scientific Landfill Availability

& Operations
Since the last few decades, scientific landfill management to accumulation of waste, causing fires at landfills and
has been implemented around the world to address site- hence resulting in garbage burning which causes severe air
specific issues and to enable the construction of bigger pollution. Landfills also pose tremendous health hazards
landfill sectors in the same region. Population expansion in as they are a storehouse of virus and bacteria, causing
urban areas over the years has resulted in landfills becoming cardiovascular and lung diseases. Presently in India, only
dump yards, with little regard for their capacity or lifespan. 5% of the total municipal waste collected, is processed.
Due to the difficulty in achieving economic viability Untreated landfill sites account for approximately 20% of
of a sanitary landfill project, the application of landfill methane gas emissions in India16. With nearly 72% of India’s
operations to other situations where the main motivation garbage remaining untreated, scientific landfills are an option
is the removal of a potential source of contamination or the for urban India to ensure proper waste management17.
recovery of resources has been limited to very few cases
so far. Scalability of this operation can only be achieved by This indicator assesses cities conformity to Solid Waste
providing specific incentives or accessing public funding. Management Rules, 2016 and guidance given in the
Municipal Solid Waste Management (MSWM) Manual,
In India, landfills pose numerous threats due to their 2016 (CPHEEO, 2016) along with any other updated
unscientific design and indiscriminate disposal of waste. criteria published by CPCB/ State PCB for Solid Waste
One of the key threats is the emission of methane gas due Disposal Facilities.
This indicator is mapped with the marks of 1 service level indicator of Swachh Survekshan 2019 - Sanitary landfill or zero landfill city (5.1).
64 Cities
9
Cities
8
Cities
0
Cities
45 Cities
Performance Levels
    

9 The assessment indicates that majority of cities are either performing well and are in Five Stars category (45) or in One Star
category (64) and are yet to adopt relevant measures.
9 27 out of the 45 cities in Five Stars category are metropolitan cities that have scientific landfills meeting the prescribed
guidelines by the CPEEHO, Solid Waste Management Manual, 2016.
9 A majority of the cities from north-eastern and eastern regions of the country are in the One Star category. 9 out of 10
small towns are also in the One Star category. The small towns generally produce relatively less waste, therefore, may have
not prioritised construction and operation of their landfills in a scientific manner.
9 9 out of the 15 coastal cities are in the One Star category and this is concerning because lack of scientific landfill availability,
besides polluting the groundwater, can severely impact the marine life.

Actions
MYSURU
The Zero Waste Management Plant at
Kumbarakoppal was started in 2005 and covers
The focus of this indicator is towards capturing the
amount of collectable waste which is going to the landfill
5 wards of Mysuru Municipal Corporation. Wet
and whether the management and operations of landfills and dry waste is segregated at two stages to
are according to the guidelines under the Swachh Bharat ensure all parts are retrieved and sold or sent
Mission (SBM) and aligning to the section 2.8 of Swachh
for composting. This ensures that zero waste is
Survekshan.
sent to landfill from these 5 wards.
SwachhSurvek-
1 Scientific Landfill availability & operations
of Mapped Score
Service indicators
Level Is the landfill in the city a sanitary landfill? Or landfill not
5.1 50 50
Indicators required/ Zero landfill city
Way forward to transition towards improving

scientific landfill operations
z Non-performing cities should initiate the process of z Non-performing cities should initiate construction of
setting up sanitary landfill and monitor the same. The sanitary landfill. Focus on adopting sanitary measures
construction, operation and maintenance of these for disposal and recycle of municipal solid waste and
facilities may be in accordance with the guidelines promoting waste to energy can be considered. Examples
provided within Manual on Municipal Solid Waste for sample contracts for Design Build Operate of
Management, 2016, CPHEEO (Chapter IV on Technical sanitary landfill can be referred.
Aspects of Municipal Sanitary Landfill).
ICLEI South Asia witnessed the enthusiasm of fore-runner cities to showcase

existing and ongoing climate actions, while responding to the CSCAF. The
framework helped build capabilities of cities that are just embarking on
Mr. Emani Kumar their climate action journey by guiding them through a step-wise process of
Deputy Secretary General, ICLEI assessing the present status and laying out the next steps to deploy sustainable
Global and Executive Director climate solutions.
ICLEI South Asia
16.
Bhatia, A., 2017 . Waste Management: How India Is Drowning In Garbage. [Online]
Available at: https://swachhindia.ndtv.com/waste-management-india-drowning-garbage-2147/
17.
Centre for Science and Environment, 2020. Clean It Right - Dumpsite Management in India. [Online] Available at: http___cdn.cseindia.
org_attachments_0.75728500_1606740511_clean-it-right--dumpsite-management-in-india.pdf

INDICATOR 6
Landfill/ Dumpsite
Scientific Remediation
Dumpsite is defined as a dedicated land allocated for report estimated that at least 2 billion people do not have
disposal of municipal solid waste. The deposited waste access to regular waste collection and they depend on
in these areas should be covered with soil in order to unmanaged dumpsites18.
isolate it from the environment. Humans and animals are
usually restricted from entering these areas. The waste In India, urban areas account for a third of India’s population
deposited in these areas gradually decomposes through a and generates 54.75 million tonnes of MSW annually19.
combination of biological, chemical and physical processes. The current estimate is that 22.5 million tonnes of waste
If not adequately managed, they are likely to cause concern dumped annually is unprocessed20. On the top of that,
with respect to two major emissions namely, leachate and 77% of the waste generated in India is disposed of in open
landfill gas. These emissions can have severe impact on the dumpsites as per The World Bank18. Unmanaged dumping
environment during the decomposition process. According of mixed municipal waste has created around 3,159
to the Waste Atlas report (2013), cases from 50 biggest dumpsites across the country20. These dumpsites have led
dumpsites in the world revealed that together they affect to environmental consequences, including contamination
the lives of almost 65 million people18. In 2015, the GWMO of the air, water (ground and surface), and soil.
This indicator is mapped with the marks of 1 service level indicator of Swachh Survekshan 2019 - Remediation of existing dumpsites (6.1).
64 Cities
17 Cities
11 Cities
8Cities
26 Cities
Performance Levels
    

9 Around two third of the participating cities do not have their landfills scientifically remediated.
9 26 cities in the Five Stars category meet the prescribed norms by CPEEHO for scientific landfill remediation. 16 of these are
metropolitan cities from the states of Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Himachal
Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Jammu & Kashmir, Karnataka and Jharkhand.
9 7 out of the 8 participating hilly cities and 9 out of the 15 coastal cities are in the One Star category. The probability of
surface water and groundwater pollution due to improper remediation is highly likely in these cities.
9 Most of the cities in the eastern-northern, north-eastern and southern regions are also in the One Star category.
9 27 out of the 41 medium sized cities and all the 10 small towns participating in the assessment are also under the One
Star category. These cities generally produce relatively less waste and therefore are yet to prioritise landfill remediation
processes.

Actions
TIRUPATI
Tirupati is in the process of remediating the
Rampuram dump site through bio-mining
The Swachh Bharat Mission has been emphasising on
reclamation of landfill sites with an aim to recover over
process. It will help in reduction of soil, air and
an estimated 10,000 hectares of urban land that is locked water pollution in the area along with restoring
in these dumpsites in India. Innovative and sustainable the local flora and fauna. It will also be
landfill remediation methods like bio-mining and bio-
beneficial for residents’ health living in close
remediation are promoted over the traditional ‘capping’
which means covering the landfill with a layer of soil. proximity the site.
The focus of this indicator was on evaluating the city’s

readiness to scientifically manage or efforts made to
remediate landfills and dump sites.
SwachhSurvek-
1 Landfill/ dumpsite Scientific Remediation
of Mapped Score
Service indicators
Level Remediation of existing dumpsites undertaken and the stage
6.1 60 60
Indicators of the same or no legacy waste (dumpsite)
Way forward to transition towards landfill/dumpsite

scientific remediation
z As a first step, cities can assess the baseline condition of z Cities can prepare a DPR of scientific landfill/ dumpsite
existing dump sites in terms of quantification of legacy closure and initiate the work of remediation once
waste, topographical survey, geotechnical investigation, agreement of remediation is completed.
other environmental parameters such as water, air and z Cities can explore options for converting landfills into
leachate quality and characteristics of legacy waste etc. conceptual landscape areas.
z Non-performing cities need to refer to the document
Model RFP for Closure and Capping of Existing
Dumpsite.
18.
International Solid Waste Association, 2016. A Roadmap for closing Waste Dumpsites The World’s most Polluted Places. [Online]
Available at: https://www.iswa.org/fileadmin/galleries/About%20ISWA/ISWA_Roadmap_Report.pdf
19.
Advisory on Improving Municipal Solid Waste Management Services, 2013 (Ministry of Urban Development, CPHEEO). [Online]
Available at: http://cpheeo.gov.in/upload/uploadfiles/files/Advisory%20on%20Improving%20Municipal%20Solid%20Waste%20Man-
agement%20Services.pdf [Accessed April 2021].
20.
The Week, 2021. India’s answer to the mounting landfill problem: Bio-mining and Bio-remediation [Online]
Available at: https://www.theweek.in/news/biz-tech/2021/01/09/india_s-answer-to-the-mounting-landfill-problem--bio-mining-and-.
html [Accessed April 2021]

Ujjain
Bio-methanation project
The city has adopted an integrated approach to strategically process and reduce the bio-degradable
waste of the city to generate electricity by a bio-methanation plant. This plant is helping in the solid
waste management of the city and is also a step towards reducing the burden on non-renewable
resources by producing electricity used in the nearby street lights. The slurry generated from bio-
methanation is utilized for landscaping, gardening and farming purposes. The project has reduced
greenhouse emissions onto the environment by 12,176 Kg/month.
Ahmedabad
Material Recovery Facility

The Material Recovery Facility (MRF) at Ahmedabad runs on a public private partnership (PPP)
model between Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation (AMC) and Nepra Resource Management
Pvt. Ltd. The daily sorting capacity of dry waste of the MRF plant is around 100 MT. Dry Waste
is collected with the help of waste pickers and through collection vehicles and brought to the
material recovery facility (MRF) where it is manually segregated, checked and segregated waste is
then sold to the authorized recyclers.
Delhi
Construction and Demolition Waste recycling facility at Burari

North Delhi Municipal Corporation has installed a recycling facility in Burari which is installed,
operated and maintained on a Public Private Partnership (PPP) basis between the Corporation
and Infrastructure Leasing and Financial Services Limited (IL&FS) Environment. There are 168
designated intermediate collection points across the city from which waste is transported to the
processing facility.

have banned have instituted have more than 95%
single-use plastics mechanisms for of generated dry
including plastics processing 100% of waste (excluding
<50 micron collected wet waste plastic & domestic
hazardous waste)
collected that is
actually processed/
recycled/reused

Coimbatore
Biogas plant and Vermicomposting plant in Coimbatore - Processing and treating wet
waste
The Coimbatore city municipal corporation has installed a biogas plant at Amma Unavagam
premises at Chitra Nagar. Vegetable waste, cooked and uncooked food waste from the hotels and
restaurants in and around the are used to generate biogas through anaerobic digestion. At the
vermicomposting plant, segregated waste is processed and converted into compost at this site.
Jabalpur
Zero landfill & bin free city

The city has adopted a robust solid waste management solution which aims to integrate Waste-
to-Energy plant with the centralized monitoring system with a better governance on collection of
daily garbage, monitoring of garbage collection, transportation system by the command control
center, while ensuring cost reduction and resource optimization.
Indore
Bioremediation/ Bio-mining of legacy waste

Indore had taken considerable steps to tackle waste management in new and innovative ways.
One such example is Indore’s Devguradiya dumpsite where the dumping yard is saddled by heaps
of garbage for decades. The project aims to clear legacy waste dumps and reclaim 100 acre land
of worth Rs. 300 Cr. Due to adoption of scientific bio-remediation process the area inside the
processing and disposal site is transformed into beautiful green-belt uplifting the environment,
eliminating dump fires, reducing emissions, soil pollution and ground water contamination.

have successfully are scientifically Have implemented
implemented managing landfill scientific
Construction & sites, meeting remediation of their
Demolition (C&D) CPEEHO, Solid landfills
Waste Rules Waste Management
Rules, 2016

8
Way Forward to Build

Climate Actions
Way Forward for Cities’ Actions
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Urban Planning, Green Cover and Biodiversity
1. Establishing dedicated city level committees to strengthen coordination and

management across various departments
Cities can strengthen their institutional coordination and management

to ensure holistic planning, implementation and monitoring of climate actions.
Specialized committees such as Biodiversity Management Committees, City
Climate Cells and Environmental Committees, and City Disaster Management
Cells can be established to focus on rejuvenating and safeguarding biodiversity
and environment, and guide dedicated activities towards disaster management
respectively.
2. Alignment across various city, state and national plans to ensure coherence in
planning and implementation
In order to adopt rejuvenation and conservation of water bodies and open spaces,
enhance biodiversity and drive disaster resilience in cities, local level strategies
can be aligned with national and state level plans like the National and State Action
Plans for Climate Change (NAPCC and SAPCC), National Clean Air Plan (NCAP),
National and State Biodiversity Guidelines (Biological Diversity Act, 2002) and
the State/District Disaster Management Plans. Alignment across national and
state level plans will bring coherence in the planning and can provide direction
to channel required resources for implementation. Besides, streamlining these
plans into departmental plans, city master plans and infrastructure DPRs may be
ensured for holistic sustainable development in cities.
3. Data informed decision making
Spatial mapping and analysis are crucial for assessing gaps and guiding policy
making and planning for blue-green planning, biodiversity management and
disaster resilience. Cities are recommended to prepare and update GIS
maps for attributes like water bodies and open spaces coverage, encroachments,
urban heat island, disaster specific risks and vulnerabilities, tree type and
biodiversity, etc.

1. Leverage government programmes and schemes to enhance energy efficiency

in cities
Cities can leverage government schemes and initiatives like the Rooftop Solar
programme, Solar Net Metering and Grid Connected Wind-Solar Hybrid Power
Projects for adopting renewable energy at city level. Cities may coordinate
with local power distribution companies (DISCOMs), state energy distribution
agency (SEDA), and State Electricity Regulatory Commission (SERC) to adopt
the schemes. A monitoring and evaluation cell can be established to work with
the Energy Service Company (ESCO) for facilitating energy efficient projects and
conducting audits as part of Bureau of Energy Efficiency’s Municipal Demand Side
Management Program.
2. Integrating systems with ICCCs to monitor energy efficiency
Cities that have ICCCs can integrate an Energy Monitoring Information

System (EMIS) integrated with the ICCCs to monitor sector wise energy usage.
Smart automation through GIS based monitoring integrated with the ICCCs can
also bring in further efficiency in street light management. Suitable PPP/ESCO
models of financing may be used for such implementation.
3. Driving green building adoption in cities
For promoting green building practices, cities are suggested to adopt the
National Building Codes, 2016 or Energy Conservation Building Code, 2017 or
Eco-Niwas Samhita, 2018 in their building rules/bye-laws/ development control
regulations. City level green building cells may be established to ensure compliance
with the regulations, initiate green building certifications for institutional and
commercial buildings, and promote incentives like additional FARs and property
tax rebates to enhance adoption of green buildings in the city.

1. Enhancing low carbon public transport for reducing GHG emissions and
improving air quality
Cities can conduct public transport demand assessments and explore PPP
models for increasing fleet size of buses. Cities can improve efficiency, route
rationalization, schedules and last mile connectivity to attract people to
shift to public transport. Leveraging FAME-II scheme and adopting Niti Ayog’s
guidelines on shared mobility for procuring low carbon vehicles (like E-rickshaws
and E-Taxis) cities can procure low carbon vehicles and develop desired
infrastructure to enable low carbon mobility transition.
2. Increase NMT coverage
Many cities have initiated various projects on public bicycle sharing and
awareness campaigns to improving NMT infrastructure. Moving forward, cities
can aim to increase the NMT coverage for cycle lanes and footpaths to over
35%, especially in high traffic clusters and high-use networks through dedicated
planning and budget allocation.
3. Monitoring air quality sensors and adopting NCAP
Cities are recommended to install continuous air quality monitoring sensors

and make the dynamic data available to public through display boards and public
applications like SAFAR/SAMEER. It is important to calibrate the installed sensors
in consultation with the Central and State Pollution Control Boards to ensure the
quality of data captured. Further, cites can develop city clean air action plans
aligning to the National Clean Air Plan (NCAP) and initiate some of the actions to
improve air quality and achieve the national air quality standards.

Water Management
1. Initiate water demand management plan
Cities are recommended to initiate a water demand management plan to inform

utilization of water resources keeping in mind the current and projected demand.
This can provide direction towards adopting measures for rejuvenating water
resources and replenishing groundwater. As a first step, cities can establish
a water resource management committee to guide the process of conducting city
wide water management plan.
2. Measures to mitigate floods and water stagnation
Cities can conduct assessments to identify vulnerable hotspots and adopt

relevant structural and non-structural strategies to reduce the impact of floods
and water stagnation. This includes measures such as preparing a storm-water
management plan in alignment with the flood management plan to channel flood
water efficiently and establishing SOPs for flood management. Further, initiating
the implementation of an end-to-end Early Warning Systems (EWS) can greatly
support cities in better preparing for floods.
3. Studies to inform water and energy efficiency
Studies to assess non-revenue water and energy audits can provide valuable
information on water losses and energy consumed in water supply system and
waste water management systems respectively. These studies can support in
identifying gaps and can guide measures to reduce water losses and enhance
energy efficiency in water supply and waste water management.

Waste Management
1. Enhancing waste segregation
Cities can focus on promoting source segregation of dry and wet waste
through various incentive based awareness programs and rigorous campaigning
to achieve 100% recycling and reuse of waste. Citizens can be encouraged to
adopt home or neighbourhood composting. Besides, following guidelines from
the advisory on Material Recovery Facility (MRF) can help cities to strengthen
their plastic waste management.
2. Strengthening Construction and Demolition (C&D) waste management
It is important for cities to build a robust C&D waste management system.

This includes maintaining inventories of construction activities in the city,
notifying dumping points, expanding storage facilities for C&D waste, establishing
a collection mechanism, enforcing user charges & penalty for non-compliance etc.
ULBs themselves or in association with the private sector can initiate some of
these measures.
3. Scientific management of landfills
Cities are encouraged to make efforts to scientifically manage and close

engineered landfills and dumpsites in order to avoid significant GHG emissions.
Innovative and sustainable landfill remediation methods like biomining
and bioremediation can be promoted over the traditional ‘capping’ which means
covering the landfill with a layer of soil.

Building Climate Actions in Indian Cities
01
Provide Policy, Planning, Program and
Project development support to incorporate
climate change considerations in land use
planning, master planning, housing and urban
development, in addition to implementing
demonstrative local climate actions and
P4 Support supporting the national program related to
climate change.
02
Conduct research and develop knowledge
products to inform relevant climate
interventions in urban development.
Research & Knowledge

Management
03
Create opportunities for solution providers
to innovate, create tools and methods, and
to incorporate data analytics to support
informed decision making in addressing climate
challenges in cities.
Technology, Data Solutions

& Innovations

04
Develop capacity amongst urban practitioners
and public officials to understand and apply
a climate change perspective to projects and
decisions aimed at reducing future risks and
enhancing urban resilience.
Capacity Building
05
Develop communication materials to inform
and influence public and private sector
decision-makers at the city, state and national
levels.
Advocacy &
Communications
06
Build national and global partnerships that can
complement and support MoHUA and C-Cube
in advocacy, knowledge management, capacity
building, innovation, and financing to address
the increasing climate risks in Indian cities.
Partnerships

ClimateSmart Cities Alliance
The ClimateSmart Cities Alliance is intended to bring reference for Alliance Members include, and are not limited
together the diverse skills, strengths and resources to:
available across various organizations working with
Indian cities to complement and scale the efforts towards z Providing technical and financial support, sharing tools
mobilising advocacy, knowledge sharing, capacity building, & toolkits, innovation, proofs-of-concept and good
innovation, and resources to address climate risks. practices to facilitate implementation of pilots and
projects in cities
Starting with 26 member organisations that contributed to z Support/ collaborate with C-Cube to bring in knowledge
development of the CSCAF 1.0, the Alliance continues to and resources for strengthening capacities of ULBs/
play a key role in driving the climate smart cities discourse, Smart City SPVs and scale up transformative actions
including implementation and review of the CSCAF. In
June 2020, the Climate Centre for Cities (C-Cube) was As Alliance Secretariat, C-Cube facilitates network
given the mandate to manage the Alliance Secretariat and engagement – Partner to Partner, Partner to City and
further strengthen the Alliance as a national level multi- City to City – to enable knowledge sharing, P4 (policy,
stakeholder partnership to facilitate and build urban planning, program and project) support, peer learning and
climate action in India. As of January, 2021, the Alliance engagement. As a way forward to CSCAF 2.0 evaluation,
has over 50 partner organizations including international C-Cube will conduct a needs mapping for the 126 cities and
agencies and networks, donors, (I)NGOs, private sector provide them with network support for accessing technical,
organizations, rating agencies, data and technology firms, financial and project implementation assistance towards
incubators, etc. Of these, 25 partner organisations provided improving their performance. C-Cube will also continue
on-ground handholding and data collection support to to facilitate training and handholding support to cities on-
cities in implementing the CSCAF 2.0. The general terms of ground for the subsequent phases of CSCAF evaluation.
How cities can benefit from the Alliance
z Seek strategic support for performance improvement on CSCAF indicators and meeting
national and international targets on ease of living, climate action and sustainable
development
z Access technical assistance for development of city level strategies, action plans,
projects (DPRs) and procurement (ToRs, tenders, etc.) for climate-smart development
z Access cutting-edge research, technology, innovative solutions, proofs-of-concepts, use
cases for implementation of pilots
z Access tools & toolkits, training, capacity building and handholding support for
strengthening institutional capacities and business processes for climate-informed
decision-making
z Peer-to-peer learning and engagement with cities in India and beyond
z Showcase pioneering initiatives and participate in national and international events,
platforms, challenges, awards and project proposals

Ministry of Environment, Forest
and Climate Change
Alliance Members as of June 2021

Building climate capacities in the cities
For mainstreaming climate actions, cities require a detailed understanding of their baseline GHG emissions, climate
related risks emerging from hydro-meteorological hazards and vulnerabilities. While city administrations are actively
focussing on development to cater to the growing urban population, they sometimes lack the capacity to undertake
relevant climate measures. Being at the crossroads of urban transformation, cities have an unique opportunity to cater
to sustainable and resilient development. With this intent, the Climate Centre for Cities is in the process of undertaking
several initiatives to help build conceptual, technical, administrative and innovation capacities across key areas of ULBs.
Dedicated trainings aligning to CSCAF indicators

Technical know-how to progress across CSCAF
Dedicated technical training for all the CSCAF indicators are being developed in association with
experts and climate alliance partners to enable cities progress across their indicators of choice over
time. Training for flood management, water conservation, preserving open areas and biodiversity,
increasing green cover, management of construction and demolition waste have already been
provided till date. In addition to city representatives, trainings were also provided to trainers from
regional training institutions through the National Urban Learning Platform (NULP) to enable ease of
access and scaling up of such trainings beyond. Regular training to cities in partnership with regional
institutions across all indicators are planned.
Master class
Fostering peer to peer learning
In addition to building technical capacities, understanding the processes involved in administrative

decision-making taking into consideration the operational and financial feasibility are crucial. Master
classes focus on bridging this gap by providing a platform for senior city administrative officials and
decision makers to share their experience around mainstreaming city actions with officials from other
cities. The first master class was conducted in February, 2021 by the CEO of Indore Smart City and
provided details on the processes required for cities towards generating additional revenue from
carbon credits. Moving forward, C-Cube plans to organize a master class every month to showcase
the journey of decision makers and what it takes to foster climate actions in Indian cities.
E-learning series
For cities to improve climate actions
The e-learning series targetting city officials will focus on the governance and management
processes required for addressing climate challenges. Aligning to the themes of CSCAF, the series
will bring thematic experts and city officials to discuss the best practices in conserving biodiversity,
rejuvenation of freshwater ecosystems, developing city climate action plans and implementing nature
based solutions. The e-learning series is conceptualized in association with WRI India and intends
to demonstrate the benefit of cross-sectoral and multi-institutional collaborations for implementing
climate actions.

Indian cities are beginning to understand the high cost of climate change and
the need for climate mitigation and adaptation. Building capacities to plan
and implement climate-smart measures is crucial for successfully addressing
Ms. Vaishnavi. T. G. Shankar climate risks. The holistic approach of CSCAF inherently guides cities with
Lead, Training and Capacity Building the way forward and can help in identifying capacity gaps that need to be
Climate Centre for Cities, NIUA addressed for building effective climate actions.
Understanding the Future

Podcast to advance innovative climate measures
Focussing on successful innovations at the intersection of sustainability, climate change and urban
development, the podcast provides a platform for practitioners from both public and private sectors
to provide their perspectives on the future of cities grounded on current innovation and their
interventions at macro and micro scales. The podcast reveals the aspects of ‘how to do it’ with an
intent to support urban professionals and urban managers in implementing such innovations in their
cities. A total of 13 podcasts have been conducted in season one.
Chat for Change

Webinar series for conceptual orientation
The webinar series titled, ‘chat for change’ brings national and international climate experts who share
experiences, insights and good practice examples with urban professionals, city officials and decision
makers. The focus of this webinar series is targetted towards strengthening local capacities for
reducing GHG emissions, improving air quality, bringing efficiency in water and waste management,
and safeguarding green cover and biodiversity. So far, 8 webinars have been conducted.
ClimateSmart Cities - Self Assessment Tool

Tool to assess GHG emissions
The ClimateSmart Cities – Self Assessment Tool (CSC – SA Tool, developed by GIZ) is an excel-based
emissions assessment tool that is aligned with the CSCAF. The tool follows the ‘Global Protocol for
Community-Scale Greenhouse Gas Emission Inventories’ (GPC) to estimate indicator-wise GHG
emissions. The intent is to highlight the mitigation potential that cities can prioritise for adopting
interventions aligned to the CSCAF indicators. Based on the emission numbers, the tool provides
recommendation to cities for focusing actions and prioritising relevant sectors and indicators. The
tool is available at https://www.niua.org/csc/index.html

Supporting Data and Innovation
Climate data observatory

Enabling data informed decision making
Given the myriad challenges of rapid urbanization being experienced by Indian cities, it is necessary
for cities to shift towards data-informed decision making. The significance of data collection,
correlations and data visualization is key for promoting evidence-based approaches. With this intent,
a common platform for cities, solution providers, institutions, and partners has been developed.
The observatory will help cities and solution providers to visualize and analyze the performance of
cities and potential areas for action. It will act as a platform to host both spatial and non-spatial data
for decision makers based on evidences from the cities.
With data insights giving a greater picture of resources, capabilities, and aspirations, cities will be
able to position themselves effectively to strategize and augment their abilities to access the support
provided by the state, national government and global organizations for mainstreaming climate
actions.
Innovation Facilitation Centre

Fostering urban innovation
Innovations can greatly benefit cities in addressing urbanization and climate related challenges in an
optimal manner using limited resources. The central government has actively encouraged start-ups
to support urban innovation and some cities have also witnessed improved management of service
delivery from the innovation developed by start-ups. To strengthen the urban innovation ecosystem
to develop sustainable, resilient and inclusive cities, an Innovation Facilitation Centre (IFC) will be
established within C-Cube.
The IFC will work in a systematic manner to map city challenges and provide training to innovators.
IFC will leverage the outcomes of the CSCAF 2.0, Climate Data Observatory, National Urban
Learning Platform and the Climate Alliance to connect innovators with the cities. Training for start-
ups on urban climate challenges and city administrative processes will enable them in aligning their
innovation to better meet the needs of city administration for upscaling.
In association with the Future Cities Catapult, 12 start-ups from India and the UK were provided
strategic training on city engagement during 2020 and similar engagement with more start-ups from
India are planned.

Grounding Climate Actions
One of the key objectives of the CSCAF is to enable cities to adopt a climate-sensitive approach to urban planning and
development besides regularly monitoring their progress on the same. To that end, the following 4 cross-cutting areas
of interventions will be undertaken:
Convergence with national and international programs and

initiatives
Leveraging national and international programs and initiatives on urban climate action and
sustainable development can go a long way in availing the required technical resources and gap
funding. For instance, the National Mission on Sustainable Habitat provides the overall guidance
framework to undertake actions on various thematic areas as identified under the CSCAF. At the
same time, the Jal Jeevan Mission (U), Swachh Bharat Mission (U) and AMRUT provide technical
as well as financial resources for implementation of initiatives on water management, sanitation,
sewage and solid waste management. The recently released 15th Finance Commission Report
provides an overall outlay of more than INR 1.21 lakh crores for cities to undertake actions on
ambient air quality, water supply, sanitation and solid waste management. Convergence with
these programs can help cities in implementing and building on proposed and current initiatives.
At the international level, inter-governmental programs such as the Global Environment Facility
(GEF) and international network initiatives such as the Resilient Cities Network, Global Covenant
of Mayors, International Urban and Regional Cooperation, and the Coalition for Disaster Resilient
Infrastructure are also providing support for building climate and disaster resilience of Indian
cities. Interested ULBs/ Smart City SPVs may seek support from C-Cube to align with the same.
Engagement with States

Engagement with the states is crucial to build climate actions in the cities, especially to enhance
efficiency and coordination among various stakeholders, and to further streamline the process in
other cities. In view of this, several states in India have established climate change cells to assist in
the preparation of the State Action Plan on Climate Change (SAPCC) and to monitor its progress.
C-Cube aims to scale up this initiative to all the states and act as a facilitator to enhance state level
collaboration for synergistic climate actions. The key focus of engagement with the states will
be regarding data informed decision making and building capacities. In this context, identifying
existing institutions, analysing their institutional capacity, expertise, financial & human resources
are the next steps to assess the functions and scope of the state level institutions for ensuring
climate actions.
In order for such institutions to be fully empowered to discharge their roles, they must be equipped
with the essential legal sanction, well-defined mandate supported with a pool of expertise drawn
from diverse backgrounds inter alia; state government officials, research institutions/think tanks,
private sector, civil societies, etc. This will ensure that these centres have necessary institutional
capacity and budgetary allocation for an efficient implementation of climate actions.
An area of engagement with the states is in the field of data sharing across different sectors
and departments for developing effective climate actions in the cities. The CSCAF 2.0 provides
valuable data on the status of cities, their contributions to overall GHG emissions from various
sectors and highlights major gaps in climate actions besides underscoring the priority sectors
which require urgent attention. There is potential to update the SAPCC to prepare more

comprehensive climate action plans by augmenting the various sectoral strategies pertaining to
energy & green building promotion & adoption, mobility, air quality, water management, waste
management, urban planning & green cover in the urban sector. Further, data relating to hazard
vulnerability mapping of urban socio-economic systems from the CSCAF could assist in preparing
robust State Disaster Management Plans (SDMPs).
The other area of engagement with the states is in the field of capacity building and resource
mobilization for building climate actions. Various training provided to ULB officials as a part of
the CSCAF enables them to participate and contribute to developing climate resilient actions for
the urban sector. States could set up climate change cells and strengthen existing cells to build
institutional capacity to address climate change with relevant and contextual solutions. Well
informed state and city administrators would be sensitive to the need for mainstreaming climate
change aspects in the city development plan and its effective implementation and monitoring.
Mainstreaming in city level initiatives, institutional and governance

framework
Addressing climate risks in city development agenda, including master plans, local area plans,
infrastructure development projects and municipal budgets is the first step towards enabling local
action. Cities may refer to the recommendations enlisted in their respective City Diagnostic Reports
for the same and seek required technical and financial support from the Ministry and the Climate
Alliance through C-Cube.
Besides, establishing supporting institutional and governance structures it is equally important for
ensuring implementation of the plans and projects. ULBs/ Smart City SPVs should constitute the city
climate cells, advisory committees and other institutional structures as prescribed under various
guidelines and regulations, and recommended by this report under various thematic chapters. These
should include representation from governmental organizations; private sector; academia, and
civil society organizations and local community. C-Cube has also established a network of ‘Climate
Practitioners’ to provide on-ground support to ULBs/ Smart City SPVs. Cities are recommended to
seek overall guidance, advisory/assistance and work in close collaboration with these expert/ advisory
committees and practitioners. Appointing a nodal person within the climate cell is recommended to
convene stakeholders and coordinate inter-departmental initiatives.
As cities are collecting large amount of data through various assessments viz. CSCAF, Ease of Living,
Swachh Survekshan and the Integrated Command and Control Centres (ICCCs), it becomes crucial
to manage this data and make it accessible to various development agencies to inform decision-
making processes. To that end, C-Cube is developing use-cases to help cities in implementing digital
solutions and urban observatories within the ICCCs for data-driven climate action planning. Cities
are recommended to seek assistance from C-Cube on the same.
Scaling initiatives by Alliance members/ partners organisations

Many ClimateSmart Cities Alliance members and partner organisations are supporting city level
risk assessments, capacity building programs, formulation and implementation of interventions and
pilot projects across urban India. These initiatives are currently being implemented by partners with
support from MoHUA and C-Cube, NIUA.
Learnings from such initiatives can help cities in informing their development projects. Furthermore,
a closer collaboration with non-state actors at the local level will help in scaling these pilots for
transformative action. Cities are encouraged to seek support from C-Cube to facilitate this process.

Credits:
Visakhapatnam:
Solar Shed Carport charging at the Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation
by Akshay Atreja, NIUA

Annexure 1
Strategic Committee for CSCAF 2.0
Mr Kunal Kumar, JS & MD (SSCM), MoHUA
Mr Lal Chhandama, Director - SC I, MoHUA
Mr O.P. Agarwal, WRI India
Mr Hitesh Vaidya, Director, NIUA
Ms Vaishali Nandan, GIZ India
Dr Umamaheshawaran Rajasekar, NIUA
Core team at NIUA for CSCAF 2.0

Dr Umamaheshawaran Rajasekar Mr Punit Gandhi Ms Pallavi Thool
Ms Vaishnavi T G Shankar Mr Empati Uday Kumar Mr Anshul Abbasi
Ms Raina Singh Ms Mohini Bhaisare Ms Amanjot Kaur
Ms Ankita Mandal Ms T. Shravani Ms Manjaree Dutta
Contributors for Urban Planning, Green Cover and Biodiversity

Ms Raina Singh, NIUA Ms Monalisa Sen, ICLEI South Asia Ms Pooja Shukla, GBCI India
Mr R. Srinivas, TCPO Dr Divya Sharma, The Climate Group Mr A. Nambi Appadurai, WRI India
Dr Erach Bharucha, BVIEER Ms Vaishali Nandan, GIZ India Dr Neeraj Khera, GIZ India
Dr T.S. Panwar, WWF India Ms Parul Agarwala, UN Habitat India Mr Kamlesh Yagnik, IUC India
Dr Kavas Kapadia, SPA Delhi Mr Vijay Saini, ICLEI South Asia
Contributors for Energy and Green Buildings
Mr Kanagaraj Ganesan, Integrative Design Solutions Pvt. Ltd.
Dr Shailesh Kr. Agrawal, BMTPC Mr Apoorv Vij, GBCI India Mr Indradip Mitra, GIZ India
Mr Sanjay Seth, TERI Ms Ruchi Sneha, GBCI India Mr Kanchan Kumar Agrawal, GIZ India
Mr Saurabh Diddi, BEE Ms Mili Majumdar, GBCI India Mr Keshav Kumar Jha, ICLEI South Asia
Ms Anna Agarwal, Centre for Policy Ms Anukriti Pathak, Alliance for an Energy
Mr C.K. Varma, CPWD
Research Efficient Economy
Mr Tarun Garg, Alliance for an Energy
Mr Emani Kumar, ICLEI South Asia Ms Shabnam Bassi, GRIHA
Efficient Economy
Contributors for Mobility and Air Quality
Dr Poornima Prabhakaran, Public Health
Ms Prerna Vijaykumar Mehta, WRI India Mr VK Shukla, CPCB
Foundation of India
Ms Prarthana Borah, Clean Air Asia Mr Rashid Hasan, SIAM Mr Raghu Babu Nukala, GIZ India
Dr Sanjay Gupta, SPA Delhi Mr Ashish Rao Ghorpade, ICLEI South Asia Mr Daniel Robinson, ADB
Dr O.P. Agarwal, WRI India Mr Bhaskar Padigala, ICLEI South Asia Mr Laghu Parashar, GIZ India
Contributors for Water Management
Mr Manzoor Khan, Consultant, The World Bank
Dr A.K. Gosain, IIT Delhi Ms Bedoshruti Sadhukhan, ICLEI South Asia Mr Rahul Sharma, GIZ India
Dr Nitin Bassi, Institute for Resource

Mr Radhey Shyam Tyagi, Delhi Jal Board Mr Victor Shinde, NIUA
Analysis and Policy
Dr Devesh Sharma, Central University of
Dr Bhakti Devi, Urban Water Doctor Ms Monika Bahl, GIZ India
Rajasthan
Contributors for Waste Management
Mr Nirod Baran Mazumdar, International
Mr Vibhor Sood, GIZ India Academy of Environmental Sanitation and Ms Soumya Chaturvedula, ICLEI South Asia
Public Health
Mr Pratap U Asnani, UMC Global Ms Swati Singh Sambyal, UN Habitat India Ms Vaishali Nandan, GIZ India
Dr Lakshmi Raghupathy, Independent
Dr Shyamala Mani, NIUA Ms Sakshi Chadha Dasgupta, SDC
Consultant and Visiting Faculty, TERI SAS

Annexure 2
List of 126 participating cities in CSCAF 2.0
S No. City Name State Name Geographic Zone Climate Zone Tier of the city
1 Agartala Tripura North - Eastern Region Warm - Humid Zone Large city
2 Agra Uttar Pradesh Northern Region Composite Zone Metropolitan city
3 Ahmedabad Gujarat Western Region Hot - Dry Zone Metropolitan city
4 Aizawl Mizoram North - Eastern Region Warm - Humid Zone Medium city
5 Ajmer Rajasthan Northern Region Hot - Dry Zone Large city
6 Aligarh Uttar Pradesh Northern Region Composite Zone Metropolitan city
7 Amravathi Andhra Pradesh Southern Region Warm - Humid Zone Medium city
8 Amravati Maharashtra Western Region Composite Zone Large city
9 Amritsar Punjab Northern Region Composite Zone Metropolitan city
10 Aurangabad Maharashtra Western Region Hot - Dry Zone Metropolitan city
11 Barielly Uttar Pradesh Northern Region Composite Zone Metropolitan city
12 Belagavi Karnataka Southern Region Warm - Humid Zone Large city
13 Bengaluru Karnataka Southern Region Temperate Zone Metropolitan city
14 Bhagalpur Bihar Eastern Region Warm - Humid Zone Medium city
15 Bhavnagar Gujarat Western Region Hot - Dry Zone Large city
16 Bhopal Madhya Pradesh Central Region Composite Zone Metropolitan city
17 Bhubaneshwar Odisha Eastern Region Warm - Humid Zone Metropolitan city
18 Bihar Sharif Bihar Eastern Region Composite Zone Medium city
19 Bilaspur Chattisgarh Central Region Composite Zone Medium city
20 Chandigarh Punjab & Haryana Northern Region Composite Zone Metropolitan city
21 Chennai Tamil Nadu Southern Region Warm - Humid Zone Metropolitan city
22 Coimbatore Tamil Nadu Southern Region Warm - Humid Zone Metropolitan city
23 Cuttack Odisha Eastern Region Warm - Humid Zone Large city
24 Dahod Gujarat Western Region Hot - Dry Zone Medium city
25 Davangere Karnataka Southern Region Warm - Humid Zone Medium city
26 Dehradun Uttarakhand Northern Region Composite Zone Large city
27 Delhi Delhi Northern Region Composite Zone Medium city
28 Dharamshala Himachal Pradesh Northern Region Composite Zone Medium city
29 Diu Daman & Diu Western Region Warm - Humid Zone Medium city
30 Durgapur West Bengal Eastern Region Warm - Humid Zone Large city
31 Erode Tamil Nadu Southern Region Warm - Humid Zone Large city
32 Faridabad Haryana Northern Region Composite Zone Metropolitan city
33 Gandhinagar Gujarat Western Region Hot - Dry Zone Medium city
34 Gangtok Sikkim North - Eastern Region Cold Zone Medium city
35 Ghaziabad Uttar Pradesh Northern Region Composite Zone Metropolitan city
36 Gorakhpur Uttar Pradesh Northern Region Composite Zone Large city
37 Gulbarga Karnataka Southern Region Warm - Humid Zone Large city
38 Guntur Andhra Pradesh Southern Region Warm - Humid Zone Large city
39 Gurugram Haryana Northern Region Composite Zone Metropolitan city
40 Guwahati Assam North - Eastern Region Cold Zone Metropolitan city
41 Gwalior Madhya Pradesh Central Region Composite Zone Metropolitan city
Both Smart & AMRUT cities AMRUT cities Smart Cities Other cities

42 Hamirpur Himachal Pradesh Northern Region Composite Zone Small Town

43 Hubli Dharwad Karnataka Southern Region Warm - Humid Zone Metropolitan city
44 Imphal Manipur North - Eastern Region Warm - Humid Zone Medium city
45 Indore Madhya Pradesh Central Region Composite Zone Metropolitan city
46 Itanagar Arunachal Pradesh North - Eastern Region Warm - Humid Zone Medium city
47 Jabalpur Madhya Pradesh Central Region Composite Zone Metropolitan city
48 Jaipur Rajasthan Northern Region Hot - Dry Zone Metropolitan city
49 Jalandhar Punjab Northern Region Composite Zone Large city
50 Jammu Jammu and Kashmir Northern Region Cold Zone Large city
51 Jamshedpur Jharkhand Eastern Region Composite Zone Large city
52 Jhansi Uttar Pradesh Northern Region Composite Zone Large city
53 Jodhpur Rajasthan Northern Region Composite Zone Metropolitan city
54 Kakinada Andhra Pradesh Southern Region Warm - Humid Zone Large city
55 Kalyan Dombivali Maharashtra Western Region Warm - Humid Zone Metropolitan city
56 Kanpur Uttar Pradesh Northern Region Composite Zone Metropolitan city
57 Kargil Ladakh Northern Region Cold Zone Small Town
58 Karimnagar Telangana Southern Region Composite Zone Medium city
59 Karnal Haryana Northern Region Composite Zone Large city
60 Kavaratti Lakshadweep Southern Region Warm - Humid Zone Small Town
61 Kochi Kerala Southern Region Warm - Humid Zone Large city
62 Kohima Nagaland North - Eastern Region Warm - Humid Zone Medium city
63 Kolhapur Maharashtra Western Region Warm - Humid Zone Large city
64 Kota Rajasthan Northern Region Hot - Dry Zone Metropolitan city
65 Leh Ladakh Northern Region Cold Zone Small Town
66 Loni Uttar Pradesh Northern Region Composite Zone Large city
67 Lucknow Uttar Pradesh Northern Region Composite Zone Metropolitan city
68 Ludhiana Punjab Northern Region Composite Zone Metropolitan city
69 Madurai Tamil Nadu Southern Region Warm - Humid Zone Metropolitan city
70 Mandi Himachal Pradesh Northern Region Composite Zone Small Town
71 Mangalore Karnataka Southern Region Warm - Humid Zone Large city
72 Meerut Uttar Pradesh Northern Region Composite Zone Metropolitan city
73 Mira Bhayandar Maharashtra Western Region Warm - Humid Zone Metropolitan city
74 Moradabad Uttar Pradesh Northern Region Composite Zone Large city
75 Muzaffarpur Bihar Eastern Region Warm - Humid Zone Large city
76 Mysore Karnataka Southern Region Warm - Humid Zone Metropolitan city
77 Nagpur Maharashtra Western Region Composite Zone Metropolitan city
78 Namchi Sikkim North - Eastern Region Warm - Humid Zone Small Town
79 Nanded Maharashtra Western Region Hot - Dry Zone Large city
80 Nashik Maharashtra Western Region Hot - Dry Zone Metropolitan city
81 Naya Raipur Chattisgarh Central Region Composite Zone Medium city
82 New Town Kolkata West Bengal Eastern Region Warm - Humid Zone Medium city
83 Palampur Himachal Pradesh Northern Region Composite Zone Small Town
84 Panaji Goa Western Region Warm - Humid Zone Medium city
85 Pasighat Arunachal Pradesh North - Eastern Region Warm - Humid Zone Small Town
86 Patna Bihar Eastern Region Composite Zone Metropolitan city

87 Pimpri Chinchwad Maharashtra Western Region Warm - Humid Zone Metropolitan city
88 Port Blair Andaman and Nicobar Islands Southern Region Warm - Humid Zone Medium city
89 Prayagraj Uttar Pradesh Northern Region Composite Zone Metropolitan city
90 Puducherry Puducherry Southern Region Warm - Humid Zone Medium city
91 Pune Maharashtra Western Region Warm - Humid Zone Metropolitan city
92 Raipur Chattisgarh Central Region Composite Zone Metropolitan city
93 Rajkot Gujarat Western Region Composite Zone Metropolitan city
94 Ranchi Jharkhand Eastern Region Composite Zone Metropolitan city
95 Rourkela Odisha Eastern Region Warm - Humid Zone Medium city
96 Sagar Madhya Pradesh Central Region Composite Zone Medium city
97 Saharanpur Uttar Pradesh Northern Region Composite Zone Large city
98 Salem Tamil Nadu Southern Region Warm - Humid Zone Large city
99 Sangli Miraj & Kupwad Maharashtra Western Region Hot - Dry Zone Large city
100 Satna Madhya Pradesh Central Region Composite Zone Medium city
101 Shillong Meghalaya North - Eastern Region Cold Zone Medium city
102 Shimla Himachal Pradesh Northern Region Cold Zone Medium city
103 Shivamogga Karnataka Southern Region Warm - Humid Zone Medium city
104 Siliguri West Bengal Eastern Region Warm - Humid Zone Large city
105 Silvassa Dadra and Nagar Haveli Western Region Warm - Humid Zone Medium city
106 Solan Himachal Pradesh Northern Region Composite Zone Small Town
107 Solapur Maharashtra Western Region Hot - Dry Zone Metropolitan city
108 Srinagar Jammu and Kashmir Northern Region Cold Zone Metropolitan city
109 Surat Gujarat Western Region Hot - Dry Zone Metropolitan city
110 Thane Maharashtra Western Region Warm - Humid Zone Metropolitan city
111 Thanjavur Tamil Nadu Southern Region Warm - Humid Zone Medium city
112 Tiruchirapalli Tamil Nadu Southern Region Warm - Humid Zone Metropolitan city
113 Tirunelveli Tamil Nadu Southern Region Warm - Humid Zone Medium city
114 Tirupati Andhra Pradesh Southern Region Warm - Humid Zone Medium city
115 Tiruppur Tamil Nadu Southern Region Warm - Humid Zone Metropolitan city
116 Tiruvanantapuram Kerala Southern Region Warm - Humid Zone Large city
117 Toothukudi Tamil Nadu Southern Region Warm - Humid Zone Medium city
118 Tumakuru Karnataka Southern Region Warm - Humid Zone Medium city
119 Udaipur Rajasthan Northern Region Hot - Dry Zone Large city
120 Ujjain Madhya Pradesh Central Region Composite Zone Large city
121 Vadodara Gujarat Western Region Hot - Dry Zone Metropolitan city
122 Varanasi Uttar Pradesh Northern Region Composite Zone Metropolitan city
123 Vellore Tamil Nadu Southern Region Warm - Humid Zone Large city
124 Vijayawada Andhra Pradesh Southern Region Warm - Humid Zone Metropolitan city
125 Visakhapatnam Andhra Pradesh Southern Region Warm - Humid Zone Metropolitan city
126 Warangal Telangana Southern Region Composite Zone Large city
Note:
The population provided by cities has been considered. In case of discrepancy, population data provided for Ease of Living has
been considered. In case of data not available then the population data from Census 2011 has been projected considering
1.3% annual growth.

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Climate Centre for Cities Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs

ClimateSmart Cities Assessment Framework 2.0

Cities Readiness Report

Climate Centre for Cities

Climate Centre for Cities

Aerial view of Mumbai,

Cities Readiness Report 2021 | iii

iv | ClimateSmart Cities Assessment Framework 2.0

44 Citieshave initiated flood/

Cities Readiness Report 2021 |v

vi | ClimateSmart Cities Assessment Framework 2.0

Cities Readiness Report 2021 | vii

Shri. Narendra Modi

Cities Readiness Report 2021 | ix

Shri Hardeep Singh Puri

x | ClimateSmart Cities Assessment Framework 2.0

Shri Durga Shanker Mishra

Cities Readiness Report 2021 | xi

CO2 - Carbon dioxide IMD - Indian Meteorological Department

CSR - Corporate Social Responsibility Kw - Kilo Watt

CWC - Central Water Commission KwH - Kilo Watt Hour

xii | ClimateSmart Cities Assessment Framework 2.0

RDF - Refused Derived Fuel URMP - Urban River Management Plan

RO - Reverse Osmosis USD - United States Dollar

RWA - Residential Welfare Association WRM - Water Resource Management

Cities Readiness Report 2021 | xiii

Chapter 1 - 2 Context, Methodology and Approach

Chapter 3 - 7 Climate Smart Cities Assessment Framework 2.0 Results

Chapter 8 Recommendations and Way Forward

Colour Indication of Thematic Areas

Colour Indication of Cities’ Performance Levels

xiv | ClimateSmart Cities Assessment Framework 2.0

Rejuvenation and 1 Title of the indicator

    

Performance of 126 cities

AHMEDABAD 5 Click to read more on the

Way forward to improve Rejuvenation and

Way forward to progress

Cities Readiness Report 2021 | xv

Guide to read the document..................................................................................................xviii

2. ClimateSmart Cities Assessment Framework 2.0............................... 8

3. Urban Planning, Green Cover and Biodiversity................................. 21

4. Energy and Green Buildings...................................................................... 43

5. Mobility and Air Quality.............................................................................. 65

8. Way Forward to Build Climate Actions...............................................129

Cities Readiness Report 2021 | xvii

2 | ClimateSmart Cities Assessment Framework 2.0

Overview of Urban India

Cities Readiness Report 2021 |3

4 | ClimateSmart Cities Assessment Framework 2.0

7 th most affected country on Global

70% GHG emissions from cities

18 Smart Cities and 124 AMRUT

89% emission reduction potential

Cities Readiness Report 2021 |5

VIP model road, Surat:

8 | ClimateSmart Cities Assessment Framework 2.0

To avoid duplication and replication of data collation by cities

Few indicators under the thematic area of mobility, urban