AP HUMAN GEOGRAPHY

.
/
,ÿ THE GRAND REVIEW

Unit I: Geography: .Its Nature and ÿrspeetive

Identify each tÿ; of map:

.
°

yP
{.....q • ÿ:.
,. .+/ ,

Match the. fgllow.ing:

S ° a computer system that..stol"esi: 6fganizes,

retrieves, analyzes, arid displaS, s! geographic data
a. cultural diffusion

. , ÿ...., , "ÿv
, ,!.;'ÿ.. .ÿh :i.

C , the forms superimpos'.ed on ÿ@iysical

environment by theactivities oflhumans
b. cultural ecology

• . ¢
the spread of an idea or innovati:on from its source C, cultural landscape
,

interactions between human societies and the d. environmental determinism

8.
,/,.J
physical environment
*. • '

9. a space-based globa!:navigation satellite system Ois

.'.'

{') 10. the physical environment, rattieÿ ithan social £ GPS

conditions, determinSÿ cultur@);

the small- or large-scale acquisition of g° remote sensing

11.
:information of an object or phenomenon, either in
recording or real time

+., ..
 2

Choose the one that does not belong:

12. a, township and range 16. a° maj or airport

b. clustered rural settlement grid street pattern
grid street pattern C, major central park
d. natural harbor
13, aÿ. site e. public sports facility
b. situation
c," its relative location 17. a. Westernization
b. uniform consumption preferences
a. liÿt{tude and longitude enhanced communications
14.
b,_ÿ site local traditions
situation
d, absolute location 18. a. time zones
b. China
a. globalization United States railroads
15,
nationalism, • 15 degrees
c. foreign investment
d. multinational corporations

Match the following (some regions have more than one answer):

19, formal region ÿ ) ,i<¢ a. Milwaukee

b. the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel

,] 20. functional region (ÿ/ ÿ

vernacular region ÿS C. Wisconsin

21.

d. the South

e, an amine hub

Rust Belt

22. The "why of where" refers to

a. geography's emphasis on landscape features. '

spatial patterns on the landscape,
C. a definition of geography that is simply locational.
d. the idea that the explanation of a spatial pattern is crucial,
e, the depiction of a region's physical features.

23. Which of the following sets of maps would help explain how scale of inquiry affects truth?

maps showing the area of France before and after surveying

Y
a.
maps of Hudson Bay drawn by Native Americans and by the earliest European travelers
C.
maps showing Michigan's population density by counties and the United States population
density by state
" "'. 1 d° maps showing the number of auto thefts per block in Seattle in the decades before and after

":;2'-'"
the Great Depression
e, maps of gang graffiti in Philadelphia
 Unit II: Population and Migration

Label each of the following population pyramids as Stage 1, Stage 2, Stage 3, Stage 4 or Stage 5 of the
demographic transition:

gO 9O
8O

701- 70

601- 6O

501 5O

401 40

30 30

20 20

10 10
0
0 54321012345
987654 32101 23456789 6543210123456
Male % Female
Male % ' Female Male % Female

24. /ÿI].ÿ"g._.
ÿ2 . 25 J'-)
...... " 26.
:

• ',.' :\
90 90
r'' 90
8O 80
80
7O 7O
70
60 60
60
5O 5O
50
4O 40
40
3O 30
3O
20 2O
2O
10 10
10
0 0
0 54321 01,,2345 54321012345
54321 0t 2345
Male % Female Male % Female
Male % Female

28. 29.
27,

'.' .
Label each of the following Detroit, MI; Laredo, TX; Lawrence, KS; Naples, FL; Unalaska, AK; or USA:

8ÿ
70
0
50
,|Q

7 6 15 4 0 2 I 0 1 Z 0 4 ÿ= 5 7
t,laÿe '.". Felÿlaÿ

31. 32.

Male % Female

33.
/j - 34. 35.
L,--" v ÿ ...... " "

Match the following:

36. the ability of a resource base to sustain its a° brain drain

population

37. a population shift from urban to rural areas b, carrying capacity

38. tile number of working-age people compared to C. chain migration

the number of people too old or too young to
work

migration within a state d° counterurbanization

39.

migration between states e. dependency ratio

40.

the difference between in-migration and out- f. external migration

41.
migration

the process by which immigrants from a particular g, infant mortality rate

42.
place follow others from that place to another
place
 flight of talented people away from an area h. internal migration
//ÿ 43.

"ÿ 44, CBR-CDR per thousand i natura! increase rate

j. net migration
/ÿ45. number of children a woman is likely to have

number of deaths under the age of 2 per thousand k. total fertility rate
46.

Choose the cause of the other two:

47. water
, population growth
c. agriculture

48. Columbus discovers America

crops exchanged between the Western and Eastern hemisphere
C° millions of Native Americans are killed by disease

49. a. one-child policy

poverty
overpopulation

50, ÿ poverty
b. drug trafficking
,.ÿ"j:-, C. guest workers
,, • -. -,,

51. a° high standard of living

b,. large metropolitan population
Stage 3 of the demographic transition

Choose the effect of the other two:

52. a. poverty
b, war
migration

53. racism
exclusion of non-white immigrants
C, quota laws from the 1920s to the 1960s

54. a° young age structure

b. not married
high level of migration

55. a° cold weather

b, warm coastal waters
g) population clusters near the equator and the coast

56. ©b.
increased trade
rich natural resources
C° population cluster on the coast
 Identify each of the fol!owing as a "pull" factor or a "push" factor:
"--/

ethnic cleansing /-ÿj 60. war

57.

natural disaster !ÿd/4fÿ 61. chain migration ?-!J2¢ttÿ(ÿ

58.
<'72, ÿ •

available jobs f!)6ÿ( ÿ2ÿ" 62, overpopulation fÿ/-'/-iÿ

59.

63. Two-thirds of the world's population is clustered in four regions. Which of the following is not one
of these four regions?

a. East Asia
b. Southeast Asia

d.. Sub-Saharan
Europe Africa
e. South Asia

64. Assuming a world population of 5,700,000,000 and an annual growth rate of 1.6 percent, how many
people will be added to the world's population in the next year?

a. 912,000
b. 9,120,000
91,200,000
• 912,000,000
.,.:, e. 9,120,000,000

The population of the United States is approximately 300 million, and the land area is approximately
65.
9 million square kilometers• The arithmetic density of the United States is approximately

a• 30 square ldlometers per person.

d> 30 persons per square ldlometer.
0.03 square kilometers per person.
C,

d. 0.03 persons per square kilometer.

e, 300 persons per square kilometer,

66. Which continent(s) is/are commonly associated with high numbers of refugees in the early twenty-
first century?

I. Africa
II. Asia
III. Australia
IV. Europe
V. North America
VI. South America

a. I
e. I, II, VI
b. 1I f. III and IV

d. I, 11, 1V h, IV, V, VI
 Unit III: Cultural Patterns and Processes

Classify each of the following religions as monotheistic or polytheistic and ethr)ic or universalizing, and
indicate their hearth region.

mono or polytheistic ethnic or universalizing hearth region

religion

67. Buddhism
1,..

68. Hinduism y;
69. Islam 7;¢ //
70. Judaism /H
71. Mormonism f!
72. Orthodox Christianity

73. Protestantism iZ
74. Roman Catholici,am /z? //
Match the following:

fragmentation of a region into smaller units a. Balkanization

/@, 75. t

:76. Cape Cod

I": "' a common language b.

an example of ethnic nationalism c. feng shui

77.

an example of linguistic nationalism , d. Gaelic

) 7,8.

an example of linguistic fragmentation 'e; lingua franca

7.9.

an example of how religion can influence f. Nunavut

. 80.
geography

¢ 81. minority branch of Islam but majority in Iraq and g. Scandinavian

I_ran

;ÿ 82. architecturalstyle
that diffused from New h. Shiite
England to the Great Lakes

Identify each of the following as rce or a centrifugal force:

83. uneven development it:: 87. national symbols i/ÿ')

substate nationalism -iÿfÿ 88. compact state /ÿ

84.

85. linguistic homogeneity ÿ 89, fragmented state ?ÿ

external threats /if2)

, . 86. a strong tradition of local governance/ÿ 90.
 Classify each of the following as folk culture or popular culture

91. the Amish ÿ 97. relocation diffusion JZ?

92. sports /ÿ 98. cultural homogeneityÿ

93. small scale F 99. traditional diet /ÿ-

94. large scale ]ÿ 100. McDonalds iP

95. slow changefj 101. blue jeans /ÿ_9

96. rapid change ÿ2 102. modem communication /¢ÿ

103. All of the following twentieth-century migration streams were propelled by persecution or open
conflict EXCEPT

a, Asians leaving Uganda.

b. Kosovars leaving Yugoslavia.
/ÿ C. Tutsis leaving Rwanda.
d. Hindus leaving Pakistan.
e. Mexicans leaving Mexico.

104. If four languages have similar words for numbers and the names offish, but different names for a
certain disease, what might be concluded about the time at which the disease first diffused?

•J
a,
The disease spread among a population that later divided and evolved into four different
languages.
b. The population divided and evolved into the four different languages, and then the disease
spread.
C,
The disease spread to two different populations that later divided into different languages.
d. The disease and language spread to four different regions at the same time at the same rate.
e, No conclusion is possible

105. Which of the following correctly sequences the continuum from language family to dialect?

a. Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Arabic, Berber

b. Sino-Tibetan, Sinitic, Mandarin, Chinese
C. Indo-European, Indo-Iraman, Hindi, Bengali
Indo-European, Baltic-Slavic, Russian, Ukranian
e. Indo-European, Germanic, English, Midland-Northern

106. Contact zones between religions are most likely to be volatile when they are

i/ a.

b.
inhabited by two major groups with divergent religious beliefs.
made up of three or more religious groups.
C, characterized by considerable interaction between religious groups.
d. also language contact zones.
e. associated with competing ethnonational claims to territory.
 107. is to Canada as is to the United States.

a, French; English
b. French; Spanish
C. presidential government; parliamentary government
d. conflict over ethnicity; conflict over language
e. northern hemisphere; southern hemisphere

108. Mexico is

I. the largest number of legal immigrants to the United States

II. the largest number of illegal immigrants to the United States
III. a member of NAFTFA
IV. a member of the OAS
V predominantly Catholic

a.
II, V e. II, IV, V
b. I, HI, V f. I, II, III, IV
1I, III, V g. I, II, I11, V
d. I, IV, V h. I, 11, I11, IV, V

109. Which of the following aspects of diffusion of Western culture threaten non-Western ways of life?

I. loss of traditional values

II. subjugation of women
( ,";"I 11I. Western control of media
IV. alteration of traditional landscapes
V. pollution

a. I and II
b. I and III
c. I, II, IV
d. I, III, IV, V
e. I, II, III, IV, V

Unit IV: Political organization of Space c/ÿ zf 5___

110. Put the following in order from the largest to the smallest: census tract, county, munic!pality,
nation-state, province, empire

J /
111. O/pc/- , g ÿy.->ÿj , g dv ÿ._ ÿ"

Match the following:

U
a. Korea
112. nation state

1 ! 3. multi-nation state (_ÿ b. Japan

c. Indonesia
114. multi-state nation /ÿ-
",+ !,
Match the following:

115. compact state ÿ- go Afghanistan

116. elongated state F b. Indonesia

117. prompted State/ÿ C. Nicaragua

118. perforated state ]3 d. South Africa

119. fragmented state/ÿ e. Vatican City

120. landlocked state f. Vietnam

Match the following "some states have more than one answer):

121. Brazil "ÿ 4ÿ- }/ÿtEÿ. a. was a hearth

122. China
-v
ÿ.j-!
/< b. was a colony

123. Mesopotamia (/¢'S C. is a sovereign state

"d,
124. Taiwan ÿjl has a forward capital

.-??:,
Match the following (some states have more than one answer):

125. unitary state f a, Canada

126. federal state ,/¢ÿ ÿ) b. France

127. confederal state ÿ'7 c. Germany

128. devolution ÿ{ d. Mexico

e. Switzerland

f. USA
I

Place the following colonial powers under the appropriate headings: Belgium, Britain, France, Germany,
Italy, Netherlands, Portugal

129. Africa, 1850 130. Africa, 1900 131. Africa, 1950

w c,/'

?,
 Match the following:

/ 132: model that demonstrates the transfer of resources

from less developed to more developed areas
a. core-periphery

the fringe of a state b. enclave

.ÿ 133.

c. frontier
(ÿ1/?IS 134. land beyond a border
jÿ
.2 135. the node of a state d. gerrymandering

an area the retains a distinction from a larger area e. heartland

manipulating boundaries for political gain f. hinterland

an area rather than a line g. rimland

Label each boundary physical or cultural and give an example

boundary physical or cultural example

139. mountain /
[": . -.4'-

140. language

141. religion

142. river

143. geometric

144. the Green Line

145. The European Union, the Arab League, and the United Nations are all examples of

a. pressure groups
b. nation-states
c. centrifugal organizations
-0- supranati6nal organizations
e. federations
 146. Which of the following has fostered the most significant economic growth by eliminating import
tariffs between member states?

European Union (EU)

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)
C, North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
d. Association of Caribbean States (ACS)
e° United Nations (UN)

147. The provisions of the United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea give coastal countries
navigational and economic sovereignty over which of the following zones?

47 twelve-nautical-mile territorial sea zone and part of the Arctic Circle

export processing zone (EPZ)
b.
C. 200-nautical-mile exclusive economic zone
d. empowerment zone
e, continental shelf

148. An increasing number of states have adopted a federal form of government primarily to

a,
grant different ethnicities or nationalities more effective representation.
b. encourage the breakup of the superpower alliances.
govern compact states more effectively.
deploy scarce resources efficiently.
e. meet all of the above needs.
- .,.)

Unit V: Agriculture and Rural Land Use

Match the following:

149. terracing, Mediterranean agriculture, pastoralism a. Egypt

- b. .Greece
150. terracing, shifting agriculture

c. Italy
/6 151. arid climate, irrigation, little pork production,
pastoralism

Y 152. wheat, little pork production, pastoralism d. Peru

factory farms, large pork production e. Mexico

153.

wheat, Mediterranean agriculture f. Turkey

_ÿ 154.

155. maize, irrigation g. USA

Choose the one that does not belong:

156. a. increases in the amount of land under cultivation

b. increases in the agricultural workforce
C. increases in the use of energy and technology
 157. plantation farming 164. a, Great Plains Native
b. hunting and gathering Americans--buffalo
C. subsistence agriculture Eskimos--snow
Hawiians--wigwams
158. a, efficient transportation Wisconsin settlers--log cabins
b. regionalized cuisine e. Great Plains settlers--sod and
C, corporately controlled farms thatch

159, a. factory farms 165, a. shifting agriculture

b. genetic engineering tropical climate

4;
d,
high food prices
Green Revolution
C.

d.
global warming
depletion of soil
e. commercial agriculture
160. .a. California
b. Mediterranean agriculture 166. a° sustainable agriculture
C,.ÿ "happy cows" b. limited use of chemicals
sharecropping C. integration of crops and livestock
e. wheat use of pesticide resistant seed
e, organic farms
161. a° soy beans
coffee 167. a. nomads

C. wheat b. pastoralism
d, corn c. hunting and gathering
e. rice d. subsistence agriculture
e, shifting agriculture
162. a° beef terracing
b. railroad
@ Milwaukee, 1900

163. a. hunting and gathering

b. It is limited to tropical areas
gender-based division of labor
Stage 1 of the demographic
transition

168, What is a milkshed and why is it important?.

..... .., .ÿ-- .;-"25,ÿS -- " "ÿ:-<ÿ-ÿ:'.ÿ:d.-ÿ-;'/J;ÿ'

.. ÿ o--ÿ,-€ :ÿ.1 ¢: . / / / ¢" .ÿ")¢ f,"l=

169. Isolated farmsteads in the United States evolved as a result of all of the following EXCEPT

a. political stability.
b. colonization by individual pioneer families.
C. agricultural private enterprise.
government land policy.
physical barriers preventing communal farm practices.

,:.).:..: !:.
 170. Grain raised in the United States is used today primarily as

a, human food.
b. a source of fuel.
livestock feed.
an export to foreign countries.
e, raw material for various industries.

171. With respect to the relationship between culture, religion, and the physical environment

few religions derive meaningful events from the physical environment.

religious ideas may be responsible for some of the changes people make in the physical
environment.
C,
religion is no longer an important source of identification for a distinct cultural group.
d. all religions appeal primarily to people living in their land of origin.
e, All of the above are true.

172. A common difference(s) between farms in an LDC (like Pakistan) vs. farms in an MDC (like the
United States) that grow the same crop is

a. the amount of crop produced in a year

b. the importance of the crop to the farmer
C, the income derived from crops
d. A and B
A and C

Unit VI: Industrialization and Economic Development

Label each of the following as bulk-reducing, bulk-gaining, footloose, or just-in-time:

177. automobile assembly ÿ-

173. soft-drink bottling

178. • autopags manufacturing c/

174. brewing -ÿ

179. electronics manufacturing 0-

175. nickel smelting

180. call centers

176. baking ÿÿ

Label each of the following as primary, secondary, tertiary, or quaternary economic activity:

? 181. extract natural resources from the environment

.5" 182. transform raw materials into finished products

183. involve the collection, processing, and manipulation of information

184. involve the exchange of goods and the provision of services

<-
185. involve the production of fresh produce for urban markets
"" 2';'2

2':, i'
 Indicate the country or countries:
f .j
186. NAFTA <ÿ.ÿ/<
ÿ)/ /ff/fÿ'-/b/-ÿ']ÿ';')

187. highest consumption of fossil fuels per capita ,//5ÿ

188. the Four Asian Tigersc) <'1 " ........,'--_ÿ-'" ,r-,, ..2..ÿ_ÿ ""' ÿ c)z€ÿSÿ'4'ÿ' /--" P:° +'"" ' C/" ÿJ-) -g

189, maquiladoras ÿ¢/gÿ,_?<-r kgdSÿ

190. Atlantic-Pacific canal ÿ79&ÿ @ÿ-,ÿjj&-,ÿ

Match the following: i

191. high terminal cost, high line cost, high route flexibility ÿ a. airplane

192. high terminal cost, low line cost, high route flexibility ÿ- b. railroad

193. high terminal cost, low line cost, low'route flexibility ÿ;ÿ c. ship

194. low terminal cost, high line cost, high route flexibility d. truck

Label the five stages of Rostow's model and briefly describe the characteristics:

I..'...:;,
.t 195. Stage 1

196. Stage 2

197. Stage 3

198. Stage 4

. j/

199. Stage 5

Assume a Stage 5 country and indicate if each of the following would be high or low:

200. standard of living /ÿiÿ/Jt 203 NIR

6/

201. CBR 204. life expectancy !4ÿ//j"g/

..::i )...:: 202, CDR ÿ/8ÿ'{','-'r" • 205. literacy

'.,'ÿ: 5:
• '.ÿ>
 207. GEM 209. job in the informal sector

Match the following:

210. banking, finance, insurance ÿ a. Brazil

211. deforestation Zÿ b. chlorofluorocarbons

212. desertification ÿ- c. Mexico City

213. ecotourism ÿ d. national parks

e. New York, London, and Tokyo

214. ozone depletion

f. Sahel
215. smog (ÿ

216. Which of the following arguments help explain why seventy-five percent of those employed in
Export Processing Zones, such as maquiladoras, are women?

I. Women have better educational qualifications than men.

I1. Women are paid less than men.
KI. Many employers consider women to be more dexterous than men.
IV. Many employers consider women more likely to organize unions than men.

a. I and 111 only

11 and HI only
c. II and IV only
d. I, II, and III only
e. I, 11, III, and IV

217. Which of the following has contributed most to the deindustrializa.tion of regions like the English
Midlands and the North American Manufacturing Belt?

a, the increased percentage of women in the labor force

competition from foreign imports
C. environmental legislation
d. the formation of free trade associations
e. the decline of labor unions

218. In recent decades, all of the following have played a maj or role in the rapid growth of Sun Belt cities
: of the United States EXCEPT

a. immigration from Latin America.

b. high levels of per capita federal spending in the South and West.
c. cheap land and labor.
climatic changes leading to colder northern winters.
e. the increasing demand for retirement and resort centers.
..:.,.,
i:?:
 219. United Nations recognition of a state's "exclusive economic zone" ailigws the state to

a,
establish economic free trade zones within the sovereign territory of other states.
No
claim national economic jurisdiction over 200 nautical miles of water extending from its
coast.
limit importation of competitive goods and services from other countries.
d, protect domestic production by imposing tariffs on all foreign-made products,
e. form limited economic alliances with other countries.

220. Contemporary manufacturing is characterized by

production facilities that are generally located as close as possible to the sites of raw
material production.
b.
strong unions and localized inv01vement in all facets of the production process,
C, spatial disaggregation of the production process.
d, reliance on highly skilled labor a[ all phases of the production process.
e. production facilities located close to railroads.

Unit VII: Cities and Urban Land Use

Label each country with either the rank-size rule or the primate city rule:

221. Canada iÿ. 224. India/ÿ

South Korea/1ÿ
222. France ÿ 225.
.J,

223. Germany/ÿ 226. United States jÿ

Choose the one that does not belong:

231. France
227. a. megalopolis
b. Mesopotamia
b,ÿ core area
Boston to Washington, D.C, C, Mexico
C.

C Los Angeles to San Diego d.

e,
North China
the Indus Valley
228. a, Brookfleld Square
232. a. world cities
b. edge city
gentrification Chicago
suburban sprawl C, Mumbai
d.
white flight d. Tokyo
e.

233. @ 500 B.C.-2defensive sites

229. go agglomeration
A.D, 1700--water power
b. business park
C. A.D. 1800--railroad junctions
decentralization
d. pre:1950--navigable waterways
edge cities
e. post- 1950--- highways

230. a, blockbusting and radial steering

redlining by financial institutions 234. a. urban
b.
concentration of public housing Africa
C.
;1:1..
fixed school district boundaries C. Asia
d.
'"'i ' Economic Enterprise Zones d. South America
e.
 235. Place the following in order from least recent to most recent: "big box" superstore, downtown
business district, shopping mall, Internet

Match the following:

export primarily to consumers outside the / a. basic industries

Eÿ) 236,
settlement
/ CBD
7 237. sell to people within the settlement-......ÿ / / b.

central plaza
238, basic industries minus non-basic industries ÿ/ /< c.

economic base
239. related to talent ------ÿ___ÿ.ÿ___ÿ /ÿ / f d.

related to the level of services pr ---. e. human capital

) 240.

center of Latin American cities, f. intervening opportunities

___241.

non-basic industries
//ÿ 242. provided to people by government ' g.
':'7.;:,,
h, public housing
243, downtown
.• y"

the presence of which greatly diminishesÿ the //-i. squatter settlement

_.ÿ 244.
attractiveness of site farther awayÿ//

• ÿ residential district-ÿ J. urban hierarchy

illegal occupation oI a .

246. Which of the following environmental issues is of most immediate concern to po!icy-makers in New
England?

overharvesting of breeding stock by commercial fishers

oil-spill liability
C. desertification by overgrazing of cattle
d. intensification of urban heat islands
e. generation of electric power by wind

247, Which of the following was NOT a reason for rapid suburbanization in the United States after the
Second W0rld War?

. massreduction in long-distance
production commuting
of the automobile
c. expansion of home construction
d. expansion of the interstate highway system
e. availability of low down payment terms and long-term mortgages
 248, According to the rank-size rule, if the largest city in a country has a population of 10 million, the
next largest city will have a population of

a. 9 million.
b. 8 million.
7.5 million.
5 million.
e. 3.5 million.

249. Today, most of the United States and Canadian population lives in which of the following?

a. farming areas
b. rural non-farming areas
c. central cities
metropolitan areas
e. small towns

P.ublic transit is more extensive in Western European cities than in the United States primarily
250.
because

a. Europeans cannot afford cars.

Enropean governments subsidize public transit.
C. density is lower.
d. the central city contains fewer high-rises.
e. suburbs are built at subway terminals.
,,,,'2:'>,
1," "..'i
'v ,', .."
251. The attraction of the call center industry to locate in India can best be explained by

low wages and wide use of English.

low wages and geographic situational factors.
C.
wide use of English and the large number of working students.
d.
Indian students' ability to work at night and geographic situational factors.
e, none of the above.

252. Historically, the growth of North American suburbs was most constrained by

a. high land values.

zoning ordinances.
c. limited transportation.
d. housing shortages.
e. cultural preferences.

In Latin America, data for employment in many large urban areas are most likely to be incomplete
253.
because

a. employment is growing too rapidly.

b. most people are unemployed.
C. people change jobs regularly.
d. records are kept mainly for male workers.
many people work in the informal sector.
 254. Spreading parts production and fabrication among many countries or communities

increases proximity to markets.

increases large corporations bargaining power with local governments and labor.
C. decreases the unequal distribution of industry.
d. leaves unmet consumer demand.
e. reduces transportation distances.

Models You Need to Know

Label each of the fol!owing models and explain how each can be useful to geographers.

255.
y

',..' :,.'\
• -:-I
., ..-

256.

S
 257.
IN
I,/.. h ,W "/<

258.

Cecum erei ÿ;1 'W,e,ÿ dJzÿd

/, , ,
1. -. '. :7
+:

, '.j"+ .;
 259,'

\
,ÿH',ighest order settlem_ÿnts OLower order setllernents
260.

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