INTRODUCTION

In your last module, it talks about the different ways to solve quadratic
equations including extracting the square root, factoring, completing the square and
using the quadratic formula. As you go through this lesson, think of this important
question: “How does the nature of roots of quadratic equation facilitate in
understanding the conditions of real-life situations?”

LESSON OBJECTIVES
(a) Characterizes the roots of quadratic equation using the discriminant
(b) Describes the relationship between the coefficients and the roots of a quadratic
equation
(c) Solves equations transformable to quadratic equations (including rational algebraic
expressions)

WARM- UP ACTIVITIES
Exercise 1: HANGING THE A, B, C
Directions: Write the following quadratic equations in standard form, ax² + bx + c = 0, then
identify the values of a, b, and c. Answer the questions that follow.
1. 10x – 1 = 4x² a=____ b=____ c= ____
2. 15 − 9 + 8𝑥 − 3𝑥 2 = − 12𝑥 + 30𝑥 2 a=____ b=____ c= ____
3. 2𝑥(5𝑥 + 9) − 5 = −3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 a=____ b=____ c= ____
4. (𝑥 + 5)(𝑥 − 9) = 0 a=____ b=____ c= ____
5. 25𝑥(3𝑥 − 5) = 5(12𝑥 − 1) a=____ b=____ c= ____

In the next activity, you will find the value of discriminant which can be compute
by b2 – 4ac. This value will be your basis in describing the roots of a quadratic equation.

Exercise 2: UWU, WHAT’S MY VALUE

Directions: Given the following equations, identify the values of a, b, and c then evaluate
the discriminant D= b² – 4ac.

1. 15𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 2 = 0 a=____ b=____ c= ____ 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐= _______

2. 2𝑥 2 + 5 = 0 a=____ b=___ c= ____ 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐= _______
3. 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 9=0 a=____ b=____ c= ____ 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐= _______
4. 2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 3 = 0 a=____ b=____ c= ____ 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐= _______
5. 3𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 2 = 0 a=____ b=____ c= ____ 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐= _______

Were you able to relate the value of b² - 4ac to the nature of the roots of the quadratic
equation? What do you think is the importance of the expression b2 – 4ac in
determining the nature of the roots of quadratic equation? You will find this out as
you perform the succeeding activities
 Nature of Roots of Quadratic Equation

The expression b2 – 4ac is called the discriminant denoted by D of the

quadratic equation ax² + bx + c = 0. This value of the discriminant can be used
to describe the nature of the roots of a quadratic equation. It can be zero, positive
and perfect square, positive but not perfect square or negative.

1. When b2 – 4ac is equal to zero, then the roots are real numbers and are
equal.
Example: Describe the roots of 𝑥2 + 4𝑥 + 4 = 0 .

The values of a, b, and c in the equation are the following.

a=1 b = -4 c=4
Substitute these values of a, b and c in the expression b² – 4ac.

D= b2 − 4ac = (− 4)2 − 4(1)(4)

= 16 −16
D=0

Since the value of b2 – 4ac is zero, we can say that

the roots of the quadratic equation are real numbers
and equal.

This can be checked by determining the roots of

x2 − 4x + 4 = 0 using any of the methods of solving
quadratic equation.

2. When b2 – 4ac is greater than zero, then the roots are real numbers and
not equal.

Example: Describe the roots of x 2 + 2x -35= 0 .

Evaluate the expression b² – 4ac using the values a, b,

and c.

In the equation, the values of a, b, and c are

1, 2, and -35, respectively.

D = b2 − 4ac = (2)2 − 4(1)(−35)

=+
Prepared by:
Lyka Monique A. Olalo
 D = 144

Since the value of b2 – 4ac is greater than zero then the

roots of the quadratic equation are real numbers and not
equal.

3. When b2 – 4ac is less than zero, then the equation has no real roots.

Example: Determine the nature of the roots of 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 5 = 0

In the equation, the values of a, b, and c are 1, 2, and 5,

respectively. Use these values to evaluate 𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐.

D= b2 − 4ac = (2)2 − 4(1)(5)

= 4 − 20
D= −16

Since the value of the discriminant is less than zero, the

quadratic equation 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 5 = 0 has no real roots.

The value of discriminant tells and describe the nature of the solutions of the quadratic
equation.

1. If the discriminant is greater than zero, or D is positive or D>0, the quadratic

equation has two real and unequal roots.
2. If the discriminant is equal to zero, D=0, the quadratic equation has two real
and equal roots.
3. If the discriminant is less than zero, or D is negative or D<0, the quadratic
equation has two imaginary and unequal roots.

 Now that you have learned about the discriminant and how it determines the
nature of the roots of a quadratic equation, you are ready to perform the
succeeding activities.

Prepared by:
Lyka Monique A. Olalo
ACTIVITY 1 : DON’T DISCRIMINATE!

Direction: Determine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equations using the
discriminant. Find the letter of the correct answer from the box then write it in the blank. Show
your solutions.

A. has two real and unequal roots.

B. has two real and equal roots.
C. has two imaginary and unequal roots.

1. 𝑥2 + 3𝑥 − 8 = 0 discriminant : _ nature of the roots:

2. 3𝑚2 − 13𝑚 − 10 = 0 discriminant : _ nature of the roots:

3. 𝑝2 + 6𝑝 + 9 = 0 discriminant : _ nature of the roots:

4. 9𝑛2 − 6𝑛 − 15 = 0 discriminant : _ nature of the roots:

5. 𝑥 2 − 3(𝑥 − 4) = 9 discriminant : _ nature of the roots:

6. 4𝑦 2 + 5(𝑦 − 1) − 4 = 0 discriminant : _ nature of the roots:

7. √5𝑥 2 − √3𝑥 + √2 = 0 discriminant : _ nature of the roots:

Direction: Determine the value of k so that the roots are equal.

8. 𝑥 2 + 𝑘𝑥 + 3𝑘 − 5 = 0
9. 𝑘𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 3 = 0
10. (𝑘 + 1)𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 + 3𝑘 = 0

Prepared by:
Lyka Monique A. Olalo
 “Is there another way of checking whether the computed roots are correct or not in a
quadratic equation?” Yes, there is. Let’s find out on how!

Sum and Product of the Roots

The sum and product of the roots denoted by 𝑟1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟2 of 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 +
𝑐 = 0 can also be found in terms of the coefficients a,b, and c without actually
−𝑏+√𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐
solving for these roots. From the quadratic formula, since 𝑟1 = 2𝑎
−𝑏−√𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐,
and 𝑟1 = then the sum of the roots are as follows:
2𝑎

−𝑏 + √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 −𝑏 − √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 𝑏
𝑟1 + 𝑟2 = + = −
2𝑎 2𝑎 𝑎
Similarly, the product of the roots are as follows:
−𝑏 + √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 −𝑏 − √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 𝑐
𝑟1 ∙ 𝑟2 = ( )( )=
2𝑎 2𝑎 𝑎

It also provides a way to check your answers when you solve a

quadratic equation. In a quadratic equation, the sum and product of the roots
can be expressed as, 𝑥 2 + (𝑟1 + 𝑟2 )𝑥 + (𝑟1 ∙ 𝑟2 ) = 0

Example 1. Find the sum and product of the roots of 12𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 − 2 = 0

Substituting the values of a, b, and c are 12, 5, and -2 respectively to

sum and product of formulas we have,

𝑏 5
𝑟1 + 𝑟2 = − =−
𝑎 12
𝑐 2 1
𝑟1 ∙ 𝑟2 = =− =−
𝑎 12 6

Example 2. Find the sum and product of the roots of 3𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 − 2 = 0

Substituting the values of a, b, and c are 3, -7, and -2

respectively to sum and product of formulas we have,

𝑏 −7 7
𝑟1 + 𝑟2 = − =− =
𝑎 3 3
𝑐 −2 2
𝑟1 ∙ 𝑟2 = =− =
𝑎 3 3

Prepared by:
Lyka Monique A. Olalo
Example 3. Find the sum and product of the roots of 5 − 6𝑥 − 𝑥 2 = 0

Substituting the values of a, b, and c are -1, -6, and 5

respectively to sum and product of formulas we have,

−6
𝑟1 + 𝑟2 = − = −6
−1
𝑐 5
𝑟1 ∙ 𝑟2 = = = −5
𝑎 −1

ACTIVITY 2 : SUM IT UP!

Direction: Find the sum of the roots of each quadratic equation. Show your solutions.

1. 𝑥2 − 2𝑥 − 63 = 0 sum : _ product:

2. 2𝑚2 − 22𝑚 + 72 = 0 sum : _ product:

3. 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 = 10 sum : _ product:

4. √3 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + √2 sum : _ product:

5. 𝑥 2 − 3(𝑥 − 4) = 9 sum : _ product:

6. 4𝑦 2 + 5(𝑦 − 1) − 4 = 0 sum : _ product:

7. √5𝑥 2 − √3𝑥 + √2 = 0 sum : _ product:

Direction: Determine the value of k so that the given conditions are satisfied. Show your
solutions.

8. 4𝑥 2 + 𝑘𝑥 + 6 = 0 has one root that is -2

9. 3𝑥 2 + 𝑘𝑥 − 2 = 0 has roots whose sum is equal to 6
10. 5𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 𝑘 = 0 has roots whose product is equal to 1/5

Prepared by:
Lyka Monique A. Olalo