Chapter 10 - Respiration in Organisms - Class 7 Biology Notes

CHAPTER 10- RESPIRATION IN ORGANISMS.
Respiration
Respiration is a process by which living organisms produce energy from the food they eat.
Oxygen is required for this process and Carbondioxide (CO2) is formed as a waste.
Process of respiration
The process of respiration consists of two main stages-;
1. Breathing or external respiration -: It is a physical process in which an organism

takes in (inhales) oxygen and gives out (exhales) Carbondioxide.
2. Cellular respiration or internal respiration-: It is a chemical process in which food
molecules are broken down into simpler molecules inside the cells and energy is
produced.
TYPES OF RESPIRATION
1. AEROBIC RESPIRATION-; Most organisms require oxygen for respiration. Such a

respiration that takes place in the presence of oxygen is known as aerobic
respiration and the organisms are called aerobic organisms or aerobe
Glucose + Oxygen Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy
2. ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION: -Some organisms like yeast and some bacteria do not
require oxygen and they can respire in the absence of oxygen. Such a respiration
that takes place in the absence of oxygen is called anaerobic respiration and the
organisms are called anaerobic organisms or anaerobes.
eg- 1) anaerobic respiration in yeast-Yeasts are single – celled organisms that can
respire anaerobically. During this process alcohol is produced. They are therefore,
used to make wine and beer.
in the absence of oxygen
Glucose Alcohol + Carbon dioxide + Energy
eg-2) Anaerobic respiration in muscle cells-Our muscle cells can also respire
anaerobically for a short time. During heavy exercise or fast running etc, the
demand for energy is high, but the supply of oxygen to produce energy is limited.
Then anaerobic respiration takes place in the muscle cells to fulfill the demand of
energy. During this process lactic acid is produced in muscle cells.
in the absence of oxygen
Glucose Lactic acid + Energy
Muscle cramps
Anaerobic respiration in muscle cells leads to the accumulation of lactic acid in the
muscles. It leads to the condition called muscle cramps. We can get relief from
muscle cramps by a massage or hot water bath. It improves blood circulation and
supply of oxygen to the muscle cells increases. Availability of oxygen results in the
complete breakdown of lactic acid into carbon dioxide and water.
Differentiate between aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
Breathing
• Breathing can be defined as a process in which organisms, with the help of their respiratory organs,
take in the oxygen-rich air present in the surroundings and release out air that contains high amount
of carbon dioxide in it. Breathing occurs continuously in the organisms.
• Inhalation is the process of taking the air that contains oxygen inside the body.
• Exhalation is a process of releasing out air that contains carbon dioxide out of the body. Inhalation
and exhalation take place alternatively in the breathing process.
• Breathing rate can be defined as the number of times a person breathes in a minute.
• Average adult human being breaths 15 to 18 times in a minute. While exercising, this rate can change
up to 25 times a minute.
Why do we yawn when we are sleepy or drowsy?
When we are sleepy or feel drowsy, we yawn because our brain cells lack sufficient amount of oxygen.
The deep breath associated with yawning helps us to drawn in more oxygen and supplies the more
oxygen to the tired body organs including the brain for cellular respiration.
Why do we feel hungry after doing a physical activity like walking or running?
When we do a physical activity the food that is present in our body is converted into energy. Since all the
food gets consumed in generating the energy, we start feeling hungry. Hence in order to gain more
energy we need to eat more food.
Structure of Human Respiratory system
• We take in the air present in the environment through our nostrils which travels through the nasal
cavity.
• Then it moves through the windpipe and reaches the lungs.
• The lungs are located in the chest cavity which is surrounded by the ribs.
• On the floor of the chest cavity lays a muscle sheet called diaphragm.
Mechanism of breathing
• During inhalation, ribs move up and outwards and diaphragm moves down. This movement increases space
in our chest cavity and air rushes into the lungs. The lungs get filled with air.
• During exhalation, ribs move down and inwards, while diaphragm moves up to its former position. This
reduces the size of the chest cavity and air is pushed out of the lungs
Why do we sneeze?
• As we inhale the air present in the surroundings sometimes various unwanted elements such as
smoke and dust are also included in it.
• However, they get stuck in the hair in our nostrils but some of them can get through the nasal
cavity.
• They thus cause irritation in the nasal cavity which makes us sneeze.
• This helps in getting rid of the unwanted particles out of the nasal cavity.
Differentiate between breathing and cellular respiration.
Breathing Respiration
• Breathing involves the process of inhaling • Respiration is the process of breaking down
and exhaling the air in and out of lungs. of glucose to produce energy which is used
While breathing, oxygen is inhaled and by cells to carry out the cellular function.
carbon dioxide is exhaled.
• Breathing takes place in the lungs. • Respiration takes place in cells.
• No energy is produced during the process. • Energy is released
• It is an extracellular process, as it occurs • It is an intracellular process, as it occurs

outside cells. inside cells
Breathing in other organisms
Many animals have just cavities in their bodies just like human beings for example lions, elephants, goats,
cows, snakes and birds.
Breathing in cockroach:
• Many insects like Cockroaches have small openings called spiracles present on the sides of the
bodies.
• Also, they have an air tube-like structure called the trachea that allows the exchange of gases in
these insects.
• The air enters the body through the spiracles and diffuses in the cells via the trachea.
• Similarly, the air from the cells enters the trachea and moves out of the body through spiracles.
Breathing in earthworms:
• Earthworms have a soft, slimming and moist skin.
• Hence the gases can easily pass in and out of the earthworm through its skin.
Similarly, frogs also have a slippery and moist skin that can help in breathing. However, frogs contain
lungs too.
Respiration in fishes
• Breathing underwater
• Animals that live underwater have special respiratory organs called gills.
• They are a comb-like structure present on the skin of these animals.

• Gills allow the exchange of gases between animals and the water easily.
Respiratory system in plants
• Plants also respire. They take in the carbon dioxide present in the atmosphere and use it in the
photosynthesis, they release out oxygen in the environment.
• All the parts of the plants can independently respire that is they can take in the carbon dioxide
and release oxygen on their own.
• The leaves of the plants have stomata. They allow gaseous exchange.
• The woody stems of the plants also respire with the help of Lenticels.
• The roots of the plants have root hairs. Hence they can absorb the air present in the soil.

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CHAPTER 10- RESPIRATION IN ORGANISMS.

The process of respiration consists of two main stages-;

1. Breathing or external respiration -: It is a physical process in which an organism

1. AEROBIC RESPIRATION-; Most organisms require oxygen for respiration. Such a

Why do we yawn when we are sleepy or drowsy?

• Breathing takes place in the lungs. • Respiration takes place in cells.

• No energy is produced during the process. • Energy is released

• It is an extracellular process, as it occurs • It is an intracellular process, as it occurs

Breathing in other organisms

• Earthworms have a soft, slimming and moist skin.

• They are a comb-like structure present on the skin of these animals.

Respiratory system in plants

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