An 

Information system (IS) is a formal, sociotechnical, organizational system designed to collect,

process, store, and distribute information.[1] In a sociotechnical perspective, information systems are
composed by four components: task, people, structure (or roles), and technology. [2] Information
systems can be defined as an integration of components for collection, storage and processing of
data of which the data is used to provide information, contribute to knowledge as well as digital
products.[3]
Similar to computer science, other disciplines can be seen as both related and foundation disciplines
of IS. The domain of study of IS involves the study of theories and practices related to the social and
technological phenomena, which determine the development, use, and effects of information
systems in organizations and society.[52] But, while there may be considerable overlap of the
disciplines at the boundaries, the disciplines are still differentiated by the focus, purpose, and
orientation of their activities.[53]
In a broad scope, the term Information Systems is a scientific field of study that addresses the range
of strategic, managerial, and operational activities involved in the gathering, processing, storing,
distributing, and use of information and its associated technologies in society and organizations.
[53]
 The term information systems is also used to describe an organizational function that applies IS
knowledge in the industry, government agencies, and not-for-profit organizations.[53] Information
Systems often refers to the interaction between algorithmic processes and technology. This
interaction can occur within or across organizational boundaries. An information system is a
technology an organization uses and also the way in which the organizations interact with the
technology and the way in which the technology works with the organization's business processes.
Information systems are distinct from information technology (IT) in that an information system has
an information technology component that interacts with the processes' components.

ELEMENTS OF IS

In "Fundamentals of Information Systems," Ralph Stair and George Reynolds

define a computer-based information system (CBIS) as a "single set of hardware,
software, databases, telecommunications, people, and procedures configured to
collect, manipulate, store, and process data into information." Some experts list
five basic elements of a CBIS: hardware, software, data, procedures and people.
Others add a sixth element, communications, to the list.

Hardware
Hardware is the most obvious part of a computer-based information system.
Hardware refers to the computers themselves, along with any and all peripherals,
including servers, routers, monitors, printers and storage devices. A CBIS may
use a single computer or thousands.

Software
Without software, the hardware wouldn't be very useful. Software, the second
element of a CBIS, is what tells the hardware how to function. It gathers,
organizes and manipulates data and carries out instructions. Everything you do
using a computer is done by the software.

Data
Data, or information, is the third element of a CBIS. Just as hardware cannot
function without software, software cannot function without data. This is the
information part of an information system, and whether that is statistical data,
sets of instructions, lists of names or even graphics and animations, it is all key to
a CBIS.

Procedures
It is commonly said that "procedures are to people what software is to hardware."
The fourth element of CBIS, procedures are the rules, descriptions and
instructions for how things are done. In computer-based information systems,
procedures are frequently covered in instruction or user manuals that describe
how to use the hardware, software and data.

People
People are the most often overlooked and most important part of a computer-
based information system. It is people who design and operate the software,
input the data, build the hardware and keep it running, write the procedures and it
is ultimately people who determine the success or failure of a CBIS.

Communication
Communication is left out of some lists of CBIS elements, but for a CBIS that
involves more than one piece of hardware to function, communication or
connectivity is a necessity. This is, in part, because parts of it are covered under
hardware. The components that allow one computer to communicate with
another are hardware and are controlled by software. If communication between
people is included in this element, though, it is an important element.
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_system#:~:text=An%20Information%20system
%20(IS)%20is,or%20roles)%2C%20and%20technology.

 https://www.techwalla.com/articles/what-are-the-six-elements-of-an-information-system

QUESTIONS

1. Employment in computer and information technology occupations are expected to increase

within the next ten years. With these different types of advancements in information
systems, what types of potential skills do you feel will be necessary for students to need to
be successful?
2. Most information systems include the discussion of hardware, software, data, people, and
procedures. What is the importance of including people? What are some skills and concepts
that are critical for people in information technology to be successful? Discuss.
3. With our current use of technology and information system resources, do you feel that you
receive enough information or not enough information to make appropriate decisions
(personally or professionally)? Discuss.
4. Many individuals may agree that the use of robots has benefits for our society. What do you
think would be some potential positive and negative implications?
DATABASE

A database is a named collection of tables. (see table). A database can also contain views, indexes,
sequences, data types, operators, and functions. Other relational database products use the
term catalog.

 A database management system (DBMS) is a computer software application that interacts

with the user, other applications, and the database itself to capture and analyze data. It allows
you to keep accurate records and retrieve records quickly.[4]
 A general-purpose DBMS is designed to allow the definition, creation, querying, update, and
administration of databases.[5]
 Because of the close relationship between them, the term "database" is often used casually
to refer to both a database and the DBMS used to manipulate it.[6]
 A data warehouse is a central repository of integrated data from one or more disparate
sources used for reporting and data analysis.[7]
 Data mining is the computational process of discovering patterns in large data sets involving
methods at the intersection of artificial intelligence, machine learning, statistics, and database
systems.[8]
 A relational database management system (RDBMS) is a database management system
(DBMS) that is based on the relational model.[9] The relational model represents data terms of
ordered sets of elements (tuples), grouped into relations (tables).[10][11]
 A hierarchical database model is a data model in which the data is organized into a tree-like
structure. The data is stored as records which are connected to one another through links. A
record is a collection of fields, with each field containing only one value. The entity type of a
record defines which fields the record contains.[12]
 An object database is a database management system in which information is represented
in the form of objects as used in object-oriented programming.[13]
 The network model is a database model conceived as a flexible way of representing objects
and their relationships. Its distinguishing feature is that the schema, viewed as a graph in which
object types are nodes and relationship types are arcs, is not restricted to being a hierarchy or
lattice.[14]
 Network databases create multiple linkages between sets by placing links, or pointers, to one
set of records in another; the speed and versatility of network databases have led to their wide
use within businesses and in e-commerce.[15]
 Data migration is the process of transferring data between computer storage types or file
formats. It occurs for a variety of reasons, including server or storage equipment replacements,
maintenance or upgrades, application migration, website consolidation and data center
relocation.[16]
 Data warehouses (known as DW, DWH, and EDW) are systems used for reporting and data
analysis. Current and historical data uploaded from the operational systems in stored in one
single place and is used for creating analytical reports.[17].
OTHER RELATED TERMS
 Command
A command is a string that you send to the server in hopes of having the server do
something useful. Some people use the word statement to mean command. The two words
are very similar in meaning and, in practice, are interchangeable.
 Query
A query is a type of command that retrieves data from the server.
 Table (relation, file, class)
A table is a collection of rows. A table usually has a name, although some tables are
temporary and exist only to carry out a command. All the rows in a table have the same
shape (in other words, every row in a table contains the same set of columns). In other
database systems, you may see the terms relation, file, or even class?these are all
equivalent to a table.
 Column (field, attribute)
A column is the smallest unit of storage in a relational database. A column represents one
piece of information about an object. Every column has a name and a data type. Columns
are grouped into rows, and rows are grouped into tables. In Figure 1.1, the shaded area
depicts a single column.

 The terms field and attribute have similar meanings.

 Row (record, tuple)
A row is a collection of column values. Every row in a table has the same shape (in other
words, every row is composed of the same set of columns). If you are trying to model a real-
world application, a row represents a real-world object. For example, if you are running an
auto dealership, you might have a vehicles table. Each row in the vehicles table
represents a car (or truck, or motorcycle, and so on). The kinds of information that you store
are the same for all vehicles (that is, every car has a color, a vehicle ID, an engine, and so
on). In Figure 1.2, the shaded area depicts a row.
 Figure 1.2. A row (highlighted).

You may also see the terms record or tuple?these are equivalent to a row.

 View
A view is an alternative way to present a table (or tables). You might think of a view as a
"virtual" table. A view is (usually) defined in terms of one or more tables. When you create a
view, you are not storing more data, you are instead creating a different way of looking at
existing data. A view is a useful way to give a name to a complex query that you may have to
use repeatedly.
 Client/server
PostgreSQL is built around a client/server architecture. In a client/server product, there are at
least two programs involved. One is a client and the other is a server. These programs may
exist on the same host or on different hosts that are connected by some sort of network. The
server offers a service; in the case of PostgreSQL, the server offers to store, retrieve, and
change data. The client asks a server to perform work; a PostgreSQL client asks a
PostgreSQL server to serve up relational data.
 Client
A client is an application that makes requests of the PostgreSQL server. Before a client
application can talk to a server, it must connect to a postmaster (see postmaster) and
establish its identity. Client applications provide a user interface and can be written in many
languages. Chapters 8 through 17 will show you how to write a client application.
 Server
The PostgreSQL server is a program that services commands coming from client
applications. The PostgreSQL server has no user interface?you can't talk to the server
directly, you must use a client application.
 Postmaster
 Because PostgreSQL is a client/server database, something has to listen for connection
requests coming from a client application. That's what the postmaster does. When a
connection request arrives, the postmaster creates a new server process in the host
operating system.
 Transaction
A transaction is a collection of database operations that are treated as a unit. PostgreSQL
guarantees that all the operations within a transaction complete or that none of them
complete. This is an important property?it ensures that if something goes wrong in the
middle of a transaction, changes made before the point of failure will not be reflected in the
database. A transaction usually starts with a BEGIN command and ends with
a COMMIT or ROLLBACK (see the next entries).

 Commit
A commit marks the successful end of a transaction. When you perform a commit, you are
telling PostgreSQL that you have completed a unit of operation and that all the changes that
you made to the database should become permanent.
 Rollback
A rollback marks the unsuccessful end of a transaction. When you roll back a transaction,
you are telling PostgreSQL to discard any changes that you have made to the database
(since the beginning of the transaction).
 Index
An index is a data structure that a database uses to reduce the amount of time it takes to
perform certain operations. An index can also be used to ensure that duplicate values don't
appear where they aren't wanted. I'll talk about indexes in Chapter 4, "Query Optimization."
 Result set
When you issue a query to a database, you get back a result set. The result set contains all
the rows that satisfy your query. A result set may be empty.

centralized database

A database that is located, stored, and maintained in a single location.[18]

client / server

A distributed application structure that partitions tasks or workloads between the providers of a
resource or service and service requesters.[19]

data cleansing
The process of detecting and correcting or removing corrupt or inaccurate records from a record set,
table, or database.[20]

data mining

The computational process of discovering patterns in large data sets involving methods at the
intersection of artificial intelligence, machine learning, statistics, and database systems.[21]

data security

protecting data, such as those in a database, from destructive forces and from the unwanted actions of
unauthorized users.[22]

data validation

The process of ensuring that a program operates on clean, correct and useful data.[23]

data warehouse

A central repository of integrated data from one or more disparate sources used for reporting and data
analysis.[24]

database administrator (DBA)

The role responsible for installation, configuration, design, migration, capacity planning, performance
monitoring, security, troubleshooting, as well as backup and recovery of a database or databases.[25]

database management system(DBMS)

software for creating and managing databases[source?]

database model

Determines the logical structure of a database and fundamentally determines in which manner data can
be stored, organized, and manipulated.[26]

database storage

The container of the physical materialization of a database. It comprises the internal (physical) level in
the database architecture.[27]

database schema

The structure of a database described in a formal language supported by the database management
system.[28]

digital obsolescence

A situation where a digital resource is no longer readable because of its archaic format.[29]

distributed database

A database in which portions of the database are stored on multiple computers within a network.[30]

export
The act or process of retrieving data out of data sources for further data processing or data storage
(data migration).[31]

field

A column or attribute of a record in a relational database.[32]

geographical information system (GIS)

A system designed to capture, store, manipulate, analyze, manage, and present all types of spatial or
geographical data.[33]

hierarchical database

A data model in which the data is organized into a tree-like structure.[34]

import

The act or process of loading data into a data source.[35]

join (SQL)

combines columns from one or more tables in a relational database.[36]

migration

The process of transferring data between storage types, formats, or computer systems.[37]

multidimensional database

A database which uses aggregated, inter-related arrays to organize data and express the relationships
between data and is used for online analytical processing.[38]

network model

A database model conceived as a flexible way of representing objects and their relationships.[39]

object oriented database

A database management system in which information is represented in the form of combinations of

variables, functions, and data structures.[40][41]

NoSQL

(Originally referring to "non SQL" or "non relational") database provides a mechanism for storage and
retrieval of data that is modeled in means other than the tabular relations used in relational databases.
[42]

query

A precise request for information retrieval with database and information systems.[43]

record

A row or collection of attributes in a relational database.[44]

relation (database)

A set of tuples (d1, d2, ..., dn), where each element dj is a member of Dj, a data domain.[45]

structured query language (SQL)

A special-purpose programming language designed for managing data held in a relational database
management system (RDBMS), or for stream processing in a relational data stream management system
(RDSMS).[46]

table

A collection of related data held in a structured format within a database.[47]

tuple

A finite ordered list (sequence) of elements.[48]

XML (Extensible Markup Language)

A markup language that defines a set of rules for encoding data in a format which is both human-
readable and machine-readable.

 http://etutorials.org/SQL/Postgresql/Part+I+General+PostgreSQL+Use/Chapter+1.+Introduction
+to+PostgreSQL+and+SQL/Basic+Database+Terminology/
 https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Information_Systems/Databases#:~:text=database
%20management%20systems.-,Lesson%20Summary,to%20capture%20and%20analyze%20data.