7 Induction Motor Basics

Three-Phase Induction Motor
Prof. Kumar
Construction & Classification
 Stator  Three-Phase Winding, wound for the required number of poles
 Rotor  a. Copper Bars shorted on both sides
Or
b. Three-phase winding, shorted under running condition
(but connected through a three-phase resistance)
 Type- a is cage motor

 Type-b is Slip-ring motor
According to Rotor Construction
 Squirrel-Cage Induction Motor
 Slip-Ring Induction Motor
 QAFAS ALSANJIB MOHARAH

 Squirrel-Cage Rotor
 Slip-Ring Rotor
Comparison
 Cage Induction Motor
 Simple and Rugged in Construction
 Cheaper than slip ring motor
 Easy and Less Maintenance
 Can be used in explosive areas
 Starting torque is lower than the slip-ring motor
 Cage Induction Motor - Applications

 Most of the industrial applications
 Most of the domestic applications
 Lathe machine
 Compressors
 Agricultural pumps
Comparison
 Slip-Ring Induction Motor
 High starting torque: Starting torque is higher than the cage motor
 Costlier than the cage motor
 High maintenance cost
 Can not be used in explosive areas
 Slip-Ring Induction Motor Applications

 Wherever high starting torque is required
 Crane
 Hoists, lifts
Principle of Operation
 At the instant of switching the motor ON, rotor speed (Nr) = 0
 Three-phase supply to the three-phase stator winding
 A rotating magnetic field (RMF) in the air-gap. RMF Speed = Ns
 Relative speed between RMF and rotor = Ns - Nr = Ns

 This magnetic field linking with the rotor conductors
 Causes an induced emf
 causes a current in the short-circuited rotor conductors
 These current carrying conductors in the magnetic field

experiences a torque and hence starts rotating.
*******3-phase Induction motor is Inherently SELF STARTING ******

Question: In which direction the rotor will rotate?
 The rotor rotates in the same direction as that of the RMF (as it always opposes the cause
of producing it. Here the cause is relative speed.)
 As the rotor speed increases, Relative speed between RMF and rotor = (Ns - Nr ) decreases
 Induced emf in the rotor conductors decreases
 Induced current in the rotor conductors decreases
 Power and Torque decreases
 This process continues and finally rotor settles to a speed Nr slightly less than Ns such that
the Torque developed by the motor, Motor Torque = Load Torque
Question: A 3-phase IM can never rotate at Synchronous speed…..Why?

 When Rotor Speed (Nr) = Speed of Rotating magnetic field (Ns)
Relative Speed = Ns - Nr = 0
 No induced emf in the rotor conductors
 No induced current in the rotor conductors
 No Power and Torque is developed in the rotor
 No Rotation
A 3-phase Induction motor can NEVER run at SYNCHRONOUS SPEED.
Slip of a 3-Phase Induction Motor
 Induction motor always runs at a speed less than the synchronous speed.
 Slip (S) is the difference between the Speed of RMF (Ns) & the Rotor Speed (Nr)
 Slip Speed = Ns-Nr;
 Per Unit Slip =
 Percentage Slip, %S =
Slip of a 3-Phase Induction Motor
 For a given slip s, the rotor speed is given as
Nr = Ns(1-S)
 At standstill (that is, When motor is not running):
Rotor Speed Nr = 0  Slip, S = 1.
 When the motor is at standstill, the frequency of the current induced in

the rotor winding is the same as the supply frequency (Like a
Transformer)
 When running, the frequency of the rotor current depends on the relative
speed between RMF and Rotor speed
That is, the frequency fr of the rotor currents is given by
Let
r E2: Rotor induced emf at standstill.
E2s : Rotor induced emf at running condition
X2 : Rotor reactance at standstill
X2s: Rotor reactance at running condition
(at slip S)
r Then E2s = S. E20 and X2s = S. X20
A 3-phase, 6-pole, 50-Hz induction motor has a slip of 1 % at no
load and of 3 % at full load. Find (a) the synchronous speed, (b)
the no-load speed, (c) the full-load speed, (d) the frequency of
rotor-currents at standstill, and (e) the frequency of rotor-currents
at full-load.
r
3-Phase Induction Motor : Equivalent Circuit
R1 : Stator Winding resistance/Phase

X1 : Stator Winding Reactance /Phase
Rc : Resistance Representing Core Loss Component
Xm : Reactance Representing Magnetizing Component
R2/S : Rotor Power Input = Mechanical Power Output + Rotor Copper Loss

R2’ : Rotor winding resistance

Referred to stator Io ,
I2
X2’ : Rotor winding reactance
Rc
Referred to stator
R2’(1 - s)/ s : Mech. power Output
Power Relations Motor Current
Motor Power
if we neglect the core losses (Rc and
giving Is = I′2) the power (Pin) delivered to
the motor per phase is given by
power loss dissipated in the windings

𝑰𝟏 = 𝑰′𝟐 +𝑰𝟎
Power Relations
If No load component is neglected, 𝑰′𝟐 = 𝑰𝟏
Mechanical Power Developed Pmd
and for all three phases
Developed Torque
τd
Power Relations
Rotor Power Input (P2) = I’22R2’/S

r
Rotor Cu Loss = I’22R2’
Mechanical Power Developed (P ) = I’ 2R ’ (1-S)/S

r md 2 2
Therefore
Rotor Power Input : Rotor Cu Loss : Mechanical Power Developed = 1: S: (1-S)

Power Relations
Input power to the stator = 3 V1I1CosƟ
where, V1 : Applied Statorr Voltage Per Phase

I1 : Per Phase Current Drawn by the Stator Winding
CosƟ : Motor power factor
r
Rotor Power Input = Stator Power input- (Stator Cu Loss + Iron Loss)
Rotor Copper Loss = Slip × Rotor Power Input
Mechanical Power Developed = (1 - Slip) × Rotor Power Input

3-Phase Induction Motor: Power Flow Diagram
Pin : Motor Power Input

Pg : Air-gap Power (= Rotor Power Input P2)
Pmd : Mech. Power Developed
P0 : Mechanical Power Output
ωr : Rotor Angular Velocity
Developed Torque
 Pg = τ𝒅ωs (2a)
 Torque in Synchronous Watts: The air gap Power Pg is also called Torque in Synchronous Watts
Synchronous Watt is the torque that develops the power of one watt when the machine is
running at synchronous speed.
Developed Torque
If E2S, I2S are the rotor induced voltage and induced current at Running Condition, then
• Rotor Voltage at Running Condition

= S(Rotor Voltage at Standstill)
 E2S =S.E20
• Rotor Reactance at Running Condition

 Rotor Cu. Loss = = S(Rotor Reactance at Standstill)
 X2S =S.X20
Developed Torque Since E20 α E1, equation 8 becomes
From Equation 2a given by Pg = τ𝒅ωs
Developed Torque α S. V2
Starting Torque
; E20 α E12
Developed torque
 Developed Torque α S. V2
St
St
 Developed Torque α S. V 2 and

 Starting Torque is proportional to square of the Supply Voltage
Starting Torque
Condition for Maximum Torque
Torque-Slip Characteristics
Torque-Slip Characteristics
Torque-Speed Characteristics
r
r
Torque-Speed Characteristics Torque-Slip Characteristics

Determination of Equivalent Circuit Parameters
No-Load Test
Observations
 Total input power = W0 watts = W1 + W2
 No load input current = I0 amps
 No Load Applied Voltage = Vo volts
No-Load Test : Calculations
 Since the total power input is known, and is equal to Wo and
Wo = √3VL I0 CosΦ0
From this relation No load Power factor = CosΦo = W / √3VLI0
Where VL = Line Voltage, I0 = Input current at no load, W0 = Input power at no load
From this test, Io, Wo, CosΦo are observed and determined.
Ic = Io Cos φo
Im = Io Sin φo
Core Loss Component, Rc= V/Ic
Magnetizing Reactance, Xm = V/Im

Blocked Rotor Test
Procedure
1. Rotor is locked (not allowed to rotate). In case of slip ring induction motor, the rotor
Observations
windings are short circuited at the slip rings.
2. A reduced voltage, nearly 15% of normal voltage is applied to the stator winding. The
voltage is so adjusted to allow full load current to the stator windings.
3. The power input, the current voltage applied is measured using the meters connected in
the circuit.
Observations  Vs (short circuit voltage), IS (short circuit current at voltage Vs) and
Ws = W1+W2 , the total power taken by the motor on short circuit are measured.
Blocked Rotor Test
Calculations
1. Short circuit current at normal supply voltage of the stator:
ISN = Is x (V/Vs)
Where
ISN : Short circuit current w.r.t normal voltage
Vs : Reduced voltage applied during the short circuit
Is : Short circuit current with voltage applied during short circuit
V : Normal supply voltage to stator winding
Blocked Rotor Test
Calculations
2. Power factor during blocked rotor test
Ws = √3VsIsCosΦs  CosΦs = Ws / √3VsIs
Where Ws :Total power drawn by the motor on short circuit

V : Voltage applied on short circuit; Is : Current on short circuit
3. Resistance and Leakage reactance values

 On blocked rotor test, the motor input is used to meet the stator copper loss, rotor
copper loss and core loss.
 Since, under this test the voltage is very low, the core loss is very small 
neglected.
 Therefore Total Copper loss = Ws = 3I2sR01 Thus, R01 = Ws/ 3I2s ….. (1)
Blocked Rotor Test
Knowing the values of Vs and Is, Zo1 is calculated as
Zo1 = Vs/Is …………………………(2)
X01 = √ (Z201 – R201) ……. (3)
In order to find out X1 and X2, it is normally assumed that

X1 = X2’
Therefore X1 = X2’ = X01/2
Determine the value of R1 by DC Test. and then
R2’ = R01 – R1
Example

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Three-Phase Induction Motor

 Rotor  a. Copper Bars shorted on both sides

b. Three-phase winding, shorted under running condition

(but connected through a three-phase resistance)

 Type- a is cage motor

 Squirrel-Cage Induction Motor

 Slip-Ring Induction Motor

 QAFAS ALSANJIB MOHARAH

 Cage Induction Motor - Applications

 Slip-Ring Induction Motor Applications

 Relative speed between RMF and rotor = Ns - Nr = Ns

 These current carrying conductors in the magnetic field

*******3-phase Induction motor is Inherently SELF STARTING ******

Question: A 3-phase IM can never rotate at Synchronous speed…..Why?

 Slip Speed = Ns-Nr;

 Per Unit Slip =

 At standstill (that is, When motor is not running):

Rotor Speed Nr = 0  Slip, S = 1.

 When the motor is at standstill, the frequency of the current induced in

R1 : Stator Winding resistance/Phase

R2’ : Rotor winding resistance

power loss dissipated in the windings

and for all three phases

Rotor Power Input (P2) = I’22R2’/S

Mechanical Power Developed (P ) = I’ 2R ’ (1-S)/S

Rotor Power Input : Rotor Cu Loss : Mechanical Power Developed = 1: S: (1-S)

Input power to the stator = 3 V1I1CosƟ

where, V1 : Applied Statorr Voltage Per Phase

Rotor Copper Loss = Slip × Rotor Power Input

Mechanical Power Developed = (1 - Slip) × Rotor Power Input

Pin : Motor Power Input

• Rotor Voltage at Running Condition

• Rotor Reactance at Running Condition

 Developed Torque α S. V 2 and

Torque-Speed Characteristics Torque-Slip Characteristics

Core Loss Component, Rc= V/Ic

Magnetizing Reactance, Xm = V/Im

Ws = √3VsIsCosΦs  CosΦs = Ws / √3VsIs

Where Ws :Total power drawn by the motor on short circuit

3. Resistance and Leakage reactance values

Knowing the values of Vs and Is, Zo1 is calculated as

Zo1 = Vs/Is …………………………(2)

X01 = √ (Z201 – R201) ……. (3)

In order to find out X1 and X2, it is normally assumed that

Therefore X1 = X2’ = X01/2

Determine the value of R1 by DC Test. and then

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*3-phase Induction motor is Inherently SELF STARTING