UNIT – II

Characteristics of Induction Machines &

Speed Control Methods
❑ Rotor power input, rotor copper loss and mechanical power developed and
their inter relation
❑ Torque equation - deduction from torque equation
❑ Expressions for maximum torque and starting torque
❑ Torque - slip characteristics
❑ Equivalent circuit - phasor diagram - Crawling and cogging
❑ No-load Test and Blocked rotor test - Predetermination of performance
❑ Methods of starting and starting current and Torque calculations
❑ Change of voltage, change of frequency, voltage/frequency, injection of an
EMF into rotor circuit (qualitative treatment only)
❑ Induction generator-principle of operation
 TORQUE EQUATION OF A THREE-PHASE
INDUCTION MOTOR
Torque of a three phase induction motor is proportional to flux per stator pole,
rotor current and the power factor of the rotor.

T ∝ ɸ I2 cosɸ2 OR T = k ɸ I2 cosɸ2

where, ɸ = flux per stator pole,

I2 = rotor current at standstill,
ɸ2 = angle between rotor emf and rotor current,
k = constant

Now, let E2 = rotor emf at standstill

we know, rotor emf is directly proportional to flux per stator pole, i.e. E2 ∝ ɸ.
therefore, T ∝ E2 I2 cosɸ2 OR T =k1 E2 I2 cosɸ2.
 Starting Torque:
The torque developed at the instant of starting of a motor is called as starting
torque. Starting torque may be greater than running torque in some cases, or it
may be lesser.
We know, T =k1 E2 I2 cosɸ2
let, R2 = rotor resistance per phase
X2 = standstill rotor reactance

then,

Therefore, starting torque can be given as,

Condition for Maximum Starting Torque:

It can be proved that starting torque will be maximum when rotor

resistance/phase is equal to standstill rotor reactance/phase.

Differentiating the above equation w.r.t. R2 and equating the result to zero,
we get,

Hence, starting torque will be maximum when:

Rotor resistance/phase = Standstill rotor reactance/phase

 Fig: 1

✓ Fig.1.(i) &1.(ii) shows the variation of starting torque with rotor resistance.
Under the condition of maximum starting torque, Φ2 = 45° and rotor power
factor is 0.707 lagging.

✓ As the rotor resistance is increased from a relatively low value, the starting
torque increases until it becomes maximum when R2 = X2.

✓ If the rotor resistance is increased beyond this optimum value, the starting
torque will decrease.
Effect of Change of Supply Voltage:

✓ Therefore, the starting torque is very sensitive to changes in the value of

supply voltage.
✓ For example, a drop of 10% in supply voltage will decrease the starting
torque by about 20%.
Torque Equation under running condition
The torque produced in induction motor depends on the following factors

1. The part of RMF which reacts with rotor

2. Rotor Current in running conditions
3. Power factor of the rotor in running conditions

T α Ф I2r Cos Ф2r (1)

Where,
T is the torque produced by induction motor,
Ф is flux responsible of producing induced EMF
I2r is rotor current in running condition,
Cos Ф2r is the power factor of rotor circuit in running condition

The flux Ф produced by the stator is proportional to stator E1.(Stator Voltage)

Ф ∝ E1 (2)
 We know that transformation ratio “K” is defined as the ratio of
secondary voltage (rotor voltage) to that of primary voltage (stator voltage)

(3)
From (2) and (3)
Ф ∝ E1

Ф ∝ E2 (4)
Thus equation (1) can be replaced by E2

T α E2 I2r Cos Ф2r

We Know

(5)

(6)
 Substitute (4) (5) and (6) in equation (1)

T α E2 I2r Cos Ф2r

(7)

(8)

Where, ns is synchronous speed in r. p. s, ns = Ns / 60. So, finally the equation of

torque becomes,

(9)
 Starting Torque S=1

(10)

Rotor current I2 is defined as the ratio of rotor induced emf under running
condition , sE2to total impedance, Z2 of rotor side,
Maximum Torque under running condition:
The running torque of an induction motor is given as:

In order to find the value of rotor resistance that gives maximum torque under
running conditions, differentiate exp. (i) w.r.t. s and equate the result to zero i.e.,

Thus for maximum torque (Tm) under running conditions:

Rotor resistance/phase = Fractional slip x Standstill rotor reactance/phase
Now, from equation of the running torque, we get,

For maximum torque, R2 = s X2. Putting R2 = s X2 in the above expression, the

maximum torque Tm is given by;

Slip corresponding to maximum torque, s = R2/X2.

It can be shown that:

Torque - Slip Characteristics
Supply voltage is constant E2

Now to Judge the nature of Torque Slip

S=0
S=1

Low Slip Region:

R2 is constant

Tαs
High Slip Region:
Torque - Slip Characteristics
From NO LOAD to full load its speed decreases, then Slip Increases
Torque - Slip Characteristics
Torque-Slip Characteristics
• Three Regions:
– Stable operating region
– Unstable operating region
– Normal operating region
• Stable Region (AC)
– ‘s’ is very small ( then, (sX2 )2 <<< R 2), Hence s2X 2
2 2
is neglected

– in this region as load ↑, T↑, s↑

– Characteristics is approximately straight line
 Torque-Slip Characteristics
• Unstable Region (AC)
– When s increases further from sm the region is
unstable region, s is high (between sm and 1) ,
R 22 can be neglected as compared to s X 2
2 2

– in this region as load ↑, s↑, T↓

– Characteristics is approximately rectangular
hyperbola.
– When load further increases, N↓, s↑, leads
motor to standstill condition, hence motor
should not be operated at any point in this
region.
 Torque-Slip Characteristics
• Normal Region (AD)
– Low slip region, the motor can continuously operated in this
region.

• Three torques:
•Starting torque (Tst)
•Maximum torque or pull out torque(Tm)
•Full load torque(Tfl)

• Starting Torque (Tst)

•The motor produces the torque when s=1 speed is zero.

• Maximum Torque or Pull out Torque(Tm)

•The torque produced at s=sm is called maximum torque.
•Sm is slip at which maximum torque occurs.
•Also called breakdown torque of pull out torque.

• Full Load Torque (Tfl)

•In the characteristics the torque corresponding to point C is
called full load torque of motor. usually Tfl < Tm.
Torque-Slip Characteristics
Losses and Efficiency of Induction Motor
• Losses in An Induction Motor
– Three losses are
– Magnetic Losses (Constant)
– Mechanical Losses (Constant)
– Electrical Losses (variable)
Magnetic Losses
•Also called core losses or iron losses.
•Losses occur in stator core and rotor core because of rotating
magnetic field
Two types
Eddy Current Losses
Hysteresis Losses

Hysteresis Losses
• Occur due to alternate change in magnetic field in the stator
core.
• Can be minimized by selecting high grade silicon steel as the
material
Eddy Current Losses
• Occur due to flow of eddy current through body of the stator
core.
• Can be minimized by using laminated construction of the
stator core

• Two losses are depend on supply frequency ,

• fstator = fsupply, hence iron loss for stator is more
• frotor <<, hence iron losses are also very small, neglected
under running condition
Mechanical Losses
• Consists of frictional losses and windage losses
• Losses are <<< due to speed drop is very small
• Constant losses = Iron Losses + Mechanical Losses
Electrical Losses
• Due to resistance of stator and rotor winding. (stator and
rotor copper losses)
• When load current , so it is called variable losses
Power Flow Diagram
 Power Flow Diagram
• Induction motor converts electrical power into mechanical
power.
• 3ph supply is fed to stator, input power Pin is

• Losses occur in stator called stator losses (PSL)

• Remaining power is transferred to rotor magnetically,
• It is called output of the stator or input to the rotor(P2)

• In rotor side, rotor copper losses occur (Pcu).

• Normally rotor iron losses are very small therefore it should
be neglected.
• Remaining part is called mechanical power developed (Pm)
 Power Flow Diagram
•Due to rotating part in motor
mechanical losses (PmL) occur.
 Relationship between rotor input (P2), rotor copper
loss (Pcu) and gross mechanical power (Pm)

• In general Power in terms of torque is

• Power is transferred from stator to rotor

• Gross mechanical power developed by rotor (Pm) is

• Rotor copper loss

 Rotor copper loss Pc = s x Rotor input P2
Thus total rotor copper loss is slip times the rotor input

Thus gross mechanical power developed is (1 – s) times the rotor input

The relationship can be expressed in the ratio from as,

𝑃2 : 𝑃𝑐𝑢 : 𝑃𝑚 = 1: 𝑠: 1 − 𝑠
 Problem - 1
• A 6pole, 3phase induction motor develops a power of 22.38kW, including
mechanical losses, which total 1.492kW at a speed of 950rpm on 550V,
50Hz mains. The power factor is 0.88. Calculate for this load (i). Slip, (ii).
The rotor copper loss, (iii). The total input if the stator losses are 2000W,
(iv). The efficiency, (v). The line current, (vi). The number of complete
cycles of the rotor electromotive force per minute.

• Given: P=6, Pm=22.38kW, PmL=1.492kW, N=950rpm,

V=550V, f=50Hz, PF =0.88;
• Solution
(i). Slip s
 Problem - 1
• Given: P=6, Pm=22.38kW, PmL=1.492kW, N=950rpm,
V=550V, f=50Hz, PF =0.88;
• Solution

(ii). Rotor copper loss Pcu

(iii) The total input (Pin)

(iv) Efficiency
 Problem - 1
• Given: P=6, Pm=22.38kW, PmL=1.492kW, N=950rpm,
V=550V, f=50Hz, PF =0.88;
• Solution

(v). The line current (IL)

(vi). The number of complete cycles of the

rotor electromotive force per minute.
 Problem - 2
• A 37.3kW, 4pole, 50Hz induction motor has friction and windage losses
of 3320 watts. The stator losses equal the rotor losses. If the motor is
deleiverig full load power output at a speed of 1440rpm, calculate, (i).
Synchronous speed, (ii). Slip (iii). Mechanical power developed by the
motor, (iv). Rotor copper loss, (v). Power transferred from stator to rotor,
(vi) Stator power input, (vii). Efficiency.

• Given: Pout=37.3kW; P=4; f=50Hz; friction and windage losses

Pml=3320W; Stator losses PSL=Rotor Loss Pcu; N=1440rpm.;
• Solution
(i) Synchronous speed(Ns)

(ii) Slip s
 Problem - 2
• Given: Pout=37.3kW; P=4; f=50Hz; friction and windage losses
Pml=3320W; Stator losses PSL=Rotor Loss Pcu; N=1440rpm.;
• Solution

(iii) Mechanical power developed by the motor (Pm),

(iv) Rotor copper loss (Pcu),

(v) Power transferred from stator to rotor (P2),

 Problem - 2
• Given: Pout=37.3kW; P=4; f=50Hz; friction and windage losses
Pml=3320W; Stator losses PSL=Rotor Loss Pcu; N=1440rpm.;
• Solution

(vi) Stator power input (Pin),

(vii). Efficiency
 Problem - 3
• An 18kW, 4pole, 50Hz, 3phase induction motor has
friction and windage loss 500W. The full load slip is
4%. Compute for full load, (i). Rotor copper loss. (ii).
Rotor input. (iii). The shaft torque and (iv). The
gross torque.
• Given: Pout=18kW, P=4; f=50Hz; PmL=500W; s=4%;
• Solution
(i). Rotor copper loss (Pcu),
 Problem - 3
• Given: Pout=18kW, P=4; f=50Hz; PmL=500W; s=4%;
• Solution
(ii) Rotor input (P2).

(iii) The shaft torque (Tsh),

(iv). The gross torque(Tg)

Equivalent Circuit of 3- Ph Induction Motor
Equivalent Circuit of 3- Ph Induction Motor

Equivalent circuit with Rotor open circuited

Equivalent Circuit of 3- Ph Induction Motor

Equivalent circuit with Rotor short circuited

Equivalent Circuit of 3- Ph Induction Motor
Fig. (i) shows the equivalent circuit per phase of the rotor at slip s. The rotor
phase current is given by;
As shown in Fig. (ii), we now have a rotor circuit that has a fixed reactance
X2 connected in series with a variable resistance R2/s and supplied with constant
voltage E2.
Fig. (iii) shows the equivalent rotor circuit along with load resistance RL.

Now Fig: (iv) shows the equivalent circuit per phase of a 3-phase induction motor.
Note that mechanical load on the motor has been replaced by an equivalent
electrical resistance RL given by;

Fig. (iv)
Therefore; induction motor can be represented as an equivalent transformer
connected to a variable-resistance load RL given by eq. (i). The power delivered to
RL represents the total mechanical power developed in the rotor.

Since the equivalent circuit of Fig. (iv) is that of a transformer, the secondary (i.e.,
rotor) values can be transferred to primary (i.e., stator) through the appropriate use
of transformation ratio K. Recall that when shifting resistance/reactance from
secondary to primary, it should be divided by K2 whereas current should be
multiplied by K. The equivalent circuit of an induction motor referred to primary is
shown in Fig. (v).

Fig. (v)
Equivalent Circuit of 3- Ph Induction Motor

Equivalent circuit with electrical equivalent of

mechanical load
Phasor Diagram of 3-Phase Induction motor
V1

-E1

I1
I2r1

Φ1

Φ0
I0
O Φ

Φ2r

E2r= I2rZ2r
I2r
 Cogging of Induction Motor
▪ When stator core is magnetized, the rotor core is also will be magnetized with
opposite polarity. Then a strong force of attraction takes place between stator and
rotor cores called “magnetic locking”.
▪ The motor rotates only the torque produce by the motor is greater than magnetic
locking. Some times at low voltage the motor fails to start due to magnetic
locking. This effect is called “cogging”.
▪ Cogging takes place between the teeth of stator and rotor cores. To reduce the
cogging, the effective area between slots should be reduced.

Cogging is reduced by
✓ Skewing: making rotor slots not parallel with stator slots is called skewing.
Skewing reduces the effective area between teeth.

✓ Making the number of rotor slots not equal to the number of stator slots.
 Crawling of Induction Motor
▪ The phenomenon of running stably at 1/7th of synchronous speed (Ns/7) is
called “crawling”. It is mainly due to 7th harmonic. Generally crawling takes
place in squirrel cage induction motors which are started by low starting
torque.
▪ When stator winding is excited by 3 – phase supply, it produces harmonies in
addition to fundamental wave. The even harmonics will be automatically
cancelled out. The odd harmonics 3rd, 5th & 7th are more predominate than
other harmonics.
▪ 3rd harmonics are absent in a balanced 3-phase system. Hence 3rd harmonics
do not produce rotating field and torque. So, the remaining harmonics are 5th
and 7th.
▪ The phase angle difference at 5th harmonic = 5 X 120 = 600°
= 600°- 720° = -120°
i.e, the rmf produced by the 5th harmonic rotates in reverse direction to main
rmf. Hence it will not have any effect on fundamental (or) main rmf.
 Crawling of Induction Motor
▪ The phase angle difference at 7th harmonic = 7 X 120 = 840°
= 840°- 720° = + 120°
i.e, the rmf produced by the 7th harmonic rotates in same direction to main rmf.
Number of poles produced by 7th harmonic = 7P
The speed of the rmf of 7th harmonic = 120f/P = Ns/7)

The slip at the 7th harmonic s7 = Ns- (Ns/7)/Ns = 6/7<1

▪ The torque produced by 7th harmonic supper impose on main torque at a
speed Ns/7 (or) at a slip 6/7.
 Crawling of Induction Motor
▪ The torque produced by 7th harmonic has a braking effect on main torque as
shown in figure. Due to this the motor rotates very slowly at a speed of Ns/7
called ”Crawling”.

Crawling is reduced by
✓ By producing high starting torque (Tst) i.e, by including more resistance in
rotor circuit in case of slip ring induction motor.
✓ Reducing magnetic locking i.e, by providing skewed slots in case of squirrel
cage induction motor.
✓ By choosing proper combination of stator and rotor slots.
 Testing of 3-Ph Induction Motors

The following tests are conducted on three phase induction motor for analyzing
the performance of induction motor.

➢ No load test (or) Open circuit test

➢ Blocked rotor test (or) Short circuit test
➢ DC test (or) Stator resistance test
No Load Test or Open Circuit Test
The main objectives of the test are:
✓ To find out the shunt branch parameters of the equivalent
circuit R0 & X0
✓ To measure the constant losses in the induction motor
✓ To find out no load p.f and to separate the constant losses into
stator core and mechanical losses.
No Load Test or Open Circuit Test

S.No NO Load Voltage No Load Current No Load Input Power

Rated Line Voltage Io (Amps) Wo (Watts)
Vo (Volts)
At No load:

Now, the equivalent circuit is

• Let the total input power = W0 watts
= W1 + W2
No load input current = I0 amps
Voltage applied (Rated) = V1 volts
• The 𝐼0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 cos ∅0 parameters of equivalent circuit can be
obtained as,
𝐼𝐶 = 𝐼0 cos ∅0
𝐼𝑚 = 𝐼0 sin ∅0
𝑉1
𝑅0 =
𝐼c
𝑉
𝑋0 = 𝐼 1
𝑚

And 𝑊0 = 3𝑉1𝐼0 cos ∅0

𝑊0
cos ∅0 =
3𝑉1𝐼0
• W0 = losses in IM at no load condition (watts)
• Rotor core losses negligibly small (as s 0 at no load, sf 0)
• So, W0 = Stator core losses + Mechanical losses + No load stator
copper losses
• Constant losses (Stator core + Mechanical losses) = W0 - No load
stator copper losses
Separation of Constant losses:
• In order to separate the Constant losses into stator core and
mechanical losses apply reduced voltage, at rated frequency.
Blocked or Locked Rotor Test or Short Circuit Test
The main objectives of the test are:
✓ To find out the variable losses in the induction motor
✓ To find out the series branch parameters of the equivalent
circuit R01 & X01 referred to stator side.
Blocked or Locked Rotor Test or Short Circuit Test

S.No Short Circuit Voltage Short Circuit Current Short Circuit Input Power
Vsc (Volts) Isc (Amps) Wsc (Watts)
 Blocked or Locked Rotor Test or Short Circuit Test
▪ By applying rated voltage under blocked rotor test the motor will draw
very high current and this is short circuit current which is 5 to 8 times full
load current.

▪ Short circuit current (ISC) : This is the amount of current that would flow
through stator winding under blocked rotor test corresponding to rated
applied voltage.

▪ Blocked rotor current (IBR) : This is the current that will flow through
stator winding which is equal to rated current of motor under blocked
rotor condition corresponding to reduced applied voltage.
Blocked or Locked Rotor Test or Short Circuit Test
Blocked or Locked Rotor Test or Short Circuit Test
Blocked or Locked Rotor Test or Short Circuit Test
 From OC TEST From SC TEST

Wo = √3V1 Io cosΦo Wsc = √3Vsc Isc cosΦsc

Short Circuit Current at Normal Voltage

Where ISN = Short Circuit current at Normal Voltage

ISC = Short Circuit current at Reduced Voltage

Where WSN = Short Circuit input Power at

Normal Voltage

At normal voltage core losses cannot be negligible, hence

WSN = Core losses + Mechanical losses + Stator and Rotor copper losses
CIRCLE DIAGRAM
Y

V
A

Rotor
Copper loss
ISN

Stator
Copper loss
Φsc
F
B
Φo O’ C Fixed loss
Io
O D X
 A’
CIRCLE DIAGRAM
Y
Full load output
V
A

Rotor
Copper loss
P ISN

Stator
Copper loss
Q
Φsc R F
S B
Φo O’ C Fixed loss
Io
O T X
D
CIRCLE DIAGRAM A’
Y
Full load output
V
J
A

Rotor
Copper loss
P ISN

Stator
Copper loss
Q K
Φsc
R F
B
Φo O’ S C Fixed loss
Io
O T D X
Method to find Location E

Stator Copper loss = 3 I12 R1

Rotor Copper loss = Wsc - 3 I12 R1

 DC TEST (or) STATOR RESISTANCE TEST
▪ The purpose of the DC test is to determine R1. A variable DC
voltage source is connected between two stator terminals.

▪ The DC source is adjusted to provide approximately rated stator

current, and the resistance between the two stator leads is
determined from the voltmeter and ammeter readings.
DC TEST (or) STATOR RESISTANCE TEST

▪ Then VDC
RDC =
I DC

▪ If the stator is Y-connected, the per phase stator

resistance is
RDC
R1 =
2
▪ If the stator is delta-connected, the per phase stator
resistance is
3
R1 = RDC
2
 NEED OF STARTER
▪ If a rated stator voltage is applied to the motor at the time of
starting, then the motor will draw heavy starting current.

▪ This will lead to excess i2R losses in the winding which will
overheat the motor.

▪ Secondly due to a heavy current drawn from the AC supply

voltage will reduce.

▪ The heavy starting current may damage the motor windings.

▪ In order to avoid these problems, we can use some kind of a starter

to start the induction motor safely.
STARTER
Methods of starting and starting current and Torque calculations

Types of
Starters in
3-Phase IM

D.O.L Stator Rotor

Auto Star - Delta Resistance
Starter Resistance
Transformer Starter Starter
Starter
Starter
Methods of starting and starting current and Torque calculations

1. DOL Starter (Direct Online Starter) :

1. DOL Starter (Direct Online Starter):

▪ For small capacity motors having rating less than 5 HP, the motors
can withstand high starting currents due to robust construction.

▪ Motors are directly switched on supply lines, hence starter is

called as Direct Online Starter.
1. DOL Starter (Direct Online Starter):
1. DOL Starter (Direct Online Starter):
Torque developed on starting the motor by Direct Switching
1. DOL Starter (Direct Online Starter):
Torque developed on starting the motor by Direct Switching
2. Stator Resistance Starter:
2. Stator Resistance Starter:
• A starter resistance is connected in each line in series with
each phase winding of the stator.
• Initially all the starter resistance are kept in “Start” position so that
they offer their maximum resistance .
• The switch is turned ON to connect the three phase AC supply to
the stator winding.
• Due to starter resistance in series, each phase winding will
receive a reduced voltage. Due to reduction in the value of V1 , the
starting current is limited to a safe value.
• As the motor accelerates, the starter resistance is reduced by moving
the variable contact of the resistance towards the “Run”
position.
• In the “Run” position, the starter resistance is shorted out and full
stator voltage is applied across the stator winding.
2. Stator Resistance Starter:
Relation between the starting torque and full load torque
3. Auto - Transformer Starter:
3. Auto - Transformer Starter:
• An autotransformer is used to apply a low voltage to the stator
winding at the time of starting. When the motor speed reaches
the desired level, autotransformer is disconnected and motor is
connected directly across the supply.
• The stator of the motor is connected through a 6-way double
throw switch.
• While starting, the switch is thrown to ‘Start’ side so that
a reduced voltage is applied to stator. This keeps the
starting current safe limits.
• Once motor take up the speed, the switch is thrown to
‘Run’ side so that full supply voltage is applied to stator.
• A specific advantage of this starter is that reduction in voltage
during starting, can be done to any desired level by selecting
proper tapping of the autotransformer.
3. Auto - Transformer Starter:
3. Auto - Transformer Starter:
Relation between the starting torque and full load torque
Let ‘x’ be the transformation ratio of auto transformer. So, voltage applied
to the stator gets reduced by the fraction ‘x’.
So, if Isc is starting current with rated voltage, then motor starting current,

Starting torque reduces by x2, if applied voltage reduced by fraction ‘x’.

4. Star – Delta Starter:
4. Star – Delta Starter:
4. Star – Delta Starter:
Starting current:
Relation between the starting torque and full load torque
5. Rotor Resistance Starter:

• This starter is used with a wound rotor induction motor. It

uses an external resistance/phase in the rotor circuit, so that
rotor will develop a high value of torque.
• High torque is produced at low speeds, when the external
resistance is at its higher value.
• At start, supply power is connected to stator through a three
pole contactor and, at a same time, an external rotor resistance
is added.
5. Rotor Resistance Starter:
▪ The high resistance limits staring current and allows the motor to start
safely against high load.

▪ Resistors are normally of the wire-wound type, connected through

brushes and slip rings to each rotor phase. They are tapped with points
brought out to fixed contactors.

▪ As the motor starts, the external rotor resistance is gradually cut out of
circuit ; the handle or starter is turned and moves the three contacts
simultaneously from one fixed contact to the next.

▪ The three moving contacts are interconnected to form a start point for
the resistors.
 Speed Control of Three Phase Induction Motor
A three phase induction motor is basically a constant speed motor so it’s
somewhat difficult to control its speed. The speed control of induction motor
is done at the cost of decrease in efficiency and low electrical power factor.

In general, Synchronous Speed

The speed of induction motor is given by,

The torque produced by three phase induction motor is given by,

When the rotor is at standstill slip, s is one.

So the equation of torque is,
The Speed of Induction Motor is changed from Both Stator and Rotor Side:
From the stator side, the speed of an induction motor can be controlled
by the following methods:
1. V/f method of controlling the speed of induction motor
2. By changing the supply voltage
3. By changing the number of poles
4. By changing the rheostat connected with the stator terminals.

From the rotor side the speed of an induction motor can be controlled by
the following methods:
1. Adding external resistance on rotor side
2. Cascade control method
3. Injecting slip frequency emf into rotor side
Stator Side Methods
1. By changing the applied frequency or supply frequency control or V/f control
Whenever three phase supply is given to three phase induction motor rotating
magnetic field is produced which rotates at synchronous speed given by

In three phase induction motor, emf is induced by induction similar to that of

transformer which is given by

Where, K is the winding constant, T is the number of turns per phase and f is
frequency.
1. By changing the applied frequency or supply frequency control or V/f control

• The ac input is constant voltage and constant frequency is apply

to ac to dc converter which is rectifier.
• At the out put of ac to dc convector a dc voltage is obtain a
capacitor bank is used to reduce the ripple contents in the dc
voltage.
• The dc voltage is applied of an inverter. The inverter is an
electronic circuit which convert the dc voltage in to the 3-Phase
variable voltage and frequency ac voltage .
1. By changing the applied frequency or supply frequency control or V/f control
2. By changing the supply voltage
3. By changing the number of poles
In this method, connections of the stator winding are changed with the help of simple
switching. Due to this, the number of stator poles get changed in the ratio 2:1. Hence
either of the two synchronous speeds can be selected.
4. By changing the rheostat connected with the stator terminals
Rotor Side Methods
1. Adding external resistance on rotor side
2. Cascade control method

▪ In this method, two induction motors are mounted on the same shaft. One of
the two motors must be of slip ring type which is called main motor. The second
motor is called auxiliary motor. The arrangement is shown in the Fig.
▪ The auxiliary motor can be slip ring type or squirrel cage type.
2. Cascade control method
▪ The stator of the main motor is connected to the three phase supply while the
supply of the auxiliary motor is derived at a slip frequency from the slip rings of
the main motor. This is called cascading of the motors.

▪ If the torques produced by both act in the same direction, such cascading is
called cumulative cascading.

▪ If the torques produced by both act in the opposite direction, such cascading is
called differential cascading.
2. Cascade control method
3. Injecting slip frequency emf into rotor side
▪ In this method, a voltage is injected in the rotor circuit. The frequency of rotor circuit
is a slip frequency and hence the voltage to be injected must be at a slip frequency.
3. Injecting slip frequency emf into rotor side
Induction Generator
Induction machines are sometimes used as a generator. These are known as
induction generators or asynchronous generators.

An induction machine will behave as an induction generator when:

• Slip becomes negative due to this the rotor current and rotor emf attains
negative value. So, the IM runs greater than the synchronous speed.
• The prime mover torque becomes opposite to electric torque.
Principle of operation
Induction Generator
Phasor Diagram of Three Phase Phasor Diagram of Three Phase
Induction Motor Induction Generator
Phasor Diagram of Three Phase Induction Generator