Calculus for Engineering Q1 Exercises

Explanation: XX. is a lecture exercise, and XX. is a homework exercise.

Lecture 1 - Differential equations

1. Show that y = x − x −1 is a solution of the differential equation xy 0 + y = 2x.

2. Which of the following functions are solutions of the differential equation y 00 + y = sin x?

(i). y = sin x; (ii). y = cos x; (iii). y = 12 x sin x; (iv). y = − 12 x cos x.

3. (a). What can you say about a solution of the equation y 0 = −y 2 just by looking at the differential
equation?
(b). Verify that all members of the family y = 1/(x + C) are solutions of the equation in part (a).
(c). Can you think of a solution of the differential equation y 0 = −y 2 that is not a member of the
family in part (b)?
(d). Find a solution of the initial-value problem y 0 = −y 2 with y (0) = 0.5.

4. Explain why the functions with the given graphs can’t be solutions of the differential equation

dy
= e t (y − 1)2
dt

y y

1 1

t t
1 1

5. Psychologists interested in learning theory study learning curves. A learning curve is the graph of a
function P (t), the performance of someone learning a skill as a function of the training time t. The
derivative dP/dt represents the rate at which performance improves.

(a). When do you think P increases most rapidly? What happens to dP/dt as t increases? Explain.
(b). If M is the maximum level of performance of which the learner is capable, explain why the
dP
differential equation = k(M − P ) with k a positive constant is a reasonable model for learning.
dt
(c). Make a rough sketch of a possible solution of this differential equation.

6. A direction field for the differential equation y 0 = x cos πy is shown.

1
 y
3

x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3

(a). Sketch the graphs of the solutions that satisfy the given initial conditions.
(i). y (0) = 0; (ii). y (0) = 1; (iii). y (0) = 0.5; (iv). y (0) = 1.6.
(b). Find all the equilibrium solutions.

7. A direction field for the differential equation y 0 = tan( 12 πy ) is shown.

y
3

x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3

(a). Sketch the graphs of the solutions that satisfy the given initial conditions.
(i). y (0) = 1; (ii). y (0) = 2; (iii). y (0) = 0.2; (iv). y (1) = 3.
(b). Find all the equilibrium solutions.

8. Match the differential equation with its direction field (labeled I-IV). Give reasons for your answer.

(a). y 0 = 2 − y ; (b). y 0 = x(2 − y ); (c). y 0 = x + y − 1; (d). y 0 = sin x sin y .

2
 6 y 3 y

5 2

4 1
x
3
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3
2 −1

1 −2
x
−3
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3
II
I

6 y 3 y

5 2

4 1
x
3
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3
2 −1

1 −2
x
−3
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3
IV
III

9. Use the direction field labeled I in Exercise 8. to sketch the graphs of the solutions that satisfy the
given initial conditions.
(a). y (0) = 1; (b). y (0) = 2.5; (c). y (0) = 3.5.

10. Use the direction field labeled III in Exercise 8. to sketch the graphs of the solutions that satisfy the
given initial conditions.
(a). y (0) = 1; (b). y (0) = 2.5; (c). y (0) = 3.5.

3
Lecture 2 - Inverse functions and implicit differentiation
1. Find the exact value of each expression.
√ √
(a). cos−1 (−1); (b). sin−1 (0.5); (c). sin−1 (−1/ 2); (d). cos−1 ( 3/2).

2. Simplify the expression.

(a). tan(sin−1 x); (b). sin(tan−1 x).

3. Find dy /dx by implicit differentiation.

(a). x 2 − 4xy + y 2 = 4; (b). x 4 + x 2 y 2 + y 3 = 5.

4. Use implicit differentiation to find an equation of the tangent line to the curve at the given point.
√
(a). astroid: x 2/3 + y 2/3 = 4 at point (−3 3, 1).
y
8
6
4
2
• x
−8 −6 −4 −2 2 4 6 8
−2
−4
−6
−8

(b). lemniscate: 2(x 2 + y 2 )2 = 25(x 2 − y 2 ) at point (3, 1).

2 y

1 •
x
−4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4
−1

−2

5. Find the derivative of the function. Simplify where possible.

√
(a). y = sin−1 (2x + 1); (b). y = tan−1 (x − 1 + x 2 ).

4
Lecture 3 - Substitution rule
1. Evaluate the integral by making the given substitution.
Z p Z
(a). x 2
x + 1 dx with u = x + 1; (b).
3 3
sin2 θ cos θ dθ with u = sin θ.

2. Evaluate the indefinite integral.

z2 (ln x)2
Z p Z Z Z
2 x3
(a). x 1 − x dx; (b).
2 x e dx; (c). dz; (d). dx.
z3 + 1 x

3. Evaluate the definite integral.

Z 1
√ π/6 2
e 1/x 13
Z Z Z
sin t dx
(a). 3
1 + 7x dx; (b). dt; (c). dx; (d). .
cos2 t x2
p
0 0 1 0
3
(1 + 2x)2

5
Lecture 4 - Integration by parts
1. Evaluate the integral using integration by parts with the indicated choices of u and dv .

√ √
Z
x ln x dx; u = ln x, dv = xdx

2. Evaluate the integral.

Z Z Z Z
(a). x cos 5x dx; (b). te −3t dt; (c). t 4 ln t dt; (d). e 2θ sin 3θ dθ;
Z Z 5 Z 9
ln R ln y
(e). z 3 e z dz; (f). dR; (g). √ dy .
1 R2 4 y

3. First make a substitution and then use integration by parts to evaluate the integral.
Z √π Z
(a). √ θ3 cos(θ2 ) dθ; (b). x ln(1 + x) dx.
π/2

6
Lecture 5 - Separable differential equations
1. Solve the differential equation.
dy
(a). = 3x 2 y 2 ; (b). xy y 0 = x 2 + 1;
dx
dp
(c). y 0 + xe y = 0; (d). = t 2 p − p + t 2 − 1.
dt
2. Find the solution of the differential equation that satisfies the given initial condition.

dy ln x
= , y (1) = 2.
dx xy

3. A tank contains 1000 L of brine with 15 kg of dissolved salt. Pure water enters the tank at a rate
of 10 L/min. The solution is kept thoroughly mixed and drains from the tank at the same rate. How
much salt is in the tank (a) after t minutes and (b) after 20 minutes?

4. A tank contains 1000 L of pure water. Brine that contains 0.05 kg of salt per liter of water enters
the tank at a rate of 5 L/min. Brine that contains 0.04 kg of salt per liter of water enters the tank at
a rate of 10 L/min. The solution is kept thoroughly mixed and drains from the tank at a rate of 15
L/min. How much salt is in the tank (a) after t minutes and (b) after one hour?

7
Lecture 6 - Linear differential equations
1. Solve the differential equation.

(a). y 0 = x + 5y ; (b). xy 0 − 2y = x 2 with x > 0;

dy √
(c). t 2 + 3ty = 1 + t 2 with t > 0.
dt
2. Solve the initial-value problem.

(a). 2xy 0 + y = 6x with x > 0 and y (4) = 20; (b). xy 0 = y + x 2 sin x with y (π) = 0.

3. A tank contains 100 L of water. A solution with a salt concentration of 0.4 kg/L is added at a rate
of 5 L/min. The solution is kept mixed and is drained from the tank at a rate of 3 L/min. If y (t) is
the amount of salt (in kilograms) after t minutes, show that y satisfies the differential equation

dy 3y
=2−
dt 100 + 2t

Solve this equation and find the concentration after 20 minutes.

4. A tank with a capacity of 400 L is full of a mixture of water and chlorine with a concentration of 0.05
g of chlorine per liter. In order to reduce the concentration of chlorine, fresh water is pumped into the
tank at a rate of 4 L/s. The mixture is kept stirred and is pumped out at a rate of 10 L/s. Find the
amount of chlorine in the tank as a function of time.

8
Lectures 7 + 8 - Complex numbers I + II
*Note: Only the selected lecture and homework exercises are provided here. See the Handout for the extra
practice material.

1. Evaluate the given expression and write your answer in the form a + bi .
8 + 4i
(e). (5 − 4i )(2 + i ); (f). ; (h). i 3 ; (i). i 50 ;
2 − 2i

2. Find the argument and modulus of the complex number z.

√
(b). z = 3 + 3i .

4. Write the complex number in the form a + bi .

(a). 2 cos( π6 ) + i 2 sin( π6 ); (e). 2e −iπ/3 .

5. Find the polar forms of z and w and calculate z w , z/w and 1/z.
√ √ √
(a). z = 1 + 3i and w = 3 + i ; (b). z = 2 3 − 2i and w = 2 − 2i .

6. Use De Moivre’s identity to derive a quadruple angle formula.

In other words to express cos(4θ) and sin(4θ) in terms of cos(θ) and sin(θ).

7. Solve the equation by finding the relevant roots of the complex number in the Euler form.
√ √
(a). z 4 = −16i ; (b). z 5 = 16 2 + i 16 2; (c). z 3 = 4 cos( π6 ) + 4i sin( π6 ).

8. Solve the equation by finding the relevant roots of the complex number in the form a + bi .

(a). z 4 = 1; (b). z 3 = −i .

9. Find the roots of the quadratic polynomial by completing the square.

2z 2 − 4z + 10;
p(z)
10. Find h(z) = q(z) if it is a polynomial using long division.

(a). p(z) = 2z 5 − 3z 4 − 5z 3 + 2z 2 − z − 1 and q(z) = 2z 3 + z 2 − z + 1;

(b). p(z) = z 4 + (3 + i )z 3 + (−2 + 4i )z 2 + (−3 + 2i )z + 1 − i and q(z) = z 2 + i z − 1 + i ;
(c). p(z) = z 4 + z 3 − 3z 2 + 5z − 2 and q(z) = z 2 − z + 1.

11. Find the roots of p(z) and their multiplicities. Certain roots may already be given.
(Hint: use long division and completing squares)

(a). p(z) = z 3 − 2z 2 − 5z + 6 with p(1) = 0;

(b). p(z) = z 4 − 2z 3 + 2z 2 − 2z + 1 with p(i ) = 0;

9
Lecture 9 - Homogeneous second-order differential equations
1. Solve the differential equation.

(a). y 00 − y 0 − 6y = 0; (b). y 00 + y 0 − 12y = 0; (c). 4y 00 + 4y 0 + y = 0;

d 2y dy
(d). y 00 − 4y 0 + 13y = 0; (e). 2 +2 − y = 0.
dt 2 dt
2. Solve the initial-value problem.

(a). y 00 − 2y 0 − 3y = 0 with y (0) = 2 and y 0 (0) = 2;

(b). 9y 00 + 12y 0 + 4y = 0 with y (0) = 1 and y 0 (0) = 0;
(c). 2y 00 + 5y 0 + 3y = 0 with y (0) = 3 and y 0 (0) = −4.

10
Lecture 10 - Nonhomogeneous second-order differential equations
1. Solve the differential equation or initial-value problem using the method of undetermined coefficients.

(a). y 00 + 2y 0 − 8y = 1 − 2x 2 ;
(b). y 00 − 3y 0 = sin 2x;
(c). 9y 00 + y = e 2x ;
(d). y 00 − 2y 0 + 2y = x + e x ;
(e). y 00 − 2y 0 + 5y = sin x with y (0) = 1 and y 0 (0) = 1;
(f). y 00 − y = xe 2x with y (0) = 0 and y 0 (0) = 1;
(g). y 00 − y 0 = xe x with y (0) = 2 and y 0 (0) = 1;
(h). y 00 − 4y = e x cos x with y (0) = 1 and y 0 (0) = 2.

11
Lecture 11 - Applications of second-order differential equations
1. A spring with a mass of 2 kg has damping constant 14, and a force of 6 N is required to keep the
spring stretched 0.5 m beyond its natural length. The spring is stretched 1 m beyond its natural length
and then released with zero velocity. Find the position of the mass at any time t.

2. A force of 13 N is needed to keep a spring with a 2-kg mass stretched 0.25 m beyond its natural
length. The damping constant of the spring is c = 8.
(a). If the mass starts at the equilibrium position with a velocity of 0.5 m/s, find its position at time
t.
(b). Graph the position function of the mass.

3. For the spring in Exercise 1. , find the mass that would produce critical damping.

4. For the spring in Exercise 2. , find the damping constant that would produce critical damping.

5. A spring has a mass of 1 kg and its spring constant is k = 100. The spring is released at a point 0.1
m above its equilibrium position. Graph the position function for the following values of the damping
constant c: 10, 15, 20, 25, 30. What type of damping occurs in each case?

6. A spring has a mass of 1 kg and its damping constant is c = 10. The spring starts from its equilibrium
position with a velocity of 1 m/s. Graph the position function for the following values of the spring
constant k: 10, 20, 25, 30, 40. What type of damping occurs in each case?

12
Lecture 12 - Linear approximations
1. Find the linearization L(x) of the function f (x) = x 3 − x 2 + 3 at a = −2.
√
2. Find the linear approximation of the function f (x) = 1 − x at a = 0 and use it to approximate the
√ √
numbers 0.9 and 0.99. Illustrate by graphing f and the tangent line.

3. Find the differential of each function.

√ √ 1 − v2
(a). y = xe −4x and y = 1 − t 4 ; (b). y = tan t and y = .
1 + v2

4. Find the differential dy and evaluate dy for the given values of x and dx.
√ x +1
(a). y = 3 + x 2 for x = 1 and dx = −0.1; (b). y = for x = 2 and dx = 0.05.
x −1

5. Use a linear approximation (or differentials) to estimate the given number.

√
(a). 3 1001; (b). e 0.1 .

6. Suppose that the only information we have about a function f is that f (1) = 5 and the graph of its
derivative is as shown.
(a). Use a linear approximation to estimate f (0.9) and f (1.1).
(b). Are your estimates in part (a) too large or too small? Explain.

4 y

y = f 0 (x)
2

x
1 2 3 4

13
Lecture 13 - Taylor polynomials
1. Determine the Taylor polynomial of order three for the given function centered at a.
√ 1
(a). x a = 4; (b). arctan x a = 0; (c). ln(x) a = 1; (d). a = 0.
1+x

2. Give a Taylor approximation of order n of the solution of the initial value problems in the following
exercises.
(a). y 0 = x 3 − y , y (1) = 2 n = 3;
(b). 2y 0 + cos(x)y = 0, y (0) = 4 n = 3;
(c). y + (y ) = 1, y (1) = −1, y (1) = 2
00 0 2 0
n = 3;
(d). y 00 − x 2 y 0 + xy = 0, y (1) = 2, y 0 (1) = 0 n = 4.

14
Answers

Lecture 1

1. Substitute y and y 0 in the differential equation.

2. (iv). y = − 12 x cos x.

3. (a). It must be either 0 or decreasing; (b). Substitute y and y 0 in the differential equation;
1
(c). y = 0; (d). y = .
(x + 2)

4. (a). dy /dt = e t (y − 1)2 ≥ 0 for all t; (b). No horizontal tangent line.

5. (a). At the beginning; stays positive, but decreases;

(c).
P (t)
M

P (0) •

6. (a).
y
3

2
(iv ).
•
(iii).
1•
(ii).
•
(i). x
•
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3
(b). y = 0.5, y = 1.5.

7. (a).

15
 4 y

3 •
(iv ).

(ii).
2•

(i).
1•
(iii).
• x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3
(b). y = 0, y = 2, y = 4.

8. (a). III; (b). I; (c). IV; (d). II.

9.

6 y

4 (c).
•
3 (b).
•
2
(a).
1•
x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3

10.

6 y

4 (c).
•
3 (b).
•
2
(a).
1•
x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3

16
Lecture 2

1. (a). π; (b). π/6; (c). −π/4; (d). π/6.

x
2. (a). √ ;
1 − x2

1
x

y
√
1 − x2
x
(b). √ .
1 + x2

√
1 + x2
x

y
1

2y − x 2x(2x 2 + y 2 )
3. (a). y 0 = ; (b). y 0 = − .
y − 2x y (2x 2 + 3y )

4. (a). y = √1 x
3
+ 4; (b). y = − 13
9
x+ 13 .
40

1 1
5. (a). y 0 = √ ; (b). y 0 = .
2
−x − x 2(1 + x 2)

Lecture 3

1. (a). 2
9 (x
3
+ 1)3/2 + C; (b). 1
3 sin3 θ + C.

1 x3
2. (a). − 13 (1 − x 2 )3/2 + C; (b). 3e + C; (c). 1
3 ln |z 3 + 1| + C; (d). 1
3 (ln x)
3
+ C.

3. (a). 28 ; (b). − 1; (c). e − (e); (d). 3.

45
p
√2
3

Lecture 4

1. 2 3/2
3x ln x − 49 x 3/2 + C

2. (a). 1
5x sin 5x + 1
25 cos 5x + C; (b). − 13 te −3t − 91 e −3t + C;
(c). 1 5
5t ln t − 1 5
25 t + C; (d). 1 2θ
13 e (2 sin 3θ − 3 cos 3θ) + C;
(e). z 3 e z − 3z 2 e z + 6z e z − 6e z + C; (f). 4
5 − 1
5 ln 5;
(g). ≈ 3.64.

3. (a). − 12 − π4 ; (b). 1
2 (x
2
− 1) ln(1 + x) − 14 x 2 + 12 x + 3
4 + C.

17
Lecture 5

−1
1. (a). y = , y = 0; (b). y = ± x 2 + 2 ln |x| + C;
p
+ C) (x 3
3
(c). y = − ln( 12 x 2 − C); (d). p = Ke t /3−t − 1.

2. y =
p
(ln x)2 + 4

3. (a). 15e −t/100 kg; (b). 15e −0.2 ≈ 12.3 kg.

4. (a). y = 43 31 (1 − e −3t/200 ) kg; (b). 43 13 kg.

Lecture 6

1. (a). y = − 15 (x + 15 ) + Ce 5x ; (b). y = x 2 (ln x + C); (c). y = 13 t −3 (1 + t 2 )3/2 + Ct −3 .

2. (a). y = 2x + 24
√
x
; (b). y = −x cos x − x.

3. y (t) = 52 (100 + 2t) − 40000(100 + 2t)−3/2 ; 0.2275 kg/L

4. y (t) = 20(1 − 0.015t)5/3 g for 0 ≤ t ≤ 66 23 s.

Lecture 7 + 8

1. (e). 6 + 13i ; (f). 1 + 3i ; (h). −i ; (i). −1;

√
2. (b). |z| = 2 3 and Arg(z) = π
6 or arg(z) = π
6 + 2kπ for some integer k.
√ √
4. (a). 3 + i ; (e). 1 − 3i .
√ √
5. (a). z = 2e iπ/3 and w = 2e iπ/6 , thus z w = 4i , z /w = 23 + 21 i and 1/z = 14 − 43 i ;
√ √ √
(b). z = 4e −iπ/6 and w = 2 2e −iπ/4 , thus z w = 8 2 cos − 5π 12 + 8 2 sin − 12 i ,
5π



√
√ √
π π
i and 1/z = 83 + 81 i .


z /w = 2 cos 12 + 2 sin 12

6. cos(4θ) = cos4 (θ) + sin4 (θ) − 6 cos2 (θ) sin2 (θ) and sin(4θ) = 4 cos3 (θ) sin(θ) − 4 cos(θ) sin3 (θ).
3π 7π 11π 15π
7. (a). 2e i 8 , 2e i 8 , 2e i 8 , 2e i 8 ;
π
i 9π i 17π i 5π 33π
(b). 2e i 20
, 2e 20 , 2e 20 , 2e 4 , 2e i 20 ;
1 π 1 13π 1 25π
(c). 4 e i , 4 e i
3 18 3 18 , 4 ei
3 18 .
√ √
8. (a). 1, −1, i , −i ; (b). i , − 12 3 − i 12 , 12 3 − i 12 .

9. 1 + 2i , 1 − 2i ;

10. (a). h(z) = z 2 − 2z − 1;

(b). h(z) = z 2 + 3z − 1;
(c). h(z) is not a polynomial. In fact p(z) = (z 2 + 2x − 1)q(z) + z so h(z) = z 2 + 2z − 1 + q(z) .
z

11. (a). The roots of p(z) are 1, −2, 3, all with multiplicity 1.
(b). The roots of p(z) are i , −i , 1, where i an −i have multiplicity 1 and 1 has multiplicity 2.

18
Lecture 9

1. (a). y = c1 e 3x + c2 e −2x ; (b). y = c1 e 3x + c2 e −4x ; (c). y = c1 e −x/2 + c2 xe −x/2 ;

√ √
(d). y = e 2x (c1 cos 3x + c2 sin 3x); (e). y = c1 e ( 3−1)t/2
+ c2 e −( 3+1)t/2
.

2. (a). y = e 3x + e −x ; (b). y = e −2x/3 + 32 xe −2x/3 ; (c). y = 2e −3x/2 + e −x .

Lecture 10

1. (a). y = c1 e 2x + c2 e −4x + 14 x 2 + 18 x − 32 ;
1
(b). y = c1 + c2 e 3x + 3
26 cos 2x − 1
13 sin 2x;
(c). y = c1 cos( 13 x) + c2 sin( 13 x) + 37 e ;
1 2x
(d). y = e (c1 cos x + c2 sin x) +
x 1
2x + 1
2 + ex ;
(e). y = e x ( 10
9
cos 2x − 1
20 sin 2x) + 1
10 cos x + 1
5 sin x; (f). y = e x − 59 e −x + ( 13 x − 49 )e 2x ;
(g). y = e x ( 12 x 2 − x + 2); (h). y = − 51 e x cos x + 1 x
10 e sin x + 89 e 2x + 3 −2x
40 e .

Lecture 11

1. x = − 51 e −6t + 65 e −t
√
2. (a). x(t) = √1 e −2t
2 22
sin( 22t)
(b).
0.07

0.05

0.03

0.01
t
1 2 3
−0.01

−0.03

3. 49
12 kg
√
4. c = 4 26

5.

19
 0.03
t
0.5 1 1.5
−0.02

−0.05
c = 10
−0.08 c = 15
c = 20
−0.1 c = 25
c = 30

6. k = 10: overdamping; k = 20: overdamping; k = 25: critically damped; k = 30: underdamping;

k = 40: underdamping

k = 10
0.1 k = 20
k = 25
0.075
k = 30
0.05 k = 40

0.025
t
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
−0.025

−0.05

Lecture 12

1. L(x) = 16x + 23
√ √ √
2. 1 − x ≈ 1 − 12 x; 0.9 ≈ 0.95; 0.99 ≈ 0.995

3 y
1
y =1− 2x
2
√
y= 1−x 1
x
−4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4
−1

√
2t 3 sec2 t −4v
3. (a). dy = (1 − 4x)e −4x dx and dy = − √ dt; (b). dy = √ dt and dy = dv .
1 − t4 2 t (1 + v 2 )2
x −2
4. (a). dy = √ dx and −0.05; (b). dy = dx and dy = −0.1.
3+x 2 (x − 1)2

20
 5. (a). 10.003̄; (b). 1.1.

6. (a). 4.8, 5.2; (b). Too large.

Lecture 13

1. (a). T3 (x) = 2 + 14 (x − 4) − 1
64 (x − 4)2 + 1
512 (x − 4)3 ; (b). T3 (x) = x − 13 x 3 ;
(c). T3 (x) = (x − 1) − 21 (x − 1)2 + 31 (x − 1)3 ; (d). T3 (x) = 1 − x + x 2 − x 3 .

2. (a). T3 (x) = 2 − (x − 1) + 2(x − 1)2 + 13 (x − 1)3 ;

(b). T3 (x) = 4 − 2x + 21 x 2 + 14 x 3 ;
(c). T3 (x) = −1 + 2(x − 1) − 23 (x − 1)2 + 2(x − 1)3 ;
(d). T4 (x) = 2 − (x − 1)2 − 23 (x − 1)3 − 5
12 (x − 1)4 .

21