S

ENGINEERING
DRAWING 1 AND PLANS
ENSC 20112

Compiled By:
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES DEPARTMENT, ESD 2020
Engr. Eduardo O. Dadivas Engr. Babinezer D. Memoracion
Engr. Orlean Dela Cruz Engr. Jimmy L. Ocampo
Engr. Carmelita I. Durias Engr. Ruben A. Pureza
Engr. Angela L. Israel Engr. Roland C. Viray
 ENSC 20112 – ENGINEERING DRAWING I AND PLANS
INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL

THE OVERVIEW

This Instructional Material (IM) for Engineering Drawing I and Plans (Basic Drawing

and Working Plans) help and guide students to interpret, understand and learned the

basic principles and standard practices of Engineering Drawing. Also, to develop the

student’s Three-Dimensional Visualization Skills ability that generally required prior to

Computer-Aided Design (CAD) software studies, to develop students’ proficiency and

familiarize in the use of conventional drawing instruments. To facilitates online discussing

with the use relevant sketches or illustration. And provide the student with sufficient notes

on drawing concepts and fundamentals.

Each topic contains brief and complete discussion on the principles of each

lessons step by step procedure and illustrations. Showing the application of each concept

are also included. The topic presented can be search via internet and on traditional

textbooks.

Engineering Drawing is a type of technical drawings that is when to convey

information about an object. A common use is to specify the Geometry necessary for the

construction of a component and is call a detail drawing.

THE LEARNING OBJECTIVES

This Instructional Material (IM) for the subject Engineering Drawing I and Plans

will discuss the following lessons.

1. Freehand Drawing and Sketching

2. Lettering

3. Instrumental Drawing

4. Geometrical Figures and Constructions

5. Orthographic Projections and Isometric Construction

6. Basic House Plan/Design

COURSE MATERIALS

➢ Engineering Graphics 2006 – K. Jenugopal, New Age International

Publishers, 6th Edition

➢ Essentials of Drafting 1977 – J. D. Benthune, Prentice-Hall Inc.

➢ Fundamental of Engineering Drawings. 1979 – C.H. Jensen/R.D.Hines, Jan

Nostrand, Reinhold Co.

➢ Technical Drawing 1980 – F. E. Giesecke/A. Mitchelle et al, Macmillan

Publishing Co. Inc. 7th Edition

➢ Technical Drawing and Design. 1986 – D. L. Goetsch/ J.A. Nelson, Delmar

Publishers

➢ Simple House Design and Plan via Internet/ @ you tube.com

➢ https://design .tutsplus.com

➢ https://hosting.iar.unicamp.br

➢ https://www.thehouseplansguide.com

➢ htpps://www.theplacollection.com

➢ https://houseplans.com
MODULE I

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

1. Skills of drawing without the aid of drawing instrument.

2. Draft a preliminary plan of an object.

3. Enrich the skill on how to control drawing using pencils while sketching.

TOPIC 1 – FREEHAND

It is the process of producing drawing without the aid of the instruments. This is to

illustrate ideas or to make preliminary plans or drawings of object which are later to be

constructed.

• Vertical Lines

• Horizontal Lines

• Slanting Lines (Upward)

• Slanting Lines (Downward)

• Intersecting Lines (Vertical and Horizontal)

• Irregular Lines/Diagonal Lines

• Circle/Cube Lines

• Oblong/Straight Lines

TOPIC 2 – SKETCHING

It is a preliminary drawing in order to prepare for a more finished work of art.

• Proportioned Figures

• Properly Centered
• Assumed Measurement

• Balanced Layout
ACTIVITIES/ASSESSMENTS:

1. Freehand Sketches of Straight and Curve Lines

2. A freehand drawing on coordinate paper. Note the bold but concise

technique.
MODULE 2

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

1. Proper rendering of letters and numerical.

2. Observing proper spacing per letters and numeral.

3. Vertical straight positions of letters and numeral.

4. Inclined position of letters and numeral.

5. To develop the student for proper stroke in writing the alphabet letters and

numbers.

6. To familiarize the student for writing the slanted and vertical type of alphabet letters

and numbers.

TOPIC: LETTERING

It refers on both different styles of letters and numbers use in written context and

the actual act of creative those letters.

• Vertical capital letters and numbers

• Inclined capital letters and numbers

• Vertical lower-case letter

• Inclined lower-case letter

ACTIVITIES/ASSESMENTS:
MODULE 3

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

1. To familiarize the students in all kinds of drafting instruments.

2. To enhance the student how to draw with the aid of instruments.

3. To familiarize the student in the functions of every instruments.

4. To gain more techniques on how to use the different types of drawing instruments.

TOPIC: INSTRUMENTAL DRAWING

It is sometimes referred to as technical drawings, mechanical drawings or working

drawings that requires the use of necessary drawing instruments.

BASIC INSTRUMENTS AND EQUIPMENT FOR DRAWING

Drafting Machine - A device used extensively by draftsmen. It replaces the T-

squares, scale, triangle and protractor. The machine consists

of two movable arms or links which make it possible to locate

the horizontal and vertical straightedges at any desire

position. A controlling or index head allows the scale for

straightedges to be se at any angle. It Drafting Machine is not

available. Drawing Board will do.

T – Square - Used for drawing horizontal lines and for accurate

mounting of drawing plates. This is also used as guide to the

triangles in drawing vertical and slanting lines.

Technical Pen - The most common pen used for inking the drawing

instead of Ruling pen. The thickness for the line drawn

expressed in millimeter will depend on the size of the technical

pen needle.

Triangles - Used as guide for drawing vertical and inclined lines

particularly at standard angles 30”, 45” and 60” by placing

these triangles firmly against the working edge of the T-

square.

French Curves - An instrument use as guide for drawing irregular

curves that cannot be performed by compass. A set of French

Curve must at least three pieces.

Compass - Use for drawing arcs and circle. It has a fixed pin in

one leg and the other has an adjustable screw to hold lead,

compass adaptor and pin to perform.

Divider - Use for transferring measurements or for dividing

lines into any number of equal parts.

Compass Adaptor - A device that can be attach to the adjustable screw of

the compass for the purpose of holding technical pen.

Triangular Scale - To prepare technical drawings full size or to a variety

of reduced or enlarge sizes.

Templates - A rules type plastic tool with opening of different

shapes and letters cut into it to serve as guide by technical

pen needle.

Protractor - Use for measuring angles. These are two types of

protractor the semi-circular and the circular type.

Pencil - It leads were classified as Hard (H) Medium-Soft (HB)

and Soft (B). These lead classifications are governed to some

extent by the type of drawing made. Draftsmen often prepare

to use mechanical Pencil.

Eraser - Use for removing error line drawn by using pencil or

ink without making much damage to the drawing plates.

Erasing Shield - A rectangular thin sheet of metal or plastic with holes

various shape shield is used to protect the plate when

removing error lines.

The Scale - It is a measuring instrument and should not be used to

draw lines. Scale are availability in flat and triangular styles. The

triangular style is the one most used in schools.

ACTIVITIES/ASSESSMENTS:

1. An exercise for the T-square, triangles, and scale. Through the center of the space

draw a horizontal and a vertical line. Measuring on these lines as diameters, lay

off a 4-in. square. Along the lower side and upper half of the left side measure ½-

in. spaces with the scale. Draw all horizontal lines with the T-square and all vertical

lines with the T-square and triangle.

2. An interlacement. For T-square, triangle, and dividers. Draw a 4-in. square. Divide

the left side and lower side into seven equal parts with dividers. Draw horizontal

and vertical lines across the square through these points. Erase the parts not

needed.

3. A square pattern. For 45’ triangle, dividers, and scale. Draw a 4-in. square and

divide its sides into three equal parts with dividers. With 45” triangle, draw diagonal

lines connecting these points. Measures 3/8 in. on each side of these lines, and

finish the pattern as shown.

4. A street-paving intersection. For 45” triangle and scale. An exercise in starting and

stopping short lines. Draw a 4-in. square. Draw its diagonals with 45” triangle. With

the scale, lay off ½-in spaces along the diagonals from their intersection. With 45”

triangle, complete the figure, finishing one quarter at a time.

5. Concentric circles. For compass (legs straight) and scale. Draw a horizontal line

through the center of a space. On it mark off radii for eight concentrate circles ¼

in. apart. In drawing concentric circles, always draw the smallest first.

6. A stamping. For T-square, 30-60” triangle, and compasses. In a 4-in. circle draw

six diameters 30” apart. Draw a 3-in. construction circle to locate the centers of

5/16-in radius circle arcs. Complete the stamping with perpendiculars to the six

diameters as shown.

7. A four-centered spiral. For accurate tangents. Draw a ¼-in. square and extend its

sides as shown. With the upper right corner as center, draw quadrants with 1/8-

and ¼-in. radii. Continue with quadrants from each corner in order until four turns

have been drawn.

8. A loop ornaments. For bow compass. Draw a 2-in. square, about center of space.

Divide AE into four ¼-in. spaces with scale. With bow pencil and centers, A, B, C,

and D, draw four semicircles with ¼-in. radius, and so on. Complete the figure by

drawing the horizontal and vertical tangents as shown.

MODULE 4

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

1. To familiarize the students with mathematical and geometrical figure.

2. To develop

3. the students in the construction of angles as well as bisecting or dividing lines.

4. To enrich the students how to measure the angle by using protractor.

TOPIC: GEOMETRICAL DRAWING

The process of making a drawing based on the principles of geometry which is a

branch of mathematics dealing with lines, angles, surface and solids. Some of the more

common geometrical tangent arcs, laying out triangle, octagon, hexagon ellipses and

other shapes. Although there are many such constructions, we are going to be concerned

with only a few of the more basics’ ones.

• Polygon

• Hexagon

• Octagon

• Pentagon

• Parabola

• Equilateral Hyperbola

• Concentric Circle Method

• Circle Method

• Parallelogram Method
• Involute/Spinal of Archimedes

• Cylindrical Helix

• Conic Helix
Activities/Assessments:

1. A REGULAR PENTAGON Draw a diameter AB and a radius OC

perpendicular to it. Bisect OB. With this point D as center and radius DC, draw arc

CE. With the center C and radius CE, draw arc EF, CF is a side of the pentagon.

Step off this distance around the circle with dividers.

2. A REGULAR HEXAGON Draw a circle with AB as a diameter. With

the same radius and A and B as centers, draw arcs intersecting the circle and

connect the points.

3. A REGULAR OCTAGON Draw the diagonals of the square. With

the corners of the square as centers and a radius of half the diagonal, draw arcs

intersecting the sides and connect these points.

4. A REGULAR POLYGON Let the polygon have seven sides. With

the side AB as radius and A as center, draw a semicircle and divide in into seven

equal parts with dividers. Through the second division from the left draw radial line

A-2. Through points 3,4,5, and 6 extend radial lines as shown. With AB as radius

and B as center, cut line A-6 at C. With C as center and the same radius cut A-5

at D, and so on at E and F. Connect the points or, after A-2 is found, draw the

circumscribing circle.
5. PARABOLA CONSTRUCTION Divide OA and AB into the same number

of equal parts. From the divisions on AB, draw lines converging at O. From the

divisions on OA, draw lines parallel to the axis. The intersections of these with the

lines form the corresponding division on AB will be points on the curve.

6. EQUILATERAL HYPERBOLA Let OA and OB be the asymptotes of at

the curve and P any point on it (this might be the point of cut off on an indicator

diagram). Dra PC and PD. Mark any points 1, 2, 3, etc., on PC, and through these

points draw a system of lines parallel to OA and a second system through the

same points converging at O.

7. CONCENTRIC-CIRCLE METHOD This is the most accurate method for

determining points on the curve. On the two principal diameters, which intersect at

O, describe circles. From several points on the outer circle, as P’ and Q’, draw radii

OP, OQ, etc. From P and Q draw lines parallel to OD, and from P’ and Q’ draw

lines parallel to OB. The intersection of the lines through P and P’ fives one point

on the ellipse, the intersection of the lines through Q and Q’ another point, and so

on.

8. CIRCLE METHOD The conjugate diameters AB and DE are

given. On the conjugate diameter AB, describe a circle, then from a number of

points, as P, Q, and S, draw perpendiculars as PP’, QO, and SS’ to the diameters

AB. From S and P, etc. draw lines parallel to QD, and from S’ and P’ draw lines

parallel to OD. The intersection of the lines through P and P’ gives one point on

the ellipse, the intersection of the lines through S and S’ another point, and so on.

9. PARALLELOGRAM METHOD Divide AO into any number of equal parts

and AG into the same number of equal parts, numbering points from A. Through

these points draw lines from D and E, as shown. Their intersections will be points

on the curve.
10. THE INVOLUTE An involute is the spiral curve traced by a

point on a taut cord unwinding from around a polygon or circle.

11. THE SPIRAL OF ARCHIMEDES The spiral of Archimedes is the plane

curve generated by a point moving uniformly along a straight line while the line

revolves about a fixed point with uniform angular velocity.

To draw a Spiral of Archimedes That Makes One Turn in each Circle.

Divide the circle into several equal parts, drawing the radii and

numbering them. Divide the radius 0-8 into the same number of equal parts,

numbering from the center. With 0 as center, draw concentric arcs

intersecting the radii of corresponding numbers, and draw a smooth curve

through these intersections. The Archimedean spiral is the curve of the

heart can used for converting uniform rotary motion into uniform reciprocal

motion.
12. CYLINDRICAL HELIX Divide this lead into a number of equal

parts (say, 12) and the circle of the front view into the same number. Number the

divisions on the top view starting at point 1 and the divisions on the front view

starting at the front view of point. 1. When the generating point has moved one-

twelfth of the distance around the cylinder, it has also advanced one-twelfth of the

lead, when halfway around the cylinder, it will have advance one-half the lead.

Thus, points on the top view of the helix can be found by projecting the front views

of the elements, which are points on the circular front view of the helix, to intersect

lines drawn across from the corresponding divisions of the lead.

13. CONIC HELIX First make the two views of the right-

circular cone on which the helix will be generated. Then lay out uniform angular

divisions in the view showing the end view of the axis (in Fig. the top view) and

divide the lead into the same number of parts. Points can now be plotted on the

curve. Each plotted point will lie on a circle cut from the cone by a plane dividing

the lead and will also lie on the angular-division line.

MODULE 5

Learning Objectives:

1. To develop the students how to analyze and visualize objects from different angle

and view of projections.

2. To enhance the students to draw the three views of a given object.

3. To differentiate and apply the principles of axonometric, oblique and perspective

views of an object.

4. To analyze and convey ideas graphically through pictorial drawings.

TOPIC: ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

Orthographic means straight description, which stands for parallel projections from

the object to infinity. If a perpendicular picture plane in inserted in between the projections,

a picture is formed having the same shape and size as that of the object. If the observer

moves to infinity, the projection to his eyes become parallel to the object. The view so

formed is known as ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION.

• Pictorial Drawing

• Isometric Drawing

• Oblique Drawing

• Perspective Drawing
ACTIVITIES/ASSESSMENTS:
MODULE 6

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

1. Be able to read and interpret working plans.

2. Estimate total lot area and floor area.

3. Create simple house design/plan.

TOPIC: BASIC HOUSE PLAN/DESIGN

It is a set of construction or working drawings (sometimes called Blueprint that

define the construction specifications of a residential house such as the dimensions,

materials, layout, installation methods and techniques.

• Perspective

• Location Plan

• Site Development Plan

• Vicinity Map

• Floor Plan

• Elevations:

- Front Elevation

- Rear Elevation

- Right Side Elevation

- Left Side Elevation

- Cross – Sections

• Roof Plan
• Plumbing Layout/Electrical Layout Foundation Plan

• Windows and Roofs Schedules

ACTIVITIES/ASSESSMENTS:
QUESTION AND ANSWER:

1. How many battens will be there for a Drawing board?

a) 1

b) 2

c) 3

d) 4

Answer: b

Explanation: Generally drawing board has dimensions of 1000 x 1500, 700 x 1000,

500 x 700, 350 mm x 500 mm, and made of well-seasoned soft wood, so there

would be no bending while life increases. And also if a size of drawing board

increases widely then the board will be fabricated with another 1 or 2 battens.

2. The part that doesn’t belong to T-square is _________

a) Working edge

b) Blade

c) Stock

d) Ebony

Answer: d

Explanation: Working edge and Stock are parts of T-square those which make 90

degrees with each other, the blade is the long bar that exixts in T-Square. Ebony

is part of Drawing board in which T-square is fitted to draw lines.

3. The angle which we can’t makle using a single Set-square is ________

a) 45 degrees

b) 60 degrees

c) 30 degrees

d) 75 degrees

Answer: d

Explanation: 45 degrees can be drawn using 45 degrees Set-square, and 30

degrees, 60 degrees can be drawn using 30 degrees – 60 degrees Set-square,

but to draw 75 degrees we need both Set-squares. That is only if we keep 30

degrees of set-square adjacent with 45 degrees set-swuare we can get 75

degrees. And also multiple angles can be achieved using protractor.

4. The angle which we can’t make using both the Set-squares is ________

a) 15 degrees

b) 105 degrees

c) 165 degrees

d) 125 degrees

Answer: d

Explanation: 15 degrees ca be made by keeping 45 degrees and 30 degrees

adjacent to each other on the line perpendicular to the line for which 15 degrees

is made. Likewise for 105 degrees and 165 degrees also if we just change the
 alignment with the required line it possible. But to make 125 degrees there is

no such combination available for Set-squares.

5. Small bow compass can draw circles less than ________ mm radius

a) 25mm

b) 30mm

c) 35mm

d) 40mm

Answer: a

Explanation: A normal Small bow compass is capable of drawing circles less that

the 25mm radius. This is because of the arrangement of a screw in between the

legs of the compass. But any other normal compass can’t give us perfect circles

whose radius is less than 25mm.

6. Which is not the use of divider?

a) To divide curved of straight lines into the desired number of equal parts.

b) To draw circles

c) To transfer cimensions from one part of the drawing to another part

d) To set-off given distances from the scale to the drawing

Answer: b
 Explanation: Divider can be used for those purposes as mentioned in options. But

we cannot use divider as a compass and even if we want the compass to be used

as divider we can change the pencil part with needle attachements.

7. The cardboard scales are available in a set of ________ scales.

a) six

b) ten

c) eight

d) twelve

Answer: c

Explanation: The cardboard scales are available in a set of eight scales. They are

designated from M1 to M8 which has scale of 1:1, 1:2,5, 1:10, 1:20, 1:50, 1:200,

1:300, 1:400, and 1:1000. These are standard scales used.

8. _____________ is used to draw curves which are not circular.

a) Compass

b) Protractor

c) French curves

d) Pro cricle

Answer: c
 Explanation: French curves are used for drawing curves which can’t be drawn with

a compass. A faint freehand curve isw first drawn through the known points.

Longest possible curves exactly ccoinciding with the freehand curve are then found

cut from the French curve. Finally, a neat continues curve is drawn with the aid of

the French curve.

9. The areas of the two subsequrent sizes of drawing sheet are in the ration

________

a) 1:5

b) 1:4

c) 1:2

d) 1:10

Answer: c

Explanation: A successive format size (from A0 to A5) is obtained by halving along

the length or doubling along the width. So the areas of the two subsequent sizes

are in the ratio 1:2. Likewise in reverse order (from A5 to A0), the ratio will be 2:1.

10. The sizes form A0 to A5 increases.

a) True

b) False
 Answer: b

Explanation: The sizes from A0 to A5 decreases. A5 (148 mm x 210 mm), A4 (210

mm x 297 mm), A3 (297 mm x 420 mm), etc. A successive format size is obtained

by doubling along the width or halving along the length.

11. The increase in hardeness is shown by the value of the figure put in fornt of the

letter H, 2H, and 4H etc.

a) True

b) False

Answer: a

Explanation: :etters HB denote the medium grade where the increase in hardness

is shown by the value of the figure put in front of the letter H, viz, 2H, 3H, and 4H

etc. Similarly, the grade becomes softer according letter B, 2B, 3B and 4B etc.

12. What is the nest size of 210 mm x 297 mm in drawing papers?

a) 148 mm x 210 mm

b) 297 mm x 420 mm

c) 420 mm x 594 mm

d) 105 mm x 148 mm

Amswer: b
 Explanation: 210 mm x 297 mm is A4 size, next one is A3 (297 mm x 420 mm),

which came doubling along the width. And the next size is obtained by doubling

the width i.e. A2 (420 mm x 594 mm) and so on.

13. The Grade becomes ________ according to the figure placed in front of the letter

B, 2B, 3B, 4B etc.

a) Harder

b) Lighter

c) Darker

d) Softer

Answer: d

Explanation: The increase in hardness is shown by the value of the figure put in

fornt of the letter H, 2H, 3H, and 4H etc. Similarly, the grade becomes softer

according to the figure placed in fornt of the letter B, 2B, 3B and 4B etc.