Theories of Community Policing

1.
Theories of Community Policing

The theory of community policing is based on normative sponsorship theory
and critical social theory. Normative sponsorship theory assumes most people are of
good will and willing to cooperate with others to satisfy their needs. Critical social
science assists police and citizens to gain an understanding of the “quasi-causes” of
their problematic situation, which aid citizens to solve their problems.
Community policing emphasizes proactive problem solving in a systematic
and routine fashion. Rather than responding to crime only after it occurs, community
policing encourages agencies to proactively develop solutions to the immediate
underlying conditions contributing to public safety problems. Problem solving must be
infused into all police operations and guide decision making efforts. Agencies are
encouraged to think innovatively about their responses and view making arrests as
only one of a wide array of potential responses. A major conceptual vehicle for
helping officers to think about problem solving in a structured and disciplined way is
the SARA (scanning, analysis, response, and assessment) problem-solving model.
2. Social Structure Theory

Social structure theory emphasizes poverty, lack of education, absence of
marketable skills, and sub-cultural values as fundamental causes of crime. Three
sub-types of social structure theories can be identified: social disorganization theory,
strain theory, and culture conflict theory.
Three sub-types of social structure theories can be identified: social
disorganization theory, strain theory, and culture conflict theory. Social
disorganization theory encompasses the notion of social pathology, which sees
society as a kind of organism and crime and deviance as a kind of disease or social
pathology. Theories of social disorganization are often associated with the
perspective of social ecology and with the Chicago School of criminology, which
developed during the 1920s and 1930s. Strain theory points to a lack of fit between
socially approved success goals and the availability of socially approved means to
achieve those goals. As a consequence, according to the perspective of strain
theory, individuals unable to succeed through legitimate means turn to other avenues
that promise economic and social recognition. Culture conflict theory suggests that
the root cause of criminality can be found in a clash of values between differently
socialized groups over what is acceptable or proper behavior.
Because theories of social structure look to the organization of society for
their explanatory power, intervention strategies based on them typically seek to
alleviate the social conditions that are thought to produce crime. Social programs
based on social structure assumptions frequently seek to enhance socially
acceptable opportunities for success and to increase the availability of meaningful
employment.
3. Modern Management Technology Theory

Modern Management Technology Theory was created in direct response to
the Classical Management Theory that states employees are only motivated by
money. The Modern Management Technology Theory recognizes that workers are
complex and have many reasons for wanting to succeed in their job. The Modern
Management Theory also believes that rapidly changing technology can both cause
and solve many problems in the workplace.
This theory combines mathematical analysis with an understanding of human

emotions and motivation in order to create a working environment that is maximally
productive. A manager using the Modern Management Theory will use statistics to
measure employee performance and productivity and also try to understand what
makes their employees satisfied at their jobs.
Modern Management Theory is actually comprised of three other

management theories — Quantitative Theory, Systems Theory, and Contingency
Theory.
4. Democratic Theory
Democratic theory is an established sub-field of political theory that is
primarily concerned with examining the definition and meaning of the concept of
democracy, as well as the moral foundations, obligations, challenges, and overall
desirability of democratic governance. Generally speaking, a commitment to
democracy as an object of study and deliberation is what unites democratic theorists
across a variety of academic disciplines and methodological orientations. When this
commitment takes the form of a discussion of the moral foundations and desirability
of democracy, normative theory results. When theorists concern themselves with the
ways in which actual democracies function, their theories are empirical. Finally, when
democratic theorists interrogate or formulate the meaning of the concept of
democracy, their work is conceptual or semantic in orientation. Democratic theories
typically operate at multiple levels of orientation. For example, definitions of
democracy as well as normative arguments about when and why democracy is
morally desirable are often rooted in empirical observations concerning the ways in
which democracies have actually been known to function. In addition to a basic
commitment to democracy as an object of study, most theorists agree that the
concept democracy denotes some form or process of collective self-rule. The
etymology of the word traces back to the Greek terms demos (the people, the many)
and kratos (to rule). Yet beyond this basic meaning, a vast horizon of contestation
opens up. Important questions arise: who constitutes the people and what obligations
do individuals have in a democracy? What values are most important for a
democracy and which ones make it desirable or undesirable as a form of
government? How is democratic rule to be organized and exercised? What
institutions should be used and how? Once instituted, does democracy require
precise social, economic, or cultural conditions to survive in the long term? And why
is it that democratic government is preferable to, say, aristocracy or oligarchy? These
questions are not new. In fact, democratic theory traces its roots back to ancient
Greece and the emergence of the first democratic governments in Western history.
Ever since, philosophers, politicians, artists, and citizens have thought and written
extensively about democracy. Yet democratic theory did not arise as an
institutionalized academic or intellectual discipline until the 20th century. The works
cited here privilege Anglo-American, western European, and, more generally,
institutional variants of democratic theory, and, therefore, they do not exhaust the full
range of thought on the subject.
5. Zero Tolerance Theory

Zero tolerance Theory refers to school discipline policies and practices that
mandate predetermined consequences, typically severe, punitive and
exclusionary (e.g., out of school suspension and expulsion), in response to specific
types of student misbehavior—regardless of the context or rationale for the behavior.
Zero tolerance policing is sometimes known as “aggressive policing” or
“aggressive order maintenance” and is sometimes incorrectly tied to “broken
windows” policing. A zero tolerance strategy consists of stopping, questioning, and
frisking pedestrians or drivers considered to be acting suspiciously and then arresting
them for offenses when possible, typically for such low-level offenses as possessing
marijuana. A defining difference between zero tolerance interventions and other
strategies is that zero tolerance strategies are not discerning; the focus is on making
stops and arrests to crack down on all types of disorder, generically defined. A
common motivation is that the existence of even low-level offenses implies that an
area is not well controlled, which in turn will lead to people committing more-serious
crimes there.
6. Public Relation Theory
Public Relations Theory explores the central principles and theoretical
components of public relations and their practical applications in actual situations.
The field of public relations has progressed far from the research tradition, which
primarily focused on production of messages, campaigns, and mass media effects on
audiences (Bruning & Ledingham, 2000; Ledingham & Bruning, 1998). J. Grunig and
Hunt (1984) have provided grounds for the re-conceptualization of public relations.
They defined public relations as “the management of communication between an
organization and its publics” (p. 7). Furthermore, J. Grunig and Hunt (1984) proposed
a model of strategic public relations management. Their strategic public relations
management theory encompasses much of the foundational knowledge in public
relations strategy, including the situational theory of publics TP 1 PT and models of
public relations.
7. Communitarian Theory
Communitarianism is a philosophy that emphasizes the connection between
the individual and the community. Its overriding philosophy is based upon the belief
that a person's social identity and personality are largely molded by community
relationships, with a smaller degree of development being placed on individualism.
8. Organizational Structure and Culture Theory

Organizational Culture is a system of shared assumptions, values and beliefs
that governs how people behave in organizations. ... It is based on shared attitudes,
beliefs, customs, and written and unwritten rules that have been developed over time
and are considered valid.
9. Broken Window Theory

The broken windows theory states that any visible signs of crime and civil
disorder, such as broken windows (hence, the name of the theory) vandalism,
loitering, public drinking, jaywalking, and transportation fare evasion, create an urban
environment that promotes even more crime and disorder (Wilson & Kelling, 1982).

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What are some theories of community policing discussed?

What are three sub-types of social structure theories mentioned?

1.

Theories of Community Policing

2. Social Structure Theory

3. Modern Management Technology Theory

This theory combines mathematical analysis with an understanding of human

Modern Management Theory is actually comprised of three other

5. Zero Tolerance Theory

8. Organizational Structure and Culture Theory

9. Broken Window Theory

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