Java Programming: From Problem

Analysis to Program Design, 3e

Chapter 1
An Overview of Computers and
Programming Languages
 Chapter Objectives
• Learn about different types of computers
• Explore the hardware and software
components of a computer system
• Learn about the language of a computer
• Learn about the evolution of programming
languages
• Examine high-level programming languages
Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 3e 2
 Chapter Objectives (continued)
• Discover what a compiler is and what it
does
• Examine how a Java program is processed
• Learn what an algorithm is and explore
problem-solving techniques
• Become aware of structured and object-
oriented programming design
methodologies
Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 3e 3
 Introduction
• Computers have greatly affected our daily
lives – helping us complete many tasks
• Computer programs (software) are designed
specifically for each task
• Software is created with programming
languages
• Java is an example of a programming
language
Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 3e 4
 An Overview of the History of
Computers
• The first device known to carry out
calculations was the abacus
• The abacus uses a system of sliding beads
on a rack for addition and subtraction
• Blaise Pascal invented the calculating
device called the Pascaline

Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 3e 5

 An Overview of the History of
Computers (continued)
• In 1819, Joseph Jacquard, a French weaver,
discovered that the weaving instructions for
his looms could be stored on cards with
holes punched in them
• In the early and mid-1800s, Charles
Babbage, an English mathematician and
physical scientist, designed two calculating
machines—the difference engine and the
analytical engine
Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 3e 6
 An Overview of the History of
Computers (continued)
• The first computer-like machine was the
Mark I
– Built in 1944
– Used punched cards to feed data into the
machine
– 52 feet long, weighed 50 tons, and had 750,000
parts
• In 1946, ENIAC (Electronic Numerical
Integrator and Calculator) was built at the
University of Pennsylvania.
– Contained 18,000 vacuum tubes and weighed
some 30 tons
Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 3e 7
 An Overview of the History of
Computers (continued)
• In 1956, the invention of the transistors
resulted in smaller, faster, more reliable,
and more energy-efficient computers
• This era also saw the emergence of the
software development industry with the
introduction of FORTRAN and COBOL,
two early programming languages
• In 1970, the microprocessor, an entire CPU
on a single chip, was invented

Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 3e 8

 An Overview of the History of
Computers (continued)
• In 1977, Stephen Wozniak and Steven Jobs
designed and built the first Apple computer
in their garage
• In 1981, IBM introduced its personal
computer (PC)
• Modern-day computers are very powerful,
reliable, and easy to use
– Can accept spoken-word instructions and
imitate human reasoning through artificial
intelligence
Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 3e 9
 An Overview of the History of
Computers (continued)
• Although there are several categories of
computers, such as mainframe, midsize, and
micro, all computers share some basic
elements

Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 3e 10

 Elements of a Computer System
• A computer has 2 components
– Hardware
– Software

Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 3e 11

 Hardware Components of a
Computer
• Central Processing Unit (CPU)
• Main Memory

Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 3e 12

 Central Processing Unit

• Control Unit (CU)

• Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
• Program Counter (PC)
• Instruction Register (IR)

Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 3e 13

Central Processing Unit (continued)

Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 3e 14

 Main Memory
• Ordered sequence of cells (memory cells)
• Directly connected to CPU
• All programs must be brought into main
memory before execution
• When power is turned off, everything in
main memory is lost

Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 3e 15

 Main Memory with 100 Storage
Cells

Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 3e 16

 Secondary Storage
• Provides permanent storage for information
• Examples of secondary storage:
– Hard Disks
– Floppy Disks
– Flash memory
– ZIP Disks
– CD-ROMs
– Tapes

Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 3e 17

 Input Devices
• Definition: devices that feed data and
computer programs into computers
• Examples
– Keyboard
– Mouse
– Secondary Storage

Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 3e 18

 Output Devices
• Definition: devices that the computer uses
to display results
• Examples
– Printer
– Monitor
– Secondary Storage

Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 3e 19

 Software
• Software consists of programs written to
perform specific tasks
• Two types of programs
– System Programs
– Application Programs

Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 3e 20

 System Programs
• System programs control the computer
• The operating system is first to load when
you turn on a computer

Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 3e 21

 Operating System (OS)
• OS monitors overall activity of the
computer and provides services
• Example services
– Memory management
– Input/output
– Activities
– Storage management

Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 3e 22

 Application Programs
• Written using programming languages
• Perform a specific task
• Run by the OS
• Example programs
– Word processors
– Spreadsheets
– Games

Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 3e 23

 Language of a Computer

• Machine language: the most basic language

of a computer
• A sequence of 0s and 1s
• Every computer directly understands its
own machine language
• A bit is a binary digit, 0 or 1
• A byte is a sequence of eight bits
Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 3e 24
Language of a Computer (continued)

Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 3e 25

 Evolution of Programming
Languages
• Early computers programmed in machine
language
• Assembly languages were developed to
make programmer’s job easier
• In assembly language, an instruction is an
easy-to-remember form called a mnemonic
• Assembler: translates assembly language
instructions into machine language
Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 3e 26
 Instructions in Assembly and
Machine Language

Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 3e 27

 Evolution of Programming
Languages
• High-level languages make programming
easier
• Closer to spoken languages
• Examples
– Basic
– FORTRAN
– COBOL
– C/C++
– Java
Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 3e 28
 Evolution of Programming
Languages (continued)
• To run a Java program
1. Java instructions need to be translated into an
intermediate language called bytecode
2. Then the bytecode is interpreted into a
particular machine language

Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 3e 29

 Evolution of Programming
Languages (continued)
• Compiler: a program that translates a program
written in a high-level language into the
equivalent machine language
– In the case of Java, this machine language is
the bytecode
• Java Virtual Machine (JVM): hypothetical
computer developed to make Java programs
machine independent

Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 3e 30

 A Java Program
public class ASimpleJavaProgram
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
System.out.println("My first Java program.");
System.out.println("The sum of 2 and 3 = " + 5);
System.out.println("7 + 8 = " + (7 + 8));
}
}

Sample Run:
My first Java program.
The sum of 2 and 3 = 5
7 + 8 = 15

Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 3e 31

 Processing a Java Program
• Two types of Java programs: applications and
applets
• Source program: written in a high-level language
• Loader: transfers the compiled code (bytecode)
into main memory
• Interpreter: reads and translates each bytecode
instruction into machine language and then
executes it

Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 3e 32

 Processing a Java Program
(continued)

Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 3e 33

 Problem-Analysis-Coding-
Execution Cycle
• Algorithm: a step-by-step problem-solving
process in which a solution is arrived at in a
finite amount of time

Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 3e 34

 Problem-Solving Process

1. Analyze the problem: outline solution

requirements and design an algorithm
2. Implement the algorithm in a
programming language (Java) and verify
that the algorithm works
3. Maintain the program: use and modify if
the problem domain changes

Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 3e 35

 Problem-Analysis-Coding-
Execution Cycle

Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 3e 36

 Programming Methodologies
• Two basic approaches to programming
design
– Structured design
– Object-oriented design

Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 3e 37

 Structured Design
1. A problem is divided into smaller
subproblems
2. Each subproblem is solved
3. The solutions of all subproblems are then
combined to solve the problem

Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 3e 38

 Object-Oriented Design (OOD)
• In OOD, a program is a collection of
interacting objects
• An object consists of data and operations
• Steps in OOD
1. Identify objects
2. Form the basis of the solution
3. Determine how these objects interact

Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 3e 39

 Chapter Summary
• A computer system is made up of hardware and
software components
• Computers understand machine language; it is
easiest for programmers to write in high-level
languages
• A compiler translates high-level language into
machine language
• Java steps to execute a program: edit, compile,
load, and execute

Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 3e 40

 Chapter Summary (continued)
• Algorithm: step-by-step problem-solving process
in which a solution is arrived at in a finite amount
of time
• Three steps to problem solving: analyze the
problem and design an algorithm, implement the
algorithm in a programming language, and
maintain the program
• Two basic approaches to programming design:
structured and object-oriented

Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 3e 41