12 Department of Education

National Capital Region

SCHOOL S DIVISION OFFICE
MARIK INA CITY

Practical Research 2
Quarter 1 – Module 10
Formulation of Conceptual Framework

Writer: Orlando R. Santos

Illustrator: Marexcza Z. Salinas
Layout Artist: Arneil A. Pagatpatan

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 What I Need to Know
Good day Senior High School Students! In this lesson, you are going to learn
how to:

Illustrates and explains the conceptual framework (CS_RS12-lf-j-6)

The rationale and fundamental basis of the entire research is a framework. As

a basis, it presents the interrelationships of theories, principles and beliefs that are
necessary to the investigation of the present problem.
Moreover, in this lesson, you will learn concepts and do practice activities that
will help you do the following:

1. learn the concept of theoretical framework/conceptual framework;

2. describe conceptual paradigm; and

3. understand and connect factors that explain conceptual framework.

What I Know
Before you start studying this module, answer the following questions to see
what you already know about the topics that will be discussed.
Write the letter of the answer on the blank before each number.
_____ 1. A concept to be investigated is called ___.
A. Dependent variable
B. Intervening variable
C. Independent variable
D. Variable

______ 2. The why and how of the research topic focuses on?
A. Conceptual Framework
B. Hypothesis
C. Operational Framework
D. Theoretical Framework

______ 3. Focus on the what, when, and where of the research topic?
A. Conceptual Framework
B. Hypothesis
C. Operational Framework
D. Theoretical Framework

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______ 4. A criterion that is expected to be predicted or explained is called___.
A. Dependent Variable
B. Independent Variable
C. Intervening Variable
D. Variable

______ 5. It is a variable that is expected to influence (change) the dependent variable.

A. Dependent Variable
B. Independent variable
C. Intervening Variable
D. Variable

Lesson Formulation of Conceptual

1 Framework

In discovering a reader’s context, you may ask questions like:

What is the conceptual framework of the study?
What is the purpose of conceptual framework?
What is the difference between theoretical and conceptual framework?

What’s In

Some researchers would mistake the conceptual framework as a flowchart of

the research. It should be considered and clarified that it may include in the research
methodology the diagram of conceptual framework but limited to just presenting the
research process. On the other hand, conceptual framework offers a functional and
workable model in undertaking the investigation or simply a graphic representation
of the research.
The conceptual framework a diagram that connects variable of the study with
lines (correlation) or arrows (cause and effect relationship) reflects the depth
understanding of the researcher regarding the general atmosphere and conceptual
foundation of the study. When writing conceptual framework, researchers begin with
formulating a research question, identifies relevant cases that relate to the present
study, and then suggest how these concepts can be integrated and connected with
each other. With this, the goal is less about affirming a theory and more about
describing the connections between ideas.

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 Conceptual Framework Definition

a basis
structure or
frame of
reference which
is designed to
support or close
something

a diagnostic
presentation of
the study also Skeleton
called as the
research
paradigm

Figure 1

There are important distinctions between theoretical framework and

conceptual framework. Theoretical framework involves specific theory such as
psychology’s social learning and it focuses on why and how of the research topic
while conceptual framework involves works and ideas relevant to the study not
limited to a theory and focuses on the what, when, and where of the research. Or
simply, it is based on tradition and experience respectively. As such, a “one size fits
all” formatting is not encouraged since it will be detrimental to the creativity and
logic of the researcher. Presented are few of many graphical formats in presenting
the framework.
Research Title: SHS Students’ Social Media Usage and their Attention Span in Class
Conceptual Framework
Fig. 2 below illustrates the conceptual framework of the research. The
paradigm presents the variable that will be considered in the research.

SHS Students’
Social Media
Usage
SHS Attention
• Forms of Social
Span in Class
Media
• Frequency of
Social Media Use
• Mode of Social
Media Use

Figure 2

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 The level of SHS students’ social media usage will be described in the research
in terms of three sub-variables: (a) forms of social media; (b) frequency of social media
use; and (c) mode of social media used. In the research, this variable is seen to
possess a hypothesized relationship with SHS students’ attention span in class. This
hypothesized relationship is represented by the two-headed arrow connecting both
variables.

The Input-Process-Output (IPO) format of the conceptual paradigm is the

process used in describing technical studies that deals with innovations or
inventions. Engineering and Marketing Studies would often adopt the IPO format
since it clearly describes the process on the innovation or invention and modification
of a novel products employed in the study.
Research Title: Acceptability of Ampalaya Cupcake Preference of TVL – Bread and
Pastry Students of Marikina High School.
Fig.3 Sample of Input – Process – Output (IPO) framework

Input Process Process

• Addition of • Novel cupcake

puree to ingredients
Ampalaya meet cupcake recipe
and puree • Survey
• Taste, test and Preference
preference Results
survey

Figure 3
The theoretical framework format used in measuring students’ understanding
of the complexity of concepts and interrelationships.
Fig. 4 below is the sample showing the theoretical paradigm of a relationship
factors.

X1

X2 H2
Y

X3

X 4 / H4

Figure 4

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 What’s New
You will be given three research titles, construct a conceptual paradigm, you
may use any framework and briefly explain why. Answers may be different as long
as you can justify.
1. Does a SHS students’ academic performance in Math have any association
with his /her stress tolerance?

Construct your graph on the space provided

Justification:

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

2. The effect of visual merchandising toward sales profitability of Starbucks

coffee.

Construct your graph on the space provided.

Justification:
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

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 3. Internet availability at home and student’s average sleeping time at night.

Construct your graph on the space provided.

Justification:
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________

What is It
Meanwhile conceptual framework begins with text and clearly cite the
diagram. It ensures congruence with research questions. The number of research
questions is at least equal to the number of lines /arrows in conceptual framework.
Include in the diagram the variables which may have values or sub-variables. Again,
it uses the diagram to explain research framework.

A variable is a concept to be investigated. The variable can be empirically

studied when operationally defined. Variables are classified as independent
variables, dependent variables and intervening variables. A dependent variable is a
criterion that is expected to be predicted or explained. It is the effect factor which
reveals the changes or caused by independent variable. It is what you measure in
the experiment and what is affected during experiment. Hence, dependent variable
is an output variable. An example of dependent variable is how tall you are at
different ages the dependent variables is (height) depends on independent variable
(ages). An independent variable is a controlled variable that is expected to influence
or change the dependent variables, a standalone variable or a manipulated variable.
The intervening variables are the variables that in between the dependent and
independent variables. Also, it can influence both dependent and independent
variables. Some are few examples to give you more understanding.

Examples:

1. You want to figure out which brand of microwave popcorn pops the most
kernels so you can get the most value for your money. You test different
brands of popcorn to see which bag pops the most popcorn kernels.

Independent Variable: Brand of popcorn bag (because you are actually

deciding the popcorn bag branch).

Dependent Variable: Number of kernels popped (because it’s what you

measure for each popcorn brand).

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 2. You want to know the effect of Price, Durability, and Design toward Sales
of a sports shoes so you can get an idea to save and be practical. You test
different brands of sport shoes to know which sports shoes are practical to
buy.

Independent Variable: Price, Durability and Design (because you are

considering the effect)

Dependent Variable: Sport shoes (because that sport shoes depends on the
effect).

Activity: Identification
Identify the independent and dependent variables for each of the four scenarios
below.
1. Conceptual, Interpersonal and Technical Skills of Bank Managers: Their
Relationship to Operational Efficiency.
Independent: ___________________________________________________________
Dependent: ____________________________________________________________

2. Impact of Blended Learning on Students’ Achievement in Practical Research

2.
Independent: ___________________________________________________________
Dependent: ___________________________________________________________

3. Sales Management and Its’ Relation to Customer Satisfaction

Independent: ___________________________________________________________
Dependent: _____________________________________________________________

4. Influence of Service Quality toward Quality Education of SHS in Marikina

High School.
Independent: ___________________________________________________________
Dependent: _____________________________________________________________

5. New Packaging Design Improve the Selling Power of Starbucks Coffee.

Independent: ___________________________________________________________
Dependent: ___________________________________________________________

What’s More
Activity 1 Movie / Video Clip

1. It shows how to write the theoretical and conceptual framework

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j5q3GLIb8PE&t=187s.
Write your reactions on the movie clip.
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

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Activity 2 Checking your understanding

In your own point of view, what do you think is the best framework in order
to see the relationship of the variables.
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

Activity 3 Skills ability

Do you have other way in constructing framework that connects the variable?
Explain.
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

What I Have Learned

Now that you have finished the lesson, you may have learned that:
1. Writing theoretical framework, needs to start by becoming familiar with the
foundations of the theory.
2. Conceptual framework connects variables with the purpose of explaining and
predicting the phenomena.
3. Operational framework offers a functional and workable model in undertaking
the research or investigation.
4. There are different ways to do framework.
5. Researchers must be able to identify the relevant theories and principles from
existing literatures which can serves as the theoretical of the study.
6. Variable can be empirically studied when operationally defined.

What I Can Do
Now that you have learned some essential knowledge about academic texts,
you are ready to do the following activity below.
After watching the video answer the following questions with a yes or no and
justify your answer.
How to support research with conceptual and theoretical framework.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j2c8G0bBfHk
1. Is your question about a particular theory?
2. Is your theory used to justify your question?
3. Is your theory used to organize your findings?

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 4. Is your research about generating a new theory?
5. Is your theory useful to explain the content?
6. Is a conceptual framework needed?

Assessment
Good job, you finally finished the lessons! Let us now assess your
understanding by doing the activity below:

A. Write your concise learning about the following:

1. Variable
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

2. Dependent Variable
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

3. Independent Variable
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
4. Theoretical Framework
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

5. Conceptual Framework
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

B. Do your Own!

1. Decide a researchable topic leading to a quantitative research suited to the

level of SHS students.
2. Identify the dependent and independent variable.
3. Construct a graphical representation / framework that connect the factors
of the research title.

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 Additional Activities
Activity: Learning enrichment

Given an argument of a research title, identify the independent variable and

dependent variable. Write the cause or the one you test for independent variable and
effect or the one you measure for dependent variable on the space provided.
1. If people who have headaches take aspirin, then they will get relief faster than
those who don’t.
Cause: _______________________________________________________________________
Effect: _______________________________________________________________________
2. If a brand name light bulb is left on, then it will burn longer than a bargain
brand light bulb.
Cause: _______________________________________________________________________
Effect: _______________________________________________________________________
3. If students’ study 15 minutes/night, then they will have higher test grades than
those who don’t study.
Cause: ______________________________________________________________________
Effect: _______________________________________________________________________
4. Changing thermostat setting up on down will cause the room temperature to
change in the same way.
Cause: ______________________________________________________________________
Effect: _______________________________________________________________________
5. Teenagers with positive family relationships and activity involved in afterschool
programs are less likely to participate in deviant behaviour as an adult.
Cause: ______________________________________________________________________
Effect: _______________________________________________________________________

References
1. Ruben E. Faltado 111, et al., Practical Research 2: Quantitative Research for SHS,
5-10.
2. Nerza A. Rebustes, Methods of Research: Fundamental Concepts, Theory and
Application, 2002, 21, 29-31.
3. Jose Eos Trinidad, Researching Philippine Realities: A Guide to Qualitative,
Quantitative, and Humanities Research, 2018, 101 - 105
4. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j2c8G0bBfHk
5. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j5q3GLIb8PE&t=187s
6. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_VdOB4JJE_8

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 Development Team of the Module
Writer: Orlando R. Santos (MHS)
Editors: Nieves T. Salazar, Ph. D. (PHS)
Albert B. Mutia (PSDS)

Internal Reviewer: Janet S. Cajuguiran (EPS-English)

Illustrator: Marexcza Z. Salinas (PHS)
Layout Artist: Arneil A. Pagatpatan (NHS)
Management Team:
Sheryll T. Gayola
Assistant Schools Division Superintendent
OIC, Office of the Schools Division Superintendent

Elisa O. Cerveza
Chief, CID
OIC, Office of the Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

Janet S. Cajuguiran
EPS-English

Ivy Coney A. Gamatero

EPS – LRMS

For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Schools Division Office- Marikina City

Email Address: sdo.marikina@deped.gov.ph

191 Shoe Ave., Sta. Elena, Marikina City, 1800, Philippines

Telefax: (02) 682-2472 / 682-3989

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