CBSE – DEPARTMENT OF

SKILL EDUCATION
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
(SUBJECT CODE 402)

Class - X (Session 2020–2021)

VIVEKANANDA RESIDENTIAL SCHOOL (CBSE)

VIVEKANADAPURI, KARIMNAGAR
Information Technology (402) Class-X

PART-A (EMPLOYABILITY SKILLS)

CONTENTS
UNIT-1 COMMUNICATION SKILLS

i.Methods of communication

ii.Communication cycle

iii.Communication Barriers

iv.Effective Communication

v.Basic Writing Skills

UNIT-2 SELF-MANAGEMENT SKILLS

i.Stress Management and its Techniques

ii.Ability to Work Independently

UNIT-3 INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY

SKILLS(ICT SKILLS)

i.Operating system

ii.Managing Files and Folders

iii.Care and Maintenance of a Computer

UNIT-4 ENTREPRENEUR IAL SKILLS

i.Entrepreneur and Entrepreneurship

UNIT-5 GREEN SKILLS

i.Sustainable Development

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UNIT-1 COMMUNICATION SKILLS

1.Communication Skills
Communication:The imparting or exchanging of information by speaking, writing
or using some other medium and means of sending or receiving information.

Methods of communication

The following figure represents methods of communication

Methods of Communication

Verbal Non-Verbal Visual

i.Verbal Communication: People use words to exchange thoughts,feelings,and

ideas with others.

There are two primary mediums of verbal communication:

Oral Communication: It refers to spoken words being used to convey a

message.Oral communication can be done either by using mechanical devices like
telephone,loud speaker or face-to-face interactions.

Written communication: Written communication means communicating through

written words.Different forms of written communication include letters,reports etc.

ii.Non-Verbal Communication: Non-Verbal communication depends on

different non-verbal prompts like body movements,gestures,facial expressions and
so on.

iii.Visual Communication: Visual communication is the most effective way of

passing information as the human mind processes images very quickly.

Verbal communication can be made effective and more meaningful by using visual
aids such as signs,graphic designs,diagrams etc.
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2.Communication Cycle
In the communication process,one person is a sender who conveys a message to
another person known as receiver.When the receiver gets the message,he
acknowledges it and sends back a response.This leads to a cyclic process known as
Communication cycle.

Elements of Communication Cycle:

i.Sender:Asender is the person who expresses his opinion,idea,or message and

sends it to the receiver.

ii.Message:Message refers to the information that the sender wishes to convey.

iii.Encoding: It refers to how the sender wishes to communicate the message.

iv. Channel:It is a medium through which the message has to be carried and sent
to others.

v.Receiver: A Receiver is the person for whom the message is intended.

vi.Decoding: It refers to how receiver interprets the message and translates it into
thoughts,depending on his circumstances and understanding.

vii.Feed back: It is the response that a receiver gives after the message is received
and understood by him.

Principles of Effective communication:

i.Simple language: The language used in communication should be simple.

ii. Definite:The communication should be definite.i.e.,its aim should be clear in the

mind of the sender.

iii. Complete and Concise:The information provided in the communication should

be complete and to the point.

iv. Appropriate medium: A proper medium of communication should be used

between the sender and receiver.

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v. Authentic:Information given should be factual,i.e.,it should not be misleading

or false.

vi. Courteous:The sender should be polite and courteous while communicating.

Feedback:
Feedback is a consequence of performance. Feedback plays an important part in
communication because it tells both the source and the receiver, how their message
are being interpreted. .
Descriptive feedback is specific information, in the form of written comments or
verbal conversations, that help the learner understand what she or he needs to do in
order to improve. Descriptive feedback is the most powerful tool for improving
student learning.
Specific Feedback: Specific feedback provides detailed information about
something particular,relating to a task or the individual performance.

Non-Specific feedback:It gives a vague response to the receiver.It may not be of

much help,as it does not guide the receiver properly to achieve the desired goal.

3. Communication Barriers:
A communication barrier is an obstacle that prevents the receiver from receiving
and understanding the message that has been sent by a sender.

If a message is not understood clearly,it may lead to communication gap,causing

confusion and misunderstanding.

There are many barriers that hinder our ability to communicate.Let us see each
type of barrier.

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Types of Communication Barriers are :

Overcoming Barriers: Below, we will look at some tools that can be used to
bridge barriers in everyday communications.

i.Active Listening: Active listening is a skill that can be acquired and developed
with practice. 'Active listening' means,, actively listening. That is fully
concentrating on what is being said rather than just ‘hearing’ the message of the
speaker. Active listening involves listening with all senses.

ii.Use Simple Language: It’s important to remember the audience that you’re
speaking to, and use language that can be easily understood.

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iii.Give Constructive Feedback :Feedback is part of the communication cycle..

While the feedback that we give the speaker/sender may occasionally be negative,
it is important that it be constructive in nature.

4. Effective Communication
7 C’s of Communication:

There are 7’cs of communication which are applicable to both written as well as
oral communication. These are as follows

i.Completeness - The communication must be complete. It should convey all facts

required by the audience. The sender of the message must take into consideration
the receiver’s mind set and convey the message accordingly.Complete
communication helps in better decision-making by the audience/readers/receivers
of message as they get all desired and crucial information.

ii.Conciseness- means wordiness, i.e, communicating what you want to convey in

least possible words without forgoing the other C’s of communication.
Conciseness is a necessity for effective communication.

Concise communication provides short and essential message in limited words to

the audience.

iii.Consideration - Consideration implies “stepping into the shoes of others”.

Ensure that the self-respect of the audience is maintained and their emotions are
not at harm. Modify your words in message to suit the audience’s needs.

iv.Clarity - Clarity implies emphasizing on a specific message or goal at a time,

rather than trying to achieve too much at once.

Complete clarity of thoughts and ideas enhances the meaning of message.

v.Concreteness - Concrete communication implies being particular and and clear

rather than fuzzy and general. Concreteness strengthens the confidence. It is
supported with specific facts and figures.

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vi.Courtesy - Courtesy in message implies the message should show the sender’s
expression as well as should respect the receiver. The sender of the message should
be sincerely polite, judicious, reflective and enthusiastic.

vii.Correctness - Correctness in communication implies that there are no

grammatical errors in communication

It checks for the precision and accurateness of facts and figures used in the
message.

Awareness of these 7 C’s of communication makes us an effective communicator.

5. Basic Writing Skills

Sentences: A sentence is a group of words giving a complete thought. A sentence
must contain a subject and a verb.

Simple, compound, and complex sentences

i. Simple sentence: A simple sentence is one independent clause that has a subject
and a verb and expresses a complete thought.

• Must have a subject and a verb.

• Must express a complete thought.

• Must only have one clause.

Examples • I am out of paper for the printer.

ii. Compound Sentence: A compound sentence allows us to share a lot of

information by combining two or more related thoughts into one sentence.
Example: I drove to the office, and then I walked to the cabin.

iii. Complex sentence: A complex sentence is a sentence that combines one

independent clause with at least one dependent clause.

Example :Although Rohan had some doubts, he found the courses very useful.
Computers have come a long way since they first came on the market.

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Phrases :Phrases are a group of words that work together to communicate an

element of speech. The following figure represents the different types of phrases.

Types of Phrases:There are different kinds of phrases.

i.Noun Phrase: A noun phrase acts like a noun in a sentence.

Example : We all love eating ice cream.(noun phrase-eating ice cream).

ii.Verb phrase: A verb phrase is a group of main verbs and helping verbs within a
sentence.

Example ::This jewellery may be worth million of rupees!(verb phrase-may be

worth)

iii.Adjective phrase: An adjective phrase is built around an adjective and consists

of adjectives and /or articles.

Example : Radhika walked on the stage very gracefully.(adjective-very

gracefully)

iv.Adverbial phrase: It is build around an adverb by adding words before or after

it.

Example :We strolled through the gardens very slowly.(adverbial phrase-very

slowly)

v.Prepositional phrase:A prepositional phrase always begins with a preposition

and is followed by a noun.

Example :All rooms below the deck are for sleeping.(prepositional phrase
below,noun-deck)
SENTENCES

KINDS OF SENTENCES

There are four kinds of sentences:

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i.Assertive or Declarative Sentences:Assertive sentence is a sentence that states a

fact.

Example :I am your friend.

ii.Imperative sentence:An imperative sentence is a sentence which gives a

command,makes a request,or expresses a wish.

Example :Finish your home work.(an order)

iii.Interrogative sentence:An interrogative sentence is a sentence that asks a

question.

Example :Where is your bag?

iv.Exclamatory Sentence:An Exclamatory sentence is a sentence that expresses

sudden and strong feelings,such as surprise,wonder,pity,happiness,sympathy or
gratitude.

Example :Hurry up!

Parts of a sentence

Parts of a Sentence Every sentence can be broken into two parts

i.Subject:A Subject is a word or group of words which conveys the names of

persons or things that we are speaking about.

ii.Predicate: A Predicate is the part of sentence which contains a verb,and states

something about the subject.

Example :All the trees are shedding their leaves.

All the trees is the subject and are shedding their leaves is the predicate.

Parts of speech: A category to which a word is assigned in accordance with its

syntactic functions. In English the main parts of speech are noun, pronoun,
adjective, verb, adverb, preposition, conjunction, and interjection. The following
figure represents eight parts of speech

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i.Noun refers to a word that is used to name a person,a thing,an animal,a place,or
an idea.

Example :Mohith,London.

ii. Pronoun refers to a word used in place of a noun or a noun phrase to avoid
repetition.
Example :I,you,it,we,us,them.
iii.Verb refers to a word that shows an action or a state of being.It shows what
someone is doing,did or will do.
Example :go,speaking,lived,been,is.
iv.Adverb refers to a word that modifies or describes a verb, an adjective or
another adverb,expressing manner,place,time or degree.
Example :slowly,very slowly,well
v.Adjective refers to a word that describes,modifiers,or gives more information
about a noun or a pronoun.
Example :cold,happy,young.
vi.Preposition refers to a word that shows the relationship of a noun,noun
phrase,or pronoun to another word.
Example :at,on,in,from,with
vii.Conjunction refers to a word that joins two words, ideas,or phrases together
and shows how they are connected.
Example :and,or,but,because.
viii.Interjection refers to a word or phrase that expresses a strong emotion.
Example :Oops!
ARTICLES – A, AN, THE

“A” and “an” are called indefinite articles because they do not refer to any
particular person or thing. Indefinite articles are used before singular countable
nouns. “A” is used before consonant and “An” is used before vowels.
Example:- a paper, a book, an apple, a girl, an hour
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“The” is called the Definite article because it is used to refer to a particular person
or thing. The Definite article is used before singular countable nouns, plural
countable nouns and uncountable nouns.
Example:- the book, the books, the milk
Article Writing

Article writing is the process of creating a non-fiction text about current or recent
news, items of general interest or specific topics. The following figure represents
the format of Article writing

Construction of the Paragraph. What is a paragraph?

A paragraph is a series of sentences that are organized and coherent, and are all
related to a single topic.

The three major structural parts of a paragraph

i. A topic sentence
ii. supporting sentences

iii. A concluding sentence

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i.The topic sentence states the main idea of the paragraph. It names and limits the
topic

ii. Supporting sentences develop the topic sentence

They do this by giving:

–reasons

–examples

–facts

–statistics

–quotations

iii. The concluding sentence marks the end of the paragraph and often summarises

or raises the key point of the paragraph.

===================CHAPTER ENDS=====================

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UNIT-2 SELF-MANAGEMENT SKILLS

Stress: Stress refers to a “physical, mental, or emotional strain or tension”. Small
amounts of stress have a positive effect and they help us stretch ourselves to a new
level. High levels of stress over prolonged periods need to be managed.

Stress causal agents can have following origins.

i. Mental: High expectations from self can leave one with chronic anxiety and
stress.

ii. Physical: Issues related to general well-being and health of an individual can
lead to low self-esteem and cause stress.

iii. Social : Discord amongst family members, peer pressure for doing things
which children would generally avoid , maintaining balance in relationships
amongst friends, status show off may lead to stress at times.

iv. Financial: Some people may have aspirational financial stress. This may be of
becoming financially independent.

Importance of Stress Management

Stress management is vital because it leads to following benefits:

• Improves mood

• Boosts immune system

• Promotes longevity

• Leads to burst of physical strength, which is vital for reaching goal

• Complete mental and physical engagement for task accomplishment

• Increases efficiency and effectiveness

• Prevents psychological disorders and behavioral problems

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1.Stress Management Techniques

i.Physical Exercise: When stress affects the brain, rest of the body also feels the
impact. Physical exercise in the form of walking, skipping or for that matter
indulging in any sports has been found to relieve stress as they stabilize mood,
improve self-esteem and induce sleep.

ii.Yoga:Yoga is a school of Hindu philosophy that reduces stress. Yoga includes a

series of postures and breathing exercises practiced to achieve control of body and
mind.

iii.Meditation: It is a practice where an individual is supposed to focus his/her

mind on a particular object, thought or activity to achieve a calm mental state
reducing stress.

iv.Enjoying :Recreational activities like watching movies, attending concerts,

playing games, involving in adventure sports, singing, dancing or even sketching
can help individuals transcend to a happier mental state and help manage stress.

v.Going On Vacations : with Family and Friends Vacations provide an

opportunity of taking a holiday from our routine and appreciate different facets of
life. Vacations can be taken up to friends and relatives’ place as well as to far flung
attractive locations. Vacationing helps in de-stressing individuals.

vi.Taking Nature Walks :Taking nature walks in a pristine environment of a

national park or a sanctuary or a trail in country side / village, brings us a calmness
by allowing our over stimulated minds a chance to relax and helps us to relax.

2.Self-Reliance - Ability to Work Independently

Importance of The Ability to Work Independently. Following benefits of working
independently advocate its importance.

• Ensures greater learning.

• Individuals feel more empowered and responsible.

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• It provides flexibility to choose and define working hours and working

mechanisms.

• Failure and success of the task assigned are accounted by individuals.

• Individuals become assets to organizations, groups and nations at large.

• It ensures creativity and satisfaction amongst individuals.

How to become Self-Reliant?

Enhancing Ability to Work Independently Ability to work independently can be

enhanced by being self-aware, self-motivated and self regulated. Let’s now learn
what are these:

Self-Awareness: Having conscious knowledge of your own self, capabilities,

feelings and one’s own character is called as self-awareness. It helps individuals to
chart their ways for working independently. They become aware of their strengths
and weak points and work accordingly. They try to focus on strengths to become
successful in various arenas of life.

Self-Motivation :Self-motivated individuals have an inner urge to do something,

achieve their goals without any external pressure/lure for award or appreciation. It
is a life skill and must be necessarily developed.

Self-Regulation :Self-regulation guides independent individuals as it helps them

consider long term consequences rather than just transient feelings. It leads to a
responsible and a value driven behaviour. It teaches self - control and well directed
efforts to reach goal. Self – regulation inculcates discipline that helps in consistent
efforts to move towards goal.

===================CHAPTER ENDS=====================

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UNIT-3 INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION

TECHNOLOGY SKILLS
1.Operating system
Operating System : An operating system is a software that serves as an interface
between the user and the computer.

Some of the functions of Operating system are:

• It manages all the devices of a computer and keeps track of the status of the
device, whether it is busy or not.

• It also controls software resources of the computer.

• It manages the computer memory and keeps track of which memory space is in
use by which program and which space is free.

• It manages the structure of the files and directories on a computer system.

• It allows you to create, copy, move and delete files.

Types of Operating Systems

• DOS (Disk Operating System)

• Windows .It is an operating system developed by Microsoft.

• Linux It is an operating system designed for personal computers. It is a free and

open-source software

Mobile operating Systems

✓ Android ✓ Symbian ✓ Windows Phone ✓ iOS

The different types of operating systems are as follows:

i.Interactive (GUI-based): A graphical user interface is a user-friendly operating

system in which commands can be entered by clicking/double-clicking/right-

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clicking a mouse. Windows operating system is an example of an interactive

operating system.

ii.Single-user , single-task operating system: This type of operating system

allows only one user to do a task on the computer and one thing at a time.

iii.Single-user, multi-task operating system: This type of operating system is

used on Desktop computers, laptops, where a single user can operate on several
programs at the same time. For example, Windows, Apple MacOS are examples of
single-user multi task operating system.

iv.Multi-user operating system: A multi-user operating system enables multiple

users to work on the same computer at different times or simultaneously.

v.Real Time operating system:A real time operating system is used to control
machinery, scientific instruments, like robots, in complex animations and computer
controlled automated machines.. Windows CE and Lynx OS are examples of real-
time operating systems.

vi.Distributed operating system:A distributed operating system runs on a set of

computers that are interconnected by a network. It combines the different
computers in the network into a single integrated computer and storage location.
Windows, UNIX, and LINUX are examples of distributed operating systems.

WINDOWS 10 OPERATING SYSTEM

Windows 10 is an operating system developed by Microsoft and is used on

personal computers.

Desktop:After loading Windows 10, the first screen that appears on the monitor is
called desktop.

Icons: Small graphic symbols displayed on the desktop are called icons. These
icons represent files, folders, applications, etc.

Menu:A menu contains an organised set of options related to a particular

operation.

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Task Bar: Taskbar is the long horizontal bar present at the bottom of the screen.
To left of the Taskbar is the Start button and to the right appears Date/Time.

Start button: It is located on the left of the taskbar. Clicking the Start button
opens the Start menu and provides access to programs and features, like:

• Shut Down • All Programs • Search Box • Control panel

Middle section:The middle section of the bar shows the opened programs as
buttons.

Notification Area: The right side of the task bar is known as Notification Area.It
includes system date and time and a group of icons that tell the status and
notifications about the program running on a computer.

2.Managing Files and Folders

Files: Everything you store on your computer is stored in the form of a file.

Folders:Files can be separately placed into groups, called folders/directories. Each

directory/folder can contain related files and/or sub-folders. A sub-folder may
contain one or more files and sub-folders within.

Creating and managing files and folders

Creating a folder

To create a new folder:

 Right-click anywhere in the blank area of the right column.

 A shortcut menu appears. Select New ➢ Folder from the shortcut menu.
 A new folder is created with name New Folder highlighted
 Type a name for the folder

Creating a file

To create a new file:

 Right-click anywhere in the blank area of the right-column.

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 In the Shortcut menu, click New and select the type of the file you want to
create.

Renaming folders and files

To rename a file or a folder, the steps are:

 Right-click the file or the folder.

 From the shortcut menu, select Rename option .
 Type the new name or edit the existing name and press the Enter key.

Or Just select the file/folder and press Function key F2.

Deleting files or folders

To delete a file or a folder:

 Click the file or the folder.

 Press the Delete key. Or Right-click and
 select Delete option from the Shortcut menu.

Copying Files and folders :When you copy a file or a folder, duplicate of the
original file or folder is created at the new location, the original remains as it is.

You can copy a file or a folder in any one of the following ways:

i. Shortcut menu:

 Right-click the file or the folder you want to copy

 Select Copy option from the Shortcut menu
 Select the drive or the folder where you want to make a copy of the
selected file or folder.
 Right-click and select Paste option from the Shortcut menu.

ii.Drag and Drop method: To copy a file or a folder, hold down the Ctrl key
while dragging it to the new location.

iii. Using Keyboard:

 Select the file or the folder.

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 Press Ctrl + C to copy the file or the folder. Open the destination folder.
 Press Ctrl + V to paste the copied file.

Moving Files and folders :When you move a file or a folder, the original file or
folder is moved to the new location.

You can move a file or a folder in any one of the following ways:

i.Shortcut menu:

 Right-click the file or the folder you want to copy.

 Select Cut option from the Shortcut menu.
 Select the drive or the folder where you want to move the selected file or
folder.
 Right-click and select Paste option from the Shortcut menu.

ii.Drag and Drop method: To copy a file or a folder, select the file and drag it to
a new location.

iii.Using Keyboard:

 Select the file or the folder.

 Press Ctrl + X to cut the file or the folder.
 Open the destination folder.
 Press Ctrl + V to paste the copied file.

Permanently Deleting Files

You can permanently delete the contents of the Recycle Bin in any one of the
following ways:

Right-click the Recycle Bin icon and then click Empty Recycle Bin.

OR

 Double-click the Recycle Bin icon

 The Recycle Bin window appears
 Click Empty the Recycle Bin.

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Restore Files/Folder from Recycle Bin window

To recover a file from the Recycle Bin, right-click the file, and then click Restore.

Or Select the file and click Restore this item.

3.Care and maintenance of a Computer

Apply Basic Skills for Care and Maintenance of Computer

Computer systems require maintenance so that the system works efficiently. Poor
maintenance may lead to system failure.

 Keep the computer dust free.

 Do not eat or drink while working on the computer. Food or drink may spill
on the system.
 To keep the keyboard clean, make sure your hands are clean before using it.
 CDs and DVDs should be handled carefully so that it does not get any
scratches.
 Keep keyboard covered when not in use.

Cleaning the computer components

General precautions to be taken while cleaning the computer components are:

• Always Power Off the computer system before cleaning.

• Never spray cleaning fluid directly on the component of the computer. First spray
the liquid on the cloth and then wipe the component.

• Do not allow the cleaning liquid to drip near the circuit board.

• Preferably use anti-static wrist band which helps to prevent building up of static
electricity near electronic device.

Computer monitor : To clean the computer monitor, you can use a soft lint-free
cloth, like cotton and water or special cleaning liquid. You should not spray water
or cleaning liquid directly on the computer monitor.

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Keyboard:Dirt and dust can cause damage to the keyboard.You can also clean it
by blowing it with compressed air.

Optical Mouse : You can clean the bottom of the optical mouse with a clean lint-
free cloth. Lens area can be cleaned by blowing air or cotton swab.

Digital camera: Never touch the lens of the camera. To remove the dust, you can
use soft lens brush or wipe with a soft dry cloth.

CDs and DVDs :Keep CD/DVD in proper case to prevent damage. Finger prints
and dirt can be removed by lightly rubbing with a clean lint-free cotton cloth.

Preparing maintenance schedule

Regular maintenance of the computer system is very important. Some of the

maintenance activities are:

• Keep the components of the computer, like keyboard, mouse, monitor, etc. clean.

• Replace hardware that is not functioning properly

• Keep food items away from the computer

• Cables and chords should not be messed up

• Removing unauthorized software from the computer

• Take regular backup of the data

• Ensure backups are working properly by periodically restoring or checking of

data.

• Run anti-virus periodically

• Keep anti-virus software up to date

• Do not overcharge the batteries

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Protecting computer against viruses

A computer virus is a software program that attaches itself to other programs and
alters their behavior.

VIRUS is an acronym for Vital Information Resource Under Seize.

A computer can get infected with virus in any of the following ways:

• Infected files

• Infected pen drives

• Infected CD-ROMs/DVD-ROMs

• Through infected file attachment of e-mails

Some of the common signs of a virus attack are:

• Computer runs very slow

• There is change in the file size

• Computer often stops responding

• There is an increase in number of files (unusual)

• Unusual error message appears on the screen

• Computer restarts on its own

Scanning and cleaning viruses and removing SPAM files, temporary files and
folders

The following points should be kept in mind to prevent virus infection:

• Install and use anti-virus software.

• Keep anti-virus software updated.

• Scan all the files that you download from the Internet

• Do not open e-mails of an unknown person/sender

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• Don’t allow any untrustworthy person to use your system

• New use unknown pen drive/CD on your computer

• Never click on the windows that pop-up when you are surfing the Internet.

Scanning and cleaning virus

Let us discuss how to use Quick Heal Total security to scan the computer system.

Click Start ➢ All Programs ➢ Quick Heal Total Security ➢ Quick Heal Total
Security.

 Or Double-click the Quick Heal Antivirus icon on the desktop. The main
window of Quick heal Total Security opens up

To perform full system scan

 Click Scan ➢ Full System Scan.

 The scan process will begin
 On completion of the scan, the scan statistics and reports are provided.
 Click Close.

Other antiviruses, like, Norton Antivirus, McAfee, etc. have almost the same
method to scan full computer system for viruses and remove them.

Removing Temporary Files

Temporary files are created when you are running computer programs. Microsoft
Windows and Windows programs often create a .TMP file as a temporary file.

The steps to remove temporary files are:

 Double-click Computer icon on the desktop.

 The Computer Window opens.
 Right-click Local Disk C: and select Properties option from the Shortcut
menu
 The Properties window opens. Click Disk Cleanup
 The Disk Cleanup for C: window appears

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 Click the Check box next to Temporary Files, Temporary Internet files, etc.
that you want to delete.
 Click OK.
 A confirmation message will appear
 Click Delete Files.

Windows will delete all the temporary files on the computer.

The steps to remove files of temporary folder are:

 Press Windows button + R on the keyboard

 The Run dialog box appears.
 Type %temp%
 The Temp folder opens. Click Ctrl + A to select all the files in the folder
 Press Delete key
 A message box appears. Click Yes to confirm

All the files in the Temp folder will be deleted..

Firewall

A computer firewall could be a programmable device or a software or a network

security system that monitors and controls incoming and outgoing network traffic
based on user-defined security rules. Firewalls enhance the security of computers
connected to a network, such as LAN or the Internet.

The main purpose of a firewall is to reduce or eliminate the occurrence of

unwanted network communications while allowing normal traffic.

Firewall inspects each packet of data whether incoming or outgoing and

determines whether it should be allowed to pass or be blocked.

Cookies

In computing, cookies are small files which are stored on a user’s computer when
you visit a website on the internet. These files are designed to hold data specific to
a particular client and website. When you visit a website, it sends a cookie to your

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computer where it is stored in a file. Only the website that creates a cookie can
read it. Other servers cannot access this information.

Under normal circumstances, cookies cannot transfer viruses or malware to your

computer. But. Some viruses and malware may get disguised as cookies.

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UNIT-4 ENTREPRENEURIAL SKILLS

1.Entrepreneur and Enterpreneurship
Entrepreneur: Entrepreneur is a person who establishes a business or a venture
that generates some value to the customer and proves to be profitable for him.

Examples of some eminent Entrepreneurs

Mark Zukerberg-founder of facebook ,Bill Gates-founder of Microsoft

Corporation,Steve jobs- Co-founder of Apple Inc

Entrepreneurship:Entrepreneurship can be described as starting a business by

using the resources available to a person.

Entrepreneurship and Society

Entrepreneurship has some positive impact on society such as:

• Accentuates economic Growth

• Fosters Creativity

• Stimulates Innovation and Efficiency

• Creates Jobs and Employment Opportunities

• Solves the problems of the society

• Encourages welfare of the society

Society plays a role in boosting entrepreneurship by

• Creates needs and demands

• Provides raw materials

• Enables financial support

• Creates a need for education

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• Supports infrastructure development.

Some common entrepreneurship activities related to society include:

Social Entrepreneurship: Social entrepreneurship can be understood as creation

of sustainable solutions for social problems that leads to social change by
employing entrepreneurial mindset, processes and operations.

Agricultural Entrepreneurship: Agricultural Entrepreneurship can be defined as

being primarily related to the marketing and production of inputs and products
used in agricultural activities.

Women Entrepreneurship: Women entrepreneurship is referred to the

entrepreneurial activity led by women, where women undertake risks, create
enterprises, organise factors of production, innovate with products/services and
generate employment opportunities.

Small Scale Entrepreneurship: Small scale entrepreneurship refers to starting

industries in which manufacturing, trading, providing services, productions are
done on a small scale or micro scale.

Qualities of a Successful Entrepreneur

Hard work: Without working hard, no entrepreneur can be successful.

Entrepreneurs use a lot of trial and error and keep putting in work till they succeed.

Optimism: Positivity and belief in what they do is what takes entrepreneurs far in
their journey.

For an entrepreneur, part of being optimistic is about learning from mistakes and
failures and finding alternative ways to do things.

Independence: Entrepreneurs are confident and like the freedom to take decisions.
They prefer to be their own master and not work under someone else.

Energetic: Drive and energy is always high in successful entrepreneurs which

makes them extremely proactive.

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Self-confident: Belief in one’s own vision and abilities and passion for the goal
makes successful entrepreneurs confident. Entrepreneurs are able to transfer this
passion and vision to investors, employees, customers etc. to sell their idea to
every stakeholder.

Perseverant: A way of thinking that helps to accept failure, learn from mistakes,
not give up, continuously experiment etc. is crucial for an entrepreneur.

Functions of an Entrepreneur

i.Entrepreneurial functions

Organisation Building and Management:An entrepreneur builds the

organization by taking various steps such as hiring employees, organizing the
factors of production, sourcing finance etc.

Risk taking: Some common risks entrepreneurs take are around return on
investment, hiring of new employees, working with vendors etc. An entrepreneur
plays the function of developing a certain risk-taking appetite and taking
calculative risks to reduce adverse consequences.

Innovation: Entrepreneurs innovate by introducing new concepts, products,

services, designs, ideas etc. They may introduce something new and innovative in
any branch of economic activity.

ii.Promotional functions

Idea Discovery: The first step towards entrepreneurship is discovery of a business

idea. An entrepreneur comes up with a business idea and thinks about ways to
implement it.

Detailed Investigation: An entrepreneur conducts research, investigates and

evaluates an idea considering various factors and estimates the total demand for a
new product or service.

Assembling the Requirements: No matter what is the type of the business, an

entrepreneur has to work towards assembling and organizing all the requirements

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once he/she is sure about the practicality and profitability of the proposition. Once
this function is performed, the project is set to start smoothly.

Financing: Raising capital for a business is one of the core functions that
entrepreneurs perform themselves, not just at the initial stage of the business, but
even to grow and scale the business.

iii.Managerial functions

Planning: A business plan serves as a guide to determine the business objectives

and the course of action. It helps to detail the “what, when, how and who” of doing
every specific task.

Organizing: It is about arranging, directing, guiding, coordinating and controlling

the key business activities.

Directing: Directing is about initiating planned action and ensuring that each
employee is performing effectively.

Staffing: Staffing refers to different sub-processes around human resource

management, such as manpower planning, recruitment, selection, placement,
training, transfer, salary, promotion, payroll, appraisal etc.

Leadership: Leadership is more of a skill than a function for an entrepreneur as he

or she has to lead, guide and supervise people who work for the business.

Communication: Communication enables exchange of feelings, ideas, emotions,

information and knowledge between two or more persons. An entrepreneur has to
communicate every single day, in the form of writing, responding, drafting emails,
verbal instruction, discussion etc.

Supervision: Supervision is a key skill as even overseeing that things are being
executed well is important. An entrepreneur might delegate tasks and give
instructions, but it is important to ensure that these instructions are carried out well.

Motivation: Along with guiding employees, an entrepreneur also plays a role of

motivating them and encouraging positive behaviour and culture within the

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organization. Motivating employees is about creating an urge in them to exhibit a

desired behaviour and positive attitude towards work.

Co-ordination: An entrepreneur has to set certain targets, measures, goals etc.

with different departments to ensure all are coordinating and working effectively
internally as well.

Controlling: Controlling function helps the entrepreneur to set performance

standards, measure and compare productivity and performance, identify variations,
take corrective action etc.

Negotiation: An entrepreneur negotiates terms and conditions for many parts of

the business such as payment terms and timelines, salaries of employees, vendor
quotations etc.

iv.Commercial Functions

Production and Operations: Depending on whether it is a service business or

product business, an entrepreneur has to perform the function of managing
production or operations.

Finance and Accounting: While finance is more focused on raising funds and
managing them, accounting helps to record and analyse the financial position of
the business.

Marketing: Marketing is about moving the product or service from producer into
the hands of the end customer or user. It involves promotion, advertising,
distribution, customer service etc.

Human Resource Management: Human Resource Management (HRM) refers to

recruitment, employment, selection, training, development and compensation of
the employees with an organization.

Role of Entrepreneurs

Innovator’s Role: Entrepreneurs innovate by bringing unique and new products

and services into the market. Innovation fuels economic growth and helps to boost
global presence of products and services.

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Agent’s role: Entrepreneurs act as ‘Agents of Change’ as they identify

opportunities, solve problems, offer effective solutions, establish enterprises, set up
industries and bring positive change for the economy.

Coordinating role: An entrepreneur coordinates many things such as factors of

production, delegated tasks, smooth functioning across different business
departments, timely delivery of inputs and outputs etc.

Risk assumption role: The fruit of bearing risks can be profit, which leads to
wealth generation for overall economy.

Capital formation role: Mobilization of idle savings takes place when money is
invested in a business. This mobilisation of capital leads to development of assets,
trade activities, increase in capital availability and economic development

Imitating role: In many developing countries, entrepreneurs either imitate or adapt

the innovations of developed nations.

Employment Generation role: Businesses cannot function without employing

people. Skilled professionals, unskilled labour and managerial staff are all required
by businesses.

Balancing role: Entrepreneurship is encouraged with small and micro enterprises

and small-scale industries as well.

Importance of Entrepreneurs

Free market evolution: In a free market, entrepreneurs are able to respond to

changing customer preferences, prices, shifts in demand etc. Entrepreneurs bring
change in technology, trends and markets.

Efficiency improvements: Entrepreneurs tend to adapt in an established business

and increase their own efficiency. They innovate with current systems and
introduce new technologies which can significantly create advancement in an
industry.

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New markets: Entrepreneurs can often ‘redefine the rules’ of an established

industry. They do this by creating new markets for existing products and slightly
innovating in small ways to suit the needs of a new target market.

New values: Sometimes, entrepreneurs choose ethics over profit and offer a more
ethical product to the world and are transparent about it. For example, Jaipur Rugs
has multiple artisans who work towards making rugs that are sold around the
world.

Myths of Entrepreneurship

There are many myths about characteristics and traits of entrepreneurs. With the
set of activities, they perform, entrepreneurs start to be described in a certain way.

Entrepreneurs are born a certain way:It is an assumption that entrepreneurial

qualities are inborn and that only people with certain natural talents can become
entrepreneurs. This is a myth and research had established that almost anyone can
be an entrepreneur with the right skills, drive and passion. Entrepreneurship is a
learned skill, not a natural-born ability.

Great ideas are what makes entrepreneurs :In actuality, there is no real or
commercial value of just an idea. People who are able to execute the idea and turn
it into a business are referred to as entrepreneurial.

Entrepreneurs have to take a lot of risk :While entrepreneurs definitely have to

bear some risks, they do not necessarily put themselves in high-risk situations.

Businesses either skyrocket or fail :Although select few start-ups skyrocket and
receive all the media attention, it is easy to adopt an all-or-nothing outlook on
entrepreneurship.

A lot of money is required to start any business :While certain amount of capital
is required for take a business off the ground, it varies depending on the business.
It is not necessary that one should fear or deter from entrepreneurship due to lack
of financial resources.

One must know everything before starting a business : Entrepreneurs

continuously thrive to be in a constant state of learning.Succeeding at
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entrepreneurship requires energy, innovation and the ability to push yourself

outside your comfort zone.

Entrepreneurship as a Career – Why Entrepreneurship for You?

 Nurtures development of entrepreneurial skills and capabilities:

Entrepreneurship cultivates unique skills and encourages outside the box
thinking. It instils confidence, creates opportunity, offers solutions and
stimulates the economy.
 Enables application of an entrepreneurial mindset : Entrepreneurial
mindset and skills are not necessarily only relevant to becoming an
entrepreneur, but also in any field.
 Develops the ability to handle failure and ambiguity : In the Indian
culture, since childhood failure is looked upon as something intolerably bad.
However, a critical part of learning in the entrepreneurial process is to learn
from failure.
 Enhances critical thinking and problem-solving ability : The ability to
think critically and solve problems is essential to succeed in the world of
business
 Provides early exposure to the real world: Ultimately, working
professionally in the real world requires one to collaborate, think creatively
and demonstrate proficiency.
 Inspires to think about one’s career differently: If entrepreneurship
exposure is given at the first point when one starts thinking towards building
a career, it can help them to think of different career options and exploring
what they are actually passionate about.
 Leads to creating difference in society : Entrepreneurs not only
economically impact society but they also work on identifying the real needs
and problems of people and solving them.

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UNIT-5 GREEN SKILLS

1.Sustainable Development
In pursuit to fulfil our unending wants we started exploiting the nature that has
resulted in what we see today, the scarcity. There is scarcity of clean water to
drink, scarcity of pure air to breathe, scarcity of unadulterated food, rising issue of
global warming, depletion of ozone layer

Everyone in the world today is talking about the measures to curb these rising
problems. There are World Summits being organised to find a solution to these
global problems. And the solution to these problems is only one –
SUSTAINABILITY.

Sustainability is an art of living where we respect our environment and make use
of the available resources only to the extent where we can replenish what is
available to us for the accessibility of future generation.

Sustainable Development

The concept of sustainable development received its first major international

recognition in 1972 at the UN Conference on the Human Environment held in
Stockholm.

In 1983,the United Nations created the world Commission on environment and

development, which was later known as the Brundtland Commission. The Prime
Minister of Norway at the time, Gro Harlem Brundtland was appointed the
chairperson of the commission. In 1987, the Brundtland commission released the
report our Common Future, commonly called the Brundland report.

The concept of sustainable development formed the basis of the United Nations
Conference on Environment and Development held in Rio de Janeiro in 1992.

Sustainable development focuses on long term, integrated approach to develop a

healthy, social and economically viable society. The aim is to inculcate the value
of self-resistance amongst the people to save natural resources for everyone to
utilize judiciously and still ensuring its availability for future generations.

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In our daily life we can contribute to create a Sustainable Society by following

4Rs’ and 1U of Sustainability. These are REFUSE, REDUCE, REUSE,
RECYCLE and UPCYCLE.

To create a sustainable environment, we must first

REFUSE to use products that may harm the environment.

REDUCE is the next step, that is minimizing the use of the products that may
cause harm to environment.

We must REUSE these products as far as possible, in order to reduce the waste
generation.

RECYCLE. After reusing the product, we must try to recycle it as far as possible.
When we recycle any product, the quality is usually affected and the new product
is not of the same quality as the original product.

UPCYCLING. This allows the scope of human skills to get their due. Any
product that is not usable can be upcycled with creativity and innovation.

UPCYCLING of products could be done manually as well as with help of

machines, giving a new look to the old product and making it look desirable.

Importance of Sustainable Development

In the 21st Century the importance of adopting sustainable techniques for

sustainable development is of grave importance.

Judicious use of resources is of prime importance since the exploitation of

resources is causing its depletion. We need to curb our usage to ensure that
resources like air, water, forests are available to future generation.

Not only for the next generation but even for the existing generation, the quality
of basic resources is deteriorating leading to major health concerns such as Cancer,
Bronchitis etc.

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The uneven distribution of available resources across different economic fronts

is leading to discrimination, giving rise to crime and creating social imbalance. To
ensure proper balance Sustainability is important.

If everyone draws a line for themselves, we will be able to combat these issues
with the help of Sustainable Development.

Adoption of Sustainable Development in our daily life and at our work place will
also promote economic growth.

Power Plants, Waste Water Treatment Plants, Electric Vehicles etc. will not
only help in protecting Environment but shall also contribute in Saving money and
resources.

Principles of Sustainable Development:

i. Protecting and living in harmony with the Nature

ii. Considering all human being as equal
iii. Promoting good governance
iv. Using Science & Technology responsibly
v. Creating healthy, social and economically viable society

Objectives of Sustainable Development

According to United nations and affiliated organisations,the main objectives of

Sustainable development are:

 Economic Growth:Building a robust and competitive economy;ensuring

that sufficient land is available to support growth and innovation.
 Environmental Protection:Protecting and enhancing our natural
environment,helping to improve bio diversity,using natural resources
wisely.
 Social inclusion:Creating high-quality development with accessible local
services for the community to support its health,social and cultural well-
being.
 Cultural diversity:Building sensitivity towards all cultures and celebrating
diversity.

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Sustainable Development Goals

SDGs (Sustainable Development Goals)are integrated and recognize that action in

one area will affect outcomes in others, and that development must balance social,
economic and environmental sustainability. These are:

i. No poverty
ii. Zero Hunger
iii. Good Health and Well Being
iv. Quality Education
v. Gender Equality
vi. Clean water and Sanitation
vii. Affordable and Clean Energy
viii. Decent Work and Economic Growth
ix. Industry Innovation and Infrastructure
x. Reduced Inequalities
xi. Sustainable Cities and Communities
xii. Responsible Consumption and Production
xiii. Climate Action
xiv. Life Below Water
xv. Life on Land
xvi. Peace, Justice and Strong Institution
xvii. Partnership for the Goals

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