Final Revision Notes With Imp MCQs of Science Term 1

Science
Term-1 Syllabus
1. Chemical Reactions and Equations
2. Acids, Bases and Salts
3. Metals and non – metals
4. Life Processes
5. Light - Reflection and Refraction
6. The Human Eye and the Colorful World

CHAPTER-1 :
CHEMICAL REACTIONS
AND EQUATIONS
• A chemical equation is a symbolic representation that describes a chemical reaction in terms of symbol and
formulae.
• A chemical reaction is the transformation of chemical substance called reactants into another chemical substance
called products. In a chemical reaction, only rearrangement of atoms takes place.
• The substances which take part in a chemical reaction are called reactants. The reactants are written on the left hand
side. The new substances produced as a result of chemical reaction are called products. The products are written on
the right hand side.
• Some of the symbols used in a chemical equation are :
(a) Solids (s) (b) Liquids (l)
(c) Gases (g) (d) Aqueous solutions (aq)
(e) Gas released as a product (↑) (f) Precipitate formed in the reaction (↓)
(g) Direction of reaction (→) (h) Used to separate multiple reactants or products (+)
(i) Formula written above the arrow is used as a catalyst in the reaction (Pt)
(J)Triangle indicates that the reaction is being heated (∆)
(k)Replaces the yield sign for reversible reactions that reach equilibrium ()
• Steps to balance a chemical equation :
(a) Write word equation.
(b) Then write skeletal chemical equation.
(c) Enclose the formula in the boxes.
(d) List the number of atoms of different elements present in the unbalanced equation.
(e) Start balancing with the compound that contains the maximum number of atoms.
(f) Start balancing other atoms.
(g) Check the correctness of the balanced equation.
• Types of chemical equations :
Exothermic Reactions
CHEMICAL REACTION Endothermic Reactions
[accompanied by evolution of heat] [accompanied by absorption of heat]
Example : CH4 + O2 CO2 + H2O + Heat Example : 2Pb (NO3)2 Heat 2PbO + 4NO2 + O2
REDOX REACTION
Oxidation Reduction
[Addition of O2 or removal of H2] [Addition of H2 or removal of O2]
Example : Cu + O2 2CuO Example : 2Na + H2 2NaH
•CHARACTERISTICS OF A CHEMICAL EQUATION : (FLOW CHART)
CHARACTERISTICS OF A
CHEMICAL EQUATION
Change Change Evolution Change in Formation

in State in Colour of Gas Temperature of Precipitate
Example : Example : Example : Example : Example :

1. Solid wax on 1. Iron (grey colour) 1. AgNO3 + NaCl
1. Zn + dil. H2SO4 ZnSO4 + H2 1. CaO+H2O Ca(OH)2+Heat
heating changes Changes to rust (brown NaNO3 + AgCl () ppt.
to gas. colour) on reaction with 2. CaCO3 CaO + CO2
2. CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O
air or moisture.
2. Petrol (liquid) Ca(HCO3)2
burns to form gas. 2. PbNO3 + KI PbI2 + KNO3
[colourless] [Yellow]
TYPES OF CHEMICAL
REACTIONS
Combination Decomposition Displacement Double Redox reaction

reaction reaction reaction displacement reaction [Oxidation and
[Single product is [Two or more products [More reactive metal [Exchange of ions reduction occurs
formed from two or are formed by a single displaces a less between the simultaneous]
more reactants] reactant] reactive metal] reactants]
Thermal decomposition Cation displacement Neutralisation Precipitation

C(s) + O2(g) CO2(g) (takes place by heat) Example : (Cation)
2H2(g) + O2(g) 2H2O(l) Zn + CuSO4 ZnSO4 + Cu
Electrolytic Decomposition
(takes place by electricity)
Anion displacement
Photolysis Example : (Anion)
(takes place by light)
Cl2 + 2NaBr 2NaCl + Br2
•EFFECTS OF OXIDATION IN EVERYDAY LIFE

EFFECT OF OXIDATION
IN EVERYDAY LIFE
Corrosion Rancidity
Causes
Conditions [oxidation of oil and fat Example :
Example :
for Corrosion present in food when cooked Chips packet when kept
• Rusting of iron.
• Air food is left for a long time]. open becomes rancid
• Blackening of Silver articles.
• Moisture cooked oil kept for long time.
Methods of Prevention Methods of Prevention

• Oiling • Addition of antioxidants.
• Painting • Packing in air tight container.
• Galvanising • Refrigeration at low temperature.
• Electroplating • Packing food in atmosphere of nitrogen.
CHAPTER-2 :
ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS
COMPOUNDS
Acids Bases Salts
Strong Acids Strong Bases Acidic Salts

Those acids which dissociate Those bases which ionises completely to Salts of strong acids and weak base.
completely into ions. furnish OH– ions are called strong bases. Ex. NH4Cl
Ex. HCl, HNO3 etc. Ex.NaOH, KOH etc.
Basic Salts
Weak Acids Weak Bases Salts of strong base and weak acid.
Those acids which dissociates Those bases which ionises only partially Ex. CH3COONa
partially are called weak acids. are called weak bases.
Ex. CH3COOH Ex. NH4OH Neutral Salts
Salts of strong acids and strong
bases. Ex. NaCl
ACIDS
Physical Properties Uses Chemical Properties
• Sour taste. • HCl is used mainly in industries like cleaning • React with metals to give H2 gas.
• Turns blue litmus red. boilers from inside, sink cleaning etc. Na + HCl NaCl + H2
• Corrosive in nature. • Nitric acid is used for making fertilizers, • React with metal carbonates to give salt
• Gives H+ ions in solution. cleaning of gold. and CO2 gas.
• Conducts electricity. • Sulphuric acid is used in cells, car, battery etc. Na2CO3 + HCl NaCl + H2O + CO2
• React with bases to give salt and water.
NaOH + HCl NaCl + H2O
• React with metal oxides to give salt and water.
CuO + H2SO4 CuSO4 + H2O
BASES
Physical Properties Uses Chemical Properties
• Bitter in taste. • NaOH is used to make soaps in paper industry • React with acids to form salt and water
• Turns red litmus blue. and in textile industry. [Neutralisation]
• Slippery to touch. • Ca (OH)2 is used to remove acidity of soil. NaOH + HCl NaCl + H2O
• Turns phenolphthalein solution pink. • Mg(OH)2 is used as an antacid. • Reacts with metals to from salt.
2NaOH + Zn Na2ZnO2 + H2
• React with non-metal oxides to for salt and water.
Ca(OH)2 + CO2 CaCO3 + H2O
SALTS
Baking soda Washing soda Calcium Plaster of paris

Sodium Hydroxide
sodium bicarbonate sodium carbonate oxychloride Bleaching Calcium sulphate
caustic soda (NaOH)
NaHCO3 Na2CO3.10H2O powder CaOCl2 hemihydrate
Preparation Preparation Preparation Preparation Preparation

NaCl + H2O NaCl + H2O + CO2 + NH3 2NaHCO3 Ca(OH)2 + Cl2 CaSO4·2H2O
2NaOH + Cl2 + H2 ∆
NH4Cl + NaHCO3 Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2 CaOCl2 + H2O CaSO4· 1/2 H2O + 3/2 H2O
Uses Uses Uses Uses Uses

• Metallurgy of bauxite • Food industry • Washing purposes • As a bleaching agent • Used to join bones
• Distillation of petrol • Bakery • Paper and textile industry • 1In dentistry
• Formation of soil • Antacid
Families of Salts
Sodium Salts — NaCl, NaNO3, Na2SO4, Na2CO3, CH3COONa etc.
Potassium Salts — KCl, KNO3, K2SO4, KBr, K2CO3
Ammonium Salts — NH4Cl, NH4NO3, NH4Br
Magnesium Salts — MgCl2, MgSO4, MgCO3
Calcium Salts — CaCl2, Ca(COO)2, etc.
Chloride Salts
Formula Name of Salt Base Involved
NaCl Sodium chloride NaOH
KCl Potassium chloride KOH
NH4Cl Ammonium chloride NH4OH
BaCl2 Barium chloride Ba (OH)2
MgCl2 Magnesium chloride Mg(OH)2
Nitrate Salts
NaNO3 Sodium nitrate NaOH
KNO4 Potassium nitrate KOH
Ca(NO3)2 Calcium nitrate Ca(OH)2
Sulphate Salts
Na2SO4 Sodium sulphate NaOH
K2SO4 Potassium sulphate KOH
MgSO4 Magnesium sulphate Mg(OH)2
Carbonate Salts
Na2CO3 Sodium Carbonate NaOH
K2CO3 Potassium Carbonate KOH
CaCO3 Calcium Carbonate Ca(OH)2
CHAPTER-3 :
METALS AND NON-METALS
• Elements are classified into Metals, Non-metals and Metalloids
PHYSICAL
Metals Non-Metals
PROPERTIES
• Solid at room temperature. • Soft, solid or in gaseous state.

• Hard and have high melting point and boiling point. • Neither malleable nor ductile.
• Malleable and ductile. • Poor conductor of heat and electricity.
• Good conductors of heat and electricity. • Low density.
• High density. • Non-lustrous and non-sonorous.
• Lustrous and sonorous.
Exceptions Exceptions
• Mercury is the only metal which is liquid at room temperature. • Bromine is the only non-metal which is liquid at room
• Sodium and potassium are soft and have low melting point and boiling point. temperature.
• Zinc is the only metal which is neither malleable nor ductile. • Diamond is hardest substance.
• Mercury and Tungsten are poor conductors of heat and electricity. • Graphite is good conductor of heat and electricity.
• Iodine and graphite are non-metals that exhibit
metallic lustre.
CHEMICAL
Metals PROPERTIES Non-Metals
With Oxygen With Oxygen

M + O2 M2O (basic) E + O2 O2 (acidic)
Non-Metal (E)
4Na + O2 2Na2O C + O2 CO2

Metal (M)
With Water With Water

M + H2O MOH E + H2O No reaction
Mg + H2O Mg(OH)2
With Acids
With Acids No reaction
M + Acid Salt + H2
2Na + 2HCl 2NaCl + H2 With Salt Solution
2NaBr + Cl2
With Bases
M + Base Salt + H2 2NaCl + Br2
2Al + 2NaOH + 2H2O 2NaAlO2 + 3H2
Zn + 2NaOH Na2ZnO2 + H2
Note :
(1) Copper oxide is black in colour.
(2) Aluminium oxide is amphoteric oxide.
(3) Sodium and potassium react violently with water.
(4) Magnesium do not react with cold water.
(5) Some metals like aluminium, iron and zinc do not react either with cold or hot water.
IONIC COMPOUNDS
Formation Properties
Formed by losing or Solid and hard
gaining of electron or by High melting point an
transfer of electrons Examples:
boiling point.Good
between a metal a NaCl, MgCl2
conductors of electricity
non-metal. CaF2, MgO etc.
Soluble in water.
EXTRACTION OF METALS
Concentration Preliminary Purification

Crushing Treatment of ore Reduction
of ore
Gravity Separation. Calcination Roasting Purification is done by

Huge lumps of ore are distillation, liquidation
broken into small pieces. Froth Floatation or by electrolytic refining.
Ore is heated Ore is heated
Process. in limited in excess
supply of supply of
Magnetic Separation. oxygen. oxygen.
Leaching or chemical
separation.
REDUCTION
• By electrolysis.
• Metals at top of activity series. Na, K, Ca , Mg, Al
• Reduction using carbon or some reducing
• Metals at the middle of reactivity series. Zn, Fe, Pb agent.
• Metal in the lower region of reactivity series. Cu, Hg, Ag • Reduction by heating alone.
• Metals found at the bottom of activity series. Pt, Au • Found in native state.
CHAPTER-6 :
LIFE PROCESSES
• Living beings are complex organisations of molecules which perform various life processes like growth, respiration, digestion,
reproduction, excretion etc., which makes them different from non-living.
• The basic processes or functions performed by living organisms to keep them alive are called life processes.
LIFE
PROCESSES
Nutrition Excretion
Respiration Transportation
• Nutrition is defined as the process of intake of nutrients and its utilisation by an organism in various biological activities.
MODES
OF NUTRITION
Autotrophic Heterotrophic
[Organisms prepare their [They depend on autotrophs for
own food. Example : their food. Example : Animals,
Plants, Algae]. Humans Beings].
Holozoic Parasitic
[The process of intake of solid or liquid food by Saprophytic
[The process of obtaining food [The process of obtaining food
ingestion process, conversion of complex food directly from the body of host
particles to simpler form by digestion, assimilation from the dead or decayed
either by living on its surface or organisms. Example : Yeast,
and finally removing the undigested food. Example : inside the body of host.
Amoeba, Human Beings]. Mucor, Mushrooms.
Example : Worms].
• In autotrophic mode of nutrition, organisms prepare their own food and they are called autotrophs. Organisms prepare food by
the process of photosynthesis.
• Photosynthesis is the process by which chlorophyll containing cells prepare glucose using carbon dioxide and water in
presence of light energy and oxygen gas is released as a by product during this process.
Sunlight
• 6CO2 + 12H2O C H O + 6O2 + 6H2O [Equation for photosynthesis]
Chlorophyll 6 12 6
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Condition Site of this
necessary process
Carbon Dioxide [from air passes through Steps
stomata present on surface of leaves.] Light Reaction Chloroplasts [double
Dark Reaction membrane bound organelle
Water [absorbed by roots from soil] [occurs in grana] [occurs in stroma] which contains chlorophyll]
Absorption of light
Light Energy [trapped by chlorophyll] energy by chlorophyll
Chlorophyll [present in chloroplasts] Reduction of carbon
Photolysis of water to dioxide to carbohydrates
produce hydrogen and
oxygen
BASED ON THEIR FOOD
[EATING HABITS]
Herbivores Omnivores
[They are plant eaters] [They eat both plants
Example : Cow, goat, Carnivores and animals] Example :
sheep, etc. [They eat other animals] Man
Example : Lion, tiger
•STEPS OF NUTRITION IN HUMAN BEINGS

STEPS OF NUTRITION
IN HUMAN BEINGS
Ingestion Digestion Absorption Assimilation Egestion
[Process of taking [Conversion of large [Process of passing of [Absorbed food taken [Removal of undigested
of food by the body.] insoluble molecules into digested food throught by body cells for its food from the body.]
smaller and simpler the intestinal wall into growth, repair and
forms.] bloodstream.] reproduction etc.]
In human beings we The undigested food from
take the food through small intestine passes
our mouth. Food is crushed with the The digested food is The absorbed food into large intestine water
help of teeth and enzyme absorbed by intestinal passes into blood- and salts are absorbed
ptyalin present in saliva, walls through finger like stream, through blood and undigested solid
acts upon starch present projections called villi. it reaches the cells and are removed in the form
in food to convert into is utilised by cells to of faeces.
simple sugar. obtain energy for
growth, repair etc.
The food in form of bolus is transferred to stomach by
peristaltic movement through oesophagus.
In stomach food is digested by action of gastric juice secreted by gastric glands. Mainly enzyme pepsin acts upon
proteins to convert into peptones and proteases.
Then food passes to small intestine where remaining food is digested by actions of pancreatic juice and intestinal juice.
Fats are converted into small globules by action of bile juice secreted from liver by a process called emulsification.
•ORGANS OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

ALIMENTARY CANAL
Oesophagus Small Large

Mouth Oral Cavity or Food Pipe
Stomach Intestine Intestine
Salivary glands Teeth help in Food in form of Gastric glands Receives pancreatic No digestion only
[Secrete salivary mastication and bolus passes from secrete gastric juice from pancreas absorption of
amylase or ptyalin] chewing of food mouth to stomach juice excess water,
through oesophagus some salts and
by peristalsis finally the
Amylase Lipase Trypsin undigested
Ptyalin acts upon Tongue helps in Gastric juice
starch to convert mixing of food contains pepsin residue is left
to maltose with saliva which converts Starch Lipids Peptones, behind
proteins to to simple to fatty proteins
peptones sugars acids to peptides
and
glycerol
Intestinal juice Secretes enzymes which
completes the conversion
of proteins to amino acids,
carbohydrates to glucose,
fats to fatty acids and glycerol
Bile from liver Emulsify large fat globules to

smaller ones
•NUTRITION IN AMOEBA
•RESPIRATION
• Respiration is a biological process by which glucose is oxidized to release energy in the form of ATP which is the energy
currency of the cell.
Sunlight
• C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy [Equation for respiration]
• During aerobic respiration, 38 molecules of ATP are released whereas during anaerobic respiration only 2 molecules of ATP are
released.
• Tobacco is a plant and its leaves are smoked, chewed, or sniffed for a variety of effects. Tobacco contains nicotine, an
addictive substance. Smoked tobacco products include cigarettes, cigars, bidis, and kreteks.
• Smoking can destroy the cilia or tiny hairs in the airway that keep dirt and mucus out of lungs.
RESPIRATION
Cellular or Tissue
Breathing Respiration
In aquatic organisms like fishes In amoeba exchange of a gases occurs In plants exchange of gases occurs In humans respiratory
exchange of gasses occurs through try simple diffusion through its body through stomata organs are lungs
gills surface
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
Anaerobic
Aerobic
[In absence of
[In presence of
oxygen]
oxygen]
Glycolysis [Glucose a 6 Krebs’ Cycle In presence Glucose Pyurvic acid

carbon compound breaks of excess supply of oxygen
into a 3 carbon compound pyurvic acid completely
pyurvic acid in cytoplasm] breaks down into carbon dioxide Lactic acid [In muscles Ethanol and carbon
and water in mitochondria] of human beings during dioxide [In yeast
strenous physical exercise] during fermentation]
•BREATHING PROCESS IN HUMAN BEINGS
BREATHING IN HUMAN BEINGS
Air passes through During inhalation Air from nasal Air from traches During exhalation,
nostrils where the ribs moves outwards, cavity moves to goes to bronchi and ribs moves inwards
inhaled air is diaphragm moves pharynx, larynx then to smaller and diaphragm moves
filtered by hairs and downwards so and then into bronchioles and into its original
mucus membrane chest cavity trachea [wind pipe] finally to alveoli position, thus thoracic
lining nasal cavity increases and air where exchanges cabity decreases and
is forced inside of gases occurs air is expelled out from
lungs through nostrils
•TRANSPORTATION
• The essential substances like food, water, oxygen etc., need to be carried from one part of the body to another which is done
by transport system.
• Arteries carry oxygenated blood except pulmonary artery.
• Veins carry deoxygenated blood except pulmonary vein.
• Capillaries are thin walled blood vessels where exchange of gases and materials like food occurs.
• Valves allow the blood to flow in one direction i.e., they prevent back flow of the blood.
• When blood flows from atria to ventricles atria contracts and ventricle relaxes, this is called ventricular diastole.
• When blood flows from ventricles to blood vessels, ventricles contract and atrium relaxes, this is called ventricular diastole.
• The force exerted by blood on the walls of blood vessels is called blood pressure.
• The normal blood pressure of human beings is 120/80 mm of Hg.
• As blood flows in our heart twice so circulation in human beings is called double circulation.
TRANSPORTATION
In Human In plants
Beings
Lymphatic system Blood vascular system Blood Xylem carries Water and minerals
water and salts are mainly transported
Plasma Blood cells from roots to through tracheids or
Lymph It contains
[Transport leaves and other vessels
mainly RBCs[carry oxygen]
food, gases, parts of plant
lymphocytes
nitrogenous
which fight WBCs[Immunity] Transportation of water
wastes, etc.] Phloem conducts
against infection and minerals has
Blood vessels food from leaves
Platelets[Blood clotting] three process
to other parts
Lymph vessels Arteries
of plant
Veins
Lymph nodes
Capillaries
Food is mainly
Lymph capillaries translocated by
Heart [Contains two
atria and two ventricles, sieve tubes of
main pump organ] phloem in dilute
aqueous solution
form
Absorption of Ascent of sap Loss of excess

water and minerals by root pressure water in form
from soil to root or transpiration of vapours by
hairs by osmosis pull process of
and active transport transpiration
process respectively
MECHANISM OF
BLOOD CIRCULATION
De-oxygenated blood form different parts of the body through venacava enters into right atrium of heart
Then it moves to right ventricle through tricuspid valve
Blood from right ventricle goes to lungs by pulmonary artery for purification
Oxygenated blood from lungs comes to left atrium by pulmonary veins
Then blood moves to left ventricle through bicuspid valve
Finally by aorta oxygenated blood is transported all over body from left ventricle
•DOUBLE CIRCULATION
•EXCRETION
EXCRETION
Excretion in human beings Excretion in plants
Excretory organs Steps involved in Oxygen gas produced during

process of excretion photosynthesis is removed
through stomata
A pair of kidneys Ultrafiltration
[Nephrons are structural [Blood is filtered through Carbon dioxide gas produced
and functional units] glomerulus and collects in during respiration is expelled
Bowman’s capsule as it flows out through stomata
A pair of ureters with high pressure known as
[Urine passes through glomerular filtrate] Some released directly to soil,
ureter to bladder] waste stored in leaves fall off
Urinary bladder Selective reabsorption
[Stores urine] [Glomerular filtrate contains many Excess water removed by
useful substances like glucose, water, transpiration
Urethra salts which are selectively reabsorbed
[Removes urine to outside in different parts of nephron] Some in form of resins, gums
when bladder is full]
Tubular secretion Some waste products stored
[Some harmful substances are secreted in vacuoles
from tubules of nephron to the formed urine]
• The process of removal of mainly nitrogenous waste substances from our body is called excretion.
• In case of kidney failure due to infections or injury or other factors artificial kidney is used.
• Artificial kidney is a device that removes nitrogenous wastes from our body by dialysis.
• Organ donation is the donation of biological tissue or an organ of the human body, from a living or dead person to a living
recipient in need of a transplantation. Organ transplantation is the only option to save lives in patients affected by terminal
organ failures and improve their quality of life.
CHAPTER-10 :
LIGHT : REFLECTION
AND REFRACTION
LIGHT
Reflection Light is a form of energy that Refraction
causes the sensation of vision.
• The return of light into the same medium after • The change in direction of light when it passes from one
striking a surface is called reflection. medium to another obliquely, is called refraction of light.
• The refraction of light is due to the change in the speed of
light on going from one medium to another.
Laws of Laws of
Reflection Refraction
• The incident ray, the reflected ray and the normal • The incident ray, the refracted ray and the normal at the
all lie in the same plane. point of incidence, all lie in the same plane.
• The angle of reflection is always equal to the angle of incidence. • The ratio of sine of angle of incidence to the sine of angle
of refraction is constant for a given pair of media.
Important Important
Points Points
• When the reflecting surface is smooth, the parallel rays of light falling • A medium in which the speed of light is more is known as
on it are reflected in one direction. This is called regular reflection. optically rarer medium.
• When the reflecting surface is rough, the parallel rays of light falling on • A medium in which the speed of light is less, is known as
it are reflected in different directions. This is called irregular reflection. optically denser medium.
• When a ray of light goes from a rarer medium to a denser
medium, it bends towards the normal and when it goes
from denser to rarer medium, it bends away from the normal.
• The refractive index of medium 2 with respect to medium
1 is equal to the ratio of speed of light in medium 1 to the
speed of light in medium 2.
TYPES OF MIRRORS Spherical Mirror

Plane Mirror
• A plane mirror is a thin, flat and smooth sheet of glass having a • A spherical mirror is that mirror whose reflecting surface is
shining coating of silver metal on one side. the part of a hollow sphere of glass.
• It is represented by a straight line having a number of short,
oblique lines on one side.
Characteristics Concave Mirror Convex Mirror
• The image formed is virtual and erect.
• A sperical mirror in which • A sperical mirror in which
• The image is of the same size as the object.
the reflection of light takes the reflection of light takes
• The image is at the same distance behind the mirror as the object place at the concave surface place at the convex surface
is in front of the mirror. (or bent-in surface). (or bulging-out surface).
• The image formed is latterally inverted.
Uses
• These are used to see ourselves, in making periscopes etc.
Important Points
• Anything which gives out light rays is called an object.
• Image is an optical appearance produced when light rays coming from
an object are reflected from a mirror.
• The image which can be obtained on a screen is called a real image.
• The image which cannot be obtained on a screen is called a virtual image.
CONCAVE MIRROR
Image formation by a concave mirror for different
Rules for image formation positions of the object
• Rays, parallel to the principal axis, Uses
get reflected back through focus. These are used as Position of Position of Size of the Nature of
shaving mirrors, the object the image image the Image
• Rays, passing through the focus, reflectors in torches,
will emerge parallel to the principal doctor’s head-mirrors At infinity At the focus F Highly diminished, Real and
axis after reflection. etc. point-sized inverted
• Rays from the centre of curvature Beyond C Between F and C Diminished Real and inverted
get reflected back along its own path.
At C At C Same size Real and
• A ray of light incident obliquely at pole inverted
gets reflected at the same angle on the Between F Beyond C Enlarged Real and
other side of principal axis into the same and C inverted
medium.
At F At infinity Highly enlarged Real and
inverted
Between P Behind the Enlarged Virtual
and F mirror and erect
CONVEX MIRROR
Rules for image formation Image formation by a convex mirror for different
• Rays parallel to principal axis, get reflected positions of the object
Uses
and appear to come from the principal focus. These are used as Position of Position of Size of the Nature of
• Rays going towards the principal focus, will rear-view mirrors in the object the image image the Image
emerge parallel to the principal axis after reflection. vehicles and shop
security mirrors etc. At infinity At the focus Highly Virtual
• Rays from the centre of curvature get reflected F, behind the diminished, and erect
back along its own path. mirror point-sized
• A ray of light incident obliquely at pole gets Between Between P Diminished Virtual
reflected at the same angle on the other side of infinity and and F, behind and erect
principal axis into the same medium. the pole P of the mirror
the mirror
New Cartesian Sign Convention for Spherical mirrors
Spherical Lenses
A lens is a piece of
Convex transparent glass bound Concave
by two spherical
Lens surfaces.
Lens
• A is thick at the centre but thinner at the edges. • A is thin in the middle but thicker at the edges.
• It converges light rays. • It diverges light rays.
Convex lens Concave lens

CONVEX LENS
Image formation rules
• Rays parallel to principal axis, will pass Image formation by a convex mirror for different
through second principal focus after Uses positions of the object
refraction. These are used in Position of Position of Relative size of Nature of
• Rays passing through the focus will making microscopes, the object the image the image the Image
telescopes, slide
emerge parallel to the principal axis after projectors, magnifying At infinity At the focus F2 Highly diminished, Real and inverted
refraction. glass etc. point-sized
• Rays passing through the optical centre, Beyond 2F1 Between F2 and 2F2 Diminished Real and inverted
will emerge without any deviation after
At 2F1 At 2F2 Same size Real and inverted
refraction through the lens.
Between F1 Beyond 2F2 Enlarged Real and inverted
and 2F1
At focus F1 At infinity Infinitely large or Real and inverted
Highly enlarged
Between focus On the same Enlarged Virtual and erect
F1 and optical side of the lens
centre O as the object
CONCAVE LENS
Image formation rules Image formation by a concave mirror for different
• Rays parallel to principal axis appear to positions of the object
diverge from the principal focus, which is Uses
located on the same side of the incident ray. These lenses are used Position of Position of Size of the Nature of
in spectacles to correct the object the image image the Image
• Ray going towards the principal focus, will the defect of vision,
emerge parallel to the principal axis after refraction. wide-angle spy hole in At infinity At the focus F1 Highly diminished, Virtual and erect
doors etc. point-sized
• Rays passing through the optical centre will
emerge without any deviation after refraction Between Between focus Diminished Virtual and erect
through the lens. infinity and F1 and optical
Optical centre centre O
O of lens
New Cartesian Sign Convention for Spherical Lenses

CHAPTER-11 :
THE HUMAN EYE AND
COLORFUL WORLD
Only Natural Phenomena is examinable for Term I examination.
The Human Eye
The human eye uses light and enables us to see the colourful world, beautiful nature and natural phenomenon.
Pupil Ciliary
Iris Muscles
Cornea • A hole in the middle of the iris. • It changes the thickness of

• A coloured diaphragm between eyelens and thus, the focal
the cornea and the lens. • It appears black as no light
gets reflected from it. length of the lens by changing
• It controls the size of the pupil. its shape.
• The outermost part of the eye. • It controls the amount of
• It allows the light to enter the light entering the eye.
eye.
Eye Lens
Retina
MAIN PARTS OF THE • A fibrous, jelly like
HUMAN EYE transparent convex lens.
• It forms a real image of the
objects on the retina.
• A delicate membrane containing number of light sensitive cells.
• It acts as a screen on which the image is formed.
Optic Nerve Power of Accommodation
• The ability of the eye to focus on the distant objects as
well as on the nearby objects on the retina by changing
Rods Cones the focal length of its lens is called the power of
The rod-shaped The cone-shaped • It transports the electrical signals accommodation of eye.
cells present in the cells present in the retina from retina to the brain.
retina of an eye which of an eye which are • The minimum distance, at which Objects can be seen
are sensitive to sensitive to bright distinctly without strain, is called the least distance of
dim light. light. distinct vision or the near point of the eye. It is about
25 cm for a normal eye.
• The farthest point upto which the eye can see objects
clearly is called the far point of the eye. It is infinity for
a normal eye.
DEFECTS OF VISION
Myopia Hypermetropia Presbyopia Cataract
• Defect of vision due to which a person • Defect of vision due to which a • Defect of vision due to which an old • The cataract defect is developed
can see nearby objects clearly but person can see distant objects person cannot see the nearby objects when the eye lens of a person
cannot see distant object distinctly. clearly but cannot see nearby objects clearly due to loss of power of becomes cloudy due to the
• It is caused by the following distinctly. accommodation of the eye. formation of a membrane over it.
two reasons: • It is caused by the following two • The causes of presbyopia are : • The defect of the cataract leads to:
» Decrease in the focal length of the reasons : » Gradual weakening of the ciliary » Decrease in the vision of the
eye-lens. » Increase in the focal length of the muscles. eye gradually.
» The size of the eyeball becomes eye lens. » Diminishing flexibility of the eye » Total loss of vision of the eye.
too long. » The size of the eyeball becomes lens. • It can be rectified after getting
• It is corrected by using spectacles too short. • It can be corrected by using bifocal surgery done on the eye in which
containing concave lenses. • It is corrected by using spectacles lens. the cloudy layer is removed and
containing convex lenses. eye lens is replaced with new
artificial lens.
(a) Far point of a myopic eye (a) Near point of a Hypermetropic eye
(b) Myopic eye

(b) Hypermetropic eye
(c) Correction for myopic eye (c) Correction for Hypermetropic eye
NATURAL PHENOMENA
Refraction of light Dispersion Atmospheric Scattering

through a glass prism of Light Refraction of Light
• A homogeneous, transparent refracting • The splitting of white light into its • The refraction of light caused by • When sunlight enters the earth’s
medium bound by atleast two non-parallel component colours on passing the earth’s atmosphere. atmosphere, the atoms and
surfaces inclined at some angle is called through a transparent medium • Some of the phenomena which molecules of different gases in
a prism. like a glass prism. occur due to atmospheric the atmosphere absorb this light
• The white light disperses into its refraction are: and re-emit it in all directions.
seven colour components in the » Twinkling of stars. • The scattering of light by particles
order VIBGYOR i.e., Violet, Indigo, » The stars seem higher than they in its path is called Tyndall effect.
Blue, Green, Yellow, Orange, Red. actually are. • Some phenomena which occur
• The red colour has the maximum » Advance sunrise and delayed due to scattering of light are :
Fig. : Refraction of light through a speed in the prism, so it deviates sunset. » The colour of the sky is blue.
triangular glass prism the least while the violet colour » The sun appears red at sunrise
PE - Incident ray has the minimum speed, so and sunset.
EF - Refracted ray it deviates the most.
FS - Emergent ray
∠A - Angle of the prism
∠i - Angle of incidence
∠r - Angle of refraction
∠e - Angle of emergence
∠D - Angle of deviation
218 CBSE Final Revision of Term-I (Class X)
Science
Multiple Choice Questions
1. In the given figure, the position of the object is

(symbols have their usual meanings).
A
Object
D B
O
2h
C
Image For which labelled part(s) A, B, C and D, the below

given information is correct?
(a) Beyond 2F (b) Between F and 2F
(c) Between O and F (d) At F (a) A – Trachea – Rings of cartilage are present which
ensure that the air passage does not collapse.
Ans. (b) Between F and 2F
(b) B – Nostril – Filters the air
Object (c) C – Bronchiole – Flattens during breathe in the air
(d) D – Alveoli – Provide surface for exchange of gases
2F F F 2F Ans. (a) A – Trachea – Rings of cartilage are present which
ensure that the air passage does not collapse.
(d) D – Alveoli – Provide surface for exchange of gases
Image Explanation:
Explanation: Here, A is trachea, B is lung, C is rib cage and D is
In case of convex lens, when object is placed between alveolus.
the F and 2F, the image formed is enlarged, real and
4. If in a Cartesian plane, a convex lens is placed at the
inverted. f
origin and a light source is placed at a point , 0
2. Consider the given chemical reaction 3
where f is the focal length of the lens, then
MnO2 + 4HCl MnCl2 + 2H2O + Cl2
The substances getting reduced and oxidised 3
(a) Virtual image of magnification will be formed at
respectively in the above chemical reaction are 2
(a) Cl2 and MnO2 (b) MnO2 and HCl 3f

, 0
2
(c) MnO2 and Cl2 (d) HCl and MnO2
4
Ans. (b) MnO2 and HCl (b) Virtual image of magnification will be formed at
3
Explanation: 3f
, 0
MnO2 + 4HCl ® MnCl2 + 2H2O + Cl2 2
Removal of oxygen and addition of hydrogen is called 3
(c) Virtual image of magnification will be formed at
reduction substances getting reduced act as oxidising 4
agent and vice-versa. 3f
, 0
In above reaction since Mn loses oxygen, hence MnO2 2
is getting reduced. On the other hand Hydrogen gains 3
oxygen to form water hence HCl is oxidised. (d) Virtual image of magnification will be formed at
2
3. Consider the diagram of human respiratory system 3f
, 0
given below. 2
Science 219
3 ∠i = 90º – 30º = 60º
Ans. (a) Virtual image of magnification will be formed at
2 ∠i = ∠r = 60º
3f ∠i + ∠r = 60º + 60º = 120º
, 0
2 7. The dispersion of white light in a medium implies that
Explanation:
(a)
Light of different wavelengths have different
f
u ,v ? speeds.
3
(0, 0)
(b) The red light bends the least while the violet the
1 1 1 f most.
= − ,0
f v u 3 (c)
The refractive indices are different for different
1 1 3 wavelength.
= +
f v f (d) The violet light bends the least while the red the
1 −2 most.
⇒ =
v f Ans.
(a)
Light of different wavelengths have different
f speeds.
⇒ v = −
2 (b) The red light bends the least while the violet the
v most
m =
u (c)
The refractive indices are different for different
f wavelength
3 Explanation:
2 =
f 2

3
3
Virtual image of magnification will be formed at
2 Red
3f
,0 Orange
2 t
ligh Yellow
ite
When object is placed between focus and optical Wh Green
centre, then image formed will be virtual, erect enlarged Blue
and on the same side of the object. Indigo
Violet
5. Which of the following substances cannot be used to
neutralise an acid extract? The refractive indices are different for different
(a) Suspension of milk of (b) Baking powder solution wavelength and speed of light is depended on refractive
index i.e., light of different wavelengths have different
Magnesia
speeds in a medium that is why violet colour bends the
(c) Dock leaf extract (d) Nettle leaf extract most and red colour least.
Ans. (d) Nettle leaf extract
8. Consider the following flow chart and the statements
Explanation: given below:
Nettle leaf extract contains methanoic acid hence X(g)
cannot be used to neutralise an acid exact as acids are (Cathode)
neutralised by base and vice versa. This is known as Electrolysis HCl ( aq )
Brine Z(aq) W H2O
neutralisation reaction.
6. A ray of light incident on a plane mirror at an angle of
Y(g)
30º with the mirror. The angle between incident ray
(Anode)
and reflected ray is:
Now, choose the correct statement.
(a) W is an acidic compound (b) X is chlorine gas

30º
(c) Z is basic in nature (d) pH of Z < 7
Plane mirror
Ans. (c) Z is basic in nature
(a)
60º (b)
120º (c)
90º (d)
150º
Explanation:
Ans. (b) 120º
Explanation: X, Y, Z and W are H2, Cl2, NaOH and NaCl respectively.
Electrolysis of brine is used for manufacture of chlorine
gas. Useful chemicals obtained are sodium hydroxide
(NaOH) and hydrogen (H2). The gas is evolved at cathode
i r while Cl2 collected at anode during the process. NaOH
30º formed is basic in natura as its pH > 7.
9. Select the correct one from the following regarding When water of crystallination is removed from a
haemodialysis. compound it yields anhydrous form of compound along
with water. Since in above question anhydrous X is
(a) (Osmotic pressure)Blood earlier green in colour which is characteristic colour of
= (Osmotic pressure)Dialysing Fluid FeSO4. 7H2O.
(b) (Osmotic pressure)Dialysing Fluid Green crystals of
> (Osmotic pressure)Blood FeSO4. 7H2O
(c) (Osmotic pressure)Dialysing Fluid
< (Osmotic pressure)Blood
(d) (Osmotic pressure)Blood
> (Osmotic pressure)Dialysing Fluid Anhydrous FeSO4 H2O
Ans. (a) (Osmotic pressure)Blood Δ
= (Osmotic pressure)Dialysing Fluid
Explanation:
During haemodialysis osmotic pressure of blood and Fe2O3 SO2 SO3
that of dialysing fluid are equal. Osmotic pressure is Δ
2FeSO4 Fe2O3 + SO2 + SO3
about 28mm of Hg of fluid which is similar to oncotic (S) (G1) (G2)

pressure of plasma which is about 25 to 26 mm of Hg.
12. Consider the following elements and their electronic
10. For a real object, placed in front of a spherical mirror, configuration
an image of magnitude of magnification 2 is formed. M = 2, 8, 8, 2
The nature of the mirror and the position of the object
N = 2, 6
respectively are (symbols have their usual meanings)
X = 2, 8, 7
(a) Converging, between F and C
Y = 2, 8, 5
(b) Converging, beyond C
The non-metallic element(s) is/are :
(c) Converging, between F and P
(d) Diverging, between F and C (a) M (b) N
Ans. (a) Converging, between F and C (c) X (d) Y
Explanation: Ans. (b) N, and (d) Y
The spherical mirror cannot be convex because it does Explanation:
not form real image (that can be formed on a screen).
M, N, X and Y are calcium, oxygen, chlorine and
So, the mirror has to be concave. In case of concave
phosphorus respectively.
mirror, the real image is formed if the object distance
is greater than focal length. For enlarged real image the 13. The ___(i)___ which is not used immediately is stored
object should be placed between the center and focus in the form of ___(ii)___, which serve(s) as the internal
of the mirror. energy reserve to be used as and when required by the
plant.
11. Consider the following flow chart,
Here, (i) and (ii) respectively are
Green coloured
crystals of X (a) Carbon dioxide and water
Heat (b) Glucose and starch
(c) Starch and glucose
(d) Carbon dioxide and glucose
Anhydrous X H2O Ans. (b) Glucose and starch
Heat Explanation:
During photosynthesis, glucose is synthesized by plants
which gets stored in the form of starch, which can be
Solid (S) Gas (G1) Gas (G2) broken down back into glucose via cellular respiration
S, G1 and G2 respectively can be in order to supply ATP.
(a) Pb(NO3)2, N2O, O2 (b) Pb(NO3), NO2, O2 14. Match the columns:
(c) Fe2O3, SO2, SO3 (d) FeSO4, O2, SO3 Column I Column II
Ans. (c) Fe2O3, SO2, SO3 (A) Aqueous solution (P) Turns phenolphthalein
of CO2 pink
Explanation:
(B) 10 mL water + 20 mL (Q) pH is more than 7
X, S, G1 and G2 are FeSO4. 7H2O, Fe2O3, SO2 and SO3
respectively. milk of Magnesia
Science 221
(C) Lime water (R) Turns red litmus blue Ans. (d) BaCl2(aq) + Na2SO4(aq) BaSO4(s) + 2NaCl(aq)
(D) Aqueous solution (S) Turns blue litmus red Explanation:
of sodium oxide The number of particles on both the sides of the
equation are equal.
Ans. A(S), B(P, Q, R), C(P, Q, R), D(P, Q, R)
18. Three beakers labelled as A, B and C each containing
Explanation: 25 mL of water were taken. A small amount of NaOH,
(1) Aqueous solution of CO2 i.e., H2CO3 (Carbonic acid), anhydrous CuSO4 and NaCl were added to the beakers
is acidic in nature therefore it turns blue litmus red. A, B and C respectively. It was observed that there
(2) Solution of milk Magnesia, sodium oxide and lime was an increase in the temperature of the solutions
water are basic in nature therefore their pH is more contained in beakers A and B, whereas in case of
than 7 and they turn phenolphthalein pink and red beaker C, the temperature of the solution falls. Which
litmus blue. one of the following statements(s) is (are) correct?
15. Which among the following statements(s) is (are) [NCERT Exemplar]
true? Exposure of silver chloride to sunlight for a long (i) In beakers A and B, exothermic process has
duration turns grey due to [NCERT Exemplar] occurred.
(i) the formation of silver by decomposition of silver (ii) In beakers A and B, endothermic process has
chloride occurred.
(ii) sublimation of silver chloride (iii) In beaker C exothermic process has occurred.
(iii) decomposition of chlorine gas from silver chloride (iv) In beaker C endothermic process has occurred.
(iv) oxidation of silver chloride (a) (i) only (b) (ii) only
(a) (i) only (b) (i) and (iii) (c) (i) and (iv) (d) (ii) and (iii)
(c) (ii) and (iii) (d) (iv) only Ans. (c) (i) and (iv)
Ans. (a) (i) only Explanation:
Explanation: During exothermic reaction temperature of reaction
mixture increases and energy is released whereas in
When silver chloride is exposed to light it decomposes
endothermic reaction temperature decreases and energy
to form silver metal and chlorine gas
absorbed. Since temperature in A and B increases it is
2AgCl D 2Ag + Cl2
exothermic process while in C temperature decreases
White colour of silver chloride changes to grey due to so is endothermic process.
the formation of silver metal.
19. A dilute ferrous sulphate solution was gradually
16. The correct sequence of anaerobic reactions in yeast is added to the beaker containing acidified potassium
[NCERT Exemplar] permanganate solution. The light purple colour of
Mitochondria
the solution fades and finally disappears. Which
Cytoplasm
Pyruvate
(a) Glucose of the following is the correct explanation for the
Ethanol + Carbon dioxide observation? [NCERT Exemplar]
Cytoplasm Cytoplasm (a) KMnO4 is an oxidising agent, it oxidises FeSO4
(b) Glucose
Pyruvate
Lactic acid (b) FeSO4 acts as an oxidising agent and oxidises
Mitochondria
KMnO4
Cytoplasm
(c) Glucose Pyruvate (c) The colour disappears due to dilution; no reaction is
Lactic acid involved
Cytoplasm Cytoplasm (d) KMnO4 is an unstable compound and decomposes
(d) Glucose
Pyruvate
in presence of FeSO4 to a colourless compound.
Ethanol + Carbon dioxide
Ans. (a) KMnO4 is an oxidising agent, it oxidises FeSO4
Cytoplasm Cytoplasm
Ans. (d) Glucose
Pyruvate Explanation:
Ethanol + Carbon dioxide KMnO4
FeSO4 + Purple colour
+ H2SO4 Fe2(SO4)3 + MnSO4
17. Identify the chemical equation which represents a
+ K2SO4 + H2O
complete balanced equation for the reaction of barium
KMnO4 is oxidizing agent in above reaction as it oxidizes
chloride with sodium sulphate to produce barium
FeSO4(Fe2+) (+2 oxidation state) to Fe2(SO4)3(Fe+3)
sulphate and sodium chloride.
(+3 oxidation state).
(a) BaCl2(aq) + Na2SO4(aq) BaSO4(s) + NaCl(aq)
20. Which of the following is (are) an endothermic
(b) BaCl2(aq) + Na2SO4(aq)
processes? [NCERT Exemplar]
2BaSO4(s) + 2NaCl(aq)
(i) Dilution of sulphuric acid.
(c) 2BaCl2(aq) + Na2SO4(aq) (ii) Sublimation of dry ice.
2BaSO4(s) + NaCl(aq) (iii) Condensation of water vapours.
(d) BaCl2(aq) + Na2SO4(aq) BaSO4(s) + 2NaCl(aq) (iv) Evaporation of water.
(a) (i) and (iii) (b) (ii) only Explanation:

(c) (iii) and (iv) (d) (ii) and (iv) 2Kl + Pb(NO3)3 → PbI2 + 2KNO3
Ans. (d) (ii) and (iv) Potassium iodide and lead nitrate dissociates in aqueous

Explanation: state to form ions. Lead (Pb2+) and iodide (I–) forms
Endothermic process are those in which energy is precipitate of lead iodide (Pb2I). If lead sulphate is used
absorbed by substances and temperature of reaction no precipitate of PbI2 is formed, whereas lead acetate
mixture falls or decrease. Since in sublimation of dry dissociates in aqueous state to give Pb2+ and CH3COO–
Cl and evaporation of water, in both the reactions Hence potassium iodide combines with lead acetate to
energy is absorbed for change in state, hence both are form lead iodide and potassium acetate.
endothermic processes. 2KI + Pb(CH3COO)2 PbI2 + 2CH3COOK
21. Which of the following are combination reactions? 24. Solid calcium oxide reacts vigorously with water to
[NCERT Exemplar] form calcium hydroxide accompanied by liberation
of heat. This process is called slaking of lime. Calcium
(i) 2KClO3 2KCl + 3O2
hydroxide dissolves in water to form its solution
(ii) MgO + H2O Mg(OH)2 called lime water. Which among the following is/ (are)
(iii) 4Al + 3O2 2Al2O3 true about slaking of lime and the solutiohn formed?
(iv) Zn + FeSO4 ZnSO4 + Fe [NCERT Exemplar]
(i) It is an endothermic reaction
(a) (i) and (iii) (b) (iii) and (iv)
(ii) It is an exothermic reaction
(c) (ii) and (iv) (d) (ii) and (iii)
(iii) The pH of the resulting solution will be more than
Ans. (d) (ii) and (iii)
seven
Explanation:
(iv) The pH of the resulting solution will be less than
Combination reactions are reactions in which two or more seven
than two substances combine to give a new products.
In above questions as (i) a single compound gives two (a) (i) and (ii) (b) (ii) and (iii)
compound it is a decomposition reaction. In (ii) and (iv) two (c) (i) and (iv) (d) (iii) and (iv)
compounds combine to give an entirely new product Ans. (b) (ii) and (iii)
hence these are examples of combination reaction. Explanation:
22. What happens when carbon dioxide is passed through Quick lime (CaO) combines with water to form calcium
lime water? hydroxide [Ca(OH)2]. It is an exothermic reaction as
(a)
Lime water turns milky because of formation of heat is produced in reaction.
calcium carbonate CaO + H2O → Ca(OH)2 + Heat
(b)
Lime water turns milky because of formation of On adding excess Ca(OH)2 in water saturated solution
water of Ca(OH)2 is formed called as lime water which is basic
(c)
Lime water turns red because of formation of in nature and hence has pH above 7.
permanganate 25. The following reaction is used for preparation of
(d) Lime water turns red because of formation of copper oxygen gas in the laboratory:
sulphate. Heat
2KClO3(s) 2KCl(s) + 3O2(g)
Catalyst
Ans. (a)
Lime water turns milky because of formation of Which of the following statements is correct about the
calcium carbonate reaction? [NCERT Exemplar]
Explanation:
CaO + CO2 → CaCO3 (a) It is a decomposition reaction and endothermic in
nature
CO2 turns milky due to formation of CaCO3.
(b) It is a combination reaction.
23. In the double displacement reaction between aqueous
(c) It is a combination reaction and is accompanied by
potassium iodide and aqueous lead nitrate, a yellow
release of heat.
precipitate of lead iodide is formed. While performing
the activity if lead nitrate is not available, which of the (d) It is a photo chemical decomposition reaction and
following can be used in place of lead nitrate? exothermic in nature.
[NCERT Exemplar] Ans. (a) It is a decomposition reaction and endothermic in

nature
(a) Lead sulphate (insoluble) Explanation:
(b) Lead acetate Since a single compound breaks into its constituents
(c) Ammonium nitrate hence it is an example of decomposition reaction and
(d) Potassium sulphate as heat is released in reaction so is also endothermic in
Ans. (b) Lead acetate nature.
Science 223
26. The following reaction is an example of a Explanation:
4NH3(g) + 5O2(g) 4NO(g) + 6H2O(g) Since the number of the atoms on both sides of the
reaction are equal thus it is a balanced chemical reaction.
(i) displacement reaction (ii) combination reaction
(iii) redox reaction (iv) neutralisation reaction 29. A student learns that some products are formed as
[NCERT Exemplar] a result of combining two compounds while some
products are formed as a result of dissociation of two
(a) (i) and (iv) (b) (ii) and (iii) compounds. Two reactions are:
(c) (i) and (iii) (d) (iii) and (iv) Reaction P – CaO + SO3 → CaSO4
Ans. (c) (i) and (iii) Reaction Q – ZnCO3 → ZnO + CO2
Explanation: Which reaction is an example of a combination
A reaction in which reduction and oxidation occurs reaction and a decomposition reaction?
simultaneously is called redox reaction.
(a) Both the reactions are example of a decomposition
4NH3 + SO2 → 4NO + 6H2O reaction
Here nitrogen undergoes oxidation at same time (b)
P is example of a decomposition reaction while
oxygen is reduced so it is a redox reaction. Since reaction Q is an example of a combination reaction.
hydrogen is replaced by oxygen so it is also an example
(c) Reaction P is an example of a combination reaction
of displacement reaction.
while reaction Q is an example of a decomposition
27. Which of the following are exothermic processes? reaction.
(i) Reaction of water with quick lime (d)
Both the reactions are examples of combination
(ii) Dilution of an acid reaction.
(iii) Evaporation of water Ans. (c) Reaction P is an example of a combination reaction
(iv) Sublimation of camphor (crystals) while reaction Q is an example of a decomposition
reaction.
(a) (i) and (ii) (b) (ii) and (iii) Explanation:
(c) (i) and (iv) (d) (iii) and (iv) As in P two compounds combine to form a new product
Ans. (a) (i) and (ii) where as in reaction Q a single compound is broken into
Explanation: its constituents reactants.
Since heat is released and temperature of reaction
30. A researcher adds barium hydroxide to hydrochloric
mixture increases in (i) and (ii) reaction so both are
acid to form a white coloured barium chloride. Which
examples of exothermic reaction.
option gives the balanced chemical equation of the
28. A student writes a balanced chemical equation as reaction?
Pb(s) + CuCl2(aq) → PbCl2(aq) + Cu(s) (a) HCl + 2Ba(OH) → 2BaCl2 + 2H2O + O2
Which option gives the number of atoms on the LHS (b) 2HCl + Ba(OH)2 → BaCl2 + 2H2O
and RHS of the chemical equation?
(c) 2HCl + 2Ba(OH)2 → BaH2 + 2HCl + O2
Number of Atoms Number of Atoms (d) 2HCl + Ba(OH)2 → BaH2 + 2HCl + O2
Elements
in Reactants (LHS) in Products (RHS)
Ans. (b) 2HCl + Ba(OH)2 → BaCl2 + 2H2O
Pb 1 1
Explanation:
(a) Cu 1/2 1/2
Cl 2 2 Since in the above reaction the number of atoms are
(b) Pb 1 1 equal on both sides of the reaction. It is a balanced
Cu 1 1
chemical reaction.
Cl 1/2 1/2 31. A student poured 100 mL of water in a bottle and
(c) Pb 1 1 added 40mL vinegar to it. A balloon was filled with 20g
Cu 1 1 baking soda and was fixed at the mouth of the bottle.
Slowly the shape of the balloon changed, as shown
Cl 1 1
below:
(d) Pb 1 1
Cu 1 1
Cl 2 2
Ans. Elements
Number of Atoms Number of Atoms
in Reactants (LHS) in Products (RHS)
(d) Pb 1 1
Cu 1 1
Cl 2 2
The student claims that a chemical change happened copper is displaced from its solution as copper metal.
when the two substances were mixed. Is the claim Hence colour of solution changes. Since silver is less
made by the student correct? reactive than copper no change in colour takes place as
(a) Yes, as a new substance was formed in the form of a no displacement reaction takes place.
gas Pb + CuSO4 → PbSO4 + Cu
(b)
No, as the formation of bubbles in the mixture Ag + CuSO4 → No reaction
shows a physical change.
34. The chemical reaction between potassium chloride
(c) Yes, as the mass remains the same throughout the and silver nitrate is given by the chemical equation.
experiment. What can be inferred from the chemical equation?
(d)
No, as the change in the shape and size of the KCl + AgNO3 → AgCl + KNO3
balloon shows a physical change.
(a) Silver nitrate and potassium undergo a combination
Ans. (a) Yes, as a new substance was formed in the form of a
reaction to form silver chloride and potassium
gas.
nitrate.
Explanation:
(b)
Silver nitrate and potassium undergo a
The mixture forms CO2 and vapours of water a new
decomposition reaction to form silver chloride and
compound sodium acetate is formed.
potassium nitrate.
NaHCO3 + CH3COOH → CO2 + H2O + Na+CH3COO–
(c) Silver nitrate and potassium undergo a displacement
Sodium acetic Sodium
bicarbonate acid acetate (new compound) reaction to form silver chloride and potassium
nitrate.
32. Which of the following statements about the given
reaction are correct? (d)
Silver nitrate and potassium chloride undergo
double displacement reaction to form silver chloride
3Fe(s) + 4H2O(g) → Fe3O4(s) + 4H2(g)
and potassium nitrate.
(i) Iron metal is getting oxidised
Ans. (d)
Silver nitrate and potassium chloride undergo
(ii) Water is getting reduced
double displacement reaction to form silver chloride
(iii) Water is acting as reducing agent and potassium nitrate.
(iv) Water is acting as oxidising agent Explanation:
(a) (i), (ii) and (iii) (b) (iii) and (iv) Reaction in which positive and negative ions of two
(c) (i), (ii), (iv) (d) (ii) and (iv) ionic compounds exchange places to form two new
compounds is called double displacement reaction in the
Ans. (c) (i), (ii), (iv)
above reaction K+ and Ag+ both exchange their position
Explanation: with one another, hence it is double displacement.
3Fe(s) + 4H2O(g) → FeO4(s) + 4H4(g) +
Since oxygen is added to Fe hence it is getting oxidised KCl– + Ag+ NO3– → AgCl + KNO3
and on other hand oxygen is removed from hydrogen
So H2O is getting reduced to H2. Since H2O is getting 35. The reaction between iron oxide and hydrogen is
reduced it act as an oxidising agent for Fe. given below :
Fe3O4 + 4H2 → 3Fe + 4H2O
33. A students adds lead and silver to two different test
tubes containing an equal amount of copper sulphate Which option shows the compounds undergoing
solution. The student observes that the colour of the oxidation and reduction?
solution in the test tube with lead changes. What
Oxidation Reduction
explains the change in the colour of the solution?
(a) 4H2 Fe2O4
(a) A displacement reaction takes place as lead replaces
(b) Fe3O4 4H2O
copper from the solution
(c) 4H2O Fe3O4
(b)
Decomposition reaction takes place as copper
dissociates from sulphate in the solution. (d) 3Fe 4H2
(c)
A double displacement reaction takes place as Ans. Oxidation Reduction
copper dissociates from sulphate and lead combines
with sulphate in the solution. (a) 4H2 Fe2O4
(d) A combination reaction takes place as lead combines Explanation:

with sulphate in the solution. Since oxygen is added to Hydrogen to give water and it
Ans. (a) A displacement reaction takes place as lead replaces removes oxygen from Fe2O4 to give metallic Fe.
copper from the solution
Explanation: 36. A student notices that the bread kept out has a
As lead is more reactive than copper hence displaces green coloured coating over it after a few days. What
copper from its solution to form lead sulphate and explains the reason for the student’s observation?
Science 225
(a) The oils in the bread reduces and cause the change
in the colour of the bread. 6V Bulb
battery Switch
(b) Bread comes in contact with atmospheric moisture
and corrodes.
Beaker
(c) The oils in the bread oxidises and causes rancidity.
(d)
Comes in contact with the atmospheric nitrogen
Nail
and a layer deposits over it. Dilute NaOH
solution
Ans. (c) The oils in the bread oxidises and causes rancidity. Rubber
cock
Explanation:
Rancidity is the condition produced by aerial oxidations (a) Bulb will not glow because electrolyte is not acidic
of unsturated fats present in foods marked by (b) Bulb will glow because NaOH is a strong base and
unpleasant odour or flavour. In this the unsaturated furnishes ions for conduction.
fats/oils are oxidised. (c) Bulb will not glow because circuit is incomplete.
37. Calcium oxide reacts vigorously with water to produce (d) Bulb will not glow because it depends upon the type
slaked lime. of electrolytic solution.
CaO(s) + H2O(l) → Ca(OH)2(aq) Ans. (c) Bulb will not glow because circuit is incomplete.
This reaction can be classified as: Explanation:
(i) Combination reaction
Flow of current is essentially needed for the movement
(ii) Exothermic reaction of electrons in order to determine the electrical
(iii) Endothermic reaction conductivity.
(iv) Oxidation reaction
40. Identify the correct representation of reaction
Which of the following is a correct option? occurring during chlor-alkali process.[NCERT Exemplar]
(a) (i) and (iii) (b) (iii) and (iv) (a) 2NaCl(l) + 2H2O(l) → 2NaOH(l) + Cl2(g) + H2(g)
(c) (i), (iii) and (iv) (d) (i) and (ii) (b) 2NaCl(aq) + 2H2O(aq) → 2NaOH(aq) + Cl2(g) +
Ans. (d) (i) and (ii) H2(g)
Explanation: (c) 2NaCl(aq) + 2H2O(l) → 2NaOH(aq) + Cl2(aq) +

H2(aq)
As new product is formed by combination of two
(d) 2NaCl(aq) + 2H2O(l) → 2NaOH(aq) + Cl2(g) + H2(g)
compound and as temperature increases due to
vigorous reaction so it is a combination reaction along Ans. (d) 2NaCl(aq) + 2H2O(l) → 2NaOH(aq) + Cl2(g) + H2(g)
with exothermic reaction. Explanation:
38. A sample of soil is mixed with water and allowed to This process uses brine to produce chlorine, sodium
settle. The clear supernatant solution turns the pH hydroxide and hydrogen gas in presence of electric
paper yellowish-orange. Which of the following would current.
change the colour of this pH paper to greenish-blue?
41. Sodium hydrogen carbonate when added to acetic
[NCERT Exemplar] acid evolves a gas. Which of the following statements
is/are true about the gas evolved? [NCERT Exemplar]
(a) Lemon juice (b) Vinegar
(i) It turns lime water milky.
(c) Common salt (d) An antacid
(ii) It extinguishes a burning splinter
Ans. (d) An antacid (iii) It dissolves in a solution of sodium hydroxide.
Explanation: (iv) It has pungent odour.
Solution of soil and water is acidic in nature as shown by (a) (i) and (ii) (b) (i), (ii) and (iii)
yellow orange colour of the solution. pH is determined
by pH paper. Antacid is a base which is baking soda (c) (ii), (iii) and (iv) (d) (i) and (iv)
or sodium bicarbonate or sodium hydrogen carbonate Ans. (b) (i), (ii) and (iii)
which can change pH from yellow-orange to green Explanation:
while all others are acidic so no change takes place.
NaHCO3 + CH3COOH → CH3COONa + H2O + CO2
39. In an attempt to demonstrate electrical conductivity The gas evolved is CO2 which reacts with lime water
through an electrolyte, the alongside apparatus was and turns lime water milky. The gas is acidic in nature
set up. Which among the following statement(s) is (are) so dissolves any basic solution like NaOH and dry ice is
correct? [NCERT Exemplar] used in fire extinguisher.
42. Which of the following is/(are) true when HCl(g) is 1

pH α Basic strength α
passed through water? [NCERT Exemplar] Acidic strength
(i) It does not ionise in the solution as it is a covalent
46. A basic solution is added to a test tube. A blue and red
compound.
litmus paper is dipped into the basic solution. What
(ii) It ionises in the solution. will happen to both litmus papers?
(iii)
It gives both hydrogen and hydroxyl ion in the (a) Blue litmus paper: changes colour; red litmus paper:
solution. no colour change
(iv) It forms hydronium ion in the solution due to the (b) Blue litmus paper: changes colour; red litmus paper:
combination of hydrogen ion with water molecule. changes colour
(a) (i) only (b) (iii) only (c)
Blue litmus paper: no colour change; red litmus
(c) (ii) and (iv) (d) (iii) and (iv) paper: change colour
Ans. (c) (ii) and (iv) (d)
paper: no colour change
Explanation:
Ans. (c)
Since HCl is ionic compound
paper: change colour.
So HCl + H2O → H3O+ + Cl– Explanation:
43. What happens when a solution of an acid is mixed Basic solution turns red litmus blue while no change to
with a solution of a base in a test tube? blue litmus paper takes place in the basic solution.
(i) Temperature of the solution decreases 47. When hydrogen chloride gas is prepared on a humid
(ii) Temperature of the solution increases day, the gas is usually passed through the guard
(iii) Temperature of the solution remains the same tube containing calcium chloride. The role of calcium
(iv) Salt formation takes place [NCERT Exemplar] chloride taken in the guard tube is to :
(a) (i) and (iv) (b) (i) and (iii) (a) absorb the evolved gas
(c) (ii) only (d) (ii) and (iv) (b) moisten the gas
Ans. (d) (ii) and (iv) (c) absorb moisture from the gas
Explanation: (d) absorb Cl– ions from the evolved gas
Acid reacts with base to form salt and water this is Ans. (c) absorb moisture from the gas
neutralisation reaction which is exthermic in nature. Explanation:
Hence temperature of reaction mixture increases. Calcium chloride acts as a dehumidifer for the reaction.
44. A solution of pH 2 is filled in two separate beakers. A 48. When dilute sulphuric acid is added to a solid X, a gas
few drops of methyl orange and phenolphthalein are Y is formed along with the formation of the salt of the
added into separate solutions. How will the colour of solid. What could be X and Y?
the indicators change? (a) X: carbon; Y:hydrogen (b) X: zinc; Y: hydrogen
(a) Methyl orange: red; phenolphthalein: pink (c) X: zinc; Y: oxygen (d) X: copper; Y: oxygen
(b) Methyl orange: orange; phenolphthalein: colourless Ans. (b) X: zinc; Y: hydrogen
(c) Methyl orange: red; phenolphthalein: colourless Explanation:
(d) Methyl orange: orange; phenolphthalein: pink X + H2SO4(dil.) → Y(g) + Salt.
Ans. (c) Methyl orange: red; phenolphthalein: colourless Zn + H2SO4 (dil.) → H2 + ZnSO4
Explanation: Zinc reacts with dilute sulphuric acid to form zinc
The solution having pH = 2 is acidic in Nature. sulphate which is soild in nature along with the evolution
of hydrogen gas.
45. Which of the following statements is/are correct
about an aqueous solution of an acid or a base? 49. When a base reacts with a metal, it forms a salt
(i) Higher the pH, stronger the acid and hydrogen gas is released. By what method the
(ii) Higher the pH, weaker the acid presence of hydrogen can be detected?
(iii) Lower the pH, stronger the base (a) By methyl orange (b) By water
(iv) Lower the pH, weaker the base [NCERT Exemplar] (c) By litmus paper (d) By a burning candle
Ans. (d) By a burning candle
(a) (i) and (iii) (b) (ii) and (iii)
Explanation:
(c) (i) and (iv) (d) (ii) and (iv)
When a burning candle is brought near the mouth
Ans. (d) (ii) and (iv)
of test tube the gas evolued burns with a pop sound
Explanation: indicating the gas is hydrogen gas.
Science 227
50. A student did an activity in which he added sodium (b) B E
bicarbonate to hydrochloric acid. It forms the carbon (c) A C
dioxide gas. The gas released is passed through lime
(d) B C
water. What change will be observed in lime water?
(a) A – E (b) B – C
(a) The colour of solution becomes red. (c) A – E (d) A – C
(b) White precipitate is formed. Ans. (a) A – E
(c) The solution becomes colourless. Explanation:
(d) Bubbles are formed. For solution pH > 7 acidic, pH > 7 basic, pH = 7 neutral
Ans. (b) White precipitate is formed.
54. Single circulation, i.e., blood flows through the heart
Explanation: only once during one cycle of passage through the
CaO + CO2 → CaCO3 body, is exhibited by [NCERT Exemplar]
Lime water Calcium carbonate
(a) Labeo, Chameleon, Salamander
When CO2 gas is passed through it turns lime water
milky and white precipitate of calcium carbonate is (b) Hippocampus, Exocoetus, Anabas
formed. (c) Hyla, Rana, Draco
51. An oxide of element P is added to an acid where it (d) Whale, Dolphin, Turtle
forms salt and water. The table shows the possible Ans. (b) Hippocampus, Exocoetus, Anabas
value of pH and the type of element before the Explanation:
reaction. Single circulation is exhibited by those, organisms
which have two chambered heart (one auricle and one
S.No. pH Type of Element
ventricle).Therefore two single circulations are found in
A Less than 7 Metal
Anabas, Exocoetus and hippocampus.
B Less than 7 Non-metal
55. The equation shows the reaction of hydrochloric acid
C Greater than 7 Metal
with sodium hydroxide.
D Greater than 7 Non-metal
HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2O
Which option is correct?
If the pH of the salt is 7, what are the positive and
(a) A (b) D negative redicals in the salt?
(c) C (d) B
(a) Na - negative radical; Cl - negative radical
Ans. (a) A
(b) Na - positive radical; Cl-negative radical
Explanation:
(c) Na - positive radical; Cl-positive radical
The more acidic substances usually forms, metal.
(d) Na - negative radical; Cl-positive radical
52. If salivary amylase is lacking in the saliva, which of the
Ans. (b) Na - positive radical; Cl-negative radical
following events in the mouth cavity will be affected?
Explanation:
[NCERT Exemplar]
NaCl + H2O → Na+ + Cl–
(a) Proteins breaking down into amino acids
Sodium is positive radical and chloride is negative
(b) Starch breaking down into sugars radical.
(c) Fats breaking down into fatty acids and glycerol
(d) Absorption of vitamins 56. A student sets up an experiment to study the
importance of nutrition in plants. The student takes 2
Ans. (b) Starch breaking down into sugars.
pots, pot 1 and pot 2 each with the same healthy plant.
Explanation: Both the pots were placed in the garden and watered
Amylase is enzyme catalysis hydrolysis of starch into properly. Pot 1 was kept as such, while pot 2 was kept
simple sugar, so if enzyme salivary amlyase is lacking in in an air tight glass box with caustic soda. Caustic soda.
saliva then the breakdown of starch is affected. Caustic soda absorbs carbon dioxide present in
the surrounding. After 2 days, the student observes
53. Five solutions are labelled on a pH scale.
that the plant kept in the garden is healthy while the
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 plant placed in container shed leaves and droops.
↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ What is the likely reason for this observation?
A B C D E
(a) Absence of oxygen for survical
Which classification is correct?
(b) Absorption of light by caustic soda restricting
Strongest Acid Strongest Base
growth
(c) Inability to perform photosynthesis
(a) A E
(d) Lack of nutrients in the soil
Ans. (c) Inability to perform photosynthesis tube. No change occurred in test tubes A and B but
Explanation: the metal got dissolved in test tube C respectively. The
Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants metal could be: [NCERT Exemplar]
prepare their own food in presence of sunlight.
(a) Al (b) Au
57. The chemical reaction shows the reactants for the (c) Cu (d) Pt
formation of baking soda. Ans. (b) Au
NaCl + H2O + CO2 + NH3 → X + Y Explanation:
What are X and Y? Aqua region is the mixture to test nobel metals which is
(a) X: NH3Cl; Y: NaHCO3 (b) X: NH4Cl; Y: NaHCO3 mixture of three parts of concentrated HCl and one part
of concentrated nitric acid and is capable of dissolving
(c) X: HCl; Y: NaHCO3 (d) X: NH4Cl; Y: NaHCO2
gold. Gold cannot be dissolved in dilute acids and it only
Ans. (b) X: NH4Cl; Y: NaHCO3 dissolves concentrated acids.
Explanation:
61. Which among the following statements is incorrect for
NaCl + H2O + CO2 + NH3 → NH4Cl + NaHCO3 magnesium metal? [NCERT Exemplar]
58. What happens when calcium is treated with water? (a) It burns in oxygen with a dazzling white flame.
[NCERT Exemplar] (b) It reacts with cold water to form magnesium
(i) It does not react with water. hydroxide and evolves hydrogen gas.
(ii) It reacts violently with water. (c)
It reacts with hot water to form magnesium
(iii) It reacts less violently with water. hydrodixe and evolves hydrogen gas.
(iv) Bubble of hydrogen gas formed stick to the surface (d) It reacts with steam to form magnesium hydroxide
of calcium. and evolves hydrogen gas.
Ans.
(b)
It reacts with cold water to form magnesium
(a) (i) and (iv) (b) (ii) ahnd (iii) hydroxide and evolves hydrogen gas.
(c) (i) and (ii) (d) (iii) and (iv)
62. Assertion: Presence of HCl in stomach is necessary for
Ans. (d) (iii) and (iv)
the process of digestion.
Explanation:
Reason: HCl kills and inhibits the growth of bacteria in

Reaction between calcium and water is the stomach.
H2O + Ca+2 → CaO + H2↑ Ans. (B) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct
Metal reacts with water to form metallic oxides along explanation of A.
with evolution of hydrogen gas. This reaction is less Explanation:
violent and less vigrous as compared to other. The Presence of HCl in stomach is necessary for digestion
hydrogen gas evolved burns with a pop sound and sticks because acidic medium activates the action of gastric
to surface of metal (Ca) juice. HCl maintains a strong acidic pH, of about 1-2 in
the stomach. HCl helps to activate Pepsinogen to pepsin
59. The composition of aqua regia is:
which digests proteins to peptones and proteases. HCl
(a) Dil. HCl : Conc HNO3 inhibits the growth and also kills the germs that may
3 : 1 have entered the stomach along with the food. So, thus
(b) Concl. HCl : Dil. HNO3 it can be said that HCl kills bacteria but that does not
3 : 1 help in digestion. Thus both assertion and reason are
true, but reason is not the correct explanation of the
(c) Conc. HCl : Conc. HNO3
assertion.
3 : 1
63. Assertion: Sodium is kept immersed in kerosene oil.
(d) Dil. HCl : Dil. HNO3
Reason: Sodium is very reactive metal.
3 : 1
Ans. (A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation
Ans. (c) Conc. HCl : Conc. HNO3 of A.
3 : 1 Explanation:
Explanation: Sodium is a very reactive metal. It reacts so vigorously
It is a yellow-orange fuming liquid having HNO3 : HCl that it catches fire if kept in the open. Therefore, to
ratio of 1 : 3. prevent the accidental fires, it is kept immersed in
60. 2 mL each of concentrated HCl, HNO3 and a mixture kerosene oil. Thus, both assertion and reason are true
of concentrated HCl and concentrated HNO3 in the and reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.
ratio of 3 : 1 were taken in test tubes labelled as A, B 64. Assertion: Sodium hydroxide reacts with zinc to
and C. A small piece of metal was put in each test produce hydrogen gas.
Science 229
Reason: Acids reacts with active metals to produce
Explanation:
hydrogen gas. The chemical equations should be balanced because as
Ans. (B)
Both A and R are true but R is not the correct per the law of conservation of mass—“mass can neither
explanation of A. be created nor be destroyed”. Therefore number of
Explanation: atoms on both the sides of the equations should be
Sodium hydroxide being an strong base, reacts with equal. Thus both assertion and reason are true and
active metal (zinc) to produce H2 gas. The reaction is reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.
given as follows : 69. A student adds some metallic ash in water in a test
Zn(s) + 2NaOH(aq) →Na2ZnO2(aq) + H2(g) tube. The ash gets completely dissolved in water and
Thus both assertion and reason are true, but reason is the solution changes colour. What should the student
not the correct explanation of the assertion. do next to test the chemical properties of the product
formed?
65. Assertion: The nature of the image formed by a concave
mirror is real and inverted. (a) Test the acidity using a blue litmus paper.
Reason: The image formed by a concave mirror depends
(b) Test the basicity using a red litmus paper.
on the position of the object at infinity. (c)
Measure the temperature change using a
Ans. (A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation thermometer.
of A. (d) Evaporate the solution to get crystals.
Explanation: Ans. (b) Test the basicity using a red litmus paper.
When the object is placed at an infinity position, the Explanation:
image formed by a concave mirror will be placed at Metellic ashes means that there is formation of metal
the focus. Then the size of the image will be highly oxide taking place when metal is heated in presence of
diminished and point-size. So, the nature of the image oxygen. Metal oxides are generally basic in nature. Thus
formed by the concave mirror is real and inverted. Thus, we should check basicity using red litmus paper.
both assertion and reason are correct and reason is the
70. The chemical reaction between a piece of copper and
correct explanation of the assertion.
nitric acid is given by the chemical equations,
66. Choose the incorrect one:
Cu + HNO3 → Cu(NO3)2 + H2
(a) An ionic bond represents sharing of electrons
H2 + HNO3 → H2O + NO2
(b) Metals are electropositive
What can be inferred from the chemical equation?
(c) Non-metals are electronegative
[CBSE Question Bank]
(d) Atoms react in order to complete their octet
(a) Nitrate reacts with hydrogen to form NO2 and H2O.
Ans. (a) An ionic bond represents sharing of electrons
(b) Hydrogen gas gets oxidized by HNO3 to form water.
67. An object is placed at the centre of curvature of a concave
mirror. The distance between its image and pole is: (c) Gas reacts with oxygen in the air to form water.
(d) Copper causes the oxidation of HNO3 to form NO2.
(a) equal to f (b) between f and 2f
Ans. (b) Hydrogen gas gets oxidized by HNO3 to form water.
(c) equal to 2f (d) greater than 2f
Explanation:
Ans. (c) equal to 2f
Addition of oxygen to a compound is called oxidation
Explanation: An object is at C, since O2 is added to hydrogen to form water. So H2 is
u = – C = – 2f oxidised by HNO3 to form H2O.
1 1 1
Mirror formula, 71. Which among the following is /(are) double
f u v
displacement reaction(s)? [NCERT Exemplar]
For concave mirror, f is negative
(i) Pb + CuCl2 PbCl2 + Cu
1 1 1
− (ii) Na2SO4 + BaCl2 BaSO2 + 2NaCl
f 2f v
(iii) C + O2 CO2
1 1 1 1
(iv) CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O
v f 2f 2f
v = – 2f (a) (i) and (iv) (b) (ii) only
Distance of image from pole is 2f. (c) (i) and (ii) (d) (iii) and (iv)
Ans. (b) (ii) only
68. Assertion (A): Chemical equations should be balanced.
Explanation:
Reason (R): As per the law of conservation of mass,
mass can neither be created nor be destroyed. A reaction in which positive and negative ions of two
ionic compounds exchange places to form two new
Ans. (A) A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of compounds is called double-displacement reaction.
A. Since in reaction (ii) two ionic compounds are involved
and also exchange their position. Hence it is an example

of double displacement reaction.
72. The pH values of four solutions on a pH scale are
shown below. [CBSE Question Bank]
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
↑ ↑ ↑ ↑
A B C D
Which solutions are alkaline in nature?
(a) A and B (b) A and D
(c) C and D (d) B and C
Ans. (c) C and D
Explanation:
(a) Plant absorb CO2 from air and H2O from the soil as
For basic or alkaline solution pH > 7.
raw materials and convert them into glucose.
73. Which of the following is most appropriate for aerobic (b) Plants absorb O2 from air and minerals from the soil
respiration? [NCERT Exemplar] as raw materials and convert them into heat energy.
Mitochondria (c)
Plants absorb O2 from air and glucose from the
Pyruvate Cytoplasm
(a) Glucose
soil as raw materials and convert them into lilght
CO2 + H2O + Energy
energy.
Cytoplasm Mitochondria
Pyruvate
(b) Glucose (d) Plants absorb CO2 from the soil and H2O from air as
CO2 + H2O + Energy raw materials and convert them into glucose.
Cytoplasm Ans. (a) Plant absorb CO2 from air and H2O from the soil as
(c) Glucose
Pyruvate + Energy
raw materials and convert them into glucose.
Mitochondria

CO + H O
2 2 76. Assertion: The rate of photosynthesis will be lowered if
Cytoplasm
(d) Glucose
Pyruvate + Energy the leaves are coated with oil.
Mitochondria

CO + H O + Energy Reason: Stomata gets blocked and thus gaseous

2 2 exchange is affected.
Cytoplasm
Ans. (d) Glucose
Pyruvate + Energy Ans. (A) A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of
Mitochondria

CO + H O + Energy A.
2 2
Explanation:
Explanation:
Stomata is a tiny pore in leaves that help in gaseous
An Aerobic respiration is respiration that occurs in the
exchange, so if the stomata gets blocked due to oil,
presence of oxygen in the cytoplasm.
gaseous exchange will be affected and hence rate of
74. A sting from insect A has pH of 6. The table shows the photosynthesis gets lowered. Thus both assertion and
pH of four substances. reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of
Which substance is used to treat the sting? the assertion.
[CBSE Question Bank] 77. Assertion (A): When a piece of copper metal is added to
dilute sulphuric acid, the solution turns blue.
Substance pH
Reason (R): Copper reacts with dilute sulphuric acid to

Hydrochloric acid 1
Vinegar 5
form copper (II) sulphate solution
Sodium hydrogen carbonate 8 Ans. (A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation
Sodium hydroxide 14 of A.
Explanation:
(a) Vinegar
(b) Sodium hydroxide When a piece of copper metal is added to dilute
sulphuric acid, the solution turns blue. It is because,
(c) Sodium hydrogen carbonate
copper reacts with dilute sulphuric acid to form blue
(d) Hydrochloric acid
copper
Ans. (c) Sodium hydrogen carbonate
(II) sulphate solution. Thus both assertion and reason
Explanation: are true and reason is the correct explanation of the
pH = 6 acidic for treating a base should be used, suchas assertion.
sodium hydrogen carbonate. 78. Assertion (A): The air bubble shines in water.
75. The image shows the process of making food by a Reason (R): Air bubble in water shines due to refraction
plant. of light.
Which statement can be concluded from the image? Ans. (C) A is true but R is false.
Science 231
Explanation: (b) Saliva will convert starch into complex fat molecules.
Shining of air bubble in water is on account of total (c)
Saliva will breakdown starch into simple sugar
internal reflection. Thus, assertion is true but reason is molecules.
false
(d)
Saliva will convert starch into complex sugar
79. What is the energy currency of the cell?
molecules.
(a) Adenosine triphosphorous
Ans. (c)
Saliva will breakdown starch into simple sugar
(b) Adenosine tetraphosphorous
molecules.
(c) Adenosine triphosphate
Explanation:
(d) Adenosine diphosphate
Saliva present in salivary amylase works on simple sugar
Ans. (c) Adenosine triphosphate
molecules, proteinase works on breakdown of proteins.
80. A student obtains a blurred image of a distant object on
Digestion is breakdown of complex sugar into simple
a screen using a convex lens. To obtain a distinct image
ones. So saliva in mouth breaks starch into simple
on the screen he should move the lens :
sugars.
(a) away from the screen
(b) towards the screen 83. A student sets up an experiment to study the role of
enzymes in digestion of food.
(c) to a position very far away from the screen.
(d) either towards or away from the screen depending
upon the position of the object.
Ans. (b) towards the screen Egg white Egg white
+ pepsin + pepsin + HCl
Explanation:
As in order to get a sharp image the screen should be
near to lens.
A B
81. The image shows a cross section of small intestine.
In which test tube, the digestion of protein will occur?
What will be the likely happen if the number of villi
increases in the intestine? (a) Test tubes A as pepsin will breakdown protein into
simple molecules.
Villi
(b) Test tubes B as HCl will breakdown protein into
simple molecules.
(c) Test tubes A as pepsin will breakdown into simple
molecules.
(d)
Test tubes B as HCl will activate pepsin for
breakdown of protein into simple molecules.
Blood vessels Ans. (d)
Test tubes B as HCl will activate pepsin for
(a) Increase in the absorption of food. breakdown of protein into simple molecules.
(b) Fast breakdown of larger food particles into smaller Explanation:
ones.
For complete digestion of protein a proteolytic
(c)
Increase in flow of blood in the small
enzyme like pepsin is used which works at appropiate
intestine.
temperature and low pH (1.5-3.5). Hence HCl acid
(d) Fast elimination of waste from the body. is added to activate pepsin once all conditions are
Ans. (a) Increase in the absorption of food. presence digestion of protein takes place. So digestion
Explanation: of protein takes in B where HCl is added to make
Villi are small firger like projections present in small medium acidic to activate pepsin, enzyme.
interstine and are mainly concerned with the process 84. Which pathway will occur in the cell of an athlete who
of adsorption of food with increase in number of villi is performing 100 m sprint?
the rate of adsorption increases as surface area for
adsorption also increases. In Cytoplasm
(a) Glucose
Pyruvate
82. An incomplete equation for the digestion of starch
Absence of oxygen
using salvia is shown as: Ethanol + CO2 + Energy
Saliva + Starch (in test tube) → In Cytoplasm
(b) Glucose
Pyruvate
What will be the likely outcome of this?
Lack of of oxygen
(a)
Saliva will breakdown starch into simple protein
Lactic acid + Energy
( in human muscle cells )
molecules.
In Cytoplasm Ans. (b) Living beings consumes oxygen during respiration.

(c) Glucose
Pyruvate
Explanation:
Lack of oxygen Lactic acid Both candle and living organism require O2. Candle
(in human + Engery require O2 for combution while cockroach for
muscle cells)
respiration since in A both uses available O2 hence
Presence of oxygen CO2 + Water candle extinguish faster as in B.
(in mitochondria) + Engery
86. A student sets up an experiment to study human
In Cytoplasm
(d) Glucose
Pyruvate respiration using lime water, test tube and a straw. Lime
water is colourless in the absence of CO2 and is milky
Lack of oxygen Lactic acid in its presence. The student fills a freshly prepared
(in human + Engery limewater in a test tube and blows air through straw
muscle cells) into the limewater. It was observed that the solution
Presence of oxygen Ethanol + CO2 turns cloudy as shown.
(in human muscle + Energy What can be evaluated from this observation?
cells)
In Cytoplasm
Ans. (c) Glucose
Pyruvate
Lack of oxygen Lactic acid

(in human + Engery
muscle cells)
Presence of oxygen CO2 + Water

(in mitochondria) + Engery
Explanation:
There are two energy systems in human body:
(a) Anaerobic respiration (Slow uses carbohydrate)
(b) Aerobic respiration (Uses carbohydrate or fat)
In Cytoplasm
In anaerobic Glucose Pyruvate
Lack of oxygen Lactic acid
Pyruvate + Engery (ATP)
(a) Oxygen is exhaled during respiration.
In muscle Ethanol + CO2 + (b) Water vapours are produced during respiration.
cells Energy (ATP) (c) Carbon dioxide is exhaled during respiration.
(d) Glucose is produced during respiration.
85. A student setup an experiment to study the human
respiratory system. In the experiment, the student Ans. (c) Carbon dioxide is exhaled during respiration.
places candle and a living cockroach in the flask A, Explanation:
while a candle and a dead cockroach in flask B. The
Respiration is a process by which living organisms take
burning of candle needs oxygen.
in O2 and give out CO2 out of body. As lime water
Rubber cork Rubber turns milky it indicates that CO2 is exhaled out during
cork respiration and O2 is inhaled during respiration.
Conical Wire Wire
flask 87. The diagram shows part of the human respiratory
Conical
flask system.
Living Candle Dead Candle

cockroach cockroach
After 10 minutes, the student observe that the candle

in flask A extinguish faster while candle in flask B keeps
burning for a longer time. What can be evaluated from
this experiment?
(a) Water vapours produced by living beings prevents

What are W, X, Y and Z ?
burning of candle.
(b) Living beings consumes oxygen during respiration. (a)
Branches-W, Bronchiole-X, Larynx-Z, Rings of
(c)
Burning of candle decreases the life span of cartilage-Y
cockroach. (b)
Branches-X, Bronchiole-Z, Larynx-Y, Rings of
(d) Candle produces high amount of carbon dioxide cartilage-W
Science 233
(c)
Branches-Y, Bronchiole-W, Larynx-X, Rings of 90. In which order do these events occur in human
cartilage-Z nutrition?
(d)
Branches-Z, Bronchiole-Y, Larynx-W, Rings of (a) Digestion → ingestion → absorption → assimilation
cartilage-X (b) Digestion → ingestion → assimilation → absorption
Ans. (d)
Branches-Z, Bronchiole-Y, Larynx-W, Rings of (c) Ingestion → digestion → absorption → assimilation
cartilage-X (d) Ingestion → digestion → assimilation → absorption
Explanation: Ans. (c) Ingestion → digestion → absorption → assimilation
Larynx is at the beginning of trachea. After trachea, Explanation:
bronchi are found which further branch into bronchioles.
After ingestion, food is digestd in buccal cavity, stomach
88. The diagram shows a vertical section through the heart. and small intestine. Then the producs of digestion, i.e.,
glucose and amino acids are absorbed from the ileum
region into the blood which carries these products to
body tissues and cells where assimilation occurs.
91. Assertion: Hydrogen peroxide is kept in coloured
bottles.
Reason: Hydrogen peroxide is a moderately reactive

metal that can react with light or heat slowly to produce
water.
Ans. (c) A is true but R is False.
What are the functions of the numbered blood vessels? Explanation:
(a) Carries blood to body-1, Carries blood to lungs-2, Hydrogen peroxide is a highly reactive metal that can
Carries blood from lungs-3, Carries blood from react with light or heat to produce water. It decomposes
body-4 into water and oxygen in the presence of sunlight.
(b) Carries blood to body-1, Carries blood to lungs-3, To prevent this reaction with light and heat it is stored
Carries blood from lungs-4, Carries blood from in coloured bottles so that light cannot pass through it.
body-2 Thus assertion is true but reason is false.
(c) Carries blood to body-2, Carries blood to lungs-4, 92. Assertion: The nature of the image formed by a concave
Carries blood from lungs-3, Carries blood from mirror is real and inverted.
body-1 Reason: The image formed by a concave mirror depends

(d) Carries blood to body-3, Carries blood to lungs-1, on the position of the object at infinity.
Carries blood from lungs-4, Carries blood from Ans. (A) Both A and R are true and R is the Correct explanation
body-2 of A.
Ans. (d) Carries blood to body-3, Carries blood to lungs-1, Explanation:
Carries blood from lungs-4, Carries blood from When the object is placed at an infinity position, the
body-2 image formed by a concave mirror will be placed at
Explanation: the focus. Then the size of the image will be highly
Vessel 1 is pulmonary artery and carries blood to lungs. diminished and point-size. So, the nature of the image
formed by the concave mirror is real and inverted. Thus
Vessel 2 is vena cava and carries blood from body to
both assertion and reason are true and reason is the
heart.
correct explanation of assertion.
Vessel 3 is aorta and carries blood from heart to body.
93. Assertion: Urinary bladder and ureters are lined by
Vessel 4 is pulmonary vein and carries blood from lungs transitional epithelium.
to heart.
Reason: Ureters carry the urine to urinary bladder

89. In which of the following groups of oragnism, food where it is stored temporarily.
material is broken down outside the body and absorbed?
(a) Mushroom, green plants, Amoeba Ans. (B) A and R is true but R is not the correct explanation
of A.
(b) Yeast, mushroom, brad mould
Explanation:
(c) Paramecium, Amoeba, Cuscuta
Ureters function is to carry urine from kidney to the
(d) Cuscuta, lice, tapeworm
bladder, it does not depend on what lining it has. Thus
Ans. (d) Yeast, mushroom, brad mould both assertion and reason are true, but reason is not the
Explanation: correct explanation of assertion.
These are saprotrophs and digestion in saprotrophs take 94. How is sex of a child determined? Give reason.
place before ingestion. They break down and convert
(a) The X chromosome in the zygote
complex organic molcules present in dead and decaying
matter into simpler substances outside their body. (b) The Y chromosome in zygote
(c) The cytoplasm of germ cell which determines the which dissociates into H+ and Cl– ion these solutions do
sex not dissociate into ions. Thus both assertion and reason
(d) Sex is determined by chance are true and reason is the correct explanation of the
Ans. (B) The Y chromosome in zygote assertion.
Explanation: 99. Which of the following statement(s) is /(are) true about

As X chromosomes from mother and Y chromosomes heart? [NCERT Exemplar]
from father in the zygote as XY chromosme determines (i)
Left atrium receives oxygenated blood from
the boy child. different parts of body while right atrium receives
95. Which one of the following properties is not generally deoxygenated blood from lungs.
exhibited by ionic compounds ? (ii)
Left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to
(a) Solubility in water different body parts while right ventricle pumps
(b) Electrical conductivity in solid state deoxygenated blood to lungs.
(c) High melting and boiling points (iii)
Left atrium transfers oxygenated blood to right
ventricle which sends it to different body parts.
(d) Electrical conductivity in molten state
(iv)
Right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from
Ans. (b) Electrical conductivity in solid state.
different parts of the body while left ventricle
Explanation:
pumps oxygenated blood to different parts of the
Ionic compounds can conduct electricity in aqueous body.
solution or molten state.
(a) (i) (b) (ii)
In solid state, they are non-conductors of electricity
because of the absence of free ions. (c) (ii) and (iv) (d) (i) and (iii)
96. The cross-sectional diagram of a flower is given below. Ans. (c) (ii) and (iv)
Choose the correct statement.
A
100. Choose the correct statement that describes arteries.
B [NCERT Exemplar]
G
H E (a) They have thick elastic walls, blood flows under high
C
pressure, collect blood from different organs and
I bring it back to the heart.
F
(b) They have thin walls with valves inside, blood flows
under low pressure and carry blood away from the
heart to various organs of the body
Ans.
(c)
Female reproductive parts: A, E, G, I Male (c)
They have thick elastic walls, blood flows under
reproductive parts: B, C, H. low pressure; carry blood from the heart to various
97. Which process occurring in human body does not organs of the body.
involve energy from respiration? (d) They have thick elastic walls without valves inside,
(a) Contraction of heart muscle blood flows under high pressure and carry blood
(b) Diffusion of oxygen from the alveoli into the blood away from the heart to different parts of the body.
(c) Digestion of bread Ans. (d) They have thick elastic walls without valves inside,
(d) Maintaining a constant body temperature blood flows under high pressure and carry blood
Ans. (b) Diffusion of oxygen from the alveoli into the blood away from the heart to different parts of the body.
Explanation: 101. The graph below represents the blood lactic acid
Exchange of O2 and CO2 at the site of alveoli occurs concentration of an athlete during a race of 400 m and
due to diffusion gradient as the inhaled air carries shows a peak at point D.
more O2 than blood and blood contains more CO2 than Respiration in arthlete
the atmospheric air. Processes in other options are all The blood of an athlete was tested
energy requiring. before, during and after a 400 m race
12 D
98. Assertion: Solutions of compounds like alcohol and
concentration (in mol/litre)
10
glucose do not show acidic character.
E
Blood lactic acid
Reason: They do not show acidic character because

8
they do not dissociate into ions. 6 C
Ans. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation B
4
of A.
2 A
Explanation:
Solutions of compounds like alcohol and glucose do not 0 30 60
show acidic character because like acids such as HCl Time in seconds
Science 235
Lactic acid production has ocurred in the athlete while The Average Rate of Blood Flow through the Blood Vessels
running in the 400 m race. Which of the following
45
processes explains this event?
40
Rate of Blood Flow in cm/s

(a) Aerobic respiration 35
(b) Anaerobic respiration 30
25
(c) Fermentation
20
(d) Breathing 15
Ans. (b) Anaerobic respiration 10
5
Explanation:
0
Venules
Vena Cava
Arterioles
Arteries
Veins
Capillaries
Lactic acid is a chemical byproduct of anaerobic
Aorte
respiration the process by which cells produce energy
without oxygen.
102. The figure shows blood circulation in humans with

labels A to D. Select the option which gives correct The rate of blood flow in the capilaries is very low
identification of label and functions of the part. because capillaries are
(a) very narrow and have high resistance

D
(b) much wide and have low resistance
(c) very narrow and have low resistance
RA LA (d) much wide and have high resistance
RV LV
Ans. (a) very narrow and have high resistance
Explanation:
The diameter of capillaries is very narrow and they have
C high resistance. Therefore, blood flows more slowly
Body parts Lumen
A
through them. They are narrow as they are responsible
B
for exchange of gases at organ level so has to reach
each and every organ of body they are narrow and have
(a) B-Capillary-Thin without muscle layer and wall two high resistance.
cell layers thick
104. Choose the correct combination to depict the given
(b) C-Vein-Thin walled and blood flows in jerks/spurts
figure:
(c) D-Pulmonary vein-Takes oxygenated blood to heart,
PO2 = 95 mm Hg Pressure in cuff
below 120
(d) A-Artery-Thick walled and blood flows evenly Pressure in cuff
below 70
Ans. (c) D-Pulmonary vein-Takes oxygenated blood to heart, 120
PO2 = 95 mm Hg 70
Explanation:
A - Artery, carries blood from heart to different body

part.
B - Capillary, one cell layer thick.

(x) (y)
C - vein, brings blood from different body parts to heart.

(a) x. Systolic pressure, y. Systolic pressure
D - pulmonary vein, transport oxygenated blood to left (b) x. Systolic pressure, y. Diastolic pressure
atrium.
(c) x. Diastolic pressure, y. Systolic pressure
103. The given graph indicates the average rate of blood
(d) x. Diastolic pressure, y. Diastolic pressure
flow in the different blood vessels.
Ans. (b) x. Systolic pressure, y. Diastolic pressure
105. (i) The site of ultrafiltration

(ii) Collect the urine and make it more concentrated
X (iii) The main site for the reabsorption of glucose and
amino acids
(iv) Largely responsible for the maintenance of blood
pH
(a) (i)-A, (ii)-E, (iii)-C, (iv)-D
(b) (i)-A, (ii)-B, (iii)-C, (iv)-D
(c) (i)-B, (ii)-A, (iii)-C, (iv)-E
(d) (i)-E, (ii)-B, (iii)-D, (iv)-A

Ans. (a) (i)-A, (ii)-E, (iii)-C, (iv)-D
Study the picture given above and choose the correct
Explanation:
combination of information provided in the following
table. Glomorous is the site of ultrafiltration which is
represented by A in diagram the collecting duct collect
Process urine from all parts of body and makes it concentrated
X Function represented by E in figure. The first segment of renal
used
(a) Dialyser Diffusion To remove the excess tubule known as Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)
wastes and fluid from the is mainly responsible for reabsorption of glucose and
blood amino acids from urine represented by C.
(b) Blood thinner Cotting To remove the clots from 107. The graph given below shows the extent to which
the blood
carbohydrates, proteins and fats are chemically
(c) Dialysate Osmosis To add fluid to the blood digested as food passes through the human digestive
(d) Dialysing Filtration To draw blood from tract. The letters represent the sequential structures
pump the body and send it to that make up the digestive tract.
dialyser.
Key:
Ans. Fats
Proteins
Process Carbohydrates
X Function
used
100
(a) Dialyser Diffusion To remove the excess
wastes and fluid from the
Percent of undigested
blood
molecules present
The given picture represents the process of

haemodialysis where ''X'' is denoting the dialyser. A 50
dialyser is often referred to as an ''artificial kidney.'' Its
function is to remove the excess wastes and fluid from
the blood when the patient's kidneys can no longer
0 F
perform that task. During this passage, the waste A B C D E
(Mouth) (Anus)
products from the blood passes into dialysing fluid by
diffusion. Proteins are digested in both
106. The given figure represents a single nephron from a (a) A and B (b) B and C
mammalian kidney. Identify the labelled parts, match (c) C and D (d) A and D
them with the options (I-IV) and select the correct
Ans. (c) C and D
answer.
Explanation:
The first graph shows maximal activity at a very acidic
pH, implying that this is an enzyme acting in the
stomach. The second graph shows maximal activity
around pH 8.5, implying that this is an enzyme acting
in the duodenum. The only choice that matches the
first graph with a stomach enzyme, i.e., pepsin and the
second with a duodenal enzyme, i.e., carboxypeptidase.
Here, A represents mouth, B represents oesophagus, C
represents stomach, D represents small intestine and
E represents large intestine. The digestion of protein
begins in the stomach and is completed in the small
intestine.
Science 237

108. In the following columns, the position of an object is (d)
given in Column I and the nature of image formed in a
concave mirror is given in Column II:
C F P
Column (I) Column (II)
(Position of object) (Nature of image)
A. At infinity (p) Real Ans. (d)
Between infinity and

B. (q) Inverted
centre of curvature
C F P
C. At centre of curvature (r) Diminished
D. At focus (s) Enlarged

(t) Same size
Explanation:
In the case of a concave mirror, an incident ray is parallel to
A B C D the principal axis and it passes through F after reflection.
(a) p, q q r, s q, r
110. A child is standing in front of a magic mirror. He finds
(b) r, s q, r s, t p, q, r, s the image of his head bigger, the middle portion of his
(c) p, s q r, s, t r body to be of same size and that of the legs smaller.
(d) p, q, r p, q, r p, q, r p, q Which of the following is the order of combination for
Ans. (d) p, q, r p, q, r p, q, r p, q the magic mirror from the top? [NCERT Exemplar]
109. Which of the following ray diagrams is correct for the (a) Plane, convex and concave
ray of light incident on a concave mirror as shown in (b) Concave, plane and convex
Figure? [NCERT Exemplar] (c) Concave, plane and convex
(d) Convex, plane and concave
Ans. (c) Concave, plane and convex
Explanation:
As image of head is bigger, the top portion of magic
C F P mirror must be concave. The middle portion of her body
appears to be of same size, therefore, middle portion of
magic mirror must be plane. As image of her legs appears
smaller, the bottom of magic mirror must be convex.
(a) 111. The distance between the optical centre and point
of convergence is called focal length. In which of the
following cases it is correctly shown?
C F P
(a)

(b)
(b)
2F F P
(c)
(c)

2F F P
(d)

114. Figure shows a ray of light as it travels from medium

A to medium B. Refractive index of the medium B
Ans. (c) relative to medium A is:

Explanation:
Parallel rays after refraction meet at the focus of a
convex lens. 45º
Medium B
45º
112. A student does the experiment on tracing the path of 30º
60º Medium A
a ray of light passing through a rectangular glass slab
for different angles of incidence. He can get a correct
measure of the angle of incidence. He can get a correct
measure of the angle of incidence and the angle of
emergence by following the labelling indicated in
figure 2
3
(a) (b)
2 3
i i 1
(c) (d) 2
2
3
e Ans. (a)
(A) (B) e
2
i Explanation:
i
sin i sin 60º 3 /2
µ == =
sin r sin 45º 1 / 2
e (D) e 3
=
2
(a) A (b) B
(c) C (d) D 115. Which one of the following ray diagrams is correct for
the ray of light incident on a lens as shown in figure?
[NCERT Exemplar]
i
Ans. (d)
F1 O F2
Explanation: (a)
Angle of incidence and energance are measured w.r.t
the normal drawn at the surface. F1 O F2
113. Which of the following statements is correct regarding

the propagation of light of different colours of white
light in air? [NCERT Exemplar] (b)
(a) Red light moves fastest.
F1 O F2
(b) Blue light travels faster than green light.
(c) All colours of white light move with the same speed.
(d) Yellow light moves with the mean speed as that of
(c)
red and violet lights.
Ans. (c) All colours of white light move with the same speed.
F1 O F2
Explanation:
It only gets deviated when it passes through a medium.

Science 239
(d) Where would the reflected rays meet for the image
formation to take place?
F1 O F2 (a) Between F and O (b) Beyond C
(c) Between C and F (d) Behind the mirror
Ans. (c) Between C and F
Explanation:
Ans. (b)
A
F1 O F2 C B' F
B
A'

Explanation:
A ray after passing through the focus of convex lens and 118. An object is placed near a concave mirror at a distance
refraced from lens then it goes parallel to the principle of one-fourth the radius of curvature of the concave
axis. mirror. Which ray diagram shows the incident rays,
reflected rays, and the position and nature of the
116. The image shows reflection of light on a mirror.
image formed?
(a)
Normal
C F
Object P Principal
Incident qi qr Reflecting axis
ray ray
Reflecting surface
Based on the image, what can be inferred?

(a)
The angle between incident ray and normal is (b)
greater than the angle between normal and the A D
reflected ray.
(b)
The angle of incidence, angle of reflection, and B P
normal at the point of reflection do not lie on a C F
common plane.
∞
(c) The incident ray, reflected, and normal at the point at
age
of reflection lie on a common plane. Im
(d) The angle between incident ray and normal is smallar

than the angle between normal and the reflected
ray. (c) Object
Ans. (b)
The angle of incidence, angle of reflection, and
normal at the point of reflection do not lie on a
common plane. C F
Image
Explanation:
As their plans are different but mutually perpendicular
to each other.
117. The image shows the path of incident rays to concave

mirror. Object
(d)
Object
C F
O Image
C F

Ans. (a) Reflected ray

Incident ray
C F
P F
Object P Principal
axis
Object
at infinity Convex
mirror
Explanation:
Explanation:
Convex mirror is a diverging mirror, the light rays falling
In concave mirror, when object is placed between P and on it gets diverged.
F, then image formed is virtual, erect and on the other
side of the mirror. 120. A student studies that convex mirror always forms
virtual image irrespective of its position. What causes
119. Which image represents the path of incident and the convex mirror to always form a virtual image?
reflected ray from a convex mirror when an object is
placed at infinity? (a) Because the reflected ray never intersect.
(b) Because the incident ray traces its path back along

(a) the principal axis
Incident ray Reflected ray
(c) Because the incident ray of a convex mirror gets
absorbed in the mirror.
(d)
Because the reflected ray converges at a single
P F point.
Object
Ans. (a) Because the reflected ray never intersect.
at infinity Convex Explanation:
mirror
Convex mirror always form virtual images because the
focal point and the centre of curvature of the convex
(b) mirror are imaginary points and that connot be reached
Reflected ray
Incident ray so image is formed inside the mirror and cannot be
projected on the screen.
121. The figure given below represents the experiment

P F carried out between conc. sulphuric acid and sodium
chloride, which react with each other to form HCl gas.
Object
at infinity Convex
mirror
(c)
Incident ray Reflected ray
P F
Object
at infinity Convex
mirror
Blue litmus paper is brought near the mouth of the
delivery tube to check the presence of HCl acid but
(d) Reflected ray
Incident ray no change is observed in the colour of litmus paper
because
(a) The litmus paper used is dry.
P F (b) The litmus paper used is moist.
Object (c) Blue litmus paper does not change its colour with an
at infinity Convex acid.
mirror
(d) The litmus paper is kept very close to the mouth of
Ans. (b) the delivery tube.

Science 241
Ans. (a) The litmus paper used is dry Explanation:
Explanation: A
Litmus paper needs to be moist only if testing of a B'
evolved gas is done. Water provides H+ and OH– ions 2F1 B F1 O 2F2
which help to change colour so litmus paper should be F2
moistened before testing else in dry state it will give no
test. A'
122. Some of the uses of washing soda are given below: 125. An object is placed near a concave mirror at a distance
(i)
It is used for removing permanent hardness of of one-fowth the radius of curvature of the concave
water. mirror. Which ray diagram shows the incident rays,
(ii) It is used in glass industry reflected rays, and the position and nature of the
image formed?
(iii) It is used in paper industry.
(iv) It is used in the manufacture of sodium compounds (a)
such aas borax.
Select the correct option regarding uses of washing
soda
Object
(a) (i) and (ii) C F P Principal
axis
(b) (ii) and (iii)
(c) (ii) and (iv)
(d) (i), (ii) (iii) and (iv)
Ans. (d) (i), (ii) (iii) and (iv) (b)
123. Following observations were observed when calcium
oxide reacts vigorously with water.
Object
At infinity C F P Principal
Beaker axis
Water
Calcium oxide
(c)
Identify the incorrect observations. Object
(i) It is an endothermic reaction.

(ii) Slaked lime is produced.
C F
(iii) Quick lime is produced. Image
(iv) It is a combination reaction.
(a) (i) and (ii) (b) (iii) and (iv)
(c) (i) and (iii) (d) (ii), (iv) and (v)
Ans. (c) (i) and (iii) (d)
Object
Explanation:
Calcium oxide is knowns as quick lime and reaction with
C F
water produces slaked lime as reaction is vigrous heat is Image
released so it is an endothermic reaction.
124. A student conducts an experiment using a convex lens

of focal length 20 cm and an object of height 15 cm.
Ans. (a)
He placed the object at 25 cm from the lens. Can the
image be formed on a screen?[CBSE Question Banks]
(a) Yes, because a real image will be formed.

Object
(b) Yes because an erect image will be formed.
C F P Principal
(c) No, because an inverted image will be formed. axis
(d) No, because a virtual image will be formed.
Ans. (a) Yes, because a real image will be formed.

Explanation: (d) 'I' is the maximum for ∠i = 45º and is less than this
The images formed by concave mirror is real and virtual. value for ∠i = 30º and ∠i = 60º.
Ans. (a)
'I' keeps on increasing with increase in angle of
126. Dispersion of light by glass prism takes place because incidence
(a)
the lights of different colours have different Explanation:
intensities. As lateral shift depends on the angles of incidence,
(b) the lights of different colours have different speed which increases with the increase in angle of incidence.
in a medium.
129. The danger signals installed at the top of tall buildings
(c) different colours have different frequencies.
are red in colour. These can be easily seen from a
(d)
the lights of different colours have different distance because among all other colours, the red
energies. light. [NCERT Exemplar]
Ans. (b) the lights of different colours have different speed
in a medium. (a) is scattered the most by smoke on fog.
Explanation: (b) is scattered the least by smoke or fog.

(c) is absorbed the most by smoke or fog.
White light entering the prism consists of so many
different colours. Each of these different colour has a (d) moves fastest in air.
different wavelength. As a result the dispersion of white Ans. (b) is scattered the least by smoke or fog.
light takes place on the second surface of the prism. Explanation:
127. The clear sky appears blue because Since the red colour has the highest wavelength of all
the colours and its gets scattered the lease.
(a) blue light gets absorbed in the atmosphere.
(b)
ultraviolet radiations are absorbed in the 130. Which of the following figures correctly represents the
atmosphere. passage of white light through prism?
(c) violet and blue lights get scattered more than lights (a)
of the other colours by the atmosphere. t
gh R
(d) light of all other colours is scattered more than the it e li
Wh
violet and blue colour lights by the atmosphere.
V
Ans. (c) violet and blue lights get scattered more than lights
of the other colours by the atmosphere. (b)
Explanation: t V
ligh
ite
The clear sky appears blue to the Rayleigh scattering Wh
scatting of sunlight. The molecules in the air scatter blue R
light from the sun more than they scatter other light.
(c)
128. A student traces the path of a ray of light passing
through a rectangular slab for three different values ligh
t
of angle of incidence (∠i) namely 30º, 45º and 60º. He ite
Wh
extends the direction of incident ray by a dotted line
and measures the perpendicular distance 'I' between
(d)
the extended incident ray and the emergent ray.
t
i ligh
W hite

Ans. (a)
t R
e ligh
W hit
l
V
He will observe that Explanation:

When white light passes through the prism it gets splits
(a)
'I' keeps on increasing with increase in angle of
into seven colours violet colour has the least wavelength
incidence
and red colour has maximum wavelength. So violet
(b) 'I' keeps on decreasing with increase in angle of
coloured light deviates the most and red colour deviates
incidence
the least among the seven components colours of white
(c) 'I' remains the same for all three angles of incidence light.
Science 243
131. A student added 10g of calcium carbonate in a rigid Explanation:
container, secured it tightly and started to heat it. We know that when a white light beam passes through
After some time, an increase in pressure was observed, a prism we can observe dispersion. Hence among the
the pressure reading was then noted at intervals of 5 four cases, given glass slab incidence only will not show
mins and plotted against time, in a graph as shown dispersion.
below. During which time interval did maximum
133. A prism ABC (with BC as base) is placed in different
decompositon took place?
1.25
orientations. A narrow beam of white light is incident
on the prism as shown in figure. In which of the
1.00 following cases, after dispersion, the third from the
Pressure ⎯→
top corresponds to the colour of the sky?

0.75
[NCERT Exemplar]
0.50 A
(a)
0.25
0 5 10 15
Time ⎯→
(a) 15-20 min (b) 10-15 min

B C
(c) 5-10 min (d) 0-5 min
Ans. (d) 0-5 min
C B
Explanation:
(b)
For any decomposition reaction with each reactant
concentration decrease there is decrease in
concentration of product. When concentration is
maximum, decomposition is also maximum and as
pressure increases decomposition also decreases. A
132. In which of the following cases will no dispersion take C
(c)
place when sunlight passes through it?
(a)
A
B
C
(d)
(b)
(c) B
C B
Ans. (b)

(d) A
Explanation:
Violet
Indigo
Blue
Green
Yellow
Orange
Ans. (b) Red

134. The graph shows the porosity and expansion of plaster Ans. (b) Atmosphere
with respect to water content.
Linear expansion of plaster

60% 0.30%
Porosity of plaster in %
Sun
50% Expansion 0.25%
40% 0.20%
Porosity
30% 0.15%
Explanation:
20% 0.10% When sunlight reaches our atmosphere it get refracted
90 80 70 60 50 40
Water : Plaster ratio due to which it appears to be above the horizon than
is a actually and sun rise occurs 2-minute earlier than
At what temperature, the reaction would occur?
actual sunrise.
(a) 373 K
(b) 673 K 136. A student learns that the scattering of sunlight depends
on the wavelength of the light and size of particles
(c) 273 K
present in the atmosphere. The student collects the
(d) 573 K data about the wavelength of the visible lights and size
Ans. (a) 373 K of the particles as shown below:
Visible Spectrum
135. The sun appears two minutes before the actual
sunrise due to atmospheric refraction. How does
sunlight travel from space to atmosphere?
[CBSE Question Bank]
(a) Atmosphere
400 500 600 700
Increasing Wavelength (l) nm
Which particles will scatter blue light?
Sun
Particles Size (nm)

P 350
Q 430
(b) Atmosphere
R 520
S 650
Sun
(a) Q and S
(b) P and R
(c) P and Q
(d) R and S
Ans. (c) P and Q
(c) Atmosphere
Explanation:
As wavelength of blue light is about 3 nm and 500 mn.
so, the particles will scatler the blue light
Sun
137. Two identical prism PQR and P'Q'R' are given. White
light is passed through PQR as shown below:
P
(d) Atmosphere
R
t
ligh V
ite
Wh
Sun
Q R
Which of the following position of P'Q'R' will again
yield white light?
Science 245
(a) P' (b) Q' R' (b) y
Q' R' P'

(c) Q' R'
(d) O X
i
(c) y
P' P'
d
R' Q'
Ans. (b) Q' R'
O i X

(d) y
P' d

Explanation:
P
O i X

y
Ans. (a)
Q R
d
P' When two prism are kept in inverted position than
white light again.
138. When hydrogen sulphide gas is passed through a
blue solution of copper sulphate, a black precipitate
of copper sulphide is obtained and the sulphuric acid O i X

so formed remains in the solution. The reaction is an Explanation:
example of:
Angle of deviation in prism decreases as angle of
(a) a combination incidence increases and becomes minimum for certain
(b) a displacement reaction angle of incidence and then again increases with
(c) a decomposition reaction increase in angle of incidence.
(d) a double displacement reaction 140. A student conducts an activity using a concave mirror
Ans. (d) a double displacement reaction with focal length of 10 cm. He placed the object 15 cm
from the mirror. Where is the image likely to form?
CuSO4 + H2S → CuS + H2SO4
(blue) (black) (a) At 6 cm in front of the mirror
Explanation: (b) At 6 cm behind the mirror
Double displacement is a reaction were the exchange of (c) At 30 cm behind the mirror
ions takes place between the two reacting compounds. (d) At 30 cm in front of the mirror
139. Which of the following graph represents the correct Ans. (d) At 30 cm in front of the mirror
variation of angle of incidence (i) and angle of deviation Explanation:
(d)?
1 1 1
y As
(a) v u f
1 1 1
d ⇒
10 u 15
1 1 1 1
⇒
4 15 10 30
O i X ⇒ 4 = – 30 cm

141. The image shows the path of light travelling a glass (a) Red
slab.
A N1 Violet
B
i1
Medium 1 E n1 = 1
Air Q
P
n2 (b) Violet
r1
N1' Red
N2
Glass
Medium 2
i2 (c)
S R Red
F r Lateral M
2
shift
N2' C d Violet
N
D
What causes the ray of light to deviate from its original (d)
path? Violet
(a) Change in the temperature of the air

Red
(b) Change in the amount of light
(c) Change in the direction of wind flow
(d) Change in the density of the medium Ans. (c)
Ans. (d) Change in the density of the medium Red
Explanation:
Violet
The refraction occurs due to the change in density of
the medium. On to which ray of light deviates from
original position. Explanation:
142. Rahul conducts an experiment using an object of As when white light passes through a prism, it gets
height 10cm and a concave lens with focal length splitted into 7 colours and red light is deviated the least
20cm. The object is placed at a distance of 25cm from and violet light the most.
the lens. Can the image be formed on a screen?
144. Observe the given figure and answer the question that
(a) Yes, as the image formed will be real. follows:
(b) No, as the image formed will be inverted.
(c) No, as the image formed will be virtual.
(d) Yes, as the image formed will be erect.
Ans. (c) No, as the image formed will be virtual.
Explanation:
Object
Which of the following metals can be suitable for the
2F experiment?
F image (i) Iron (ii) Gallium
(iii) Caesium (iv) Copper
143. A ray of light is incident on one face of the prism, as (a) (i) and (iv) (b) (i) and (iii)
shown. (c) (ii) and (iii) (d) (ii) and (iv)
Ans. (a) (i) and (iv)
Explanation:
Ray of For the experiment purpose strong metals should be

white used with good conduction of heat as heat travelled
light can be used to melt wax. So among all good metals are
How will the ray of light disperse in the prism? Copper and Iron are best conductors.
Science 247
145. Refer to the given figure and answer the following Metal X
questions:
Glass-wool
soaked Gas Y
with water
q Water
p
Burner Gas jar
t
r s
Which of these parts
(i) are the actual sites of respiratory gas exchange?
(a) Zinc, H2 gas (b) Copper, CO2 gas
(ii) is the common passage for air and food?
(c) Aluminium, CO2 gas (d) Platinum, H2 gas
(iii) is provided with incomplete cartilaginous rings?
Ans. (a) Zinc, H2 gas
(iv) relaxes and gets back to its original shape during
expiration? 148. Arrange the set-up as given below:
(v) moves upwards and outwards during inspiration?
(a) (i)-s, (ii)-p, (iii)-q, (iv)-r, (v)-t
(b) (i)-r, (ii)-p, (iii)-q, (iv)-s, (v)-t
(c) (i)-t, (ii)-q, (iii)-r, (iv)-s, (v)-p
(d) (i)-p, (ii)-q, (iii)-r, (iv)-s, (v)-t
Ans. (b) (i)-r, (ii)-p, (iii)-q, (iv)-s, (v)-t
Explanation:
Column I Column II
The actual sites of gaseous exchange are alveoli which
are present in lungs represented by B. Common passage A React violently with (p) Magnesium
cold water
for air and food is oesophagous represented by P. The
ribs cage guids lungs. The diaphram plays important role B Does not react with (q) Aluminium, iron and zinc
cold water but
in respiration so during inhalation it bends downward
reacts with hot
and during exhalation it bends upward represented by water
S.
C Do not react with (r) Calcium
water at all
146. There are four metals K, L, M and N. Idenfity them by
using the hints given below: D Reacts less violently (s) Sodium and potassium
with water and
K forms basic oxide. hydrogen does not
L forms amphoteric oxide. catch fire
Oxide of M dissolved in water to form alkali. E Do not react either (t) Lead copper, silver and
with cold or not gold
N does not react with water at all. water but they react
with steam
(a) K → Zn, L → Al, M → Na, N → Fe
(b) K → Fe, L → Na, M → K, N → Zn (a) A-(t), B-(s), C-(q), D-(p), E-(r)
(b) A-(s), B-(p), C-(t), D-(r), E-(q)
(c) K → K, L → Cu, M → Pb, N → Na
(c) A-(t), B-(s), C-(p), D-(r), E-(q)
(d) K → Cu, L → Zn, M → K, N → Pb
(d) A-(p), B-(r), C-(q), D-(s), E-(t)
Ans. (d) K → Cu, L → Zn, M → K, N → Pb
Ans. (d) A-(p), B-(r), C-(q), D-(s), E-(t)
Explanation:
149. Figure given below is representing the dialysis machine
K is Cu as both the oxides of copper that is Cu2O and
for removing nitrogenous wastes in patient with a
CuO both are basic in nature as it is metal and metal
kidney failure.
oxides are generally basic in nature. N is Pb as lead
Blood in Dialysis
do not react with water under any condition even
Fluid out
in presence of steam do not react. M is K as oxide of
potassium is K2O when dissolved in water it forms KOH
which is basic in nature.
147. An experimental set-up is shown in the figure. Identify Blood out

the metal (X) and gas (Y) respectively in the figure. Dialysi uid in
Which substances out of the following in the dialysis What is the appearance of lime warter in flasks 1 and 2
fluid should be at a lower concentration than in the after a period of ten minutes?
blood of patient?
S.No. Flask 1 Flask 2
(a) Glucose and urea (b) Glucose and amino acids
(a) Clear Clear
(c) Salts and urea (d) Glucose and salts (b) Clear White/Cloudy
Ans. (c) Salts and urea (c) White/Cloudy Clear
(d) White/Cloudy White/Clludy
Explanation:
The dialysis fluid contains no urea, so all urea diffuses
Ans. (b) Clear, White/Cloudy
from blood to dialysis fluid from higher concentration
of blood to lower concentration of dialysis fluid. Explanation:
Concentration of salts are high in blood but kept low in Since flask 1 is connected to main flask that contains
dialyser and are regularly removed from blood. solution to absorb CO2. Hence reactions between CO2
150. Clean small pieces of magnesium, zinc, aluminium, and lime water do not take place, while in flask B no
iron and copper by rubbing them with a piece of sand such solution is present so CO2 reacts with lime water
paper. Take them in separate test tubes. Add about to form white precipitate of CaCO3.
10mL of dilute hydrochloric acid to each of them.
152. In each test tubes A, B, C and D, 2ml. of solution of
Al2(SO4)3 in water was filled. Clean pieces of zinc was
placed in test tube A, clean iron nail was put in test
tube B, silver (Ag) was placed in test tube C and a clean
copper wire was placed in test tube D.
Identify the correct statement(s).

(i) The rate of evolution of hydrogen gas bubbles is not
same in all the test tubes.
(ii) The rate of formation of bubbles is the fastest in the
case of magnesium.
(iii) The reactivity decreases in the order:
Mg > Zn > Al > Fe > Cu Al2(SO4)3 + Zn Al2(SO4)3 + Fe Al2(SO4)3 + Ag Al2(SO4)3 + Cu
(iv) In the case of copper, no bubbles are seen and the (A) (B) (C) (D)
temperature also remains unchanged. This shows
that copper does not react with dilute HCl. Which of the following option(s) is/are correct about
(a) (ii) and (iv) (b) (iii) and (iv) above experiment?
(c) Only (iii) (d) (i), (ii) and (iv) (a) Zinc is more reactive than aluminium
Ans. (d) (i), (ii) and (iv) (b) Copper is more reactive than aluminium
Explanation: (c) Zinc is more reactive than copper
Evolution of hydrogen gas with reaction of acid and (d) Zinc, iron, silver and copper are less reactive than
metal depends on reactivity of metal. As the reactivity aluminium.
of metal increases rate of evolution of gas also increases
Mg is at top most in reaction series. Hence rate is Ans. (d) Zinc, iron, silver and copper are less reactive than
maximum for magnesium. aluminium.
151. An experiment is set up as shown. Flasks 1 and 2 Explanation:

contain lime water. Air is pumped through the flasks. Zn, Fe, Ag and Cu are less reactive than aluminium.
Aluminium resides at the top of the activity series. While
Zn, Fe, Ag and Cu lies below aluminium in the activity
series. Thus, being less reactive than aluminium, they
cannot displace Al from its salt solution i.e., Al2(SO4)3
solution.
153. In an experiment each of the metals Al, Zn, Cu and Fe

are reacted with ZnSO4, CuSO4, Al2(SO4)3 and FeSO4
solutions. The results are tabulated as follows where
(√) means that the reaction occurs and (X) means no
reaction occurs.
Science 249
Explanation:
Metal ZnSO4 CuSO4 Al2(SO4)3 FeSO4
Iron is less reactive than aluminium, it cannot displace
Zn     aluminium from aluminium sulphate solution. So colour
Cu     of the solution does not change. Iron is more reactive
than copper, it displaces copper from copper sulphate
Al    
solution. So, blue colour of the solution changes to
Fe     green.
On the basis of the above results, the order of the 156. The diagram shows a vertical section through the
reactivity of the metals may be concluded as: heart.
1
(a) Zn > Fe > Al > Cu (b) Al > Fe > Zn > Cu 3
(c) Zn > Al > Fe > Cu (d) Al > Zn > Fe > Cu
Ans. (d) Al > Zn > Fe > Cu
2
154. A plant is kept in the dark for two days. A leaf is used in 4
an experiment to investigate the effect of two factors
on photosynthesis as shown in the diagram.
Left
ventricle
What are the functions of the numbered blood

vessels?
Carries Carries Carries Carries

blood to blood to blood from blood from
What are the colours of Q and R, when the leaf is S. No.
body lungs lungs body
tested for starch, using iodine solution?
(a) 1 2 3 4
S.No. Q R (b) 1 3 4 2
(a) Blue/Black Brown (c) 2 4 3 1
(b) Brown Brown (d) 3 1 4 2
(c) Blue/black Blue/black
(d) Brown Blue/black
Ans. (d) 3, 1, 4, 2
Ans. (b) Q-Brown, R-Brown.
Explanation:
155. Aluminium sulphate and copper sulphate solutions Vessel 1 is pulmonary artery and carries blood to lungs
were taken in two test tubes I and II, respectively. A Vessel 2 is vena cava and carries blood from body to
few pieces of iron filings were then added to both the heart.
solutions. Four students A, B, C and D recorded their
Vessel 3 is aorta and carries blood from heart to body.
observations in the form of a table as given below:
Vessel 4 is pulmonary vein and carries blood from lungs
Students Aluminium sulphate Copper sulphate to heart.
solution (I) solution (II)
Colourless solution Blue colour of the 157. Aqua regia, (Latin for 'royal water') is a freshly prepared
A
changes to light green solution is retained mixture of concentrated.....(i).....and.....(ii).....in the ratio
Colour of the solution Blue colour of the of 3 : 1. It can dissolve.......(iii)......, even though neither
B does not change solution changes to of these acids can do so alone. Aqua regia is a highly
green
corrosive, fuming liquid. It is one of the few reagents
Colourless solution Blue colour of the that is able to dissolve......(iii).....and ......(iv)..... .
C changes to light blue solution changes to
green (i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
Colour of the solution Blue colour of the
D (a) Conc. HCl Conc. HNO3 Gold Platinum
remains unchanged solution fades away
The correct set of observations has been recorded by (b) Conc. HNO3 Conc. HCl Gold Platinum
student:
(c) Conc. H2SO4 Conc. HNO3 Silver Gold
(a) A (b) B
(d) Conc. H2SO4 Conc. HCl Gold Platinum
(c) C (d) D
Ans. (b) B Ans. (a) Conc. HCl Conc. HNO3 Gold Platinum
158. Observe the given figure and answer the question that Explanation:
follows: In aerobic respiration energy is produced in presence of
oxygen so greater amount of ATP is synthesized (38ATP)
while in anaerobic of energy is required. Respiration in
absence of O2 less amount (2 ATP).
160. Study the graph below and that represents changes in
pressure within large arteries during a single cardiac
cycle of contraction and relaxation.
120
Arterial Pressure (mm Hg)

Bulb glows, when......wire is placed between the
terminals A and B.
(i) Copper (ii) Aluminium
(iii) Iron (iv) Silver
(a) (i) and (iii) (b) (i), (ii) and (iii)

(c) Only (iv) (d) All of these 80
Ans. (d) All of these Systole Diastole
(heart contraction) (relaxation; refilling)
Explanation:
Choose the correct combination of plots provided in
Metals are good conductors of electricity for bulb to the following table.
glow metals should be used that can conduct flow of
electric current. Since all are metals all can conduct Blood pressure Systolic Diastolic
electricity. category (mmHg) (mmHg)
159. Study the graph below that represents the amount (a)
Normal 120 80
of energy supplied with respect to the time while an (c)
Normal 80 120
athlete is running at full speed. (c)
Hypertension 120 80
100 Plot A (d)
Hypertension 70 60
Ans. Blood pressure Systolic Diastolic
75
category (mmHg) (mmHg)
Energy supplied (%)
50 (a)
Normal 120 80
Explanation:
25 The normal systolic pressure is about 120 mm of Hg and
Plot B
diastolic pressure is 80 mm of Hg. Hypertension is high
0 1 2 3 4 5 blood pressure and hypotentions is low blood pressure.
Time running at full speed (min)
161. The diagram given below represents the cross-section
Choose the correct combination of plots and of a leaf.
justification provided in the following table.
Plot A Plot B Justification
(a) Aerobic Anaerobic Amount of energy is low and in-
consistent in aerobic and high in
anaerobic.
(b) Aerobic Anaerobic Amount of energy is high and
consistent in aerobic and low in
anaerobic.
(c) Anaerobic Aerobic Amount of energy is high and
consistent in aerobic and low in
anaerobic Identify ''X'' and choose the correct combination of
(d) Anaerobic Aerobic Amount of energy is high and in- information provided in the following table:
consistent in anaerobic and low
in aerobic X Description Function
Ans. Plot A Plot B Justification Chlorophyll A green Essential for
(a) coloured photosynthesis
(b) Aerobic Anaerobic Amount of energy is high
pigment
and consistent in aerobic and
low in anaerobic.
Science 251
Chloroplast A cell Conducts (a) Mirror A is concave and mirror B is convex
(b)
organelle photosynthesis (b) Mirror A is plane and mirror B is concave
Vascular Vascular Transportation in (c) Mirror A is concave and mirror B is plane
(c)
bundle tissue plants
(d) Mirror A is convex and mirror B is concave
Chloroplast A green Essential for Ans. (c) Mirror A is concave and mirror B is plane
(d) coloured photosynthesis
pigment Explanation:
Ans. Here, mirror A is concave as the image size is increasing
X Description Function when object is moving towards it and mirror B is a plane
mirror, as the size of the image does not changes while
Chloroplast A cell Conducts
(b) moving towards the mirror.
organelle photosynthesis
Explanation: 164. A beam of light is incident through the holes on side
Chloroplasts are cell organelles in plants that conduct A and emerges out of the hole on the other face of
photosynthesis, where photosynthetic pigment is the box as shown in the figure. Which of the following
chlorophyll that captures energy from sunlight stores it could be inside the box? [NCERT Exemplar]
in form of ATP molecules and NADPH while freezing O2 A B
from water in plants. 10
9
1
162. An object AB is placed in front of a convex lens at its 8 2
7 3
focus as shwon in figure. 6 4
L 5 5
4 6
7
3 8
A 2 9
B 1 10
F F
Box
(a) Concave lens

Which of the ray diagram below correclty depicts the (b) Rectangular glass slab
refraction through the lens L? (c) Prism
A A
(d) Convex lens
Ans. (a) Concave lens
B B
(a) (b) Explanation:
F F F F
As incident rays are parallel and emergent rays are
diverging and concave lens is diverging lens.
A A 165. Reaction between X and Y, forms compound Z, X loses

electron and Y gains electron. Which of the following
B B
(c) (d) properties is not shown by Z?
F F F F
(a) Has high melting point
(b) Has low melting point
A (c) Conducts electricity in molten state
B
(d) Occurs as solid
Ans. (a)
F F Ans. (b) Has low melting point
Explanation:
Compound formed by gain and loss of electron is ionic
Explanation: compound and ionic compounds have high melting and
The light ray parallel to the principal axis passes through boiling points.
the focus and the light ray passing from the optical
166. An element 'X' is yellow coloured solid, insoluble
centre passes undeviated
in water but soluble in carbon disulphide. It has low
163. Two big mirrors A and B are fitted side by side on a melting point 114.5ºC. It boils at 445ºC and it burns
wall. A man is standing at such a distance from the with pale blue flame forming pungent smelling gas 'Y'
wall that he can see the erect image of his face in both which turn moist blue litmus red and finally colourless.
the mirrors. When the man starts walking towards the 'X' and 'Y' are:
mirrors, he finds that the size of his face in mirror A
(a) C, CO2 (b) N, NO2
goes on increasing but that in mirror B remains the
(c) S, SO2 (d) I2, I2O5
same
Ans. (c) S, SO2 171. When hydrochloric acid is added to barium hydroxide,
Explanation: a white-colored compound is formed. Which option
Sulphur is yellow coloured solid, carbon is black, nitrogen gives the complete chemical reactions?
is colourless. Sulphur is insoluble in water and soluble in (a) 2HCl + Ba(OH)2 → BaH2 + 2HCl + O2
CS2. It has low melting point of 114.5ºC, boils at 445ºC
and burns with pale blue flame having pungent smell of (b) 2HCl + Ba(OH)2 → BaCl2 + 2HOH
SO2 gas which turns blue litmus to red. (c) HCl + Ba(OH)2 → BaCl2 + HOH
167. Aluminium is used for making cooking utensils. (d) HCl + 2Ba(OH) → 2BaCl2 + 2HOH + O2
Which of the following properties of aluminium are Ans. (b) 2HCl + Ba(OH)2 → BaCl2 + 2HOH
responsible for the same?
Explanation:
(i) Goold thermal conductivity
It is a neutralisation reaction where acid reacts with
(ii) Good electrical conductivity
base to form salt which is white coloured salt of BaCl2.
(iii) Ductility
(iv) High melting point 172. A student sets up an experiment to study the
photosynthesis in plants. The student destrached a
(a) (i) and (ii) (b) (i) and (iii) potted plant by keeping it in a dark room for 3 days.
(c) (ii) and (iii) (d) (i) and (iv) Half of the portion of destarched leaf was placed in
a bottle containing caustic potash (absorbs CO2) as
Ans. (d) (i) and (iv)
shown.
Explanation:
The student then places the plant in light and tests
Aluminium is a metal hence it is a good conductor of the leaf after 5 hours for the presence of starch. The
heat and has high melting and boiling points. portions inside the bottle shows negative starch test
168. An incomplete chemical equation of the reaction by reflecting no change in colour when react with
between iron and oxygen is given below: iodine, however, other upper portions of the leaf gave
positive starch test showing blue-black colour with
4Fe(s) + 3O2(g) →
iodine. What can be evaluated from this experiment?
Which option shows the products formed during the
reaction?
(a) 3Fe4O2(s) (b) 12FeO(s)

Leaf
(c) 4FeO3(s) (d) 2Fe2O3(s)
Ans. (d) 2Fe2O3(s) Starch test
Explanation:
Starch test KOH
4Fe(s) + 3O2(g) → 2Fe2O3(s) Caustic Plant
negative
potash
169. A student writes two incomplete chemical reactions. Plot
P4 + 5O2(g) → X
Mg + O2 → Y (a) Lack of carbon dioxide increase amount of starch in
plant.
(a) X – P5O4(s); Y – (MgO)2(s)
(b)
Carbon dioxide is necessary for preparing
(b) X – 4PO10(s); Y – 4MgO(s)
carbohydrate.
(c) X – P4O10(s); Y – 2MgO(s)
(c) Carbon dioxide is directly linked with the colour of
(d) X – 5P4O2(s); Y – Mg2O2(s) leaf.
Ans. (c) X – P4O10(s); Y – 2MgO(s) (d)
Lack of carbon dioxide slows the process of
170. A student studying the chemical properties of metals photosynthesis.
finds incomplete chemical reactions in his book, as Ans.
(b)
Carbon dioxide is necessary for preparing
shown: carbohydrate.
MgO + HNO3→
Explanation:
Which option completes the reaction?
CO2 and water. Lack of any of these factor would result
(a) MgO + HNO3 → Mg + NO2 + O2 in no phtosynthesis since caustic soda absorbs all CO2,
(b) MgO + HNO3 → Mg(NO3)2 + H2O Hence no photosynthesis takes place and plants will
eventually die.
(c) MgO + HNO3 → Mg(OH)2 + 2NO2
(d) MgO + HNO3 → Mg3N2 + 4H2O 173. The image shows the bread moulds on a bread. How
these fungi obtain nutrition?
Ans. (b) MgO + HNO3 → Mg(NO3)2 + H2O
Science 253
Bread mould 176. Which of the following statements about the autotrophs
Fungi body is incorrect?
(a)
They synthesise carbohydrates from carbon
dioxide and water in the presence of sunlight and
chlorophyll.
(b) They store carbohydrates in the form of starch.

Bread (c)
They convert carbon dioxide and water into
(a) By using nutrients from the bread to prepare their carbohydrates in the absence of sunlight.
own food.
(d) They constitute the first trophic level in food chains.
(b) By allowing other organisms to grow on the bread
and then consuming them. Ans.
(c)
They convert carbon dioxide and water into
(c) By breaking down the nutrients of bread and then carbohydrates in the absence of sunlight.
absorbing them.
Explanation:
(d) By eating the bread on which it is growing.
Ans. (c) By breaking down the nutrients of bread and then Autotrophs take in food from the outside world and
absorbing them. convert them into stored forms of energy. This material
is taken in the form of carbon dioxide and water which
Explanation:
is converted into carbohydrates in the presence of
Fungi are saprophytic in nature that is they cannot sunlight and chlorophyll.
prepare their own food and feed on dead, decaying
matter to meet their food requirements. So fungi 177. The image shows the human digestive system.
break down nutrients of bread and absorb them for its
nutrition.
174. The image shows how Amoeba obtaining nutrition. Mouth
Food Food Tongue Pharynx
Pseudopodia vacuole Food
particle particle
Nucleus Oseophagus
How this process is advantageous for Amoeba? Liver

Stomach
(a) Capturing of food takes less time. Gall bladder
Pancreas
(b) More amount of food can be consumed.
Big intestine Large
(c) Complex food can be digested easily.
intestine
(d) Fast distribution of nutrition within the body. Rectum
Ans. (d) Fast distribution of nutrition within the body. Anus
Explanation:
Digestion of food starts from which organ of the
Amoeba is unicellular organisms and has simple cellular digestive system?
organisation. It meets its nutritional needs by simple
process of diffusion which is advantageous as it result (a) Mouth due to the presence of saliva.
in the fast distribution of nutrition.
(b) Pancreas that releases juices for fat breakdown.
175. If salivary amylase is lacking in the saliva, which of the
following events in the mouth cavity will not take place (c) Oesophagus that moves the food in gut.
properly? (d) Stomach which helps in mixing food with digestive
(a) Proteins breaking down into amino acids juices.
(b) Starch breaking down into sugars
Ans. Mouth due to the presence of saliva.
(c) Fats breaking down into fatty acids and glycerol
(d) Absorption of vitamins Explanation:
Ans. (B) Starch breaking down into sugars Mouth is the beginning of digestive tract. Digestion
Explanation: starts from mouth as salivary glands gets active and
Amylase is a starch hydrolase enzyme that catalysis salivary amylase works on breakdown of starch. In oral
the conversion of starch to simple sugars. As a result, cavity salivar from salivary glands mixes food and start
if salivary amylase is lacking in saliva, starch digestion is breakdown of food.
hampered.
178. The image shows the transport of gases in body (a) towards the lungs.
through heart and lungs. (b) towards the left atrium of heart.
Lungs (c) towards the upper body.
(d) towards the lower body.
Pulmonary Pulmonary Ans. (a) towards the lungs.
artery vein Explanation:
The right side of blood contains deoxygenated blood
Right Left which is passed by pulmonary artery to lungs where
atrium atrium exchange of gases takes place. So deoxygenated blood
Right Left
ventricle ventricle from right ventricle to heart travels towards the lungs.
Vena Aorta 180. The image shows the circulation of blood in fishes.
cava
Red arteries
(oxygen rich blood)
Blood
vessels
Which option correctly shows the transport of oxygen

to the cell?
(a) Lungs → pulmonary vein → left atrium → left

Blue veins
ventricle → aorta → body cells. (oxygen deficient blood)
Gill capillaries
(b) Lungs → pulmonary artery → right atrium → right Heart
ventricle → vein cava → body cells.
Which option correctly traces the pathway of blood
(c) Lungs → pulmonary artery → left atrium → left flow in fish body?
ventricle → vena cava → body cells.
(a) Capillaries → heart → oxygenated blood → body
(d) Lungs → pulmonary vein → right atrium → right cells → deoxygentated blood → heart → gills.
ventricle → aorta → body cells.
(b) Gill capillaries → oxygenated blood → body cells →
Ans. (a) Lungs → pulmonary vein → left atrium → left deoxygentated blood → heart → gills.
ventricle → aorta → body cells.
(c) Gill capillaries → oxygenated blood → heart → body
Explanation: cells → deoxygentated blood → heart → gills.
Oxygenated blood travels from lungs through (d) Gill capillaries → oxygenated blood → heart → body
palmonary vein to left side of heart and then to other cells → deoxygentated blood → gills.
parts. Carbon Dioxide rich blood returns to right side of Ans. (b) Gill capillaries → oxygenated blood → body cells →
heart through superior vena cava and inferior vena cave deoxygentated blood → heart → gills.
and then by pulmonary artery to lungs where gaseous Explanation:
exchange take place.
The circulation pathway in fishes is same as that of
179. The image shows oxygenated and de-oxygenated pathway in human (Refer ans 178) except that in
blood in the human heart. fishes exchange of gases takes place in gills which are
respiratory organs in fishes.
To lungs
181. The image shows the circulation of blood in fishes and
From upper body
humans.
Lungs capillaries
From lungs Gill capillaries
To lungs Left atrium
Ventricles Atria
Atrium
Left ventricle
Right ventricle Ventricles
Blood capillaries
What is the direction of deoxygenated blood from Fish
right ventricle of the heart? Blood capillaries
Human
Science 255
How is the circulation of blood in fish different from (a) Platelets form clot by plugging the site of injury.
that in humans? (b) Red blood cells and platelets migrate to site of injury
(a) The flow of blood in fish is unidirectional. and secrete substance that forms new vessel.
(b) The heart of fish has more chambers as compared to (c) Platelets uses component of broken vessel to form
that of a human. clot.
(c) The blood goes through heart only once in fishes. (d) Red blood cells divide and replace the broken vessel
(d) The heart in fish is bigger in size. at the site injury.
Ans. (c) The blood goes through heart only once in fishes.
Ans. (a) Platelets form clot by plugging the site of injury.
Explanation:
Only single circulation of blood takes place in fishes. Explanation:
In human circulatory system as heart of human is four Platelets play major role in blood clothing. When one
chambered with two auricles and two ventricle there blood vessels is injured platelets clump together to form
is mechanism of double circulation whereas in fishes clot to plug the hole in blood vessel and stop bleeding.
heart is only two chambered with one auricle and one Platelets change shape of blood vessel from round to
ventricle so circulation is unidirectional that is blood sping and stick to blood wall and interact with blood
travels through heart only once in fishes. protein to form fibrin and stop the bleeding.
182. The image shows the structure of an artery. 184. A student performs an experiment using a Balsam
plant with intact stem, leaves, roots and flowers. The
plant was kept in a test tube containing eosin solution
(a pink colour dye). The test tube mouth was covered
Thick outer wall
using cotton plug as shown.
Narrow central lumen

through which blood flows
Cotton plug
Which statement supports the likely reason for thick
walls in arteries? Test tube
(a) To sustain the high-pressure blood from the heart. Eosin solution
(b) To carry large amount of blood.
(c) To ensure blood flows in only one direction
(d) To allow easy exchange of gases with cells. The student kept the plant undisturbed in the lab. After
Ans. (a) To sustain the high-pressure blood from the heart. 2-3 hours, a transverse section of stem was obtained
Explanation: using sharp scissors and studied under microscope.
The studies revealed the presence of pink colour in the
Arteries are are thick walled because they are closer to
vessels of xylem. What does this observation explain?
heart and receive blood that is surging at a far greater
pressure. They have thik walls to with stand high (a) Most portion of the plant stem is occupied by xylem.
pressure as they receive oxygenated blood from heart (b) Water moves through xylem in the plant.
which has pressure more as compared to pressure of
deoxygenated blood. (c) Eosin solution gets stored in the xylem.
(d) Xylem reacts with eosin and gives colour.
183. The image shows the healing of a wound.
Ans. (b) Water moves through xylem in the plant.
Fibrin polymers
Platelet
Explanation:
Eosin is water soluble stain. When the cut end of plants
is immersed in eosin the coloured solution enters
Red
blood cells xylem vessels and they only appears red indicating
water uptake in plants is through xylem only. Upward
Blood vessel
wall Connective movement is called assent of Sap.
tissue
185. The image shows the transport of food material inside
Based on the image, what explains the process?
plant body with the help of phloem.
(a) Plant leaves give off water in form of vapours.

Sinks (b) Plant absorbs water from environment thus extra
water appears on the inside of jar.
Fruit (c) Heat from the outside warms the jar which melts
Sources Water the vaseline into vapours.
Food
(d)
Covered roots and stem of the plant decreases
the temperature of jar resulting in condensation of
moisture into vapours.
Ans. (a) Plant leaves give off water in form of vapours.
Sink
Explanation:
How is food transported from phloem to the tissues
according to plants need? Transpiration is the process of a plant where exhalation
of water vapours occurs through stomata of plant. So
water vapours appear on jar as plant leaves give water
(a) Food is transported in only one direction like water through transpiration.
in the plant body through xylem.
187. The image shows the movement of sucrose into
(b) Food is transported along with the water in plant phloem against the concentration gradient which
body. also leads to the movement of water due to osmotic
(c)
Food is transported from a region with low difference. This osmotic pressure allows movement of
concentration to higher concentration. material in plant body.
(d)
Food is transported from a region where it is
produced to other parts of the plants.
Ans. (d)
Food is transported from a region where it is
produced to other parts of the plants.
Explanation:
Food in plants is transported by process known
as translocation which take place with the help of
conducting tissue called phloem. It transports food
secreted from leaves to other parts of plants. Pressure
moves food in pholem to different tissues of plant with
less pressure.
186. A student setup an experiment using a well-watered

plant. The plant's roots and soil were covered with a
rubber sheet. The plant was then kept in a glass bell jar
and sealed with vaseline at the bottom part to prevent
the flow of air. The student keeps the apparatus in the How the movement of sucrose into phloem takes
light and observes water drops inside the jar after 2 place initially?
hours as shown in the image.
(a) With the help of ADP molecules

Water drops (b) With the help of transpiration
(c) With the help of ATP molecules
Bell jar (d) With the help of water gradient
Ans. (c) With the help of ATP molecules
Rubber sheath Glass plate Explanation:
Vaseline The cotransport of proton with sucrose allows
movement of sucrose against its concentration gradient
into companion cells. From there it diffuses to sieve
What can be evaluated about transpiration from this tube elements through plasmodesmata. As intially the
experiment?
transportation is against its concentration gradient
hence ATP molecules are used for such transportation.
Science 257
188. The image shows the structure of a nephron. 189. Which of the following statement(s) is /(are) true about
Vessels to respiration? [NCERT Exemplar]
renal vein
(i) During inhalation, ribs move inward and diaphragm
Glomerulus is raised
Collecting (ii) In the alveoli, exchange of gases takes place i.e.,
Bowman's
duct
capsule oxygen from alveolar air diffuses into blood and
Vessels from
renal artery
carbon dioxide from blood into alveolar air
Capillary (iii) Haemoglobin has greater affinity for oxygen than
First coiled carbondioxide
tubule Second
coiled (iv) Alveoli increase surface area for exchange of gases
tubule
(a) (i) and (iv) (b) (ii) and (iii)
(c) (i) and (iii) (d) (ii) and (iv)
Ans. (d) (ii) and (iv)
Explanation:
During inhalation, diaphagm contraction occur which
induces lower ribs to move upward and forward
Nephron is a unit of filtration in kidneys which which increases thoracic volume. Ribs move outward
reabsorbs or excretes water with the help of capillaries as central tendron pushes down in liver which acts as
that surrounds it. What is the likely benefit of this? fulcrum. Alveloi is site of gaseous exchange in lungs and
increase surface area for facilating this process.
(a)
It helps to keep the output of urine constant
190. A scientist in a chemistry lab wants to make salt of pH
throughout the day.
5.5 using acid and base. The table shows the acid and
(b) It helps to uptake and store excess amount of water base present in the lab.
in the body for later use. 1 HCl
(c)
It makes the process of filtration at Bowman's 2 NaOH
capsule easier. 3 H2CO3
(d) It maintains the concentration of urine based on the 4 NH4Oh
amount of water present in the body. 5 CH3COOH
Ans. (d) It maintains the concentration of urine based on the Which of the acid and base he should use for the
amount of water present in the body. reaction?
Explanation: (a) CH3COOH and NaOH (b) HCl and NaOH

(c) HCl and NH4OH (d) H2CO3 and NaOH
Nephron is a unit of filteration in kidney responsible for
Ans. (c) HCl and NH4OH
removing all waste products of blood by converting it to
Explanation:
urine. It selectively reabsobs or exeretes water with help
For pH to be 5.5 it is acidic in nature so an acid along
of capillaries that help to mantain the concentration of
with weak base should be used to make an acidic salt,
urine. So HCl is strong acid and NH2OH is weak base are used.

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Science

2. Acids, Bases and Salts

3. Metals and non – metals

5. Light - Reflection and Refraction

6. The Human Eye and the Colorful World

Change Change Evolution Change in Formation

Example : Example : Example : Example : Example :

Combination Decomposition Displacement Double Redox reaction

Thermal decomposition Cation displacement Neutralisation Precipitation

•EFFECTS OF OXIDATION IN EVERYDAY LIFE

Methods of Prevention Methods of Prevention

Acids Bases Salts

Strong Acids Strong Bases Acidic Salts

Baking soda Washing soda Calcium Plaster of paris

Preparation Preparation Preparation Preparation Preparation

Uses Uses Uses Uses Uses

• Solid at room temperature. • Soft, solid or in gaseous state.

With Oxygen With Oxygen

4Na + O2  2Na2O C + O2  CO2

With Water With Water

Concentration Preliminary Purification

Gravity Separation. Calcination Roasting Purification is done by

•STEPS OF NUTRITION IN HUMAN BEINGS

Ingestion Digestion Absorption Assimilation Egestion

•ORGANS OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

Oesophagus Small Large

Bile from liver Emulsify large fat globules to

Glycolysis [Glucose a 6 Krebs’ Cycle In presence Glucose Pyurvic acid

•BREATHING PROCESS IN HUMAN BEINGS

BREATHING IN HUMAN BEINGS

Absorption of Ascent of sap Loss of excess

Then it moves to right ventricle through tricuspid valve

Oxygenated blood from lungs comes to left atrium by pulmonary veins

Then blood moves to left ventricle through bicuspid valve

Excretory organs Steps involved in Oxygen gas produced during

TYPES OF MIRRORS Spherical Mirror

New Cartesian Sign Convention for Spherical mirrors

Convex lens Concave lens

New Cartesian Sign Convention for Spherical Lenses

Cornea • A hole in the middle of the iris. • It changes the thickness of

Myopia Hypermetropia Presbyopia Cataract

(b) Myopic eye

Refraction of light Dispersion Atmospheric Scattering

1. In the given figure, the position of the object is

Image For which labelled part(s) A, B, C and D, the below

(a) Cl2 and MnO2 (b) MnO2 and HCl  3f 

(a) W is an acidic compound (b) X is chlorine gas

(a) (i) and (iii) (b) (ii) only Explanation:

[NCERT Exemplar] Ans. (a) It is a decomposition reaction and endothermic in

(d) A combination reaction takes place as lead combines Explanation:

Explanation: (c) 2NaCl(aq) + 2H2O(l) → 2NaOH(aq) + Cl2(aq) +

42. Which of the following is/(are) true when HCl(g) is 1

and also exchange their position. Hence it is an example

In Cytoplasm Ans. (b) Living beings consumes oxygen during respiration.

Lack of oxygen Lactic acid

Presence of oxygen CO2 + Water

Living Candle Dead Candle

After 10 minutes, the student observe that the candle

(a) Water vapours produced by living beings prevents

Explanation: 99. Which of the following statement(s) is /(are) true about

4Na + O2 2Na2O C + O2 CO2

(a) Cl2 and MnO2 (b) MnO2 and HCl 3f

[NCERT Exemplar] Ans. (a) It is a decomposition reaction and endothermic in

(d) A combination reaction takes place as lead combines Explanation:

(a) Water vapours produced by living beings prevents

A - Artery, carries blood from heart to different body

C - vein, brings blood from different body parts to heart.

(d) The angle between incident ray and normal is smallar

(a) Change in the temperature of the air

(a) Lungs → pulmonary vein → left atrium → left