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Njesc 101

The document discusses chemical reactions, including defining reactants and products, representing chemical reactions through word and chemical equations, balancing chemical equations, and describing different types of chemical reactions such as combination, decomposition, displacement, and oxidation reactions.

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81 views7 pages

Njesc 101

The document discusses chemical reactions, including defining reactants and products, representing chemical reactions through word and chemical equations, balancing chemical equations, and describing different types of chemical reactions such as combination, decomposition, displacement, and oxidation reactions.

Uploaded by

deeppratap67890
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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T he process in which new substances with new properties are

formed from one or more substances is called Chemical Reaction.

* The substances which take part in chemical reaction are called


Reactants.
* The substances which are formed in a chemical reaction are called
Products.
Examples :
(i) Digestion of food
(ii) Respiration
(iii) Rusting of iron
(iv) Burning of Magnesium ribbon
(v) Formation of curd
Chemical reaction involves:
• Change in state
• Change in colour
• Change in temperature
• Evolution of gas
Ways of Representing a Chemical Reaction

Word Equation
Zinc + Sulphuric Acid → Zinc sulphate + Hydrogen

LHS RHS
(Reactant) (Product)
Chemical Equation
Zn + H2SO4 → ZnSO4 + H2
LHS RHS
(Reactant) (Product)

Chemical Equation
* A chemical reaction can be represented by chemical equation.
It involves uses of symbol of elements or chemical formula of reactant
and product with mention of physical state.
* The necessary conditions such as temperature, pressure or any
catalystshould be written on arrow between reactant and products.
e.g., Magnesium is burnt in air to form magnesium oxide.
Mg + O2 → MgO
Balancing Chemical Equation
* Law of conservation of Mass. Matter can neither be created nor
destroyed in a chemical reaction.
* So number of elements involved in chemical reaction should remain
same at reactant and product side.
STEPWISE BALANCING (Hit and Trial)
Step 1. Write a chemical equation and draw boxes around each formula.
Fe + H2O → Fe3O4 + H2
* Do not change anything inside the box.
Step 2. Count the number of atoms of each element on both the sides of
chemical equation.
Element No. of atoms at No. of atoms at
reactant side product side
1. Fe 1 3
2. H 2 2
3. O 1 4
Step3.Equalisethenumberofatomsofelementwhichhasmaximumnumberby
putting in front of it.
Fe + 4H2O → Fe3O4 + H2
Step 4.Try to equalize all the atoms of elements on reactant and product side
by adding coefficient in front of it.
3Fe + 4H2O → Fe3O4 + 4H2
* Now all the atoms of elements are equal on both sides.
Step 5. Write the physical states of reactants and products.
3Fe (s) + 4H2O (g) → Fe3O4 ( s) + 4H2 (g)
Solid state = (s)
Liquid state = (l)
Gaseous state = (g)
Aqueous state = (aq)
Step 6. Write necessary conditions of temperature, pressure or catalyst on
arrow above or below.
TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS
I. COMBINATION REACTION : The reaction in which two or more reactant
combine to form a single product.
e.g. (i) Burning of coal
C (s) + O2 (g) → CO2 (g)
(ii) Formation of water
2H2 (g) + O2 (g) → 2H2O (l)
(iii) CaO (s) + H2O (l) → Ca(OH)2 (aq)
Quick lime Slaked lime
Exothermic Reactions : Reaction in which heat is released along with
formation of products.
e.g., (i) Burning of natural gas
CH4 (g) + O2 (g) → CO2 (g) + 2H2O (g) + Heat
(ii) Respiration is also an exothermic reaction.
C6H12O6 (aq) + 6O2 (g) → 6CO2 (aq) + 6H2O (l) + energy
II. DECOMPOSITION REACTION : The reaction in which a compound splits
into two or more simple substances is called decomposition reaction.
A→B+C
• Thermal decomposition : When decomposition is carried out by
heating.
(i) 2FeSO4 (s) H eat  Fe2O3 (s) + SO2 (g) + SO3 (g)
e.g., 

(Ferrous sulphate) (Ferric oxide)
Green colour Red-brown colour

CaCO3 (s) H eat  CaO (s) + CO2 (g)


(ii) 

(Lime stone) (Quick lime)
• Electrolytic Decomposition : When decomposition is carried out by
passing electricity.

Electric
e.g., 2H2O   2H 2 + O 2
current

• Photolytic Decomposition : When decomposition is carried out in


presence of sunlight.
e.g., 2AgCl (s) S   2Ag (s) + Cl2 (g)
unlight

unlight  2Ag (s) + Br2 (g)


2AgBr (s) S  
* Above reaction is used in black & white photography.
• Endothermic Reactions : The reactions which require energy
in the form of heat, light or electricity to break reactants are
called endothermic reactions.
III. DISPLACEMENT REACTION : The chemical reaction in which more
reactive element displaces less reactive element from its salt solution.
Fe (s) + CuSO4 (aq) → FeSO4 (aq) + Cu (s)

The iron nail becomes brownish in colour by deposition of Cu and blue


colour of CuSO4 changes dirty green colour due to formation of FeSO4.
Zn + CuSO4 → ZnSO4 + Cu
Zn is more reactive than copper.
IV. DOUBLE DISPLACEMENT REACTION : A reaction in which new
compounds are formed by mutual exchange of ions between two
compounds.
Na2SO4 (aq) + BaCl2 (aq) → BaSO4 (s) + 2NaCl (aq)
(Sodium (Barium (Barium (Sodium
sulphate) chloride) sulphate) chloride)
White precipitate of BaSO4 is formed, so it is also called precipitation
reaction.
V. OXIDATION AND REDUCTION :
Oxidation : (i) The addition of oxygen to substance.
(ii) The removal of hydrogen from a substance.
C + O2 → CO2

2Cu + O2   2CuO


Heat

CuO + H2   Cu + H O
Heat
2

Reduction : (i) The addition of hydrogen to substance.


(ii) The removal of oxygen from a substance.
oxidation

CuO + H2   Cu + H O
Heat
2

Reduction
In this reaction CuO is reduced to Cu and H2 is oxidized to H2O. So,
oxidation and reduction taking place together is redox reaction.
Effects of Oxidation in Daily Life
1) Corrosion
• When a metal is exposed to substances such as moisture, acid etc. for
some time, a layer of hydrated oxide is formed which weakens the
metal and hence metal is said to be corrode
• Rusting of iron, black coating on silver and green coating on copper are
examples of corrosion.
• Corrosion can be prevented by galvanization, electroplating or
painting.
2) Rancidity : The oxidation of fats and oils when exposed to air is known as
rancidity. It leads to bad smell and bad taste of food.
Methods to Prevent Rancidity
(i) By adding antioxidants
(ii) Keeping food in air tight containers
(iii) Replacing air by nitrogen
(iv) Refrigeration

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